Winter Break Packet

Winter Break Packet

Grade 8 – English

Name ____________________________________

Due Tuesday, January 7

CL parents – Please ensure your child answers every question in this packet (including the essay) and records answers on the answer page. The articles reinforce other content areas and also preview background for our next novel to set your child up for success. Additionally,

all scholars should read for at least 20 minutes each day of break and answer a question about their reading on the reading log. Thank you for your support!

Name_____________________________________Recordallofyouranswersonthispage.Passage1:ElieWiesel 1._________ 2._________ 3._________ 4._________Passage2:ToastingMarshmallows 5._________ 6._________ 7._________

8._________ 9._________ 10._________

Passage3:Complaining: 11._________ 12._________ 13._________

14._________ 15._________ 16._________ 17._________ 18._________ 19._________ 20._________

Passage4:Earthquakes 21._________ 22._________ 23._________ 24._________

25._________ 26._________ 27._________ 28._________

Passage5:TakingHisBestShots

29._________ 30._________ 31._________ 32._________

33._________ 34._________ 35._________ 36._________

37._________ 38._________ Passage6:Snow 39._________ 40._________ 41._________

42._________ 43._________ 45._________ 46._________ 47._________ 48._________

Independent Reading Log (to be completed daily)

Question Bank

1. If the main character went to this school, would you be friends? Why or why not? 2. Could what you read actually happen in real life? How do you know? 3. Describe the conflict in your reading. 4. If you could change one thing about what you read today, what would it be? Why? 5. Does this book remind you of a movie or television show? 6. Have you read a similar book? How is it similar? 7. What was the purpose of what you read today? 8. Based on today’s reading, to whom would you recommend this book? Why? 9. Do you like the way this author writes? What do or don't you like? 10. If you could interview the author, what would you want to know? 11. What part of today’s reading was the most memorable to you? Why? 12. What genre do you think the book fits into? Explain based on today’s reading. 13. What techniques does the author use to tell the story? 14. Summarize today’s reading in no more than two sentences. 15. Write a prediction about tomorrow’s reading. 16. If you did number 15 yesterday, was your prediction correct? Explain.

Date Title and Pages Read Response

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Mon., 12/23

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Thurs., 12/26

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Fri., 12/27

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Sat., 12/28

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Tues., 12/31

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Passage1:ElieWiesel,Nobel-winningauthorofHolocaustmemoir"Night,"diesat87ByWashingtonPostHolocaustsurvivorElieWiesel,thememorykeeperforvictimsofNazipersecutionandaNobelPrizewinner,diedJuly2athishomeinNewYork.Hewas87.

BythetimeofWiesel'sdeath,millionsaroundtheworldhadread"Night,"hisaccountoftheconcentrationcampswherehewatchedhisfatherdieandwherehismotherandyoungersisterwerekilled.Heusedhismoralauthoritytoforceattentiononcrueltyaroundtheworld,andpresidentsinvitedhimtotheWhiteHousetodiscusshumanrightsabusesinBosnia,Iraqandelsewhere.ThechairmanoftheNorwegianNobelCommitteecalledhima"messengertomankind."AMoralVoiceEmergesIn1945,whenheemerged,gauntandneardeath,fromBuchenwaldconcentrationcamp,therewaslittleindicationofthemarkhewouldmakeontheworld.FewHolocaustsurvivorsspokeopenlyaboutthewar,andthosewhodidoftenfeltignored.DecadesbeforeaHolocaustmuseumstoodindowntownWashington,D.C.,WieselhelpedforcethepublictoconfronttheHolocaust.

Whenthelastsurvivordies,sowillthevoiceofthepersonwhocansay,"Thisismystory;Iwasthere,"saidHolocaustscholarDeborahLipstadt."ButinElieWiesel,wehadthatvoicewithamegaphonethatwasn'tmatchedbyanyoneelse."ToforgettheHolocaust,healwayssaid,wouldbetokillthevictimsasecondtime.

