The Enlightenment 1600-1800

The The EnlightenmentEnlightenment

1600-18001600-1800Mr. Zywicki and Mr. ChmielMr. Zywicki and Mr. Chmiel

MHSMHS

WORLD STUDIESWORLD STUDIES

Scientific Revolution Sparks the Scientific Revolution Sparks the EnlightenmentEnlightenment

In the wake of the Scientific In the wake of the Scientific

Revolution came the Enlightenment.Revolution came the Enlightenment.

This was an era in which people This was an era in which people

used reason to try to understand used reason to try to understand

more about human behavior and more about human behavior and

solve the problems of societysolve the problems of society

Reason, liberty, and progressReason, liberty, and progress

Enlightenment – Age of Enlightenment – Age of ReasonReason

The Enlightenment is also called the The Enlightenment is also called the “Age of Reason.”“Age of Reason.”

It began in France and spread to It began in France and spread to Britain, America, and beyond.Britain, America, and beyond.

Its motto: “AUDERE SAPERE,” Latin Its motto: “AUDERE SAPERE,” Latin for “DARE TO THINK”for “DARE TO THINK”

Europe in the 1600s-Europe in the 1600s-1700s1700s

““Old fashioned”Old fashioned” Absolute monarchiesAbsolute monarchies Dominance of the ChristianityDominance of the Christianity Church supported absolute monarchs Church supported absolute monarchs

(“divine right of kings”)(“divine right of kings”) People were supposed to not ask People were supposed to not ask

questions, accept things based on questions, accept things based on faith in God, and not challenge faith in God, and not challenge governmental authority.governmental authority.

PhilosophesPhilosophes A group of French philosophers who wrote about government, law, A group of French philosophers who wrote about government, law,

and society were known as the and society were known as the philosophesphilosophes. .

Baron de MontesquieuBaron de Montesquieu believed in employing three branches of believed in employing three branches of

government that could balance each other’s powers. government that could balance each other’s powers.

VoltaireVoltaire fought the slave trade and religious prejudice with his fought the slave trade and religious prejudice with his

witty writings. witty writings.

Denis DiderotDenis Diderot collected Enlightenment articles in an Encyclopedia collected Enlightenment articles in an Encyclopedia

that helped to spread ideas throughout Europe and the Americas. that helped to spread ideas throughout Europe and the Americas.

Jean-Jacques RousseauJean-Jacques Rousseau thought people were basically good and thought people were basically good and

should be much freer from governmental controls. should be much freer from governmental controls.

Mary WollstonecraftMary Wollstonecraft stood up for their inclusion in the new stood up for their inclusion in the new

societies that were being imagined.societies that were being imagined.

Denis Diderot

► All things must be All things must be examined, examined, debated, debated, investigated investigated without exception without exception and without and without regard for regard for anyone’s anyone’s feelings.feelings.

► We will speak We will speak against senseless against senseless laws until they laws until they are reformed; are reformed; and, while we and, while we wait, we will wait, we will abide by them.abide by them.

Diderot’s Encyclopédie

The Encyclopédie

► Complete cycle of Complete cycle of knowledge…………...…knowledge…………...…change the general way of change the general way of thinking.thinking.

► 28 volumes.28 volumes.

► Alphabetical, cross-Alphabetical, cross-referenced,referenced,illustrated.illustrated.

► First published in 1751.First published in 1751.

Pages from Diderot’s Encyclopedie

Pages from Diderot’s Encyclopedie

Pages from Diderot’s Encyclopedie

Subscriptions to Diderot’s Encyclopedie

An Increase in Reading

An Increase in Reading

New Ideas Challenge New Ideas Challenge SocietySociety

While churches and monarchies While churches and monarchies tried to stop the flow of tried to stop the flow of Enlightenment ideas through Enlightenment ideas through censorshipcensorship

Enlightenment thinkers found Enlightenment thinkers found new ways of spreading their new ways of spreading their ideas, such as through novels ideas, such as through novels and salons.and salons.

Arts and Literature Reflect New Arts and Literature Reflect New IdeasIdeas

The Enlightenment saw the birth of new styles in art, The Enlightenment saw the birth of new styles in art,

music, and literature. music, and literature.

Painters embraced the lighter and more informal Painters embraced the lighter and more informal

rococo style; composers, too, moved away from the rococo style; composers, too, moved away from the

baroque and into rococo and classical music. baroque and into rococo and classical music.

This was evidenced in the works of This was evidenced in the works of Handel, Haydn, and Handel, Haydn, and

MozartMozart. .

In literature, the novel was king as audiences devoured In literature, the novel was king as audiences devoured

long stories about their own times.long stories about their own times.

