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Television: Its link to Childhood and Adolescent Obesity. Danielle Duvall April 6 th , 2010. Introduction. Overweight and Obesity are one of the nation’s largest health concerns; specifically the rapidly rising rates of child and adolescent obesity. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Danie l le Duval lApr i l 6 t h , 2010
Television: Its link to Childhood and Adolescent
Obesity
Introduction
Ove
rweig
ht a
nd
Ob
esity
are
on
e o
f the n
atio
n’s
larg
est h
ealth
con
cern
s; sp
ecifi
cally th
e ra
pid
ly risin
g ra
tes o
f child
an
d
ad
ole
scen
t ob
esity.
Costs o
f hosp
italiza
tion
s re
late
d to
child
hood
ob
esity ro
se fro
m
$1
25
.9 m
illion
in 2
00
1
to $
23
7.6
millio
n in
2
00
5.
1
A m
ajo
r facto
r co
ntrib
utin
g to
ob
esity
rate
s is a se
den
tary
lifestyle
.
1. Cawley J. Health Affairs. 2010
Introduction
Excessive television viewing by children has long been discouraged by health professionals for a variety of reasons, including its link to childhood obesity.2
The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends viewing time of less than 2 hours, however the average child watches three hours of television per day.2
2. American Academy of Pediatrics Position Statement: Children, Adolescents, and Television. 2001.
Introduction
Watching greater than two hours of television daily resulted in twice the odds of being overweight. 3
Childhood and adolescent television viewing habits influenced adult BMI and cholesterol levels. 4
Childhood viewing habits were reflective of adult viewing habits as well as increased BMI. 53. Kaur H. Journal of Pediatrics. 2003. 4. Hancox R. Lancet. 2004. 5. Viner R. Journal of Pediatrics. 2005.
Theories
1. Television viewing displaces physical activity
2. Increased eating while viewing
3. Advertisements and product placements may influence eating habits
Television and Lack of Activity
Th
e re
com
men
datio
n
for p
hysica
l activity fo
r ch
ildre
n is 6
0 m
inu
tes
on
most d
ays o
f the
week.
On
ly 35
% o
f hig
h sch
ool
stud
en
ts met th
is re
com
men
datio
n.
6
Th
eorie
s sug
gest th
at
wh
ile ch
ildre
n a
re
spen
din
g six h
ou
rs daily
on
“screen
time” th
is tim
e is re
pla
cing
time
that co
uld
be sp
en
t g
ettin
g e
xercise
or
pla
ying
.
6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Overweight & Obesity.
Television and Lack of Activity“T
ele
vision
view
ing
an
d its a
ssocia
tion
w
ith o
verw
eig
ht,
sed
en
tary
lifestyle
…”
7
Su
bje
cts: 1
5,3
49
hig
h
school stu
den
ts
Data
Colle
cte
d: Yo
uth
R
isk B
eh
avio
r Su
rvey
Resu
lts:
>2 h
ou
rs of T
V le
d to
1.5
tim
es ch
an
ce o
f bein
g
ove
rweig
ht
More
hou
rs of T
V
watch
ed
daily in
crease
d
chan
ce o
f sed
en
tary
lifestyle
7. Lowry R. Journal of School Health. 2002.
Television and Lack of Activity“T
V V
iew
ing
&
Ph
ysical A
ctivity in
C
hild
ren
”8
Su
bje
cts: 8
0 ch
ildre
n
ag
ed
9-1
2
Data
Colle
cte
d:
tele
vision
view
ing
for
fou
r days, p
hysica
l activity re
cord
ed
by a
n
acce
lero
mete
r
Resu
lts:
Weak g
en
era
l corre
latio
n
Sig
nifi
can
t corre
latio
n
wh
en
lookin
g a
t certa
in
facto
rs
8. Hager R. Journal of Adolescent Health. 2006.
Television and Snacking
Pre
vale
nce
of ch
ildre
n
(ag
es 6
-11
) wh
o sn
ack
d
aily h
as rise
n fro
m
74
% to
98
% fro
m 1
97
7
to 2
00
3.
