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Spa
ce, t
he fi
nal f
ront
ier
Spa
ce, t
he fi
nal f
ront
ier
http
://w
ww
.mar
shom
e.or
g/im
ages
2/di
spla
yim
age.
php?
pos=
-104
8
3
Pas
t Exp
lora
tion
Mis
sion
sP
ast E
xplo
ratio
n M
issi
ons
Map
of P
acifi
cN
orth
wes
t
The
Gjo
a-E
dmun
dson
’s s
hip
for
the
Nor
thw
est P
assa
ge v
oyag
e
Hen
ry H
udso
n
The
Vin
cenn
e, W
ilkes
’ shi
p fo
r dis
cove
ry o
f Ant
arct
ica
Che
ng H
o’s
voya
ges
Cel
ebra
tion
of
Col
umbu
s’ jo
urne
y
4
How
Do
Exp
lore
rs T
rave
l?H
ow D
o E
xplo
rers
Tra
vel?
Shi
p
Hor
seba
ck
Can
oe
Foot
Luna
r rov
er
Spa
ce s
huttl
e
Are
s an
d O
rion
Cov
ered
wag
on
Sat
urn
V
5
Whe
els
in th
e pa
st, w
heel
s in
the
Whe
els
in th
e pa
st, w
heel
s in
the
futu
refu
ture
©Jo
hn C
hiar
ello
6
Cur
rent
Ear
th E
xplo
ratio
n M
issi
ons
Cur
rent
Ear
th E
xplo
ratio
n M
issi
ons
Rai
nfor
est
Rai
nfor
est
Sci
entif
ic d
isco
very
Sci
entif
ic d
isco
very
Pol
ar e
xplo
ratio
nP
olar
exp
lora
tion
Ant
arct
ica
Ant
arct
ica
Dee
p se
a ex
plor
atio
nD
eep
sea
expl
orat
ion
Und
erse
a ha
bita
tsU
nder
sea
habi
tats
Ear
th’s
cru
stE
arth
’s c
rust
Ext
rem
e E
xtre
me
envi
ronm
ents
envi
ronm
ents
Cel
lula
r stu
dies
Cel
lula
r stu
dies
7
Wha
t Cha
lleng
es F
acin
g E
xplo
rers
Are
W
hat C
halle
nges
Fac
ing
Exp
lore
rs A
re
the
Sam
e?th
e S
ame?
Bas
ic n
eeds
:B
asic
nee
ds:
•• Foo
dFo
od•• W
ater
Wat
er•• A
irA
ir•• S
helte
rS
helte
r
Tran
spor
tatio
n:Tr
ansp
orta
tion:
How
do
we
get t
here
?H
ow d
o w
e ge
t the
re?Th
e un
know
n:Th
e un
know
n:W
hat w
ill b
e th
ere
whe
n w
e ge
t the
re?
Wha
t will
be
ther
e w
hen
we
get t
here
?
Wha
t will
it b
e lik
e?W
hat w
ill it
be
like? I am
goi
ng to
mis
s m
y fri
ends
I am
goi
ng to
mis
s m
y fri
ends
8
9
Exp
lora
tion
Tim
elin
eE
xplo
ratio
n Ti
mel
ine
nosc
rub
Spi
ral 4
Tran
spor
tatio
n Sy
stem
to
Low
Ear
th O
rbit
4-6
crew
to lu
nar s
urfa
ce
for e
xten
ded-
dura
tion
stay
Hum
an e
xplo
ratio
n to
Mar
s vi
cini
ty
Long
dur
atio
n hu
man
lu
nar e
xplo
ratio
n
Hum
an e
xplo
ratio
n of
Mar
s su
rfac
e
2030
+
2025
+
2008
–20
14
2020
–T
BD
2015
–20
20
10
NA
SA
’s E
xplo
ratio
n R
oadm
apN
AS
A’s
Exp
lora
tion
Roa
dmap
0506
0708
0910
1112
1314
1516
1718
1920
2122
2324
25
Luna
r Lan
der D
evel
opm
ent
Luna
r Lan
der D
evel
opm
ent
Luna
r Hea
vy L
aunc
h D
evel
opm
ent
Luna
r Hea
vy L
aunc
h D
evel
opm
ent
Eart
h D
epar
ture
Sta
ge D
evel
opm
ent
Eart
