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女性生殖系统 Female Reproduction System
Department of Histology and Embryology
Vagina 阴道
Uterus子宫 oviduct
ovary
Ovary 卵巢
Oviduct 输卵管
Female reproduction system
Mammary glands
Introduction
Ovary: gametogenesis & steroidogenesis
Oviduct: transport ova and fertilization
Uterus: receives morula, fetal development
Vagina: fibromuscular tube
External genitalia
1. Female reproduction system
一、 Ovary卵巢
Capsule:被膜 ---Surface epithelium ---Tunica albuginea
Parenchema 实质: ---Cortex:皮质 Ovarian follicles + CT ---Medulla:髓质 CT+BV
Gross Structure: In nullipara women, the ovaries are pinkish white structures that are 3 cm in length, 1.5 cm in width and 1 cm in thickness
(一) Ovarian follicles 卵泡
Ovarian follicle: Oocyte + Follicular cells(卵子+卵泡细胞)
Appear : during the 3th months of fetal development
Number: infant --- 0.7- 2 million childhood --- 0.3 million puberty --- 40 thousand adult --- several hundred - thousand
Oogonia in early fetal stage Primary oocytes in fetus Primordial follicles Primary follicle secondary follicle Mature follicles
No further development until puberty
(二) developing ovarian follicles
the 3th weeks
the 3th months
Growing follicles 85d
1、Primordial follicle 原始卵泡
Primary oocyte (30~40µm)
Follicular cells ① Found in the stroma of the cortex
beneath the tunical albuginea ② Single layer of squamous follicle cells
surround the oocyte ③ Outer layer of follicle cells bounded by
a basal lamina ④ Primary ooctye in the center of follicle
Primordial follicle
(1)primary follicle:初级卵泡
2、 Growing follicle 生长卵泡
① Primary oocyte enlarges ② Surrounding follicle cells become simple cuboidal /columna --- proliferate ---
(5-6 cell layers) ③ Zona pellucida appears(gel-like material secreted by oocyte and follicle cells) ④ Follicle cells are now termed granulosa cells ⑤ Formation of Follicular theca
primary follicle
Zona pellucida: ZP1,ZP2, ZP3 透明带
(2)Secondary follicle 次级卵泡
① Primary Follicle moves deeper into the cortical stroma and increases in size ② Stratum granulosum is 6-12 cell layers ③ small, fluid filled cavities appear among granulosa cells ④ Cavities eventually coalesce and form the antrum ⑤ Granulosa cells associated with the oocyte are termed the cumulus oophorus which projects into the antrum ⑥ Cells of the cumulus oophorus that surround the oocyte will remain with it after
ovulation --- the corona radiata ⑦ Stromal cells surrounding follicle form theca ---Theca interna: Internal, highly vascularized layer
---Theca externa: Outer layer of CT, smooth muscle
Produce estrogen 雌激素产生
3、Mature follicle (20mm) 成熟卵泡 Graafian Follicle
① Extends through the entire cortex and causes a bulge on the outside of the
ovary ② Oocyte and cumulus cells loosen from the rest of the cells ③ Ovulation occurs: ④ Secondary oocyte is released from the Graafian follicle
Mature follicle
Before ovulation 36-48 hours,
Primary oocyte--first miosis-- secondary oocyte+ first polar body
Secondary oocyte--second miosis –stop on metaphase
(三) ovulation (排卵)
---The process of in which mature follicle ruptures and the secondary oocyte with zona pellucida & corona radiata is expelled into peritoneal cavity.
A B C
(四) Corpus luteum 黄体
Granulosa lutein cell Theca lutein cell
Progesterone(孕激素)
Estrogen (雌激素)
Menstruate corpus luteum Gastation corpus luteum
corpus albicans 白体
Corpus luteum
Corpus albican
① Follicles can degenerate and perish at any stage of their development and maturation
② From fetal development to birth, there is already a degeneration of about five out of the six million primordial follicles.
③ During the follicle’s regression, the cells of the theca interna increase in size and number, all the cells of the theca interna together form an ‘interstitial gland’.
④ Interstitial gland can secret estrogen.
(五)Atretic follicle
Interstitial gland
Hilus cell
• located at the hilum of ovary. • morphologically very similar to Leydig cells of the testis. • Those cells can produce androgen.
二、Oviduct 输卵管 Uterine tube / Fallopian tubes
conducts ova from the surface of the ovary to the uterine cavity is the site of fertilization by spermatozoa 4 parts: infundibulum
ampulla
isthmus
uterine cavity
Histological structure of oviduct
Mucosa ---The epithelium is simple columnar epithelium with Ciliated and nonciliated cells. Muscularis ---inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer Serosa ---mesothelium and CT
three layers:
三、Uterus 子宫
Fundus Body
Cervix
The wall of Uterus
Endometrium
Myometrium
Perimetrium
(一) Endometrium 子宫内膜
Epithelium:
--- simple columnar epi.
with two types of cells.
Laminar propria:
---C.T, stroma cells
---uterine glands
---spiral artery
Functional layer: ---dramatic changes throughout the menstrual cycle. --- supplied by spiral A, responsive to hormonal changes. --- shed during menstruation Basal layer: --- adjacent to myometrium --- little change --- supplied by straight A. --- capacity of proliferation.
Endometrium
Endometrium
Epithelium
Laminar propria:
螺旋动脉
基质细胞
子宫腺
基底动脉
(spiral artery) (uterine gland)
(stroma cell)
螺 旋 动 脉 Spiral artery
menstrual phase : first - 4th day proliferative (follicular) phase : 5th –14th day secretory (luteal) phase: 15th – 28th day
(二) menstrual cycle月经周期
* The cycle consists of three phases, namely proliferative, secretory and menstruation, and averages 28 days in cycle length.
Menstrual phase
menstrual phase Degeneration of the corpus luteum
The level of Estrogen & progesterone decreased
Spiral A constriction
Spiral A relax
Stratum functionalis is sloughed off
resulting in ischemia
endometrium discharges, necrosis
Estrogen increasing
Proliferative phase
The growth of follicles
regeneration of endometrium proliferation of stroma cell. uterine glands grow, lengthen and become closely packed. glycogen accumulates in glandular cell Spiral A elongate
Formation of corpus luteum
endometrium thickness.
glands lengthen, swell and coil.
glycogen secretes to the lumen of gland.
coiled A grow nearly to surface of endometrium
Secretory phase
Cyclic changes in the endometrium
Beginning with puberty and ending at the menopause, the endometrium undergoes periodic changes, which is called menstrual cycle.
Affect factor: estrogen by ovary
ovulation
MP PP SP MP
estrogen
Progestin 孕激素
Follicular phase Luteal phase
Regulation of ovary and endometrium changing
endometrium
ovary
estrogen progestin
pituitary
FSH LH
hyposalamus
GnRH ㈠
㈠ ㈠
㈠
(三) cervix
mucosa muscularis fibrosa
Cervical-uterine junction
四、Mammary glands
㈠ general structure
--- compound tubularacinous gland复管泡状腺 --- acinus:a simple cuboid / columna cells --- duct: intralobular duct interlobular duct lactiferous duct (输乳管)
Resting mammary glands Active mammary glands
Resting mammary glands Active mammary glands
Fewer glands and ducts Much CT and adipose tissue
Relatively more glands and ducts Less CT and adipose tissue
KEY POINTS
①structure of the follicles at the successive stages of maturation.
②Formation, structure and function of the corpus luteum.
③Structure of the uterine wall. ④Menstrual cycle and cyclic changes
of the uterine endometrium.
Thank you!
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