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8/13/2019 Glossary for English Debate
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Glossary for English Debate
1. AFFIRMATIVE SIDE. The speaker or team undertakes to secure audience acceptance of
the debate proposition.
2. ANALOGY. A type of argument which asserts that if the facts relating to A and the facts
relating to B are alike in certain known respects, they will be alike in another respect.
3. ANALYSIS.The process of thinking through a subject and discoering the issues!
systematic in"uiry.
#. ARGMENT. An assertion which implies the result of reasoning or proof.
$. ASSERTION. An unsupported statement.
%. !RIEF. A carefully prepared, complete outline of one side in a debate, including the
eidence to support each point.
&. !RDEN OF "OMMNI"ATION. The obligation of each debate to speak at a tone and
rate which enables an audience to follow and to respond.'. !RDEN OF #ROOF. The obligation of debaters to support each of their assertions with
some sort of proof.
(. !RDEN OF RE!TTAL. The obligation of debaters to adance the debate by responding
to the arguments of the opponents. )ometimes called burden of rejoinder.
1*. "ASE. All the assembled proof aailable for determining the truth of the proposition +for the
affirmatie or the untruth of the proposition +for the negatie. The brief deeloped in full
with analysis, reasoning, and eidence.
11."ASE
. A type of argument which asserts that if fact A occurs, fact B will necessarily
follow it.
12. "EDA. )ee -ross /amination 0ebate Association.
13. "LAIM. The third part of Toulmins system for argument analysis which is the conclusion.
1#. "LAS$. The direct opposition between the affirmatie and the negatie cases which is
created by narrowing the controersy to its essential issues.
1$. "ONSTR"TIVE S#EE"$. The main speech in a debate for each speaker in which all
issues to be considered in the debate are presented.
1%. "ONTENTION. An argumentatie statement which forms a main heading in the
constructie outline and which is in turn supported by arguments and eidence.
1&. "ONTER#RO#OSAL. n policy debates, it is a negatie strategy which accepts the need
issue, but offers an alternatie solution.
1'. "ONTER%ARRANT. n alueoriented debate, it is a negatie strategy which argues for
the acceptance of an alternatie alue structure from that called for by the resolution.
1(. "RITI"ISM. -omments proided by a judge or instructor with the intent of e/plaining an
ealuation and indicating areas in need of improement.
2*. "ROSS E&AMINATION. The process of asking "uestions of opposing speakers in debate.
21. "ROSS E&AMINATION DE!ATE ASSO"IATION '"EDA(. A national organi4ation
with the purpose of promoting educational debate and dedicated to teaching the principles of
persuasie and communicatie argumentation. -0A selects debate propositions, usually
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alueoriented, for debate at approed tournaments and compiles rankings of schools on the
basis of performance at those tournaments.
22. DATA. The first part of the Toulmin system for analy4ing argument which consists of bits of
information or eidence such as statistics, "uotations, or statements.
23. DE!ATE. 5ormal oral controersy consisting of the systematic presentation of opposing
arguments on a selected topic.
2#. DELIVERY. The communication of ideas to an audience through erbal and nonerbal
means.
2$. DIRE"T )ESTIONS. 6ery specific and focused crosse/amination "uestions.
2%. ET$OS. Aristotles term for the perceied character of the speaker, credibility.
2&. EVIDEN"E. 7atters of fact or opinion offered as support or proof for assertions adanced
in the debate.
2'. E&AM#LE. A type of argument which asserts a generali4ation based on the "ualities of a
specific instance or instances.2(. FALLA"Y. Any defect in reasoning which destroys its alidity.
3*. FLO% "$ART. A tool used for taking notes during a debate which enables the debater or
listener to keep track of the deelopment of an argument throughout successie speeches. t
represents the flow of argument in the debate.
31. FORENSI"S. )peaking for judgment, often used to designate competitie interscholastic
speech actiities, such as debate. n this conte/t, forensics is an educational actiity primarily
concerned with using an argumentatie perspectie in e/amining problems and
communicating with people.
