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Implementing RNP Workshop – Toulouse 4-5 October 2005
RNP for Everyman
Jeremy Davidson
ATM Drivers
Improved Safety Increased Capacity Greater Efficiency Reduced Environmental Impact
Navigation Enablers - Now
TGL 10 AMC 20XX (near approval) AMC 20XZ (mature draft) PANS-ATM TGL 10 - based route spacing PANS-OPS
RNAV(GNSS)
RNP (1 - 0.3) with RF legs RNAV/Baro VNAV APV I/II ILS/MLS/GLS
CertificationOperational ApprovalAirspace DesignProcedure Design
PANS-OPS vs PANS-ATM
1. Procedure design addresses obstacle clearance, takes direct account of:
• Navigation System Error (NSE)
• Flight Technical Error (FTE)
and adds a buffer for any other errors.
2. Airspace design addresses procedural separation/route spacing and takes direct account of:
• NSE
• FTE
• Traffic direction and density
• Workload
• ATM environment
• Blunder
ATM Drivers - Safety
Standard operations wherever possible Standard design and charting criteria Standard certification and approval requirements Standard ATC and pilot procedures
Acceptable workload (pilot and controller) Action to reduce CFIT
Replace circling approaches with straight-in approaches
Replace conventional NPA with RNAV approaches Review operations that require special approval
Safety – Current Capabilities
Standard design, charting, certification and approval criteria in place for:
En-route – B-RNAV and P-RNAV
Terminal – P-RNAV and RNP 1 – 0.3
Approach – RNAV(GNSS), RNP 0.3 and APV I/II
Safety - Basic GNSS NPA Design
Safety - APV I/II Design
Safety - Basic GNSS vs APV I/II
Safety -Basic GNSS vs RNP 0.3
Safety - Are the Buffers Necessary?
TGL 10, AMC 20XX and AMC 20XZ Integrity Requirements:
“on procedures notified exclusively for RNAV equipped aircraft, the probability of displaying misleading navigational or positional information to the flight crew shall be remote.”
An airborne safety objective of Remote is an alleviation to the current guidelines of AMJ 25-11, which specifies Extremely Remote for the departure, arrival and approach phases of flight.
In TGL 10 and AMC 20XX:
“This alleviation recognises that the PANS-OPS procedure design, and PANS-RAC air traffic separation criteria, account for and accommodate these type of aircraft and their system integrity in current airspace. Furthermore, conservative safety margins are used in the design of (P-)RNAV procedures such that the risks are not increased above those currently experienced.”
For P-RNAV and Basic GNSS NPAs, the buffers are used to justify the integrity alleviation.
Safety - Are Buffers Necessary in RNP?
In AMC 20 XZ :
This alleviation recognises that not only is the RNP system design evaluated consistent with known industry and regulatory system safety assessment practices but is now augmented with a comprehensive assessment of system performance assurance, that is unique for RNP.
Both are subject to the same objective of Remote such that the results could be combined in an overall system assessment after accounting for any conditional or common elements. However, to avoid confusion with existing assessment practices, a combined assessment is not required. The result is that the safety assurance provided greatly exceeds that of conventional navigation systems.
The RNP operational safety objective is further enhanced through the PANS-OPS procedure design, and PANS-RAC air traffic separation criteria that account for and accommodate these type of aircraft and their system integrity in RNP terminal area arrival, departure, and approach procedure airspace.
How much enhancement is expected from the PANS?
Safety - Specials
Special approvals are given for specific operations where standard criteria cannot be applied.
Steep approaches/off-set approaches/landing on beaches… etc
Specials – RNP Solutions
FLY BY WPT FLY OVER WPT
WI006 WI005 WI003
9500
RAD
AR
LOWI AD 2.24-0-0
.
(.)
