View
14
Download
1
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
Unit VII:CognitionModule 32
Memory Storage & Retrieval
Long-Term Memory 32-1
Long-Term Memory
• Long-term memory capacity is essentially limitless
• Memories are not stored in just one location in the brain: many parts of the brain interact as we encode, store, and retrieve information
32-1
Explicit Memory: Frontal Lobes & Hippocampus
32-2
Frontal Lobes & Hippocampus
• The brain network that processes and stores explicit memories includes the your frontal lobes and hippocampus
• During sleep the hippocampus processes memories for alter retrieval
32-2
Implicit Memory: Cerebellum & Basal Ganglia
32-3
Information Processing
• The cerebellum plays a key role in forming and storing the implicit memories created by classical conditioning
• The basal ganglia facilitate formation of procedural memories for skills
32-3
Amygdala, Emotions & Memory 32-4
Stress Hormones & Memory
• Stress hormones provoke the amygdala to initiate a memory trace to boost activity in the brain’s memory-forming areas.
• Heightened emotions (stress-related or otherwise) make for stronger memories.
• Flashbulb memories are clear, vivid memories of emotionally significant moments or events.
32-4
Synaptic Changes 32-5
Synaptic Changes
• Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) refers to an increase in a synapse’s firing potential after learning (Lynch, 2002).
• An increase in neurotransmitter release or receptors on the receiving neuron indicates strengthening of synapses.
32-5
Measuring Retention 32-6
Measures of Memory
In recall, the person must retrieve information using effort.
(A fill-in-the blank test requires recall.)
1. The capital of France is ______.
32-6
Measures of Memory
In recognition, the person must identify an item amongst other choices. (A multiple-choice test
requires recognition.)
1. Name the capital of France.a. Brusselsb. Romec. Londond. Paris
32-6
Measures of Memory
In relearning, the individual shows how much time (or effort) is saved when learning material for the second time.
ListJetDaggerTreeKite…SilkFrogRing
It took 10 trialsto learn this list
ListJetDaggerTreeKite…SilkFrogRing
It took 5 trialsto learn the list
1 day laterSaving
OriginalTrials
RelearningTrials
RelearningTrials
10 5
10
50%
X 100
X 100
32-6
Retrieval Cues 32-7
Retrieval Cues
Memories are held in storage by a web of associations. These associations are like anchors that help retrieve memory.
Fire Truck
truck
red
fire
heatsmoke
smellwater
hose
32-7
Priming
To retrieve a specific memory from the web of associations, you must first activate one of the strands that leads to it. This process is called
priming.
32-7
Context Effects
Putting yourself back in the context where you experienced something can prime your memory retrieval.
Scuba divers recall more words underwater if they learned the list underwater, while they recall more words on land if they learned that list on land (Godden & Baddeley, 1975).
32-7
Moods and Memories
We usually recall experiences that are consistent with our current mood (state-dependent memory).
Emotions, or moods, serve as retrieval cues. Our memories are mood-congruent.
Jorg
en S
chytte/ S
till Pictu
res
32-7
Recommended