Introduction to Physics · 2009. 11. 13. · leqciaTa kursis mizania gavecnoT: 1. fizikis midgomas...

fizikisfizikis SesavaliSesavali

profprof. . aleqsandrealeqsandre SengelaiaSengelaia

leqciaTaleqciaTa kursiskursis mizaniamizania gavecnoTgavecnoT::

1. 1. fizikisfizikis midgomasmidgomas CvensCvens irgvlivirgvliv myofimyofi

samyarossamyaros SeswavlisasSeswavlisas. .

2. 2. TuTu rara gavlenasgavlenas axdensaxdens fizikafizika TiToeulTiToeul

CvenTaganzeCvenTaganze..

3. 3. fizikisfizikis fundamenturfundamentur kanonebskanonebs..

4. 4. fizikisfizikis warmodgenebswarmodgenebs CvensCvens samyarozesamyaroze. .

SefasebisSefasebis sistemasistema

kursis komponentebi:

leqcia: (weriTi gamocda, maqs. 40 qula)

koloqviumebi (ori koloqviumi, TiTo 15 qula, jami maqs. 30 qula)

praqtikuli mecadineobebi: (ori sakontrolo, TiTo 10 qula,

jami maqs. 20 qula).

daswreba leqciebze da praqtikul mecadineobebze ( maqs. 10 qula).

yvela komponentSi monawileobis miReba aucilebelia !

leqciebi gaTvlilia saSualo donis studentze.

mecnierebamecniereba cdilobscdilobs SeiswavlosSeiswavlos CvensCvens garSemogarSemo

arsebuliarsebuli fizikurifizikuri samyarosamyaro samecnierosamecniero

meTodebismeTodebis gamoyenebiTgamoyenebiT..

mecnierebaSimecnierebaSi arar arsebobenarseboben avtoritetebiavtoritetebi ! ! ukeTesukeTes

SemTxvevaSiSemTxvevaSi SeiZlebaSeiZleba iyvneniyvnen eqspertebieqspertebi, , magrammagram

isinicisinic SeiZlebaSeiZleba cdebodnencdebodnen ((magaliTadmagaliTad

einSteinieinSteini))

rara arisaris mecnierebamecniereba ??

rara arisaris mecnierebamecniereba ??

yoveliyoveli TqvenTaganiTqvenTagani iyenebsiyenebs mecnierulmecnierul

process process TiTqmisTiTqmis yoveldRiuradyoveldRiurad. .

yovelTvisyovelTvis rocaroca svamTsvamT kiTxvaskiTxvas ""rara

moxdebamoxdeba TuTu...", ...", dada cdilobTcdilobT TqveniTqveni

hipoTezishipoTezis cdiscdis--eqsperimentiseqsperimentis meSveobiTmeSveobiT

SemowmebasSemowmebas, , TqvenTqven SeiZlebaSeiZleba gewodoTgewodoT

mecnierimecnieri..

warmoidgineTwarmoidgineT, , romrom xarTxarT 4 4 wliswlis dada gindaTgindaT gaigoTgaigoT

rogorrogor inTebainTeba SuqiSuqi TqveniTqveni saxlissaxlis korodorSikorodorSi..

rara faqtsfaqts miaqcieTmiaqcieT yuradRebayuradReba ? ? SuqisSuqis CamrTveliCamrTveli !!

TqvenTqven gadarTavTgadarTavT CamrTvelsCamrTvels zeviTzeviT dada TqvendaTqvenda

sasiamovnodsasiamovnod SuqiSuqi irTvebairTveba ! ! TqvenTqven gadarTavTgadarTavT CamrTvelsCamrTvels

zeviTzeviT--qveviTqveviT mravaljermravaljer sanamsanam dedadeda arar getyviTgetyviT, , kargikargi, ,

ukveukve sakmarisiasakmarisia. e. i. . e. i. TqvenTqven iswavleTiswavleT rogorrogor inTebainTeba SuqiSuqi

TqveniTqveni saxlissaxlis korodorSikorodorSi..

momdevnomomdevno dilasdilas TqvenTqven xedavTxedavT, , romrom koridorSikoridorSi SuqiSuqi

anTebuliaanTebulia......

magrammagram CamrTveliCamrTveli qvedaqveda mdgomareobaSiamdgomareobaSia ?!?!

