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HUSBANDRY TRENDS IN AN SSP POPULATION: A 15
YEAR PERSPECTIVE
HUSBANDRY ADVISOR DUTIES
• Improve husbandry standards of orangutans in zoological settings
• Consult with SSP Institutions
• Liaison to the SSP Management Group
• Review plans for new or refurbished exhibits
• Networking • Husbandry manual
production
GETTING TO KNOW YOU….
Orangutan A.P.E.S.
Bornean___x__ Sumatran_____Subspecific Hybrid_____
Name__Maggie________ Sex __F__ Studbook# __449__
D.O.B. _7/18/61____Birth Institution__San Diego Zoo___
Present Institution____Brookfield Zoo________
Tattoo______Distinguishing features__missing left eye__
Infant Rearing and Social Housingcheck one:Dam Reared___Hand Reared____Dam/Hand Reared_x_
Surrogate reared_____Other (describe)______
SOCIAL MANAGEMENT• Introductions• Shifting• Animals are not
comfortable being separated– Medical treatments– Birth management
TRAINING PROGRAMS• How to begin a program• Injection training• Shift training• Maternal skills training• Problem solving training
issues
SHIPMENTS• Preshipment
preparations• Lack of information
sent with animals• Depression• Lack of interaction
with new social companions
• Lack of interaction with new caregivers
BIRTH MANAGEMENT• Birth Management Plans• Pregnancy confirmation• Gestation length• Dam/infant sexual
interactions post-partum• Social housing post-
partum• Appearance/size of
newborn • Confirmation of adequate
nursing• Sex determination
REARING TRENDS OF ORANGUTANS IN ZOOLOGICAL SETTINGS
WHY EXAMINE REARING TRENDS?
Husbandry Advisor responsibility is to explore what husbandry issues affect orangutans
APES profiles indicated that many animals had been hand-reared
MANAGEMENT ISSUES OF HAND-REARING
orangutans do not receive a normal, species specific infancy which can lead to behavioral problems in the future. Socio-sexual development begins in infancy for orangutans
hand-rearing orangutans requires staff time and resources
some age classes of hand-reared orangutans have a greater chance of rejecting their own infants
breeding females do not acquire the necessary maternal skills to reinforce competent mothering
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
• Does the age of the dam have an effect on rearing (i.e. do younger dams have less success than older dams)?
• Do hand-reared females have a poorer maternal performance than females in the other categories?
RESEARCH QUESTIONS• Are there species
differences among rearing successes?
• Does the manner in which the dam herself was raised have an effect on how she raises her own offspring?
METHODS Data is based on194 AZA
orangutan births with known rearing type
Rearing types were categorized
Dams were assigned to 5 classifications
Other factors evaluated including-age of dam at parturition (AAP)-style in which infant was reared-species type (Bornean, Sumatran or subspecific hybrid
INFANT REARING CLASSIFICATIONS
% Numbers of 194 Orangutans in AZA Population for Which Rearing Style is known
• Wild-born Dams – 63.917% of total population -124 animals
• reared their infants: 25.257% of total population 49 animals = 39.516% of category
• infants hand-reared: 29.896% of total population 58 animals = 46.774% of category
• infants foster-reared: 1.546% of total population 3 animals = 2.419% of category
• infants combo-reared: 7.216% of total population 14 animals = 11.290% of category
Captive-born/dam-reared dams9.793% (19 animals) of total AZA population
• reared their infants 5.670% of total population 11 animals = 57.894% of category
• infants hand-reared 2.577% of total population 5 animals = 26.315% of category
• infants foster reared .515% of total population 1 animal = 5.263% of category
• infants combo reared 9.793% of total population 2 animals = 10.526% of category
Captive-born/hand-reared dams18.041% (35 animals) of total AZA
population
• reared their infants 8.762% of total population - 17 animals = 48.571% of category
