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Sustainability and Innovation
Nancy G. Love, Ph.D., P.E., BCEE Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Michigan nglove@umich.edu
References: http://www.lakescientist.com/learn-about-lakes/water-quality/pollution.html, http://www.calgreeks.com/ifc/sustainability/
Utility University Partnerships
Water Resources Recovery Leadership Forum Hosted by:
Michigan Department of Environmental Quality Michigan Water Environment Association
Design Life:
Bridge: 50 yrs
Design Life:
Basins: 25 yrs Deep pipes: 50 yrs
Federal Highway System signed into law in 1956
Clean Water Act signed into law in 1972 Safe Drinking Water Act signed into law in 1974
End of infrastructure design life offers opportunities for innovation.
Design Life:
Bridge: 50 yrs
Design Life:
Basins: 30 yrs Deep pipes: 50 yrs
Federal Highway System signed into law in 1956
Clean Water Act signed into law in 1972 Safe Drinking Water Act signed into law in 1974
End of infrastructure design life offers opportunities for innovation.
US Population Served by Centralized Wastewater Treatment
Primary Goals: Protect public health by removing pathogens Protect environment by removing oxidizable organic carbon
Year
USEPA, Clean Watersheds Needs Survey, 2012 Report to Congress
The evolution of conventional, centralized wastewater treatment
Influent
Effluent
Solids Handling
Biosolids
Grit Removal
Screens
Primary Settling
Activated Sludge Chlorine Contact
Anaerobic Digestion
Preliminary Treatment
Primary Treatment
Disinfection
Circa 1960’s
Oxidation State High energy content Low energy content
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5
Carbon CH4
Most wastewater constituents
CO2
Nitrogen NH3 N2 NO2- NO3
-
Phosphorus PO4-3
Key metabolic processes in biological secondary treatment based on oxidation state
aerobic
anaerobic
aerobic
mainstream
anaerobic
sludge processing
The evolution of conventional, centralized wastewater treatment
Influent
Effluent
Solids Handling
Biosolids
Grit Removal
Screens
Primary Settling
Activated Sludge Chlorine Contact
Anaerobic Digestion
Preliminary Treatment
Primary Treatment
Disinfection
Circa 1960’s
The evolution of conventional, centralized wastewater treatment
Influent
Effluent
Solids Handling
Biosolids
Dewater
Grit Removal
Screens
Primary Settling
Activated Sludge Secondary Settling Chlorine
Contact
Anaerobic Digestion
Preliminary Treatment
Primary Treatment
Secondary Treatment Disinfection
Circa 1980’s
US Population Served by Centralized Wastewater Treatment
Year
USEPA, Clean Watersheds Needs Survey, 2012 Report to Congress
Primary Goals: Protect public health by removing pathogens Protect environment by removing oxidizable organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus
US Population Served by Centralized Wastewater Treatment
Year
USEPA, Clean Watersheds Needs Survey, 2012 Report to Congress
Primary Goals: Protect public health by removing pathogens Protect environment by removing oxidizable organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus
CDC, Morbidity Mortalilty Weekly Report, Achievements in Public Health: 1900-1999, Control of Infectious Diseases, July 30, 1999, 49(29):621-629.
Pneumonia
Stroke
Tuberculosis
Diarrhea & Enteritis
Heart Disease
Liver Disease
Injuries
Cancer
Senility
Diphtheria
The 10 leading causes of death as a percentage of all deaths – United States, 1900 and 2015.
2015
1900
0 10 20 30 40
Heart disease
Cancer
Chronic lower respiratory disease
Accidents
Stroke
Alzheimer's disease
Diabetes
Influenze and pneumonia
Kidney disease
Suicide
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/282929.php
US Population Served by Centralized Wastewater Treatment
Year
USEPA, Clean Watersheds Needs Survey, 2012 Report to Congress
Primary Goals: Protect public health by removing pathogens Protect environment by removing oxidizable organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus
http://www.zaragoza.es/ciudad/medioambiente/onu/en/detallePer_Onu?id=71
Oxidation State High energy content Low energy content
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5
Carbon CH4
Most wastewater constituents
CO2
Nitrogen NH3 N2 NO2- NO3
-
Phosphorus PO4-3
Key metabolic processes in biological secondary treatment based on oxidation state
anaerobic
aerobic
mainstream
anaerobic
sludge processing
aerobic
Focus is on Nitrogen Removal
Cordell et al., Global Environmental Change (2009)
Phosphorus removal and recovery: Convert from soluble to insoluble form that can be reused for beneficial purpose.
