Progressivism. In the late 1800’s a reform movement arose to address many of the social problems...
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- Progressivism
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- In the late 1800s a reform movement arose to address many of
the social problems that industrialism created. This movement was
known as progressivism Progressivism was brought forward by writers
called muckrakers journalists that worked to expose the injustices
they saw. Called muckrakers because they raked up or exposed the
filth of society
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- Housing Reforms By 1920 more than half of all Americans lived
in cities People endured horrible living conditions, lack of
sanitation, and were in danger of robberies and other crimes In
1901 the New York Legislature passed the Tenement Act of 1901
Forced landlords to install lighting in public hallways Provide at
least one toilet for every two families Eventually outhouses were
banned in New York City With these and other changes within 15
years the death rate in New York City dropped and people in other
cities pushed for laws similar to those in New York.
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- Civil Rights In 1909 several African-American and white leaders
founded the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of
Colored People). It was founded to fight for the rights of African
Americans Two of the most influential African-American leaders
during this time period were Booker T. Washington and W.E.B.
DuBois. Even though they were both African-American they had very
different ideas for how to best help black citizens in
America.
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- Poverty Jacob Riis emigrated from Denmark in 1870 when he was
21 years old. He had trouble finding a job in New York City and
lived in poverty Eventually Riis found a job working for a magazine
called the New York Tribune Riis wrote a book called How the Other
Half Lives which stunned Americans with its photographs and
descriptions of urban poverty
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- Big Business Ida Tarbell a muckraker who wrote a report that
condemned the business practices of the Standard Oil Company.
Tarbell revealed how John D. Rockefeller would crush his
competition and take over the oil industry. Progressive leader
Florence Kelley founded the National Child Labor Committee to
persuade the government to pass child labor laws and laws to limit
the work day for women. Unions and labor groups fought for a
minimum wage In 1908 the Supreme Court ruled that states could
limit the work number of hours worked by women in one day. In 1917
the Supreme Court ruled the same for men.
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- Working Conditions In 1911 a disaster occurred at the Triangle
Shirtwaist Factory in New York City. While watching the movie
collect evidence to answer the following questions: 1) What caused
the disaster at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory (be specific!) 2)
What was the lasting impact of the disaster at the Triangle
Shirtwaist Factory? Triangle Shirtwaist Factory
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- Scandal in the Government In 1869 under the Credit Mobilier
scandal hit the Grant administration members of Congress and the
Vice President helped to funnel federal railroad money to the
Credit Mobilier stockholders. In 1883 James A. Garfield was
assassinated by a person who was angry that he had been passed over
for a government job. In response President Chester Arthur pushed
for the Pendleton Civil Service Act required that jobs and
promotions within the government must be based on merit and not
political connections.
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- Government In the late 1800s many local governments were
controlled by political machines an organization of professional
politicians that often looked out for their own interests The most
notorious political machine was Tammany Hall in New York City run
by Boss Tweed. Tweed used his position to obtain great wealth. He
was eventually convicted of tax fraud and sent to prison. In order
to prevent political machines from running local governments
progressive reformers worked to make sure that this would not
happen anymore.
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- Government Many cities began to create city councils - groups
of people who help to run the city and are elected by the people
Politicians like Governor Robert LaFollette in Wisconsin pushed for
changes in government such as limits on campaign spending,
regulation of railroad and utilities, and changes in the civil
service system
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- Elections During the Progressive Era there were many changes
made in elections Direct primary allowed voters to select their
partys candidate for public office 17 th Amendment allowed for
direct election of Senators Secret ballot people could vote without
fear of persecution Initiative allow citizens to propose new laws
and put them on a ballot Referendum citizens can ask that a law
passed be put up to a vote by the people Recall allows voters to
remove an elected official from office
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- Women During the Progressive Era
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- In the late 1800s more women began to obtain higher education
by attending college Most women who attended college were part of
the middle or upper class However, after graduating many women
still found themselves shut out of many high prestige careers Women
worked as teachers, nurses, journalists, and in industry
Opportunities for Women
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- Women became some of the most important leaders of the
Progressive Era Lillian Wald founded the Henry Street Settlement to
tend to the needs of poor children in New York City Women were
particularly active in the prohibition movement called for a ban on
making, selling, and distributing alcohol Groups like the Womens
Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) and leaders like Cary Nation (who
went into saloons in Kansas with a hatchet and a bible) fought to
eliminate alcohol in America Prohibitionists eventually won when
the 18 th Amendment was passed in 1919. However, it was so
unpopular that the amendment was repealed in 1933 when the 21 st
Amendment was passed. Political Experience
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- African-American women also fought for civil rights Many
African-American women joined the National Association of Colored
Women (NACW). The NACW campaigned against lynchings, segregation,
and poverty. Civil Rights
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- Women had been campaigning for suffrage since the 1848 Seneca
Falls Convention READ: Declaration of Sentiments Many women were
especially angered that the 15 th Amendment did not include women
In 1869 Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony founded the
National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA). The NWSA pushed for a
constitutional amendment to give women the right to vote. In 1872
many NWSA women supported Victoria Woodhull, the first female
candidate for President Womens Suffrage
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- In 1869 the Wyoming territory became the first to grant women
suffrage Susan B. Anthony fought tirelessly for womens suffrage In
1872 she led a small group of women in a protest. The women
registered to vote and actually voted on Election day. Two weeks
later she was arrested for unlawfully voting At her trial the judge
refused to allow Anthony to testify on her own behalf In 1875 the
Supreme Court ruled that women were citizens, but that citizenship
did not grant the right to vote Womens Suffrage
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- Many people were against womens suffrage for several different
reasons SHEG: Anti- Suffrage movement Womens Suffrage
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- There were disagreements among women about how to obtain
suffrage. One group wanted to work state by state, while others
wanted immediate suffrage In 1913 Alice Paul and Lucy Burns broke
away from the NWSA and founded the National Womans Party (NWP).
