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Primates cont.Family Hominoidea (hominid)– great apes (gorilla, orangutans, chimps & bonobos), humans (living and extinct)Hominins – chimps, bonobos, and humans (living and extinct)Genus Homo – the humans
Primateshair or furwarm-bloodedlive youngsuckleinfant dependencesocial lifeplay observation and imitationpecking order
Common Primate Traits
Ardipithecus genus
1st homonims?Africa (Ethiopia)6 mya – 4 myateeth more similar to hominins than chimpsprobably not bipedallived in woodlands and grasslands
Australopithecus genus
4 mya – 2 mya
throughout E Africaate fruits, vegetables & tuberssmall brain but likely bipedalnot tool usersevolved into Homo habilis
Hominin EvolutionHomo habilis (2.0 –
1.6mya)
H. erectus (1.9-70kyBP)
H. neanderthalensis (300-30kyBP)
H. sapiens (200kyBP –
present)
~ 20 different homo species
Sca
le:
Mill
ions
of
Years
BP
Homo habilis: 2.3-1.6 mya
Artist’s representation of a Homo habilis band as it might have existed two million years ago.
first humans
In Africa
toolmaker
probable meat-eater
possibly arboreal (woodlands)
no speech
Homo erectus 1.8 mya to 70 000 yrs BPevolved in Africa and migrated to Asiabigger brainsmore complex toolswalked completely uprightlived in small groups (bands)firecooked meatused furs language unlikelymay have made soundspossibly wiped out by Toba supereruption? (~ 70 000 yrs BP in Indonesia)
Homo neandertalensis300 000 – 30 000 yrs BPEuropemassive brains (as large or larger than ours)large torso, short limbs, broad nasal passagescarnivores, adapted to cold climatesco-existed with homo sapiensDNA testing shows human DNA contains 4-5% Neandertal DNA
Homo sapiens
Archaic – 200,000 to 35,000 years BP
Homo sapiens
Modern – 35,000 years BP to present
Anatomically modern
Homo sapiens sapiens
Modern Homo SapiensMultiregional Model
Humans evolved more or less simultaneously across the entire Old World from several ancestral populations.
Rapid-Replacement Model (Out of Africa)Humans evolved only once--in Africa --and then migrated throughout the Europe and Asia, replacing their ancestorsmDNA evidence supports this
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