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Technische Universität München
DC/DC Converter Fundamentals
Power Electronics
Prof. Hans-Georg HerzogTechnische Universität München
Elektrische Energiewandlungstechnik
1. Overview on DC/DC Converter
2. One-Quadrant Converter
• Buck Converter
• Boost Converter
• Buck-Boost Converter
• Cuk Converter
3. Two-Quadrant Converter
4. Multi-Phase DC/DC Converter
Outline
2
Overview on DC/DC Converter
Fields of Application
• Switched-Mode Power Supplies (≤ 300W)
– Supply of µC
– PC Power Supply
• Automotive (some kW)
– Coupling of Multi-Voltage On-Board Supply Networks
– Connection of Energy Storage Devices, Thermo-Electric
Generators, Solar Panels, ...
• Controlled DC-Drives (several 10 kW)
3
Fields of Application in Vehicles
4
Buck Converter
06.07.2
010
DC/DC Converter Fundamentals (Prof. Herzog) 5
U
I
• Unidirectional Coupling of Two On-Board Networks
• Connecting Components with Lower Voltage Level to
a Higher Voltage On-Board Network
Fields of Application:
One-Quadrant Converter
Buck Converter – Principle Circuit
Network A
(e.g. HV On-
Board Network)
Network B
(e.g. LV On-
Board Network)
Buck
Converter
Source: [1]
6
Power
Buck Converter – Switching States
Source: [1]
Source: [1]
7
Assumption:
VO = const.
Buck Converter – Switching States
Source: [1]
Source: [1]
8
Assumption:
VO = const.
Buck Converter – Switching States
Source: [1]
Steady-State: Area A = Area B
9
Assumption:
VO = const.
Buck Converter – Output Voltage
Source: [1]
10
Buck Converter – Simulation Results
11
Source: [1]
Boost Converter
U
I
• Unidirectional Coupling of Two On-Board Networks
• Connecting Components with Higher Voltage Level
to a Lower Voltage On-Board Network
Fields of Application:
12
One-Quadrant Converter
Network A
(e.g. HV On-
Board Network)
Network B
(e.g. LV On-
Board Network)
Boost
Converter
Power
Boost Converter – Principle Circuit
Source: [1]
13
Boost Converter – Switching States
Source: [1]
Source: [1]
14
Boost Converter – Switching States
Source: [1]
Source: [1]
15
Boost Converter – Switching States
Source: [1]
Steady-State:
16
Boost Converter – Output Voltage
Source: [1]
Source: [1]
17
Boost Converter – Simulation Results
18
Source: [1]
Buck-Boost Converter
• Voltage Inversion
• Connecting Components to a Lower/Higher
Voltage On-Board Network
Fields of Application:
U
I
19
One-Quadrant Converter
Network A
(e.g. HV On-
Board Network)
Component B
(e.g. Negative
Voltage)
Buck-Boost
Converter
Power
Buck-Boost Converter – Principle Circuit
Source: [1]
20
Buck-Boost Converter – Switching States
Source: [1]
Source: [1]
21
Buck-Boost Converter – Switching States
Source: [1]
Source: [1]
22
Buck-Boost Converter – Switching States
Source: [1]
Steady-State:
23
Buck-Boost Converter – Output Voltage
Source: [1]
Source: [1]
24
Buck-Boost Converter – Simulation Results
25
Source: [1]
Potentialtrennung ?
Cuk Converter – Principle Circuit
Source: [1]
26
Network A
(e.g. HV On-
Board Network)
Component B
(e.g. Negative
Voltage)
Cuk
Converter
Power
Cuk Converter – Switching States
Assumption:
vC1 = const
→ C1 big enough
VC1 = Vd + VO
Diode D conducting
• iL1 und iL2 flow through D
• iL1 charges C1
• iL2 delivers Output Current
→ iL1 and iL2 decrease
Source: [1]
Source: [1]
27
Cuk Converter – Switching States
Switch T conducting
• iL1 and iL2 flow through T
• C1 delivers Energy to Output and L2
• Energy in L1 rises
→ iL1 und iL2 increase
Source: [1]
28
Source: [1]
Assumption:
vC1 = const
→ C1 big enough
VC1 = Vd + VO
Cuk Converter – Output Voltage
Source: [1]
29
Assumption:
vC1 = const
→ C1 big enough
VC1 = Vd + VO
Two-Quadrant Converters
U
I
• Bidirectional Coupling of Two On-Board Networks
• Connecting Components with Lower Voltage
Level to a Higher Voltage On-Board Network
• Current Inversion
• Step Up-Step Down Converter
Fields of Application:
30
Two-Quadrant Converters – Principle Circuit
Source: [2]
31
Step Down Mode
Network A
(e.g. HV Supply)
Network B
(e.g. LV Supply)
Power
Step Down/
Step Up
Converter
Two-Quadrant Converters – Principle Circuit
Source: [2]
32
Step Up Mode
Network A
(e.g. HV Supply)
Network B
(e.g. LV Supply)
Power
Step Down/
Step Up
Converter
Step Down/Step Up Converter – Simulation
33
Source: [2]
Step Down/Step Up Converter – Simulation
34
Source: [2]
Step Down/Step Up Conv. – Requirements
35
Limited at High Power because of
• Slow Switching of Large Semiconductor Devices
• Large Smoothing Inductances (due to High Current)
• High Ripple Current Stress in Smoothing Capacitor
Cost-Intensive Passive Components
→ „Silicon instead of Passives“
→ Multi-phase DC/DC Converter
Half-Bridge – Multi-Phase Approach
Uout
Uin
36
Multi-Phase Approach
Ripple-Current Superposition of Individual Phases
37
Multi-Phase Approach – Pros & Cons
Advantages:
+ Less Current per Phase
+ Higher Modulation Frequency
+ Higher Effective Modulation
Frequency by Phase-Shift in
PWM Triggering
→ Compact and Cheap Set-Up
+ Modular Design possible
Disadvantages:
– Risk of Ring Currents
– Asymmetrical Phase Currents
Balancing Alternatives:
Series Resistors
Central Control
Master-Slave Approaches
Magnetically Coupled Coils
Fuzzy Logic
38
DC/DC Converter – Losses
Uout
Uin
Switching Losses:
Ohmic Losses:
On-State Power Losses Transistor:
On-State Power Losses Diode:
Gate-Triggering:
Reverse Recovery Diode:
Total:
Example: 2Q Converter
39
References
[1] N. Mohan, T. Undeland, W. Robbins,
„Power Electronics – Converters, Applications, and Design“,
3rd Edition, Wiley, 2003
[2] D. Schröder,
„Leistungselektronische Schaltungen – Funktion, Auslegung und
Anwendung“,
2. Auflage, Springer, 2008
40
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