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Globally millions of tones of human excreta poured in to the open everyday
2.6 billions have no access to safe sanitation
More than a billion practice open defecation, thousands of
truck loads of shit is being released in the open everyday,
more than 42 children dying every hour from diarrhea, &
waterborne enteric diseases in India alone.
OD contaminates water bodies on a daily basis and valuable
human excreta not used in food security
A child is dying in every 15 second and millions of U5
children suffering sever bouts of diarrhea (mostly poor)
Global annual loss from death, treatment, disability, labour,
exceeds trillions of dollars
Dry Toilets: Solution for environmentally challenged water scarce areas
Population lacking access to basic sanitation in Sub Saharan Africa is more than 450 million
In India more than 630 million practice OD.
More than 40% of world’s area is considered to be dry land, In various regions it ranges from 20 to 90%.
Dry lands are inhabited by more than 2000 million people, nearly 40 percent of world’s population.
Traditional - professional ‘mind-set’ in tackling the problems
Subsidize * Standardize *Prescribe * Top-down
hygiene behaviour teaching* Health as key
motivator for hygiene behaviour change
Major shits are in assumptions, who’s ideas
and who leads?
From top-down prescription of technology for
possessing latrines to collective behaviour change
Fate of subsidized sanitation hardware- Portloko, Sierra Leone
Who’s
design for
whom?
Quic kTime™ and a decompress or
are needed to see th is p ic ture.
Why CLTS could pave the way for wide
spread adoption of Dry Toilets?
Why CLTS could pave the way for wide spread adoption of Dry Toilets? It triggers spontaneous and immediate collective local
action to stop OD, which no other approach could initiate so fast
Instant reaction is to cover or burry shit rather than wash it out; it is easier to handle, simpler, cheaper and low external input and technology dependent
Starting point for the ODF communities to climb along the sanitation ladder
Other factors that influence adoption and spread include:
Cultural practices and social norms
Availability of low cost local materials
Mobility of the people (Nomadic, semi-nomadic and population living in riverine delta regions affected by severe erosion of embankment and other climatic/environmental factors e.g. very cold areas -Mongolia)
Ownership/Access to land, Makeshift/Temporary settlement etc.
Urban or Rural Settlement
What is Community – Led Total Sanitation ?
They are total & involve/affect everyone in communities e.g. total elimination of open defecation, total freedom from hunger)
Collective Community decision & collective local action are the keys
Social Solidarity and cooperation are in abundance
They are locally decided and don't dependent on external subsidies and prescriptions or pressures
Natural Leaders emerge from collective local actions who lead future collective initiatives
They often don’t follow externally determined mode of development and blue print
Local diversity and innovations are main elements
Entry/ Ignition
Defecation area transect Defecation Mapping Flow diagram Calculation of faeces etc.
Community
realization of
terrible impact
of faecal-oral
contamination
Self Empowered Committee
formed
Identification
of right
person in the
community
How to get a
latrine slab Registration
daily monitoring
on map Start pit
latrine
from
tomorrow
We do it
first and
stop open
defecatio
n
10 H/H 10 H/H
Spreading
messages
from the
mosque
Each of us
cover 10
families
Diagrammatic presentation of the process of igniting Community- Led Total Sanitation (CLTS)
X
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L L
L
L L
L
L
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X SHG
X
X
X
X GP
X
SHG
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Land less don’t have place for defecation.
Land owners often blame them for defecating
in open. Landless poor (women specially) are
the worst victims who want to come out of
that humiliation.
Participatory
Planning
Latrine
owners can’t
get rid of
negative
impacts as
many others
adding faces
everywhere.
Spoiling
environment
by open
defecation
Will form positive
pressure groups
from within to
convince others for
having latrine
Better
off
Med
ium
Poor
Very poor
Moving towards 100% sanitized village
Mosque
GKS
ANM
ASHA
Anganwadi
School
More yellow powder in places where there is more shit-
Sierra Leone
Quic kTime™ and a decompress or
are needed to see th is p ic ture.
Rural youth in Nepal triggering Community Led Total Sanitation. Are they not transforming the collective behavior of the society?
Look at the faces of worried mothers after their own analysis- Llala Gua, Bolivia
Shit
everywhere.
Our children
growing on
shit- we can’t
accept this
Quic kTime™ and a decompress or
are needed to see th is p ic ture.
Food and shit demonstration
QuickTime™ and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
More than 150
toilet pits were dug
within 24 hours of
triggering in seven
villages in rural
Djibouti.
Djiboutian rural
community have
proved that they
can achieve ODF
status if
empowered. Are we
ready to create a
conducive
environment for
ATPC?
Notice who is teaching and who is learning
Djiboutian
rural
community
taught us the
way forward
for an ODF
Djibouti
A child in Sera Leon sharing ODF
plans of community with outside
professionals
Hundreds of low-cost local community-made toilets are surfacing in the rural landscape in CLTS villages in Bangladesh.
Newly constructed toilets in villages of BangladeshNewly constructed toilets in villages of Bangladesh-- great great
sense of ownership and pride sense of ownership and pride
Do we have patience to allow communities to
gradually move up the Sanitation Ladder?
Open
defecation O
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Pour flush latrine
Latrines with plastic
pan and water seal
Offset Pit latrines
Simple Pit Latrines
Sa
nita
tion
beh
avio
rs chan
ges a
s com
mu
nity
mov
es up
the la
dd
er
Use of ash after defecation in direct pit latrine is an innovation by the community of Skun villages of Tbeng Commune of Siem Reap province in Cambodia. One gets potash rich
manure at the end. Whose idea?