Tqveni Teoria araswori aRmoCnda. rogori iqneba Tqveni

axali hipoTeza ? rogor SeamowmebT mas ?

rara arisaris mecnierebamecniereba ??

fizikuri

realoba

Cveni

samyaro

inJineria

geologia

astronomia

biologia

qimia

abstraqcia

fizika da sxva mecnierebebi

• leqciebze umTavresad yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT

fizikis ZiriTad ideebze, konceptualur

sakiTxebze.

• es ar niSnavs, rom es ideebi trivialuria !

• Cven gamoviyenebT

• grafikebs

• naxatebs

• martiv algebras

• ar iqneba rTuli maTematika...

swrafadswrafad gamoiangariSeTgamoiangariSeT, ,

2 + 3 x 4 = 2 + 3 x 4 = 20?20?14?14?sxvasxva ricxviricxvi??

(2 + 3) x 4 = (2 + 3) x 4 = 20?20?14?14?rara arisaris gansxvavebagansxvaveba ? ?

--5522 -- 6 6 ••((-- 4) = 4) = 49?49?1?1?--1?1?--49??49??

dada sworiswori pasuxiapasuxia……

--11

swrafadswrafad gamoiangariSeTgamoiangariSeT, ,

elementarulielementaruli algebraalgebra

F = maF = marogorrogor vipovoTvipovoT a?a?y = 4xy = 4x22, , vipovoTvipovoT x x

rara miviReTmiviReT ??

gavyaviTgavyaviT gantolebisgantolebis oriveorive mxaremxare 44 --zeze

aviReTaviReT fesvifesvi

2y

x =

elementarulielementaruli algebra algebra

gantolebebisgantolebebis gardaqmnagardaqmna

ipoveTipoveT vvoo: v = : v = vvoo + at+ atipoveTipoveT vvoo : v: v22 = v= voo

22 + 2a(x + 2a(x –– xxoo))ipoveTipoveT a: va: v22 = v= voo

22 + 2a(x + 2a(x –– xxoo))ipoveTipoveT x: vx: v22 = v= voo

22 + 2a(x + 2a(x –– xxoo))ipoveTipoveT m: K = m: K = ½½ mvmv22

ipoveTipoveT v: K = v: K = ½½ mvmv22

ipoveTipoveT m: m: kmT /2π=

gantolebebigantolebebi

c = fc = fλλ dada E = E = hfhf, , gamosaxeTgamosaxeT E h, c, E h, c, dada λλ−−TiTi

I = V/R I = V/R dada P = IV, P = IV, gamosaxeTgamosaxeT P I P I dada RR--iTiT. . gamosaxeTgamosaxeT P V P V dada RR--iTiT. .

maTematikurimaTematikuri modelebimodelebi

fizikaSifizikaSi movlenebismovlenebis aRsaweradaRsawerad gamoiyenebagamoiyeneba

modelebimodelebi, , kerZodkerZod maTematikurimaTematikuri modelebimodelebi. . eses

modelebimodelebi xSiradxSirad iRebeniReben maTematikurimaTematikuri

formulebis/gantolebebisformulebis/gantolebebis saxes.saxes.

magaliTimagaliTi:: F = ma, F = ma, e.ie.i.. a = F/m. a = F/m. rocaroca ZalaZala

izrdebaizrdeba, , aCqarebacaCqarebac imdenjerveimdenjerve undaunda gaizardosgaizardos. .

rocaroca masamasa izrdebaizrdeba aCqarebacaCqarebac imdenjerveimdenjerve undaunda

SemcirdesSemcirdes..

eqsperimentieqsperimenti

vawvebiTvawvebiT manqanasmanqanas sxvadasxvasxvadasxva ZaliTZaliT dada

vzomavTvzomavT amisamis SedegadSedegad miRebulmiRebul manqanismanqanis

aCqarebasaCqarebas. .

am am SemTxvevaSiSemTxvevaSi ZalaZala damoukidebelidamoukidebeli

parametriparametri ((cvladiacvladia), ), xoloxolo aCqarebaaCqareba

damokidebulidamokidebuli parametriparametri ((cvladiacvladia).).

grafikuligrafikuli modelimodeli

aCqareba(m/wm2)