This group focused on passage of a constitutional amendment to give
women the right to vote In 1917 the NWP picketed the White House
and chained themselves to the railings Iron Jawed Angels Many of
the women were arrested. Some went on hunger strikes and there was
much violence Iron Jawed Angels Womens Suffrage
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- In 1917 the United States entered World War I. During the war
women worked for the war effort which led to a weakening in the
opposition to suffrage Under the leadership of Carrie Chapman Catt,
the NWSA campaigned for womens suffrage on the state and national
level In 1920 the 19 th Amendment was passed finally giving women
the right to vote. Unfortunately Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady
Stanton, and many of the other suffrage fighters were not alive to
see passage of the 19 th amendment. Women get the Vote
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- Progressivism from the White House
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- Teddy Roosevelt became President in 1901 when President William
McKinley was shot by an anarchist. Roosevelt became the youngest
person to serve as President As President, Roosevelt saw his office
as a bully pulpit - a platform to publicize important issues and
seek support for his policies President Teddy Roosevelt
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- Early in his presidency, Roosevelt worked with mine owners and
striking workers to compromise. This marked the first time that the
government successfully intervened in a strike Roosevelt then
promised the country a square deal, meaning that the needs of
workers, business, and consumers should be balanced. The Square
Deal had two main areas of focus: big business and environmental
conservation The Square Deal
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- Teddy Roosevelt was known as a trust buster Roosevelt was the
first President to sue a company for violating the Sherman
Antitrust Act. The Roosevelt administration sued dozens of
companies for forming trusts and monopolies that it believed was
not in the best interests of the people. Roosevelt especially went
after trusts that sold inferior products, competed unfairly, or
corrupted public officials Big Business
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- In 1903 Congress passed the Elkins Act prohibited railroads
from giving discounts to its favorite customers and overcharging
others In 1906 the Hepburn Act gave the government power to set
maximum railway rates Railroads
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- During the Progressive Era consumers were angered over food
quality and safety Anger turned into outrage and disgust when Upton
Sinclair wrote The Jungle which exposed the unsanitary and
disgusting conditions at meatpacking plants. NPR: The Jungle After
reading The Jungle and sending his own investigators that confirmed
Sinclairs findings, Roosevelt pushed for the passage of two laws 1)
Meat Inspection Act required federal inspection of meat shipped
across state lines 2) Pure Food and Drug Act forbade the
manufacture, sale, or transportation of food and medicine
containing harmful ingredients. Protecting Consumers
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- President Roosevelt realized the need to protect part of
Americas land for future generations Roosevelt set aside millions
of acres of land, established the U.S. Forest Service, and helped
to create 18 national monuments Environmental Conservation
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- In 1908 Roosevelt made sure that his friend and advisor William
Howard Taft became President During Tafts presidency the 16 th
Amendment was passed created the income tax that Progressives felt
was a more fair method of taxation Due to a disagreement between
Taft and Roosevelt the Republican Party split, allowing the 1912
Presidential election to be won by the Democrat Woodrow Wilson The
Socialist candidate Eugene V. Debs received 900,000 votes President
Taft
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- During his campaign Wilson promised continued Progressive
reform, which he called his New Freedom Wilson and Congress created
the Federal Reserve System in 1913 which allowed for banks to
borrow money to prevent a collapse during bad financial times.
Congress also passed the Clayton Antitrust Act which extended the
Sherman Antitrust Act Wilson also supported the creation of the
Federal Trade Commission enforced antitrust laws and punished
companies that used deceptive advertising. President Wilson
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- While Wilson could be considered progressive in his business
and political ideas, he was far from it when it came to civil
rights Wilson opposed an anti-lynching law Allowed Cabinet members
to segregate their offices During his presidency Washington D.C.
passed a law that made it a felony for blacks and whites to marry
He segregated the navy He segregated the entire federal government
system, which had been open to blacks since Reconstruction
President Wilson
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- The End of Progressivism