h D
epar
ture
Sta
ge D
evel
opm
ent
Surf
ace
Syst
ems
Dev
elop
men
tSu
rfac
e Sy
stem
s D
evel
opm
ent
Orio
n D
evel
opm
ent
Orio
n D
evel
opm
ent
Are
s D
evel
opm
ent
Are
s D
evel
opm
ent
Com
mer
cial
Cre
w/C
argo
for I
SSC
omm
erci
al C
rew
/Car
go fo
r ISS
Com
mer
cial
Cre
w/C
argo
for I
SS
Spac
e Sh
uttle
Ops
Luna
r Out
post
Bui
ldup
Initi
al Or
ion
Capa
bilit
y
Orio
n Pr
oduc
tion
and
Ope
ratio
ns
O
rion
Prod
uctio
n an
d O
pera
tions
Luna
r Rob
otic
Mis
sion
s
Scie
nce
Rob
otic
Mis
sion
s
Mar
s Ex
pedi
tion
Des
ign
1st H
uman
O
rion
Flig
ht
7th
Hum
an
Luna
r La
ndin
g
Early
Des
ign
Act
ivity
1111
Nex
t Ste
p in
Ful
fillin
g O
ur D
estin
y A
s Ex
plor
ers
Nex
t Ste
p in
Ful
fillin
g O
ur D
estin
y A
s Ex
plor
ers
The
Moo
n Th
e M
oon
––th
e Fi
rst S
tep
to M
ars
and
Bey
ond…
.th
e Fi
rst S
tep
to M
ars
and
Bey
ond…
.•
Gai
ning
sig
nific
ant e
xper
ienc
e in
ope
ratin
g aw
ay
from
Ear
th’s
env
ironm
ent
–Sp
ace
will
no
long
er b
e a
dest
inat
ion
visi
ted
brie
fly a
nd te
ntat
ivel
y–
“Liv
ing
off t
he la
nd”
–H
uman
sup
port
sys
tem
s
•D
evel
opin
g te
chno
logi
es n
eede
d fo
r ope
ning
the
spac
e fro
ntie
r–
Cre
w a
nd c
argo
laun
ch v
ehic
les
(125
met
ricto
n cl
ass)
–Ea
rth
asce
nt/e
ntry
sys
tem
–C
rew
Expl
orat
ion
Vehi
cle
•C
ondu
ct fu
ndam
enta
l sci
ence
–A
stro
nom
y, p
hysi
cs, a
stro
biol
ogy,
hist
oric
al g
eolo
gy, e
xobi
olog
y
1212
Hig
h P
riorit
y Lu
nar E
xplo
ratio
n H
igh
Prio
rity
Luna
r Exp
lora
tion
Site
sS
ites
+Aris
tarc
hus
Plat
eau
Aris
tarc
hus
Plat
eau
+
+O
cean
usPr
ocel
laru
mO
cean
usPr
ocel
laru
m
Mar
e Tr
anqu
illita
tisM
are
Tran
quill
itatis
+Rim
aB
ode
Rim
aB
ode
+O
rient
ale
Bas
inFl
oor
Orie
ntal
e B
asin
Floo
r
+M
are
Smyt
hii
Mar
e Sm
ythi
i
+C
entr
al F
arsi
deH
ighl
ands
Cen
tral
Far
side
Hig
hlan
ds
+So
uth
Pole
-Aitk
enB
asin
Floo
rSo
uth
Pole
-Aitk
enB
asin
Floo
r
Sout
h Po
le+
Nor
th P
ole
+
Nea
r Sid
eFa
r Sid
e
1112
14
1517
16
56
31
7
24
21
20
17
16
13
9
3
Luna
Luna
Surv
eyor
Surv
eyor
Apo
lloA
pollo
13
Moo
n M
aps
Moo
n M
aps
1414
Hea
vy L
iftLa
unch
Ve
hicl
e
Cre
w L
aunc
h Ve
hicl
e
Eart
h D
epar
ture
Sta
ge
Orio
n -C
rew
Ex
plor
atio
n Ve
hicl
e
Luna
rLa
nder
Com
pone
nts
of P
rogr
am C
onst
ella
tion
Com
pone
nts
of P
rogr
am C
onst
ella
tion
15
Fron
tier L
ife In
His
tory
Fron
tier L
ife In
His
tory
Cha
lleng
ing
phys
ical
ly,
emot
iona
lly, a
nd s
ocia
lly
Fron
tier w
as th
e gr
eat u
nkno
wn!
