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LEARNING BEHAVIOR
WHAT IS LEARNING????
LEARNING IS EXPERIENCE-BASED MODIFICATION OF BEHAVIOR
• Animals need not witness a developmentally fixed (innate) behavior to perform it.
• Conversely, it might seem that some things, such as the different human languages, are completely learned.
For example!!!
LEARNING VERSUS MATURATION
• Learning often affects innate behavior, but changes in innate behaviors are not always due to learning.
• MATURATION.
• HABITUATION.
IMPRINTING IS LEARNING LIMITED TO A SENSITIVE PERIOD
• WHAT IS IMPRINTING?????
• Learning that is limited to a specific time period in an animal’s life that is generally irreversible.
• By imprinting on their parents young birds first learn who will take care of them and subsequently learn species indentify and the kind of bird they should mate with later in life.
FOR EXAMPLEEEEE!!!
KONRAD LORENZ
• He divided clutch of graylag goose eggs, leaving some with the mother and putting the rest in an incubator.
• Sensitive period: a limited phase in an animal’s development when learning of particular behaviors can take place.
UNDERSTANDING THE DEVELOPMENT OF BEHAVIOR THROUGH BIRD SONGS
• A considerable amount of research on how animals learn has focused on bird songs.
• Most birds can learn their songs through the sensitive period or through open-ended learning.
LEARNING IN THE SENSITIVE PERIOD• The sensitive period involves:
- Passive listening
- Template
- Subsong
- Crystallized final song
• They improve the song with practice until it sounds like the adult song of their species.
THE OPEN-ENDED LEARNING
• Other species such as canaries have open-ended learning. They develop one version of their species´ song in the first year.then after breeding, they reenter a plastic phase and add new syllables,learning a new version of the song. The song changes each year throught the bird´s life.
PASSIVE LISTENING TEMPLATE SUBSONG
CRYSTALLIZED FINAL SONG
EGG SENSITIVE PERIOD JUVENILE
MATURE ADULT
HATCH 50 DAYS 1 YEAR
New Syllables
SubsongPlastic song
Final Song
New Syllables
Plastic Song
Final Song
Plastic Song
New Syllables
Egg Juvenile Breeding Breeding
How animals can learn to associate one stimulus with another
What is associate learning?
The ability of many animals to learn to associate one stimulus with another.
The two forms of associative learning are classical and operant conditioning.Neutral stimulus is repeatedly presented together with a reflex eliciting stimuli until eventually the neutral stimulus will elicit a response on its own.
Classical conditioning
Involves learning to assocate an arbitary Stimulus with a reward or punishment.
This is well known by the physiologist Ivan Pavlov . He sprayed powdered meat into dogs mouth, causing them to salivate. And he exposed dogs to a sound .
The dogs in respond salivated too the sound alone, they learned to associate it to a normal stimulus.
Operant Conditioning
In here the animal learns to associate one of its own behaviors with a reward or punishment and then tends to repeat or avoid that behavior.
For example, predators quickly learn to associate certain kinds of potential prey with painful experiences and modify its behavior
The best known lab studies involving operant conditioning are from the physiologist B.F. Skinner .
He placed a rat in a skinner box he found out who to manipulate a lever in a box and its reward was to release food.
The animal quickly learns to associate manipulation of the lever with a food reward.
What is play
Describes behavior which has no particular end in itself, but improves performance in similar situations in the future.And is mostly limited to mammals and birds.
Play obviously consumes energy , and the risk to life and limb in significant additional cost.
What could be the ultimate adaptive basis for such pointless behavior???
The practice hypothesis suggest that play is a type of learning that allows animals to perfect behaviors needed in fuctional circumstances.
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