Watch the striking difference; mud walls & thatched roofs of houses versus brick & cemented walls & roofs for toilets. Whose designs and decisions?
Local Adaptation and community innovations are the key for scaling up and spread of any approach- Dry Toilet has an edge over other approaches
Toilet built
using locally
available low
cost materials
in Chibelle
village in
Djibouti–
Whose
innovation?
Dry toilet constructed by the communities in
different parts of the world in highly diverse
environment signifies community’s preference
Dry pit latrine with retractable wooden lid-cover
constructed within a few days of triggering in
villages in Zuunkharaa Sum in Mongolia
Construction details of community innovated low-cost latrine
Tin sheet, old
plastic bottles
and plastic
sheets are used
to construct
such toilets
Community latrine constructed over a defunct ring well –no subsidy- all local innovation. Whose idea?
Stop
Open
Defecation
All 213 H/H
Repair
platform
of all 69
hand tube wells
Clean up
garbage and
Repair Road
Clean up
drain
In 5 months
ten slums covering
more than 800 H/Hs
have stopped OD by
constructing toilets mobilizing
more money than what KUSP
could offer as subsidy
West & Central
Africa Mauritania
Mali
Senegal
Burkina Faso
Gambia
Guinea Bissau
Guinea Conakry
Sierra Leone
Liberia
Cote d’ Ivorie
Ghana
Benin
Nigeria
Cameroon
Chad
Niger
Togo
Congo Brazzaville
Democratic
Republic of Congo
CLTS in
National
sanitation
strategy
On-going
donor
funded
projects
hinder
scaling up
CLTS
introduced
with slow
pace of
scaling up
East & South
Africa Kenya
Tanzania
Sudan
Burundi
Uganda
Rwanda
Djibouti
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Malawi
Mozambiq
ue
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Angola
Madagasca
r
CLTS in
National
sanitation
strategy
On-going
donor
funded
projects
hinder
scaling up
CLTS
introduced
with slow
pace of
scaling up
Emergence of Latrine
Models
Temporary
andseasonal
use
Models
focussingonuse
offaecesin
agriculture
Modelsoflocally
availablelow
costmaterials
Adhocandextra-
temporary(threat
andeviction)
BOLIVIA
SIERRA LEONE NIGERIA
UGANDA
ZAMBIA
MALAWI
KENYA
ETHIOPIA
YEMEN
TANZANIA
NEPAL
PAKISTAN
INDIA
BANGLADESH
CAMBODIA
INDONESIA
EAST TIMOR
Global Spread of CLTS
Afghanistan
EGYPT
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
JAN
FE
B
MA
R
AP
R
MA
Y
JUN
JUL
AU
G
SE
P
OC
T
NO
V
DE
C
2008
2009
2010
2011
Under 5 Cholera cases
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
JAN
FE
B
MA
R
AP
R
MA
Y
JUN
JUL
AU
G
SE
P
OC
T
NO
V
DE
C
2008
2009
2010
2011
Above five Cholera cases
Impact of CLTS-drastic reduction in Cholera, Nyando district,
Kenya(2008 -2011)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
2008
2009
2010
2011
Total cholera cases
CLTS was introduced in Nyando in 2010 , Mr. Makotsi DPHO Nyando
Niando Hospital record shows how incidence of diarrhea and cholera dropped
dramatically in Niando districts in
Kenya – Impact of simple pit latrines on health
IMPACT ON HEALTH
KADIOLO
BAFOULABE
BOUGOUNI YANFOLILA
KITA
KENIEBA
KANGABA
KATI KOUTIALA
KOLONDIEBA
DIOILA
SIKASSO
BARAOUELI KOULIKORO BLA
KOLOKANI
DIEMA KAYES
NARA YELIMANE NIORO
BANAMBA SEGOU
NIONO
TOMBOUCTOU TOMBOUCTOU
GOUNDAM
DOUENTZA
YOROSSO
SAN
MACINA
TENENKOU
BANKASS
TOMINIAN
MOPTI
DJENNE
KORO BANDIAGARA
BOUREM
NIAFUNKE
YOUVAROU
GOURMA-RHAROUS DIRE
TESSALIT
GAO
ANSONGO
MENAKA
KIDAL TIN-ESSAKO
ABEIBARA
distances en
km 600 400 200 0
ALGERIE
SENEGAL
GUINEE
BURKINA FASO
NIGER
MAURITANIE
COTE D’IVOIRE
Co-relation between CLTS implementation and Cholera outbreak in Mali
2011
REGION
Total
number of
communes
Number of
communes
where CLTS is
implemented
Number of
communes with
cholera
outbreak in
2011
Number of
communes
CLTS +
Cholera
% of CLTS
communes
with cholera
outbreaks
SEGOU 117 12 3 0 0%
MOPTI 108 31 17 2 6%
KAYES 129 12 10 0 0%
Source: DNACPM , National Directorate of Sanitation; Government of Mali
CLTS triggering in a
village in Mali and it’s
positive outcome-
construction of toilets by
the people for their own
good.
Goal 6
Major diseases especially diarrhea
MDG 5
Maternal mortality
Goal 4
Under 5 mortality
Goal 7
Sanitation halving proportion without access
MDG Goals
CLTS and MDG Goals
Fundamental and Non Negotiable Principles of Rural CLTS
No subsidy for hardware
No blueprint design (only people’s
designs, not engineers’)
People first: they can do it
Facilitate, don’t provide
Go slow at first for faster later
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