A Parisian Salon

Madame Geoffrin’s Salon

The Royal Academy of Sciences, Paris

Zoology & Biology

A dissection at the Royal A dissection at the Royal Academy, London.Academy, London.

Chemistry Labs & Botany Gardens

Natural History Collections

► Cocoa plant Cocoa plant drawing.drawing.

► Sir Hans Sir Hans SloaneSloane(1660-1753).(1660-1753).

► Collected from Collected from Jamaica.Jamaica.

Natural History Collections

James Petiver’s BeetlesJames Petiver’s Beetles(London apothecary)(London apothecary)

Private Collections

The Origins of Modern The Origins of Modern Museums.Museums.

Voltaire

It is dangerous It is dangerous to be right when to be right when the the government is government is wrongwrong

Men are equal; Men are equal; it is not birth, it is not birth, but virtuebut virtuethat makes the that makes the difference.difference.

The Baron de Montesquieu

Three types of Three types of government:government:

MonarchyMonarchyRepublicRepublicDespotismDespotism

A separation of A separation of political political powers powers ensured ensured freedom and freedom and libertyliberty

Jean Jacques Rousseau

Government Government must preserve must preserve “virtue” and “virtue” and ”liberty.””liberty.”

Man is born Man is born free, yet free, yet everywhere he is everywhere he is in chains.in chains.

The Social The Social ContractContract

English philosophers Thomas Hobbes and John Locke both English philosophers Thomas Hobbes and John Locke both

wrote about society and the ideal form of governing it. wrote about society and the ideal form of governing it.

Hobbes thought people needed strict control to rein in Hobbes thought people needed strict control to rein in

their naturally brutish tendencies.their naturally brutish tendencies.

Locke thought people were moral at heart and were Locke thought people were moral at heart and were

entitled to certain natural rights, which governments were entitled to certain natural rights, which governments were

obliged to protect.obliged to protect.

Thomas Hobbes:Thomas Hobbes: 1600’s A.D. 1600’s A.D. People give up (cede) their own People give up (cede) their own

sovereignty (power) to the state --- sovereignty (power) to the state --- government then provides peace and government then provides peace and orderorder

John Locke: John Locke: Government limited by consent of the Government limited by consent of the

governedgoverned Natural Rights: inherent to being a Natural Rights: inherent to being a

human – life, liberty, pursuit of happinesshuman – life, liberty, pursuit of happiness Governments who do not protect citizens’ Governments who do not protect citizens’

natural rights can be justly overthrown natural rights can be justly overthrown American Revolution and French American Revolution and French RevolutionRevolution

Enlightened Despots Embrace New Enlightened Despots Embrace New IdeasIdeas

Some absolute rulers of the time adopted limited Some absolute rulers of the time adopted limited

reforms inspired by Enlightenment ideas. reforms inspired by Enlightenment ideas.

Frederick II of Prussia, Catherine the Great, Frederick II of Prussia, Catherine the Great,

Franz Joseph of AustriaFranz Joseph of Austria

Austria all showed religious tolerance. Austria all showed religious tolerance.

Still the monarchs were not willing to share their Still the monarchs were not willing to share their

power.power.

New Economic ThinkingNew Economic Thinking Economists also applied reason to their Economists also applied reason to their

study of economics during the study of economics during the

Enlightenment. Enlightenment.

Adam Smith and a group of French Adam Smith and a group of French

thinkers called physiocrats urged thinkers called physiocrats urged

economies that operated with little economies that operated with little

government control.government control.

Adam SmithAdam Smith

The Wealth of Nations, 1776The Wealth of Nations, 1776 Self InterestSelf Interest Invisible HandInvisible Hand

Power of MarketPower of Market Wealth of Nations = GDPWealth of Nations = GDP

Destroys mercantilismDestroys mercantilism Laissez Fair Tax policiesLaissez Fair Tax policies

Pri

ce L

evel

Real GDP

o

P1

ASLR1

Q1

AD1

AS1

The Enlightenment in The Enlightenment in AmericaAmerica

Franklin:Franklin: Friends with VoltaireFriends with Voltaire Lived in Paris and Lived in Paris and

frequented salonsfrequented salons PublisherPublisher ScientistScientist

LighteningLightening InventorInventor

StoveStove PoliticianPolitician ActivistActivist

HospitalsHospitals Anti-slaveryAnti-slavery

The American “Philosophes”

John AdamsJohn Adams(1745-(1745-1826)1826)

Ben FranklinBen Franklin(1706-1790)(1706-1790)

ThomasThomasJeffersonJefferson(1743-(1743-1826)1826)

……...…life, liberty, and the pursuit of ...…life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness…………...happiness…………...

Thomas Paine (1737-1809)

► Common Common SenseSense, 1776, 1776

► The Rights The Rights of Manof Man, , 17911791