• infants hand-reared 4.123% of total population - 8 animals = 22.857% of category
• infants foster-reared 3.092% of total population - 6 animals = 17.144% of category
• infants combo-reared 2.061% of total population - 4 animals = 11.428% of category
Captive-born/foster-reared dams1.030%(2 animals) of AZA population
• reared their infants 0% of total population – 0 animals = 0% of category
• infants hand-reared 0% of total population – 0 animals = 0% of category
• infants foster-reared 0% of total population – 0 animals = 0% of category
• infants combo-reared 1.030% of total population –2 animals = 100% of category
Captive-born/combo-reared dams7.216% (14 animals) of total AZA population
• reared their infants: 3.092% of total population 6 animals = 42.857% of category
• infants hand-reared: 3.092% of total population 6 animals = 42.857% of category
• infants foster-reared: 0% of total population 0 animals = 0% of category
• infants combo-reared: 1.030% of total population 2 animals = 14.285% of category
DAM HISTORY OF 194 AZA ORANGUTANS
• Dam-reared: 42.78%
• Hand-reared: 39.69%
• Foster-reared: 5.15%
• Combo-reared: 12.37%
DAM-REARING VS. INFANT INTERVENTIONS
Dam % dam-rearedAAP infants %infant interventions<10 30.0 70.011-15 40.9 59.016-20 42.0 58.021-25 36.3 63.626-30 57.6 42.331-35 80.0 20.036+ 66.6 33.3
Total 50.48 49.4
BREAKDOWN OF INFANT INTERVENTIONS
DamAAP Dam-Reared Hand-Reared<10 9 2111-15 18 2616-20 21 2921-25 12 2126-30 15 1131-35 4 136+ 4 2
REARING STYLE OF INFANTS BORN TO HAND-REARED FEMALES
Age Range #of Hand-reared infants<10 2 out of 3 infants11-15 3 out of 7 infants16-20 1 out of 5 infant21-25 none26-30 none30+ no data for this category
HISTORICAL INTERVENTIONS
Date %dam-reared %Interventions1955-59 .51 .511960-69 2.06 9.271970-79 7.73 18.041980-89 17.52 22.161990-99 13.91 7.212000- 1.03 0
INTERVENTION BY SPECIES
Species Dam-reared InterventionsSumatran 48(24.7%) 50(25.7%)Bornean 31(15.9%) 55(28.3%)Hybrid 4(2.06%) 6 (3.09%)
PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS• Younger captive-born females
have a higher incidence of not rearing their infants
• Wild orangutan females do not give birth until 14 years of age or older
• Young captive-born females should not be recommended to breed until older (supports natural reproductive patterns and increases chance for successful rearing
• Certain age classes of females may need maternal training to promote proper maternal care of infants
SHIPMENT PREPARATIONS FOR A 10-YEAR-OLD MALE
ORANGUTAN
MUKAH AND HIS SURROGATE MOTHER MAGGIE
BRUNEI
EVALUATION AND DOCUMENTATION
LUNA BELA
HENRY DOORLY ZOO ORANGUTAN YARD
KEEPER EXCHANGE PRIOR TO SHIPMENT
DIET TRANSITION
CRATE TRAINING
KEEPER ACCOMPANYING SHIPMENT
HUSBANDRY AGREEMENT AND FOLLOW-UP
SEPARATIONS
MUKAH URINARY CORTISOLMukah Urinary Cortisol - 10/9/04 to 1/15/05
Day of Collection160 180 200 220 240 260
Cor
tisol
ng/
mg
crea
tinin
e
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
10/9/04
10/12/04
10/25/04
11/1/04
11/9/04
11/13/04
11/28/0412/18/04
12/19/04
12/30/04
1/6/05
1/15/05
Orangutan Maggie
Day of collection
0 100 200 300 400
Cor
tisol
ng/
mg
crea
tinin
e
0
50
100
150
200
250urinary cortisol
4/26/04
8/16/05
Orangutan Pepper
Day of collection
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Cor
tisol
ng/
mg
crea
tinin
e
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180urinary cortisol
4/24/04
8/16/05
Orang Mukah Urinary Cortisol & %Stereotypic Behavior per Day
Day of Collection/Observation240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380
corti
sol n
g/m
g cr
eatin
ine
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
%S
tere
otyp
ic B
ehav
ior
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
Day Cort vs Urinary Cortisol Day Behavior vs %Stereotypic Behavior
12/30/04Vet Knock-Down
No OBSERVEdata from
knock-down
2/5/05
2/1/05
2/17/05
2/15/05
5/5/05
5/2/05
5/8/05
5/8/05
4/7/05
3/12/05
3/3/05
3/5/05
CHANGE IN VENUE
BUSCH GARDENS STAFF
“A SWEET BOY”
THANK YOU!!
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