IMPACTS OF NATURAL DISASTERS ON WATER, WASTE-WATER, AND WATER-DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS Walter Hays,...

IMPACTS OF NATURAL DISASTERS

ONWATER, WASTE-WATER,

AND WATER-DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of

North Carolina, USA

2012: 7 BILLION PEOPLE DEPEND ON THE AVAILABILITY OF WATER

2012: 7 BILLION PEOPLE DEPEND ON THE AVAILABILITY OF WATER

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IN 2020, AS NOW, THE GLOBAL WATER SUPPLY …

• Should be available, without interruption, in sufficient QUANTITY to meet the primary needs of the people

• Should be of good QUALITY (i.e., CLEAN) to sustain life

KEY FACTORS

WATER, WASTE- WATER, AND WATER DISTRUBUTION SYSTEMS

WATER, WASTE- WATER, AND WATER DISTRUBUTION SYSTEMS

• Have POINT-SENSITIVE and AREA-SENSITIVE components, …

• Have varying vulnerabilities in their exposure to the TIME – and SPACE- DEPENDENT potential disaster agents of natural hazards.

WATER, WASTE-WATER, AND WATER-DISTRUBUTION SYSTEMS

• Above-ground siting makes water- and waste-water systems more vulnerable to earthquake ground shaking; inundation during, tsunamis, floods, and severe windstorms; and permanent deformation during landslides.

WATER, WASTE- WATER, AND WATER DISTRUBUTION SYSTEMS

• Below-ground siting makes water distribution systems more nvulnerable to permanent deformation caused by earthquake-induced liquefaction.

WATER, WASTE- WATER, AND WATER DISTRUBUTION SYSTEMS

• Vulnerability is a function of materials, age, maintenance, and the system’s exposure as a site-specific, or a spatially- distributed above-or-below-ground system.

OVERVIEW OF RISKOVERVIEW OF RISK

WATER, WASTE-WATER, AND WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS FACE

DIFFERENT RISKS FROM DIFFERENT NATURAL HAZARDS

HAZARDSHAZARDSHAZARDSHAZARDS

ELEMENTS OF RISKELEMENTS OF RISKELEMENTS OF RISKELEMENTS OF RISK

EXPOSUREEXPOSUREEXPOSUREEXPOSURE

VULNERABILITYVULNERABILITYVULNERABILITYVULNERABILITY LOCATIONLOCATIONLOCATIONLOCATION

RISKRISKRISKRISK

WATER, WASTE WATER, WASTE WATER, AD WATER, AD DUSTRIBION DUSTRIBION

SYSTEMSSYSTEMS

WATER, WASTE WATER, WASTE WATER, AD WATER, AD DUSTRIBION DUSTRIBION

SYSTEMSSYSTEMSDATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATIONDATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATION

HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS

•NATURAL HAZARDS•INVENTORY•VULNERABILITY•LOCATION

RISK ASSESSMENTRISK ASSESSMENT

RISK

ACCEPTABLE RISK

UNACCEPTABLE RISK

GOAL: DISASTER GOAL: DISASTER RESILIENCERESILIENCE

•PREPAREDNESS•PROTECTION•EMERGENCY RESPONSE•RECOVERY

RESILIENT SYSTEMSRESILIENT SYSTEMS

DAMAGE; DAMAGE; INJURIESINJURIESDAMAGE; DAMAGE; INJURIESINJURIES

ELEMENTS OF ELEMENTS OF UNACCEPTABLE RISKUNACCEPTABLE RISK

ELEMENTS OF ELEMENTS OF UNACCEPTABLE RISKUNACCEPTABLE RISK

FAILURE; FAILURE; DEATHSDEATHS

FAILURE; FAILURE; DEATHSDEATHS

LOSS OF LOSS OF FUNCTIONFUNCTIONLOSS OF LOSS OF FUNCTIONFUNCTION

ECONOMICECONOMIC

LOSSLOSS

ECONOMICECONOMIC

LOSSLOSS

RISKRISKRISKRISK

RISK MODELING

RISK = NAT. HAZARD x EXPOSURE

NOTE: X = CONVOLUTION

SPECIFIC HAZARD: EXPOSURE: PEOPLE

BUILDING STOCK

WATER SYSTEMS

GOVERNMENT & BUSINESSES

IndividualModeled Events

Eve

nt

Pro

bab

ili t

y

Dollars of Loss

1%

1/100 Threshold Event

IndividualModeled Events

1% Tail of the Distribution

INSURERS MODEL THE RISK DISTRIBUTION FOR ALL EXPOSURES AND ALL EVENTS

Total Area Under Curve = EAL for Entire Portfolio of Risks

Layers & Slices = Retentions andTransferred Amounts

“DISASTER RISK LABORATORIES”

“DISASTER RISK LABORATORIES”

CONSIDER ALL PAST LOCAL-SCALE AND REGIONAL-SCALE EVENTS AS DISASTER RISK LABORATORIES

EARTHQUAKES

An Earthquake Can Cause A Disaster (Japan 2011)

INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING

EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES

SOIL AMPLIFICATION

PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING, LIQUE-FACTION

& LANDSLIDES)

IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN, AND ROUTE

TSUNAMI IMPACTS

POOR DETAILING AND WEAK CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

FRAGILITY OF NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

CAUSES OF DAMAGE

CAUSES OF DAMAGE

“DISASTER LABORATORIES”

“DISASTER LABORATORIES”

TSUNAMIS

A TSUNAMI CAN CAUSE A DISASTER(Thailand 2004)

HIGH VELOCITY IMPACT OF INCOMING WAVES

TSUNAMIS TSUNAMIS

INLAND DISTANCE OF WAVE RUNUP

VERTICAL HEIGHT OF WAVE RUNUP

INADEQUATE RESISTANCE OF BUILDINGS

INUNDATION

INADEQUATE HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL EVACUATION

PROXIMITY TO SOURCE OF TSUNAMI

CAUSES OF DAMAGE

CAUSES OF DAMAGE

“DISASTER LABORATORIES”

“DISASTER LABORATORIES”

FLOODS

A FLOOD CAN CAUSE A DISASTER (China 2007)

LOSS OF FUNCTION OF STRUCTURES IN FLOODPLAIN

FLOODSFLOODS

INUNDATION

INTERACTION WITH HAZARDOUS MATERIALS

STRUCTURE & CONTENTS: DAMAGED BY WATER

WATER BORNE DISEASES (HEALTH PROBLEMS)

EROSION AND MUDFLOWS

CONTAMINATION OF GROUND WATER

CAUSES OF RISK

CAUSES OF RISK

DISASTER LABORATORIES

DISASTER LABORATORIES

SEVERE WINDSTORMS

A SEVERE WINDSTORM CAN CAUSE A DISASTER

WIND PENETRATING BUILDING ENVELOPE

SEVERE WINDSTORMS

SEVERE WINDSTORMS

UPLIFT OF ROOF SYSTEM

INUNDATION AND MUDFLOWS

STORM SURGE

IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN

SITING PROBLEMS

FLYING DEBRIS

CAUSES OF DAMAGE

CAUSES OF DAMAGE

“DISASTER LABORATORIES”

“DISASTER LABORATORIES”

COMMUNITYCOMMUNITYCOMMUNITYCOMMUNITY

DATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATIONDATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATION

•SEVERE WINDSTORMS•INVENTORY•VULNERABILITY•LOCATION

RISK ASSESSMENTRISK ASSESSMENT

RISK

ACCEPTABLE RISK

UNACCEPTABLE RISK

SEVERE WINDSTORM SEVERE WINDSTORM RISK REDUCTIONRISK REDUCTION

•PREPAREDNESS•PROTECTION•EMERGENCY RESPONSE•RECOVERY

FOUR PILLARS OF FOUR PILLARS OF DISASTER RESILIENCEDISASTER RESILIENCE

Wind profileWind profile

Storm Hazards:Storm Hazards:-Wind pressure-Surge-Rain-Flood-Waves-Salt water-Missiles-Tornadoes

