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WESTERN EXPANSION& The Rise of the Slavery Issue
Cultural interaction—three interchanges: animals,
technology, disease
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Manifest (and Not So Manifest) Destinies
Manifest Destiny—sea to sea, and
maybe north to south?
California society—presidios, missions,
rancheros (like planters); Franciscans, Indians
New Mexico—denser population,
Santa Fe TrailJohn L.
O’Sullivan, who gave John Gast the concept for
his painting Manifest Destiny,
with Progress leading the way.
A ranchero, a forerunner of the American cowboy, who worked cattle on ranchos in
Texas, New Mexico and California.
American immigration to Texas—Americans
welcomed—nearly free land; “Come on over!”—90% southerners
Cultural conflict—religion, language, slavery, dictatorship
Texan independence—Lone Star Republic
—10 years until annexation
The Alamo in San Antonio; Stephen Austin, the major land agent, or
empresario, in the Anglo settlement of Texas.
Mexican general Santa Anna; Sam
Houston; and Santa Anna accepting Houston’s terms after
San Jacinto.
Breakdown of women’s traditional role—new roles,
but for women only
Women’s sense of loss—radical social, domestic changes
Pressures on the Plains Indians—herds, grass, wood; tolls?
The difficult way west and idealized depictions of women who made the journey.
An encampment of Sioux on
the Northern Plains.
The Political Origins of Expansion
Tyler becomes president—Jackson/Dems didn’t want him
Tyler breaks with the Whigs—Whigs hated vetoes—expel
The Texas movement—Tyler’s found an issue—annexation
Polk’s nomination—Democrat who supports pro-Texas
annexation, Oregon: “54-40 or Fight”; Clay loses southerners
Polk’s narrow victory—abolitionists
snubbing of Clay made a slave-holding
Texas inevitable
Disputed boundary of Texas—Rio
Grande vs. Nueces
John Tyler, Harrison’s vice-
president who filled out his term, he was
distrusted as “the renegade”; James
K. Polk, a “continentalist” who set out to
expand the U.S. and did.
Conquest of Mexico— “Bear Flag Revolt,”
Buena Vista, Mexico City, $97 million and 13,000 lives
Northern discontent—Slaveholder Polk promised “54º40'
or Fight!” but compromises with Britain, then fights for Texas Wilmot Proviso—no slaves in New Mexico, but couldn’t pass Senate
Peace treaty with Mexico—Guadalupe
Hidalgo takes New Mexico, California for $18 million
Zachary Taylor, hero of Buena Vista, known as “Old Rough and Ready” and Winfield Scott, the conqueror of Mexico
City, known as “Old Fuss and Feathers.”
Battle of Molino del
Rey
New Societies in the WestEvolution of western society—violent early on, but
eventually traditional values take over
Life in the mining camps—wild, but usually
temporary with 80% Americans
Women in the Camps—5% women and
children but a precious resource; mining the miners
Nativist and racial prejudices—Indians,
Mexicans, Chinese killed, driven out, or relegated to the worst resources
Environmental impact of mining—grab and dash mentality
San Francisco’s chaotic growth—unplanned helter-skelter, slap-dash development
James Marshall, the man whose 1848 discovery started the California Gold Rush by finding gold flecks in the mill race
of Sutter’s sawmill where Marshall was working.
State of Deseret—Young held legislative,
executive, judicial and religious power; “state” applied
for admission to union in 1849
Polygamy—women went along—why?
Irrigation and community—faith and
hierarchy turns desert into a garden
Salt Lake City’s orderly growth—checkerboard based on long. and lat.; family centered
with equality in gender numbers Hispanic-Anglo conflict—Hispanics
overwhelmed, “out-lawed” and dispossessed
Many Mormons used hand carts like this to transport
their goods from Illinois to the Great Basin area of Utah
under the leadership of Brigham Young.
Juan Cortina, Hispanic “Robin Hood” who practiced “social banditry” by
taking from the Anglos and giving to the poor Mexicans.
Escape from CrisisIssue of slavery’s extension —slavery
goes with slaveholder or 36°30’ or does territory
determine legality? Congress making Oregon free kills 36°30’
Free Soil party—extension of slavery’s the
issue, not slavery itself; 1848 Dems/Whigs split campaigns N and S
Taylor’s Plan—skip territories: two big states w/ W.P.
Clay’s compromise—Omnibus Bill with California
free; rest, popular sovereignty; slave trade a no-no in D.C.; stronger fugitive slave law to restore southern property
Passage of the Compromise—one by one gets
things done; North, South support parts = “Compromise of 1850”
Rejection of secession—still minority, but line drawn
Fugitive slave law—with Uncle Tom’s Cabin, stirs
up bitterness; all have to help return slaves?
Stephen Douglas and Lewis Cass,
supporters of “popular
sovereignty”; “Old Rough and Ready”
Whig Zachery Taylor favored two states,
California and New Mexico, with the Wilmot Proviso.
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