98
% o
f those
wh
o sn
ack
(a
ges 6
-18
) eat 3
snack
s p
er d
ay, w
hile
50
% e
at
five
or m
ore
.
Sn
ack
ing
in 2
00
3 m
ad
e
up
rou
gh
ly on
e q
uarte
r of ch
ildre
n's d
aily
calo
ries, w
here
as in
1
97
7 th
e p
rop
ortio
n
was o
nly o
ne fi
fth.
9
9. Piernas C.Health Affairs. 2010
Television and Snacking
“ On the road to obesity…Television viewing increases intake of high-density foods”10
Subjects: 20 undergraduatesData Collected: amount consumed while
watching TV vs. notResults: Watching TV while eating resulted
in eating more vs. not watching 1 Slice of Pizza more (862 calories) More Mac & Cheese (470 calories)
10. Blass E. Physiology & Behavior. 2006.
Television and Snacking“D
oes E
atin
g d
urin
g
Tele
vision
Vie
win
g
Aff
ect P
resc
hool
Ch
ildre
n’s In
take?”
11S
ub
jects: 2
4 3
-5 ye
ar
old
s
Data
Colle
cte
d:
am
ou
nt co
nsu
med
at
meals w
hile
a ca
rtoon
w
as sh
ow
n vs. n
ot
Resu
lts: pre
schoole
rs ate
less w
hile
watch
ing
te
levisio
n
Th
ose
wh
o w
atch
ed
TV
w
hile
eatin
g a
t hom
e
actu
ally a
te m
ore
11. Francis L. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2006.
Food Advertising
Advertising may be the largest way that television viewing influences food choices and weight status in both children and adults.
Fifty percent of ads during Saturday morning cartoons are for food, with 9 out of 10 being for unhealthy foods. 12
One-fourth of all product ads aimed at adolescents are for food. 13
12. Batada A. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2008 13. Powell L. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2007.
Commercial Content
22%9%
11%
17%
12%
29%
Restaurants 29%Sweets 22%Snacks 9%Cereal 11%Beverage 17%Other 12%
14%
18%
27%
10%
12%19%
Restaurants 19%Candy 14%Snacks 18%Cereal & Bars 27%Beverage 10%Other 12%
12. Batada A. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2008 13. Powell L. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2007.
Adolescents Children
Television and Advertising
“Effect of television advertisements for foods on food consumption in children”14
Subjects: 42 children aged 9-11Data Collected:
Food consumption after food ads vs. non food ads Product recognition (Will overweight/obese status
affect this?) Results:
Overweight and obesity influenced food ad recognition More was eaten after watching food ads
14. Halford J. Appetite. 2004
Television and Advertising
“Beyond brand effect of television food advertisements/commercials on caloric intake and food choice of 5-7 year-old children.”15
Subjects: 93 children aged 5-7Data collected: identical to prior studyResults: increase in food consumption was
associated with exposure to food advertisements 17% more calories in normal weight children 14% more calories in overweight and obese children.
15. Halford J. Appetite. 2007
Possible Solution
“A R
an
dom
ized
Tria
l of th
e E
ffects o
f R
ed
ucin
g T
ele
vision
V
iew
ing
an
d
Com
pu
ter U
se o
n
Bod
y Mass In
dex in
You
ng
Ch
ildre
n”
16
Su
bje
cts: 7
0 ch
ildre
n
ag
ed
4-7
, >7
5th
perce
ntile
Data
Colle
cte
d:
BM
I
Food
Fre
qu
en
cy Q
uestio
nn
aire
Resu
lts:
Inte
rven
tion
gro
up
(re
du
ced
TV
by 5
0%
) had
lo
wer B
MI a
nd
low
er
en
erg
y inta
ke vs. th
e
con
trol g
rou
p
16. Epstein L. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine. 2008.
Conclusion
Watch
ing
tele
vision
for
lon
g p
erio
ds o
f time
was a
ssocia
ted
with
h
igh
er B
MI, h
ow
eve
r, th
ere
was lim
ited
data
to
show
that w
atch
ing
te
levisio
n d
ispla
ced
p
hysica
l activity.
