Figure 6.1_1 Sunlight energy ECOSYSTEM Photosynthesis in chloroplasts Cellular respiration in...

Figure 6.1_1Sunlight energy

ECOSYSTEM

Photosynthesisin chloroplasts

Cellular respirationin mitochondria

(for cellularwork)

Heat energy

GlucoseCO2

H2O O2

ATP

Figure 6.2_1Breathing

Lungs

BloodstreamCO2

Muscle cells carrying out

Cellular Respiration

Glucose O2 CO2 H2O ATP

CO2O2

O2

Figure 6.4

Activity kcal consumed per hourby a 67.5-kg (150-lb) person*

Running (8–9 mph)

Dancing (fast)

Bicycling (10 mph)

Swimming (2 mph)

Walking (4 mph)

Walking (3 mph)

Dancing (slow)

Driving a car

Sitting (writing)

*Not including kcal needed forbody maintenance

979

510

490

408

341

245

204

61

28

Figure 6.5A

Glucose Heat

C6H12O6 O2 CO2 H2O ATP6 6 6

Loss of hydrogen atoms(becomes oxidized)

Gain of hydrogen atoms(becomes reduced)

Figure 6.7Ca_s2 Glucose

Glucose 6-phosphate

Fructose 6-phosphate

Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate

Glyceraldehyde3-phosphate (G3P)

ENERGYINVESTMENT

PHASE

PP

P P

P

P

ADP

ADP

ATP

ATP

StepSteps – A fuelmolecule is energized,using ATP.

Step A six-carbonintermediate splitsinto two three-carbonintermediates.

4

4

3

3

2

1

1

Figure 6.7Cb_s2

66 6

5 5 5

9

9 9

8 8

7 7

Step A redox reactiongenerates NADH.

Steps – ATP and pyruvateare produced.

ENERGYPAYOFFPHASE

1,3-Bisphospho-glycerate

3-Phospho-glycerate

2-Phospho-glycerate

Phosphoenol-pyruvate (PEP)

Pyruvate

NADH NADH

NADNAD

H H

ADP ADP

ADP ADP

ATP ATP

ATP ATP

H2O H2O

P P

P

P P

P

P

P

P

P P

P

P

P

Figure 6.9B_s3

NADH

NADH

NAD

NAD

NADNADH

H

H

H

CO2

CO2

ATP

ADP P

FAD

FADH2

CoA

CoA

321 4 5

34

5

1

2

Acetyl CoA

Oxaloacetate

Citric Acid Cycle

2 carbons enter cycle

Citrate

leaves cycle

Alpha-ketoglutarate

leaves cycle

Succinate

Malate

StepAcetyl CoA stokesthe furnace.

Steps –NADH, ATP, and CO2

are generated during redox reactions.

Steps –Further redox reactions generateFADH2 and more NADH.

Figure 6.5C

Controlledrelease ofenergy forsynthesisof ATP

NADH

NAD

H

H O2

H2O

2

2

2

ATP

Electron transport chain

21

Figure 6.10

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Electron Transport Chain Chemiosmosis

Mito-chondrialmatrix

Inner mito-chondrialmembrane

Intermem-branespace

Electronflow

Proteincomplexof electroncarriers

Mobileelectroncarriers

ATPsynthase

NADH NAD 2 H

FADH2FAD

O2H2O

ADP P ATP

12

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

I

II

IIIIV

Figure 6.6_1

NADH

NADH FADH2

ATP ATPATP

CYTOPLASM

Glycolysis

Electronscarried by NADH

Glucose Pyruvate PyruvateOxidation

Citric AcidCycle

OxidativePhosphorylation

(electron transportand chemiosmosis)

Mitochondrion

Substrate-levelphosphorylation

Substrate-levelphosphorylation

Oxidativephosphorylation

Figure 6.7A

Glucose

2 Pyruvate

2 ADP

2 P2 NAD

2 NADH

2 HATP2