NASA/Earth Observatory (2011)
Oxidation State High energy content Low energy content
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5
Carbon CH4
Most wastewater constituents
CO2
Nitrogen NH3 N2 NO2- NO3
-
Phosphorus PO4-3
Key metabolic processes in biological secondary treatment based on oxidation state
aerobic
anaerobic
aerobic
mainstream
anaerobic
sludge processing
Phosphorus Recovery
Chemically precipitated
Biologically sequestered as polyphosphate
Chemically sequestered as struvite
www.kemira.com Kortsee et al. 2000. Biokhimiya. Guest et al. 2009. ES&T.
The evolution of conventional, centralized wastewater treatment
Influent
Effluent
Solids Handling
Biosolids
Dewater
Grit Removal
Screens
Primary Settling
Activated Sludge Secondary Settling Chlorine
Contact
Anaerobic Digestion
Preliminary Treatment
Primary Treatment
Secondary Treatment Disinfection
Circa 1980’s
The evolution of conventional, centralized wastewater treatment
Influent
Effl
uen
t
Solids Handling
Biosolids
Dewater
Grit Removal
Screens
Primary Settling
Anaerobic Digestion
Preliminary Treatment
Primary Treatment
Secondary + Advanced Treatment
Dis
infe
ctio
n
Alum Electron
donor
Circa 2005 Schematic for Broad Run Water Reclamation Facility
The evolution of conventional, centralized wastewater treatment
Influent
Effl
uen
t
Solids Handling
Biosolids
Dewater
Grit Removal
Screens
Primary Settling
Anaerobic Digestion
Preliminary Treatment
Primary Treatment
Secondary + Advanced Treatment
Dis
infe
ctio
n
Alum Electron
donor
Circa 2010
Benefits • Fits within conventional infrastructure layout • Achieves high quality effluent • Enhanced microbial diversity • Possibly enhanced trace organic contaminant removal
Limitations • Energy Intensive • Not optimized for any one biological metabolism • Not optimized for energy or resource capture • Large footprint
http://www.zaragoza.es/ciudad/medioambiente/onu/en/detallePer_Onu?id=71
Rosso et al. (2008) http://www.hazenandsawyer.com
Tchobanoglous et al., 2013
Energy required for centralized, conventional secondary wastewater
treatment
Energy available in average wastewater for treatment
1,200 to 2,400 MJ/1000 m3
6,000 MJ/1000 m3
t=0 t=1 year t=6 years
Floating sludge Before DO reduction
Good settling After DO reduction
N conversion (NH4+ NO3
-)
N removal (NH4+ N2) P recovery (PO4
3- cell-incorporated
polyP granules)
P removal (PO43- precipitated)
C, N, P
CO2
sludge Nutrients in dewatering fluids
C removal via oxidation
Conventional single-sludge approach
C removal via oxidation
Low energy N removal via NO2-
P, N recovery as algae
P removal (PO43- precipitated)
C, N, P
CO2
Sludge (C capture)
Short SRT, Granular, Bioelectrolysis C recovery as methane
P, N recovery as struvite or algae
N removal by N2 via anammox
C capture via reduction
N recovery (NH4+ algae)
Low energy N removal via NO2-
P recovery (PO43- algae) C, N, P
CH4
sludge Thermal treatment to fertilizer or adsorbant
Separate sludge (A B) approach
C removal via oxidation
Low energy N removal via NO2-
P, N recovery as algae
P removal (PO43- precipitated)
C, N, P
CO2
Sludge (C capture)
Short SRT, Granular, Bioelectrolysis C recovery as methane
P, N recovery as struvite or algae
N removal by N2 via anammox
C capture via reduction
N recovery (NH4+ algae)
Low energy N removal via NO2-
P recovery (PO43- algae) C, N, P
CH4
sludge Thermal treatment to fertilizer or adsorbant
Separate sludge (A B) approach
C removal via oxidation
Low energy N removal via NO2-
P, N recovery as algae
P removal (PO43- precipitated)
C, N, P
CO2
Sludge (C capture)
Short SRT, Granular, Bioelectrolysis C recovery as methane
P, N recovery as struvite or algae
N removal by N2 via anammox
C capture via reduction
N recovery (NH4+ algae)
Low energy N removal via NO2-
P recovery (PO43- algae) C, N, P
CH4
sludge Thermal treatment to fertilizer or adsorbent
Separate sludge (A B) approach
We are using models and experiments to develop MABR and GSR technologies that use less aeration.