(7,8
)
Watch
ing
tele
vision
was
asso
ciate
d w
ith
snack
ing
an
d e
atin
g
more
than
on
e n
orm
ally
wou
ld a
t mealtim
es.
(10
) H
ow
eve
r, pre
schoole
rs on
ly con
sum
ed
larg
er
portio
ns w
hen
they
were
use
d to
eatin
g in
fro
nt o
f the te
levisio
n a
t h
om
e.
(11
)
Conclusion
Ch
ildre
n a
nd
ad
ole
scen
ts are
exp
ose
d to
a la
rge
am
ou
nt o
f food
ad
vertise
men
ts, man
y of th
em
bein
g fo
r en
erg
y-den
se fo
od
s.(1
2,1
3)
Ch
ildre
n co
nsu
med
m
ore
calo
ries a
fter
watch
ing
food
ad
vertise
men
ts versu
s w
hen
they o
nly w
atch
ed
n
on
-food
ad
vertise
men
ts. (1
4,1
5)
Conclusion•
Con
siderin
g th
at a
du
lt vie
win
g h
ab
its are
ofte
n
refl
ective
of vie
win
g
hab
its du
ring
you
th
(5)
an
d th
at e
atin
g in
fron
t of th
e te
levisio
n is a
le
arn
ed
beh
avio
r (1
1), it
is imp
orta
nt to
teach
p
rop
er e
atin
g a
nd
vie
win
g h
ab
its wh
ile
child
ren
are
still you
ng
.
Red
ucin
g te
levisio
n
view
ing
may h
ave
a
positive
eff
ect b
y lo
werin
g B
MI a
nd
re
du
cing
en
erg
y inta
ke.
(16
)
Sources
1. Cawley J. The economics of childhood obesity. Health Affairs. 2010;29:364-371.
2. American Academy of Pediatrics Position Statement: Children, Adolescents, and Television. Pediatrics. 2001;107:423-426.
3. Kaur H, Choi W, Mayo M, Harris K. Duration of television watching is associated with increased body mass index. J Pediatr. 2003;143:506-511.
4. Hancox R, Milne B, Poulton R. Association between child and adolescent televising viewing and adult health: a longitudinal birth cohort study. Lancet. 2004;364:257-262.
5. Viner R, Cole T. Television viewing in early childhood predicts adult body mass index. J Pediatr. 2005;147:429-435.
6. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Overweight and Obesity. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/index.html. Accessed March 23, 2010.
7. Lowry R, Wechsler H, et al. Television viewing and its association with overweight, sedentary lifestyle, and insufficient consumption of fruits and vegetables among US high school students: differences by race, ethnicity, and gender. J Sch Health. 2002;72:413-421.
8. Hager R. Television viewing and physical activity in children. J Adolescent Health. 2006;39:656-661.
Sources
9. Blass E, Anderson D, et al. On the road to obesity: Television viewing increases intake of high-density foods. Physiol Behav. 2006;88:597-604.
10. Piernas C, Popkin B. Trends in snacking among US Children. Health Affairs. 2010; 29:398-404
11. Francis L, Birch L. Does Eating during Television Viewing Affect Preschool Children’s Intake? J Am Diet Assoc. 2006; 106: 598-600.
12. Batada A, Seitz M, Wootan M, Story M. Nine out of 10 food advertisements shown during Saturday morning children’s television programming are for foods high in fat, sodium, or added sugars, or low in nutrients. J Am Diet Assoc. 2008;108:673-678.
13. Powell L, Szcyzpka G, Chaloupka F. Adolescent exposure to food advertising on television. Am J Prev Med. 2007;33:S251-S256.
14. Halford J, Gillespie J, et al T. Effects of television advertisements for foods on food consumption in children. Appetite. 2004;42:221-225.
15. Halford J, Boyland E, et al. Beyond brand effect of television food advertisements/commercials on caloric intake and food choice of 5-7 year-old children. Appetite. 2007;49:263-267.
16. Epstein L, et al. A Randomized Trial of the Effects of Reducing Television Viewing and Computer Use on Body Mass Index in Young Children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2008;162:239-245.
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