3000
ELEV 1900 FT
OCA RELATED
TOTH
R 26 ELEV 1890 FT
VAR 1^ E
RAD
AR
TOW
ERATIS
119.27 MH
Z120.10 M
HZ
126.02 MH
ZINNSTRUM
ENTAPPROACH CHART
ÖSTERREICH AUSTRIAI N
N S B R U
C K
Austro Control GmbH
Neuausgabe / New edition 2000
CHANGE: MDA/MDH; EDITORIAL
MA CLIMB GRADIENT
A B C DMDA/MDH
2,5 %s p e c i a l p e r m i s s i o n r e q u i r e d
WI001(NDB RTT)
WI002(FAWP)
WI004(MAWP)
WI007WI008
9500
WAYPOINT LIST (WGS84): WI001 N472553,00 E0115626,00WI002 N472135,12 E0114514,55WI003 N471650,15 E0113255,17WI004 N471558,98 E0112422,82WI005 N471508,72 E0111606,82WI006 N471820,03 E0110511,08WI007 N471912,18 E0105859,94WI008 N471638,56 E0105921,62WI009 N471753,02 E0105834,83
MISSED APPROACH: WI004WI005WI006WI007WI008WI006WI005WI003WI001
WI001
TURN RADIUS 2500 M / 1,350 NM
D R A F T
RNP 0.3 SPECIAL EAST
LOWI
LOWI
8,79,65,95,78,14,3
240° (TT240,7°)
WI007
WI006
WI005
WI008
WI009RF LEG
WI004WI003
WI001
WI002
ATM Drivers - Capacity
Maximise airspace and runway usage.
Current ATC options:
Fixed route/procedure structure – ‘best’ route spacing (P-RNAV) 8 -10NM
Radar vectoring – best lateral separation 3 – 5NM Vertical separation – 1000ft
There are no international route spacing standards for RNP≤1
ATM Drivers - Efficiency
Efficient flight requires optimum profiles, direct routing and no delays.
Careful airspace design based on RNAV. Revised ATC procedures supported by ATC tools.
(Better tools will allow aircraft to stay on profile longer.) No mixed mode operations – all aircraft meet the
same navigation standard. All operators follow standard procedures.
Capacity & Efficiency - Current Capabilities
B-RNAV allowed some choke points to be removed.
P-RNAV allows optimised routing in en-route and terminal airspace.
RNP with fixed radius transitions (en-route and terminal) could help further.
These are only of benefit if the whole aircraft population in the sector can participate.
Mixed mode operations not acceptable.
Capacity and Efficiency - Operational Requirements
Capacity & Efficiency - Close to the runway
Parallel
Operations
Converging
Operations
Adjacent Airport Operations
Single Runway Access
36
31
16L
16R
9
Airport A
Airport B
36L 36L
36
All these RNP examples address traffic separation on final/missed approach.
Experience with parallel approach operations has showed that these are very site specific and difficult to generalise.
ATM Drivers - Environment
RNAV functionality is the key to:
Optimising profiles to minimise environmental impact
Keeping routes clear of sensitive areas
Future Improvements
AMC 20 XZ Rev1 Fixed radius transitions (en-route), RNP holding, RTA
PANS-ATM RNP-based system separation (lateral, vertical
and time) PANS-OPS (and associated manuals)
Revised criteria: RNAV(GNSS) / Change to RNP 0.3 RNP(AR) (0.3 – 0.1)
ATC Tools Track integrity monitoring
Data link State Intent
CertificationOperational ApprovalAirspace DesignProcedure Design
Future Improvements - RNP(AR)
Latest deliberations by OCP:
New RNP criteria to be developed
To be known as RNP (Authorisation Required)
RNP(AR) to be based upon FAA AC 90 Public RNP SAAAR and FAA Order 8260.51
Expect RNP(AR) criteria to be published in a separate manual, referenced in PANS-OPS.
RNP 0.3 and proposed RNP(AR) 0.3
RNP 0.3 and proposed RNP (AR) 0.1
APV I/II and proposed RNP(AR) 0.1
ILS Cat I and proposed RNP(AR) 0.1
Note that the ILS caters for early, unguided missed approaches
RNP(AR) – Outstanding Issues
In AC 90 Public RNP SAAAR:The probability of the aircraft exiting the lateral and vertical extent of the obstacle clearance volume shall not exceed 10-7 per approach, including the approach and missed approach. This requirement as a numerical value does not imply that the objective should be met by the aircraft navigation systems alone through numerical methods. A qualitative combination of the aircraft navigation systems, other aircraft systems, and operational procedures and mitigations is adequate.
‘2XRNP’ is not sufficient in itself - it all depends on the ‘mitigations’.
CONCLUSION
Standardisation breeds success.
The design criteria available today can be used by a large percentage of the existing fleet.
There are benefits that can be gained immediately.
The future will bring international standards for lower RNP values and improved functionality. However there are still issues to be addressed.
RNP (AR) will be beneficial at difficult airports but will probably only be of value in densely populated airspace when all aircraft have the same authorization.
With RNP – almost anything is possible!
Questions?
Session 4
RNP – The Expectations?
Question and Answer Session
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