Membrane Aerated Biofilm Reactor Granular Sludge Sequencing Batch Reactor
Counter-Current Co-Current
Jeseth Delgado Vela Ph.D. Candidate
Zerihun Alemayehu Ph.D. Student
Dr. Charles Bott HRSD
Dr. Kelly Martin Black & Veatch
References: http://www.lakescientist.com/learn-about-lakes/water-quality/pollution.html, http://www.calgreeks.com/ifc/sustainability/
(Waste)water Management, Reuse and Recovery
What is the impact of microaerobic treatment environments on trace organic chemical transformations?
Dr. Lauren Stadler Rice University
Low DO treatment directly and indirectly impacts pharmaceutical transformations.
Dissolved oxygen (DO)
Microbial community
Pharmaceutical biotransformations
(1) it is a limiting substrate and slows the activity of aerobic microorganisms
(2) it shapes the microbial community. Growth in low DO conditions results in:
• increased biomass concentration • enrichment of ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) • increased microbial diversity
Stadler and Love, In review. Impact of microbial physiology and microbial community structure on pharmaceutical fate driven by dissolved oxygen concentration in nitrifying bioreactors
Low DO treatment directly and indirectly impacts pharmaceutical transformations.
Dissolved oxygen (DO)
Microbial community
Pharmaceutical biotransformations
(1) it is a limiting substrate and slows the activity of aerobic microorganisms
(2) it shapes the microbial community. Growth in low DO conditions results in:
• increased biomass concentration • enrichment of ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) • increased microbial diversity
Stadler and Love, In review. Impact of microbial physiology and microbial community structure on pharmaceutical fate driven by dissolved oxygen concentration in nitrifying bioreactors
Pharmaceutical transformation is comparable to faster under low DO environments
Sustainability and Innovation
Nancy G. Love, Ph.D., P.E., BCEE Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Michigan nglove@umich.edu
References: http://www.lakescientist.com/learn-about-lakes/water-quality/pollution.html, http://www.calgreeks.com/ifc/sustainability/
Utility University Partnerships
Water Resources Recovery Leadership Forum Hosted by:
Michigan Department of Environmental Quality Michigan Water Environment Association
Utility University Partnerships
Facilitate Innovation
Requires mutually understanding the needs and offerings of the other
Rules are different at every utility and university
Not constrained to partnerships only with those in your back yard
Engage the next generation of water professionals
Utility University Partnerships
Facilitate Innovation
Requires mutually understanding the needs and offerings of the other
Rules are different at every utility and university
Not constrained to partnerships only with those in your back yard
Engage the next generation of water professionals
Utility University Partnerships
Facilitate Innovation
Requires mutually understanding the needs and offerings of the other
Rules are different at every utility and university
Not constrained to partnerships only with those in your back yard
Engage the next generation of water professionals
Utility University Partnerships
Facilitate Innovation
Requires mutually understanding the needs and offerings of the other
Rules are different at every utility and university
Not constrained to partnerships only with those in your back yard
Engage the next generation of water professionals
Utility University Partnerships
Facilitate Innovation
Requires mutually understanding the needs and offerings of the other
Rules are different at every utility and university
Not constrained to partnerships only with those in your back yard
Engage the next generation of water professionals
Utility University Partnerships
Facilitate Innovation
Requires mutually understanding the needs and offerings of the other
Rules are different at every utility and university
Not constrained to partnerships only with those in your back yard
Engage the next generation of water professionals
Utility University Partnerships
Facilitate Innovation
Requires mutually understanding the needs and offerings of the other
Rules are different at every utility and university
Not constrained to partnerships only with those in your back yard
Engage the next generation of water professionals
Leaders Innovation Forum for Technology http://www.werf.org/lift
Leaders Innovation Forum for Technology http://www.werf.org/lift
https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/39366
Access to University resources is getting easier
Sustainability and Innovation
Nancy G. Love, Ph.D., P.E., BCEE Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Michigan nglove@umich.edu
References: http://www.lakescientist.com/learn-about-lakes/water-quality/pollution.html, http://www.calgreeks.com/ifc/sustainability/
Utility University Partnerships
Water Resources Recovery Leadership Forum Hosted by:
Michigan Department of Environmental Quality Michigan Water Environment Association
At the Confluence: Nutrients, Trace Chemicals and Sustainability in the Urban Water Sector
The Interplay Between Chemicals and the Microbiome: An Environmental Biotechnology Perspective
http://aeesp.org/distinguished-lecturer
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