In o
rder
to s
urvi
ve, o
ne n
eede
d fo
od, w
ater
, and
she
lter
Had
to b
ring
ever
ythi
ng th
ey m
ight
ne
ed w
ith th
emW
ithou
t firs
t exp
lore
rs, d
isco
very
w
ould
hav
e be
en im
poss
ible
Exp
lore
rs in
his
tory
wer
e im
porta
nt
to th
e ex
pans
ion
of th
e hu
man
race
16
Fron
tier L
ife O
n Th
e M
oon
Fron
tier L
ife O
n Th
e M
oon
Cha
lleng
ing
phys
ical
ly,
emot
iona
lly a
nd s
ocia
lly
The
luna
r fro
ntie
r is
the
grea
t un
know
n!
In o
rder
to s
urvi
ve, s
pace
ex
plor
ers
will
nee
d fo
od, w
ater
, sh
elte
r, an
d ai
r
Our
luna
r exp
lore
rs w
ill n
eed
to
brin
g ev
eryt
hing
they
’ll n
eed
with
th
emTh
e ex
plor
ers
will
set
up
habi
tat
mis
sion
s, s
cien
ce m
issi
ons,
&
com
mer
cial
ven
ture
sFu
ture
gen
erat
ions
will
use
the
know
ledg
e ga
ined
from
thes
e in
itial
m
issi
on to
jour
ney
thro
ugh
out t
he
gala
xy
17
His
tory
of S
pace
Life
Sci
ence
His
tory
of S
pace
Life
Sci
ence
Mer
cury
M
ercu
ry
Pro
ject
Pro
ject
Gem
ini P
roje
ctG
emin
i Pro
ject
18
Apo
llo S
pace
Life
Sci
ence
Apo
llo S
pace
Life
Sci
ence
•C
ardi
ovas
cula
r eva
luat
ions
•V
estib
ular
ass
essm
ent
•Li
ght f
lash
inve
stig
atio
ns•
Rad
iatio
n sh
ield
ing
and
effe
cts
•C
linic
al b
ioch
emis
try•
Effe
cts
of c
osm
ic ra
ys•
End
ocrin
olog
y, e
lect
roly
te a
nd
fluid
vol
ume
asse
ssm
ent
•E
xerc
ise
resp
onse
•H
emat
olog
y an
d im
mun
olog
y st
udie
s•
Met
abol
ism
and
hea
t dis
pers
ion
durin
g E
VA
•M
icro
bial
resp
onse
s•
Nut
ritio
nal s
tudi
es•
Ske
leta
l res
pons
e
19
Sky
lab
Spa
ce L
ife S
cien
ceS
kyla
b S
pace
Life
Sci
ence
••M
uscu
lar D
eM
uscu
lar D
e --co
nditi
onin
g an
d co
nditi
onin
g an
d its
Pre
vent
ion
its P
reve
ntio
n••
Rad
iolo
gica
l Pro
tect
ion
and
Rad
iolo
gica
l Pro
tect
ion
and
Med
ical
M
edic
al D
osim
etry
Dos
imet
ry••
Mic
robi
olog
y S
tudi
es
Mic
robi
olog
y S
tudi
es
••Im
mun
ity In
Imm
unity
In-- v
itro
vitro
••P
ulm
onar
y Fu
nctio
n an
d P
ulm
onar
y Fu
nctio
n an
d E
valu
atio
nE
valu
atio
n••
Bon
e M
iner
al M
easu
rem
ent
Bon
e M
iner
al M
easu
rem
ent
••Th
e E
ffect
s of
Pro
long
ed
The
Effe
cts
of P
rolo
nged
E
xpos
ure
to W
eigh
tless
ness
E
xpos
ure
to W
eigh
tless
ness
on
Pos
tura
l Equ
ilibr
ium
on
Pos
tura
l Equ
ilibr
ium
••
Bio
Bio
-- Ass
ay o
f Bod
y Fl
uids
A
ssay
of B
ody
Flui
ds
••S
peci
al H
emat
olog
ical
Effe
cts
Spe
cial
Hem
atol
ogic
al E
ffect
s ••
Sle
ep M
onito
ring
Sle
ep M
onito
ring
••H
uman
Ves
tibul
ar F
unct
ion
Hum
an V
estib
ular
Fun
ctio
n
20
Car
diov
ascu
lar
Psy
chos
ocia
l
Stre
ssor
sS
tress
ors
Bon
e
Cen
tral n
ervo
