Unit I: Nutrition and Diet Therapy. Specific Objectives 2H09.01: Analyze patient/client nutritional...

Unit I: Nutrition and Diet Therapy

Specific Objectives

• 2H09.01: Analyze patient/client nutritional measures

• 2H09.02: Evaluate therapeutic diets

Unit I-Master Outline2H09 Analyze client nutrition and diet therapy.2H09.01~Analyze patient/client nutritional measures.A. Fundamentals of nutrition.1. Good nutrition.2. Nutrition-preventable conditions.B. Utilization of nutrients.1. Digestion2. Absorption.3. Metabolism.4. Measuring food energy.C. Food habits.

Unit I-Master Outline 2H09.02 Evaluate Therapeutic Diets.

A. Regular.B. Liquid.C. Soft.D. Diabetic.E. Low calorie.F. High calorie.G. Low-cholesterol.H. Fat-restricted.I. Sodium-restricted.J. Protein.K. Bland.L. Low-residue.

Unit I- Nutrition and Diet Therapy Terminology List

1. Absorption2. Amino acids3. Anorexia4. Arteriosclerosis5. Bland diet6. Calorie7. Carbohydrates8. Cellulose9. Cholesterol10. Diabetic diet11. Digestion12. Essential nutrients13. Fat-restricted diets14. Fats15. Hypertension16. Liquid diets17. Lipids18. Low-cholesterol

diets

19. Low-residue diets20. Malnutrition21. Metabolism22. Minerals23. Nutrients24. Nutrition25. Nutritional status26. Obesity27. Osteoporosis28. Protein diets29. Protein30. Regular diet31. Sodium-restricted diet32. Soft diet33. Therapeutic diet34. Vitamins35. Wellness

Why should you eat a well balanced diet every day?

To replace nutrients

used daily by the body.

Fundamentals of Nutrition

• Nutrition= digestion, metabolism, circulation, and elimination

• Nutritional status refers to the state of ones nutrition.

• Wellness= State of good health with optimal body function (requires good nutrition)

Nutrition pleats a large role in determining:

• Height• Weight• Strength• Skeletal & Muscle

Development• Physical Ability• Resistance to Disease

Nutrition plays a large role in determining:

• Appetite• Posture• Complexion• Mental Ability• Emotional and

Psychological Health

Immediate effects of good nutrition

Include:• Healthy Appearance• Good Attitude• Proper sleep and

bowel habits• High energy level• Enthusiasm• Freedom from

anxiety

Good Nutrition may delay or prevent

the following:HypertensionAtherosclerosisOsteoporosisMalnutritionObesity

Essential Nutrients

• Composed of chemical elements found in food.

• Used by the body to perform body functions.

• Nutrients in foods replace those used by the body.

6 Groups of Essential Nutrients

• Carbohydrates• Fats• Proteins• Vitamins• Minerals• Water

Carbohydrates

• Major source of human energy

• Starches or sugars• Easily digested,

grow well in most climates, keep well without refrigeration.

Carbohydrates• Main sources: bread,

cereals, pasta, crackers, potatoes, corn, peas, fruits, sugars and syrups

• Cellulose: It provides bulk in the digestive tract and causes regular bowel indigestible carbs, provides bulk (bran, whole-grain cereal, fibrous fruits & veggies)

Fats

• Lipids• Concentrated form

of energy• Help maintain body

temperature by providing insulation

• Help cushion organs and bones

Fats

• Aid in the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins

• Provide flavor to meals• Main Sources:

butter, margarine, oils, creams, fatty meats, cheeses, and egg yolks

• Classified as saturated or polyunsaturated.

Fats

• Cholesterol- Fatty substance found in body cells and animal fats- found in egg yolk, fatty meats, shellfish, butter, cream, cheese, whole milk, & organ meats.

*Excess cholesterol is believed to contribute to atherosclerosis.