Zala (n)

manqanis aCqarebis damokidebuleba modebul Zalaze

grafikisgrafikis aRweraaRwera

damoukidebelidamoukidebeli cvladicvladi xx-- RerZzeRerZze

damokidebulidamokidebuli cvladicvladi yy-- RerZzeRerZze

aucilebeliaaucilebelia sidideebissidideebis ganzomilebebisganzomilebebis miTiTebamiTiTeba !!!!!!

grafikisgrafikis elementebielementebi

ra aris fizika ?

fizika cdilobs miakvlios im zogad principebs,

romelTa saSualebiT SesaZlebeli iqneba fizikuri

samyaros da fizikuri movlenebis aRwera.

magaliTi:

planetebis

moZraobavaSlis

vardna xidan

mizidulobis

Zala

fizika aseve eZebs materiis

Semadgenel umcires "agurebs"

materia Cvens garSemo

molekulebi

atomebi

elementaruli nawilakebi

???

aTasobiT

asobiT

aTobiT

ramodenime

fizikis moqmedebis principi

• aRmoCena

• eqsperimenti/dakvirveba

• hipoTeza

• winaswarmetyveleba

• misi Semowmeba

• Teoria

mudmivimudmivi ciklicikli, , urTierTqmedebaurTierTqmedeba

TeoriasaTeoriasa dada eqsperimentseqsperiments SorisSoris

mecniereba moiTxovs obieqturobas

mecnierma unda gaiTvaliswinos eqsperimentis Sedegi

miuxedavad imisa, rom SeiZleba is sul sxva Sedegs

eloda. man aucileblad unda ganasxvavos is rasac igi

miiRebs imisagan Tu ra undoda rom mieRo.

adamianebs xSirad axasiaTebT axali ideebisa da

hipoTezebis miReba seriozuli analizisa da kritikis

gareSe. mecnierebaSi es miuRebelia. nebismieri idea

mcdaria Tu igi ar dadasturda realobaSi. ase rom,

cxovrebasa da mecnierebaSi ideis WeSmaritebis

kriteriumi aris realoba, eqsperimenti.

fizika da saerTod mecniereba

yovelTvis ganviTarebis procesSia.

Zveli Teoriebi icvleba axliT.

Sedegad ki vRebulobT fizikuri

samyarosa da movlenebis ufro Rrma

gagebas/gaazrebas.

makro da mikrosamyaro

ganzomilebaTa prefiqsebi

⇓Semoklebuli aRniSvnebi

prefiqsi simbolo faqtori

Exa E 1018

Peta P 1015

Tera T 1012

Giga G 109

Mega M 106

kilo k 103

prefiqsi simbolo faqtori

atto a 10−18

femto f 10−15

pico p 10−12

nano n 10−9

mikro μ 10−6

milli m 10−3

gamosaxeTgamosaxeT nulebiTnulebiT

1) 4.75 x 101) 4.75 x 1088

2) 3.5 x 102) 3.5 x 10--55

3) 26.5 x 103) 26.5 x 10--44

gamosaxeTgamosaxeT aTisaTis xarisxebiTxarisxebiT

1)1) 4200000042000000

2)2) 0.00000009870.0000000987

3)3) 500500500500

4)4) 0.002340000.00234000

aTisaTis xarisxebadxarisxebad CawerisCaweris wesebiwesebi

wertiliwertili yovelTvisyovelTvis ismebaismeba pirvelipirveli

aranulovaniaranulovani ricxvisricxvis SemdegSemdeg. . TuTu ricxviricxvi metiametia 1010--ze, ze, maSinmaSin

xarisxisxarisxis maCvenebelimaCvenebeli dadebiTiadadebiTia

((didididi ricxvebiricxvebi))

TuTu ricxviricxvi naklebianaklebia 1010--ze, ze, maSinmaSin

xarisxisxarisxis maCvenebelimaCvenebeli uaryofiTiauaryofiTia

((mciremcire ricxvebiricxvebi))

magaliTebimagaliTebi

50098387000 50098387000 iqnebaiqneba……5.0098387 x 105.0098387 x 101010

0.0000087002 0.0000087002 iqnebaiqneba……8.7002 x 108.7002 x 10--66

4.87 x 104.87 x 101818 arisaris……4,870,000,000,000,000,000 4,870,000,000,000,000,000 4.75 x 104.75 x 10--9 9 arisaris……0.000000004750.00000000475

filmi aTis xarisxebze