us s
yste
m
Sen
sory
per
cept
ion
Mus
cle
Sle
ep
Nut
ritio
n
21
Stre
ssor
sS
tress
ors
Gra
vity
Gra
vity
Isol
atio
nIs
olat
ion
••G
ravi
ty e
ffect
s on
the
Bod
y G
ravi
ty e
ffect
s on
the
Bod
y -- A
dapt
atio
n (b
one
and
Ada
ptat
ion
(bon
e an
d m
uscl
e lo
ss, a
ltera
tions
to
mus
cle
loss
, alte
ratio
ns to
th
e im
mun
e sy
stem
, th
e im
mun
e sy
stem
, ch
ange
s in
car
diac
func
tion)
chan
ges
in c
ardi
ac fu
nctio
n)••
Isol
atio
n ef
fect
s on
Is
olat
ion
effe
cts
on
inte
rper
sona
l beh
avio
r, in
terp
erso
nal b
ehav
ior,
chan
ges
in th
e im
mun
e ch
ange
s in
the
imm
une
syst
emsy
stem
••R
adia
tion
effe
cts
on h
uman
R
adia
tion
effe
cts
on h
uman
sy
stem
s (im
mun
e, e
yes)
, sy
stem
s (im
mun
e, e
yes)
, ef
fect
s on
food
and
ef
fect
s on
food
and
m
edic
atio
ns, e
ffect
s on
m
edic
atio
ns, e
ffect
s on
in
stru
men
tsin
stru
men
ts••
Ligh
t/Dar
k cy
cle
impa
cts
on
Ligh
t/Dar
k cy
cle
impa
cts
on
circ
adia
n rh
ythm
, cha
nge
in
circ
adia
n rh
ythm
, cha
nge
in
slee
p ha
bits
ove
rall
slee
p ha
bits
ove
rall
perfo
rman
cepe
rform
ance
Rad
iatio
nR
adia
tion
Ligh
t/dar
k tra
nsiti
ons
Ligh
t/dar
k tra
nsiti
ons
22
Spa
ce &
the
Hum
an B
ody
Spa
ce &
the
Hum
an B
ody
•A
troph
y of
mus
cles
•Lo
ss o
f bon
e m
ass
•C
hang
es in
blo
od v
olum
e an
d ca
rdio
vasc
ular
sys
tem
•Is
sues
with
food
and
nut
ritio
n•
Cha
nges
in th
e im
mun
e sy
stem
•C
hang
es in
bal
ance
, han
d-ey
e co
ordi
natio
n•
Exp
osur
e to
radi
atio
n
23
Hum
an F
acto
rsH
uman
Fac
tors
-- Beh
avio
r and
B
ehav
ior a
nd
Per
form
ance
Per
form
ance
•Is
olat
ion
from
fam
ily•
Sle
ep &
wor
kloa
d•
Soc
ial i
nter
actio
n•
Psy
chol
ogic
al w
ell-
bein
g•
Priv
acy
and
pers
onal
sp
ace
•R
ecre
atio
nal
activ
ities
24
Env
ironm
enta
l Fac
tors
Effe
ctin
g E
nviro
nmen
tal F
acto
rs E
ffect
ing
Hum
ans
in S
pace
Hum
ans
in S
pace
•C
lean
wat
er•
Nut
ritio
us fo
od•
Bre
atha
ble
air
•A
ccep
tabl
e no
ise
and
vibr
atio
n lim
its•
Exp
osur
e to
ra
diat
ion
25
Med
icin
e an
d H
uman
M
edic
ine
and
Hum
an
Hea
lth in
Spa
ceH
ealth
in S
pace
•M
edic
al s
uppo
rt•
Hea
lth
asse
ssm
ents
•E
xerc
ise
•P
erso
nal h
ygie
ne•
Sta
bilit
y of
ph
arm
aceu
tical
s
26
As
I sta
nd o
ut h
ere
in th
e w
onde
rs o
f the
unk
now
n at
Had
ley,
I so
rt o
f re
aliz
e th
ere'
s a
fund
amen
tal t
ruth
to o
ur n
atur
e, M
an m
ust e
xplo
re .
. .
and
this
is e
xplo
ratio
n at
its
grea
test
.
~Dav
e Sc
ott,
Com
man
der A
pollo
15,
upo
n be
com
ing
the
7th
man
to
wal
k on
the
Moo
n, 3
1 Ju
ly 1
971.
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