32. $IERAR"$Y. A system used to establish superior and inferior relationships between items.
n alueoriented debate, a hierarchy indicates which alue is held in higher regard than
another.
33. ISSE. A conclusion which must be proed in order to establish that the proposition should
be adopted! it appears in the debate as a key assertion.
3#. *DGE. The person who ealuates a debate.
3$. LEADING )ESTIONS. -rosse/amination "uestions which establish a se"uence or
pattern, eentually building a logical conclusion.
3%. LIN"OLN+DOGLAS DE!ATE. 8ne person ersus one person debate format in the
tradition of the historical debates between Abraham 9incoln and )tephen 0ouglas.
3&. NATIONAL DE!ATE TORNAMENT 'NDT(. A term used as a shorthand reference to
designate policy proposition debate and the style of presentation associated with it.
3'. NEED ISSE. n policycentered debate, it is an assertion by the affirmatie side that there
is need for a substantial change in the status "uo.
3(. NEGATIVE SIDE. The speaker or team which undertakes to preent the affirmatie side
from securing acceptance of the debate proposition.
#*. O!SERVATION. A preliminary remark which usually lays out a basic assumption or
conte/t before the presentation of contentions in a debate case.
#1. O#EN )ESTIONS. -rosse/amination "uestions which are ery general in nature,
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allowing the respondent to gie general responses.
#2. OTLINE. A carefully prepared structural pattern for a speech or case which clarifies the
relationship of ideas in the message by placing information in a reasoned se"uence and by
indicating the coordinate and subordinate relationship of ideas.
#3. #RIMA FA"IE "ASE. A case which establishes such a high degree of probability that the
proposition would be accepted unless the case is refuted. t is usually established in the first
affirmatie constructie speech.
##. #RO!E )ESTIONS. -rosse/amination "uestions which re"uire the respondent to
defend or justify their reasons or use of data.
#$. #ROOF. )upport for an idea or argument which the speaker offers in order to create belief in
an audience. n debate, it consists of eidence and reasoning which is offered to the audience.
#%. #RO#OSITION. A judgment e/pressed in a declaratie statement. n debate, it appears as
an affirmatie statement of the "uestion to be resoled.
#&. #RO#OSITION OF FA"T. A proposition which asserts that a fact is true or that an eenttook place,
#'. #RO#OSITION OF #OLI"Y. A proposition which declares that a certain future action
should be taken.
#(. #RO#OSITION OF VALE. A proposition which does not call for a future action, but
makes an ealuation or judgment.
$*. )OTE. A erb meaning to use words, sentences, or material from sources other than your
own.
$1. REASONING. The process of drawing inferences and conclusions from aailable
information or data. n debate, it is the process of inferring relationships between eidence
and assertions.
$2. RE!TTAL. The process of defending arguments against attack. n debate, it is an
additional speech allowed each speaker, following the constructie speeches, in which a
speaker may attack the opponents arguments in addition to defense, but may not introduce
any new constructie arguments.
$3. REFTATION. The attempt to demonstrate the error or inade"uacy of the opponents case.
$#. RESEAR"$. The process of finding information and material to support ideas or
arguments. t is most effectie when conducted as the result of a carefully focused approach.
$$. RESOLTION. :sed the same as proposition.
$%. SIGN. A type of argument which asserts that the e/istence of fact A reliably indicates the
e/istence of fact B.
$&. STATS )O. 9iterally, ;the state in which a thing is.< n debate, it refers to the situation in
e/istence as the debate begins.
$'. STO", ISSE. A basic issue in any debate which determines if the debate is actually
concerned with the area stated by the proposition.
$(. TO#I"ALITY ISSE. A basic issue in any debate which determines if the debate is
actually concerned with the area stated by the proposition.
%*. TORNAMENT. The competitie gathering of speakers for arious eents, such as debate.
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%1. VALE. A general statement of principles upon which one bases actions and beliefs.
%2. %ARRANT. The reasoning process by which we look at one bit of information +data and
decide what it means +claim.
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