Person & Individual Defined

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PersonIhaveusedthetermpersonanumberoftimes,andIbelieveitdeservessomespecialattention.ItderivesfromtheLatinpersona,anactorsmask,usedinGreekandRomantimesfortwopurposestoidentifythestagecharacterforoneactoroftenplayedmorethanonerole,sohewouldsimplyswitchmasksandtoprojecthisvoicebymeansofamegaphoneshapedmouthpersona,bysound.Hence,ourwordpersonality,thataboutourselveswhichweprojecttoothers.Insome,morethanothers,apresentationthatindeedmasksourtruecharacterornature.IntheMiddleAgesitcametobeusedassynonymouswithhomo,manorindividual.Thiswasnotthecaseinancient(andmodern)Romanlaw.Asonelegalhistorianputit:

juspersonarumdidnotmeanlawofpersons,orrightsofpersons,butlawofstatus,orcondition.Apersonisherenotaphysicalorindividualperson,butthestatusorconditionwithwhichheisinvested.(34AustinsJur.,363.Emphasisadded.)

Inthe15thcentury,"personcametobeusedinlegalterminologyforone(asahumanbeing,apartnership,oracorporation)thatisrecognizedbythelawasthesubjectofrightsandduties."(MerriamWebstersNewBookofWordHistories,1991.Emphasisadded.)Noteherethatitisonlythehumanbeinginhisperson,asasubjectofrightsandduties.AsOrtolansays,inhisHistoryoftheRomanLaw:

Thewordperson(persona)doesnotinthelanguageofthelaw,asinordinarylanguage,designatethe

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physicalman.Inthefirst,itiseverybeingconsideredascapableofhavingorowingrights,ofbeingtheactiveorpassivesubjectofrights.

Wesayeverybeing,formenarenotalonecomprisedtherein.Infact,lawbyitspowerofabstractioncreatespersons.becauseitmakesofthembeingscapableofhavingorowingrights.

Weshallthereforehavetodiscriminatebetween,andtostudy,twoclassesofperson:physicalornaturalpersons,forwhichwefindnodistinctivedenominationinRomanjurisprudencethatistosay,themanpersonandabstractpersons,whicharefictitiousandwhichhavenoexistenceexceptinlawthatistosay,thosewhicharepurelylegalconceptionsorcreations.

Inanothersense,veryfrequentlyemployed,thewordpersondesignateseachcharactermaniscalledupontoplayonthejudicialstagethatistosay,eachqualitywhichgiveshimcertainrightsorcertainobligationsforinstance,thepersonoffatherofsonassubjecttohisfatherofhusbandorguardian.Inthissensethesamemancanhaveseveralpersonaeatthesametime.(Emphasisadded.)

TheInternalRevenueCodeisRomanorcivillaw,togetherwithitssibling,maritimeoradmiraltylaw.Thus,asIdiscussbelow,theSupremeCourtclearlystatesthatallincometaxesareoncorporations,assetforthintheCorporationTaxActof1909,notonpeople.Thatiswhyall48titlesalwaysspeakofpersons,neverpeople,humanbeings,ormenorwomenafictioncanonlydealwithafiction.

ThiswasmadeclearevenbeforetheConstitution,inTheFederalistPapers,No.15:

Exceptastotheruleofapportionment,theUnitedStateshaveanindefinitediscretiontomakerequisitionsformenandmoneybuttheyhavenoauthoritytoraiseeitherbyregulationsextendingtotheindividualcitizensofAmerica.(Emphasisadded.)

Letmeputalittlefleshonthesebones.TheSupremeCourtstatedinEdwardsv.CubaRRCo.,268US628that:

themeaningofincomeasusedintheCorporationExciseTaxLawof1909isnottobedistinguishedfromthemeaningofthesamewordasusedintheIncomeTaxLawof1913andtheRevenueActof1916.MerchantsLoan&TrustCo.v.Smietanka255US509.(Emphasisadded.)

However,aspointedoutbyKennethWeiland,itisofinteresttonote,also,aFederalClaimsCourtcase,MarylandCasualtyCo.v.U.S.:

BytheactofAugust5,1909,aspecialexcisetaxwasimposedupontheprivilegeofcarryingonbusinessbycorporations.Itwasinrealityalicensetocarryonbusiness.TheIncomeTaxActofOctober3,1913,shouldbeconsideredasastatutoryconstructionoftheactofAugust5,1909,insofarasitrelatedtothebasisoftaxation.(DecemberTerm,191617[52C.Cls.]Emphasisadded.Thiswilltakeonfurthermeaningtowardtheendofthispaper.)

BeitnotedthatintheCaliforniaPenalCodepersonisclearlydistinguishedfromCitizen.PenalCode228states:"Anycitizenofthisstatewhoshallfightaduel"Whileat232itstates:"Anypersonofthisstatewhofightsaduel"(Emphasisadded.)

"Incommonusage,thetermpersondoesnotincludethesovereign[and]statutesemployingthe[word]areordinarilyconstruedtoexcludeit."Wilsonv.OmahaIndianTribe,442U.S.653,667(1979),quotingUnitedStatesv.CooperCorp.312U.S.600,604(1941).