OceanOceanOceanOcean

Gradient WindGradient Wind

LANDSLIDES

A MAJOR LANDSLIDE CAN CAUSE A DISASTER

SITING AND BUILDING ON UNSTABLE SLOPES

LANDSLIDESLANDSLIDES

SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO FALLS

SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO TOPPLES

SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO SPREADS

SOIL AND ROCK SUSCEPTIBLE TO FLOWS

PRECIPITATION THAT TRIGGERS SLOPE FAILURE SHAKING

GROUND SHAKING THAT TRIGGERS SLOPE FAILURE

CAUSES OF DAMAGE

CAUSES OF DAMAGE

DISASTER LABORATORIES

DISASTER LABORATORIES

DISASTER RESILEINCEA GLOBAL GOAL FOR WATER-,

WASTE-WATER, AND WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS:

DISASTER RESILEINCEA GLOBAL GOAL FOR WATER-,

WASTE-WATER, AND WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS:

TOWARDS DISASTER RESILIENCE

TOWARDS DISASTER RESILIENCE

DISASTERS OCCUR WHEN---

WATER-, WASTE-WATER, AND WATER-DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

ARE LEFT …

UN—PROTECTEDAGAINST THE POTENTIAL DISASTER

AGENTS OF NATURAL HAZARDS

DISASTER DISASTER RESILIENCERESILIENCE

DISASTER DISASTER RESILIENCERESILIENCE

RISK MODELING

• VULNERABILITYVULNERABILITY

• EXPOSUREEXPOSURE

• EVENTEVENT

POLICY IMPLEMENTATION

• COSTCOST

• BENEFITBENEFIT

•CONSEQUENCESCONSEQUENCES

TOWARDS DISASTER RESILIENCETOWARDS DISASTER RESILIENCE

““WATER WATER SYSTEMS”SYSTEMS”

““WATER WATER SYSTEMS”SYSTEMS” EXPECTED EXPECTED

LOSSLOSS

EXPECTED EXPECTED LOSSLOSS

EARTHQUAKES

INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING

EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES

SOIL AMPLIFICATION

PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SOIL FAILURE AND SURFACE FAULTING )

IRREGULARITIES IN MASS, STRENGTH, AND STIFFNESS

FLOODING FROM TSUNAMI WAVE RUNUP AND SEICHE

POOR DETAILING OF STRUCTURALSYSTEM

FAILURE OF NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

CAUSES OF DAMAGE/DISASTER

CAUSES OF DAMAGE/DISASTER

CASE HISTORIESCASE HISTORIES

INADEQUATE SEISMIC DESIGN PROVISIONS (I.E., BUILDING CODES AND LIFELINE

STANDARDS)

MEAN 1) INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING2) COLLAPSE OF BUILDINGS AND LOSS OF FUNCTION OF LIFELINES

SICHUAN, CHINA: BUILDINGS NEED PROTECTION IN AN EARTHQUAKE

HAITI: BUILDINGS NEED PROTECTION IN AN EARTHQUAKE

TURKEY: BUILDINGS NEED PROTECTION IN AN EARTHQUAKE

TURKEY: BUILDINGS NEED PROTECTION IN AN EARTHQUAKE

CHINA: DAMS NEED PROTECTION IN AN EARTHQUAKE

JAPAN: NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS NEED PROTECION IN AN EARTHQUAKE

UNDERGROUND UTILITIES NEED PROTECTION IN AN EARTHQUAKEUNDERGROUND UTILITIES NEED

PROTECTION IN AN EARTHQUAKE

• A UTILITY CORRIDOR IS VULNERABLE TO LOSS OF FUNCTION WHEN ROUTED THROUGH SOILS THAT ARE SUSCEPTIBLE TO LIQUEFACTION.

• A UTILITY CORRIDOR IS VULNERABLE TO LOSS OF FUNCTION WHEN ROUTED THROUGH SOILS THAT ARE SUSCEPTIBLE TO LIQUEFACTION.