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4B: Plant Structure
Plant Cell Types
Parenchyma Sclerenchyma Collenchyme
Coleus stem tip
Dicot & Monocot Stem X section
Ground meristem
Pith
Procambium
Xylem
Phloem
Protoderm
Apical meristem
Leaf primordial
Axillary bud
Monocot stem
Dicot stem
Vascular Bundle (Xylem & Phloem)
Phloem
Sclerenchyma
Ground meristem
Xylem
Sieve Tube Member Companion Cell
Phloem Sclerenchyma
Cap
Xylem
Vascular cambium btn xylem & phloem
Secondary Growth – herbaceous stems
Hardwood (angiosperm vessel elements) vs softwood (gymnosperms tracheids)
Modified stems:
Rhizome stolons
bulbs tubers
Heartwood (inner xylem)
Sapwood (outer xylem)
ROOTS
Dicot root Monocot Root
Cortex
Epidermis
Vascular Cylinder/Stele
Phloem
Xylem
Pericycle
Root cap
Quiescent center
Apical meristem
Zone of Cell Division
Root types
Taproot (dicot) Fibrous (monocot) Adventitious root
Lateral roots
LEAVES
Leaf epidermis
Guard cells
Stomata
Dicot leaf
Monocot leaf
Palisades Parenchyma
Spongy Parenchyma
Midrib
Upper epidermis (Thicker)
Lower epidermis (Thinner)
Xylem
Phloem
Vascular bundles
Phloem
Xylem
Guard cells
Stomata
Leaf Venation
Parallel venation (monocot) Pinnate venation (dicot) Palmate venation (dicot)
Leaf structure
Simple vs Compound leaves look for the axillary buds
Pinnately Compound leaf Palmately Compound leaf
Pinnately Palmately
Leaf Arrangement
Alternate Opposite Whorled
Modified leaves
Spines Tendrils
Monocots- one cotyledon (seed leaf), vascular bundles scattered in the pith, flower parts in threes, leaves with parallel venation Dicots- two cotyledons, vascular bundles in a ring, flower parts in4’s, 5’s, or multiples, leaves with net venation
Axillary bud
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