Proteins• Build and repair body

tissue• Provide heat and energy• Help produce antibodies• Made up of 22 amino

acids (9 essentials)• Main sources/complete

proteins: meat, fish milk, cheese, eggs/

• Incomplete proteins: Cereal, soybeans. Dry beans, peas, and peanuts

Vitamins• Organic compounds that

are essential in life.• Regulate body

functions.• Repair body tissues.• Only a small amount

required-well balanced diet provides required vitamins.

• Excess or deficiency can cause poor health.

• Water soluble or fat soluble.

• Someone who eats a fat free diet could become deficient in : Fat-soluble vitamins.

Minerals

• Inorganic (nonliving) elements found in all body tissues.

• Regulate body functions.

• Build and repair body tissues.

• They include: calcium, phorphorus, Sodium, potassium, iron, Flourine and others.

Water

• Found in all body tissues• Essential for digestion.• Makes up most of blood

plasma• Helps body tissues absorb

nutrients.• Helps move waste material

through body.• Average person should drink

6-8 glasses of water a day. • Nutrient that helps the body

tissues absorb other nutrients.

Utilization of Nutrients

• Digestion- breaks down the foods we eat

1. Mechanical or Chemical2. Peristalis

• Absorption- process of taking in nutrients by the body.

1. Most absorption occurs in the small intestine.

2. Water, salts, and some vitamins in large intestine.

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Utilization of Nutrients

Metabolism- use of nutrients by the body.

1. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) Measuring Food Energy

2. Calorie- the amount of heat produced during metabolism.

Most people use an average of 3,500 calories per day.

To lose weight, a person must take in fewer calories then are burned.

To gain weight, a person must take in more calories than the body uses.

Therapeutic Diets

• Regular DietA balanced diet usuallyused for the ambulatory patient.Foods such as rich desserts, cream sauces, salad dressings, and fried foods may be decreased or omitted.

Liquid Diet

– Include both clear and full liquids.

– Foods included on the clear diet are mainly carbohydrates and water, including apple or grape juice, plain gelatin, ginger ale, and tea or coffee with sugar. The day after surgery most patients are on a clear liquid diet.

– Foods included in the full liquid diet are strained soups, fruits and vegetable juices, ice cream, custard, pudding, and eggnog.

Soft diet

– Foods must require little chewing and be easy to digest.

– Foods to avoid are meat, shellfish, spicy foods, rich desserts, fried foods, nuts, and coconut.

Diabetic Diet

Used for patients with

diabetes mellitus.

The diet contains

exchange list that group

foods according to type,

nutrients, and caloric

contents.

Patients are allowed a

certain number of items

from each exchange list

according to there

individual needs.

Chicken Broth

Low-Cholesterol

Diet

– Foods high in saturated fat, such as beef, liver, pork, lamb, egg, yolk, cream cheese, natural cheeses, and whole milk are limited.

Fat-Restricted Diet

– Also called lo-fat diets.– Examples to avoid

include cream, whole milk, cheeses, fats, fatty meats, rich desserts, chocolate, nuts, coconuts, nuts, fried foods, and salad dressings.

Sodium-Restricted Diet

Patients that are retaining fluid should be on this diet. Patients should avoid or limit adding salt to food, smoked meats or fish, processed foods, pickles, olives, sauerkraut, and some processed cheeses.

Protein Diet

– Protein rich foods include meats, fish, milks, cheeses, and eggs. An anemic patient would be on this diet. A healing surgical incision

would need this diet.

Bland Diet

Esophageal reflux disorder would be one reason for this diet. Consist of easily digested foods that do not irritate the digestive tract.

Foods to be avoided include coarse foods, fried foods, highly seasoned foods, pastries, candies, raw fruits and vegetables, smoked and salted meats, whole grain breads, etc.

Low-Residue Diet

– Eliminates or limits foods that are high in bulk & fiber.

– Examples of such food include raw fruits & vegetables, whole-grain breads and cereals, nuts, seeds, beans, peas, coconut, and fried food.

High-Calorie Diet

A diet that provides

1000 or more calories a

day beyond what is

ordinarily recommended.

Hyperthyroidism