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ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
The Study of Carbon Compounds
Carbon!• Most chemicals that make up living things
are Carbon-based.– Why?
• Easily forms molecules that are large, complex, and diverse.
• Up to 30% of a cell is made up of Carbon-based compounds.
Functional Groups
• Carbon-based chemical groups most important in life processes
• Each group plays a vital role in a chemical reaction– Ex. Sex hormone
differences
Estrogen
Testosterone
Macromolecules
The Molecules of Life!
Macromolecules are…
• Large polymers• Built by
monomers
• 4 main classes – Carbohydrates– Proteins– Lipids– Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates
Fuel and Building Material for Life!
Carbohydrates are…
• Most abundant carbon compounds found in living things
• Sugars• Monosaccharides- simple sugars
» Glucose
• Disaccharides- sugars built of 2 monosaccharides
» Sucrose+Fructose
Carbos cont…
• Starch=Polysaccharides: act as nutrient storage-and form structural components of living things• Glycogen- stores glucose in muscle
tissue for quick energy
• Cellulose- provides rigid structure
»Cell wall of plant cells
CELL WALL
LIPIDS
• Fats– Saturated
• Solidifies- bad• Ex: animal fat and butter
– Unsaturated• No solidification- good• Ex: vegetable oils
– Fats are used for energy storage• Long-term food reserves stored in adipose (fat)cells
Lipids cont…
• Lipids do not have monomers
• Fat (adipose) provides insulation for warmth
– Whales, seals
• Fat provides cushion for organs
I’m Fat!
Fat Cells (adipose)
Lipids cont…
• Phospholipids– Make up cell membranes
• Hydrophobic tails– Opposed to water
• Hydrophilic heads– Affinity for water
This opposite relation to water forms a bilayer.
The bilayer forms a boundary between the cell and the external environment.
Phospholipid BilayerPhospholipid Bilayer
Proteins
The Ultimate Polymer!
Proteins…• Monomer or building blocks of
proteins: – Amino acids
Amino Acid Codon Chart
Protein Structure
• 2 or more amino acids joined by peptide bond–Hence the other name for a
protein: polypeptide chain
Structure=Function
• Protein’s specific structure determines it’s duties– All functions depend on ability to
recognize and bond to specific molecules• Form=Function
– Very specific fit• Lock and key
INDUCED FIT
Above, both enzymes and substrates are proteins designed to fit together like a lock and key
4 Levels of Protein Structure
• Primary– Unique sequence of AA
• Chain
• Secondary– Repeating coils and folds
• Helix or pleated sheet
• Tertiary– Folds formed by side-chain bonding
Protein structure cont…
• Quaternary– 2 or more polypeptide chains aggregated
• Clumping• Tightly held together
Types of Proteins
• Structural Defensive– Support -Antibodies
Storage Enzymes– Embryo food -catalysts
• Transport Hormones– Oxygen -regulation
• Receptors Contractile– Drugs -muscles
Nucleic Acids
Informational Polymers
Nucleic Acids
• 2 types– DNA-double-stranded
• Genetic material– Inherited from parents
– RNA-single-stranded• Controls protein synthesis
• Nucleotides are monomers of both DNA/RNA
• Nucleic acids work together – Build proteins
The Central Dogma
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