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IndividualThetermofartindividualisalsofrequentlyemployedinthecodes.Whichisevenmoresneaky,becausemostpeoplebelievethiswordtobe,forallintentsandpurposes,synonymouswithahumanbeingwhatthelawreferstoasanaturalperson.Romanlawhardlyreferredtosuchaphysicalbeing,excepttherareusageofsingularispersonawhich,however,stillemployspersona,therebypreservingajuridicalnexus,inapplicabletoasentientman(homo).Anabstract,fictitiouspersonisneeded.RecallJudgeBork,onpage11,above,sayingthat90%ofthoseinprisonweretherebecausetheyconsentedtotheprocess?Youconsentwhenyouagreetobesubjecttoastatutedealingwithpersonswhichwehaveseentobefictionalcorporateconstructsorentities.Thecodeanyofthe48titlesonlyappliestoahumanbeingatthepoints/heagreestotakeonthecharacter,status,personaofanartificialjuristicpersona.Alwaysrememberthatwhenthecodesays"anyperson,"itmeans"anypersoninthejurisdictionofthiscode."Oneobligatesoneselftothecivilcodebyanactofassumpsiti.e.,volunteeringtobethatperson.(Assumpsit:"Apromiseorengagementbywhichonepersonassumesorundertakestodosomeactorpaysomethingtoanother."BlacksLawDictionary,6thedition.RecalltheChisholmcase,above.)Youwillneverseeinanycode,Stateorfederal,thewordmanorwomanorpeopleatleastIdontrecallhavingdonesoonlythejuristic,statutoryperson.

PeopleareunderstandablyconfusedaboutonwhatIbelievetobethecorrectsignificationofaparticularclassofpersons,namely,anaturalperson.Itisalmostalwaysusedlooselytorefertothephysical,sentienthumanbeing.Indeed,instatutorylawthisisthetermofchoiceforalivingmanbutalwaysinaqualifiedsense.At26CFR1.60494(f)Definitionsweread:

Thetermnaturalpersonmeansanyindividual,butshallnotincludeapartnership(whetherornotcomposedentirelyofindividuals),atrust,oranestate.(Emphasisadded.)

Noticecarefullyhowtheyseeitasbothpossibleandnecessarytoqualifyindividual.Ifthistermstoodforalivingman,itwouldbepointlessandridiculoustosaythatitcouldnotbeatrustoranestate!Theywouldntsaythatamanshallnotincludeanestate.

Sothen,weseethatperson,naturalperson,andindividualareallfictitiouslegalcreations.And,ifyouacquiescetobeinganyofthem,inalegalsetting,youtherebyagreethatthecodeaddressesandappliestoyou.

Thisiswhysomehaveanaversiontoreferringtotheirappearanceincourtasbeinginpropriapersonawhichsomedotoavoidpleadingprose,foroneself,whenappearingwithoutanattorney.Theydontwanttorepresentthemselves,butbethemselves.And,sinceinpropriapersonameansinonesownproperperson,itwouldseemtoovercomethisobjection.BethisasitmayandIamawareofmanyargumentsproandconthecourtstillreferstoyourappearanceasbeingprose.Personally,ifIfoundmyselfinthatsituation,Iwouldappearinrerumnatura,intherealmofactualityinexistence,(BlacksLawDictionary,6thedition)theoppositeofbeingafictitiousperson.

Weshouldlook,too,attheveryfirstterminthegeneraldefinitionchapterfortheentireIRC:Section7701(a)(1)andwelltheyshouldbeginthere,forallstatutorylawrestsonthefoundationofthisjuristicfabrication.

Person.Thetermpersonshallbeconstruedtomeanandincludeanindividual,atrust,estate,partnership,association,company,orcorporation.

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Therefore,sincewenowknowthat,inlaw,personcannotbeanythingbutafictitiousjuridicalcreation,itfollowsineluctablythatifindividualissaidtomeantheexactsamething,thenitmustalsorefertothesametypeofunnaturalandartificialentityasperson.

ThisisprettywellnaileddownbyacoupleofcitesfromtheCFR.At5CFR582.101(4)weread:

Personsmayincludeanindividual,partnership,corporation,association,jointventure,privateorganizationorotherlegalentity,andincludesthepluralofthattermpersonmayincludeanyoftheentitiesthatmayissuelegalprocessassetforthin(Emphasisadded.)

In7CFR400.303(m)wefind:

Personmeansanindividual,partnership,association,corporation,estate,trust,orotherlegalentity,andwheneverapplicable,aStateorapoliticalsubdivision,oragencyofaState.(Emphasisadded.)

Hereitisintheregulations,anindividualisalegalentity,nota(wo)man,asentienthumanbeing.

So,itmakesperfectsensethat5USC552a(a)(2)shouldholdthat"thetermindividualmeansacitizenoftheUnitedStatesoranalienlawfullyadmittedforpermanentresidence(3)"(Emphasisadded.)Foracitizeniscertainlyajuristicperson.

Adiscussionofperson,however,wouldnotbecompletewithoutreferenceto26USC7343Definitionofterm"person."ThisisattheveryendofChapter75Crimes,OtherOffensesandForfeitures,whichincludessuchgoodiesas7203Willfulfailuretofilereturn,supplyinformation,orpaytax,whichbegins:"Anypersonrequiredunderthistitletopay"(Emphasisadded.)

Section7343readsinitsentirety:

Thetermpersonasusedinthischapterincludes[isrestrictedto]anofficeroremployeeofacorporation[suchastheU.S.orsomecompanyincorporatedinthefederalzone],oramemberoremployeeofapartnership,whoassuchofficer,employee,ormemberisunderadutytoperformtheactinrespecttowhichtheviolationoccurs.

Forstarters,Section7203isapenaltysectionandmakesnoattempttoestablishanyliability.Plus,theimplementingregulationsareinTitle27BATFmeaningthatitisexclusivelyfortheiruse,withexcisetaxes!IthasnothingtodowiththeIRS.Leavingallthataside,doyoubelievethatyoucouldbechargedasbeingthepersondescribedabove?Doyouworkforthefederalgovernmentoradomestic(U.S.,notState)corporation?

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