"ElieWieselwasoneofthegreatmoralvoicesofourtime,andinmanyways,theconscienceoftheworld,"saidPresidentBarackObama,whodescribedWieselas"adearfriend."ObamaaccompaniedWieseltoBuchenwaldwheretheywalkedamongthebarbedwireandguardtowersofBuchenwald."EliespokewordsI'veneverforgotten-'Memoryhasbecomeasacreddutyofallpeopleofgoodwill,'"Obamasaid.SpeakingOutAgainstEvilWieselwasinhis20swhenhefirstwrote"Night,"whichatfirstwasturneddownbypublisherafterpublisher.ThevolumecapturesallofthemostimportantimagesoftheHolocaust:theteemingghettoswheremanystruggledtobelievethattheworstwasyettocome,thecattlecars,thecrowdedbarrackswheretheprisonerslived,thesmokestacks.

HesaidduringhisNobelspeechthatJewishissueswereclosetohisheart,butothercauseswerejustasimportant,hesaid.HespokeoutonbehalfofSovietJews,CambodiansandtheKurds,amongotherpopulations.HedeclaredhissupportfortheU.S.invasionofIraqin2003,maintainingthattheUnitedStateshasanobligationtobecomeinvolvedwhenevilcomestopower.AYouthCutShortEliezerWieselwasbornSeptember30,1928,inSighet,atowninmodern-dayRomania.Wieselgrewupinatight-knit,observantlyJewishfamily,theonlysonofagrocer,Shlomo,andhiswife,Sarah.Sogreatwastheboy'sreligiouszeal,instilledinhimbyhisgrandfather,thatheweptinprayeratthesynagogue.HebecamearaptstudentoftheJewishmystics,whotaughtthatmeaningcouldbedecipheredfromnumbers.Wieselwas15yearsoldwhentheNazissenthimtoAuschwitzwherethenumberA-7713wastattooedonhisleftarm.Hesaidthatwhenheturned18,hewasn'treally18,thecampshavingturnedhimprematurelyintoanoldman.AfterhisliberationfromBuchenwald,Wieselfoundhimselfonatrainoforphansthatendedupin

France.Histwooldersistershadsurvived,andthesiblingswerereunitedafteroneofthegirls,alsolivinginFrance,spottedherbrother'sfaceinanewspaper.ANewHomeInFrance,ThenAmerica"Thetime:Afterthewar.Theplace:Paris.Ayoungmanstrugglestoreadjusttolife,"saidWieselinhisNobellecture."Onthevergeofdespair.Andyethedoesnotgiveup.Onthecontrary,hestrivestofindaplaceamongtheliving.Heacquiresanewlanguage.Hemakesafewfriendswho,likehimself,believethatthememoryofevilwillserveasashieldagainstevil;thatthememoryofdeathwillserveasashieldagainstdeath.Thishemustbelieveinordertogoon."

In1956,heimmigratedtotheUnitedStates.HebecameanAmericancitizen,andfirstworkedforaJewishnewspaperandthentaughtformorethan30yearsatBostonUniversity.Hewrotemorethan40worksofliterature,includingnovels,plays,memoirsandessays.TheywererootedintheJewishthoughthelearnedfirstfromhisgrandfatherandrabbisinSighet.Wieseloftensaidthathefoundhopeintheyoung,inbothhisstudentsandhisownchild.HissonShlomoElishaWieselsurviveshim,asdoeshiswife,theformerMarionErsterRose,aHolocaustsurvivorwhomhemarriedin1969.

Inhislectures,heoftenlookedsmallandfragile,andwouldsaythathehopednottolivelongenoughtobethelastsurvivorbecausetheburdenwouldbetoogreat."Wisemenrememberbest,"WieselsaidinhisNobellecture,"andyetitissurelyhumantoforget,eventowanttoforget."OnlyGodandGodalonecanandmustremembereverything."

1.WhichstatementwouldbeMOSTimportanttoincludeinasummaryofthearticle?A.ElieWieselwascalleda"messengertomankind"byaNobelCommitteechairman.B.ElieWieseldrewattentiontotheHolocaustinhisfamousnovel"Night."C.ElieWieselwasborninSeptember1928inmodern-dayRomania.D.ElieWieselimmigratedtotheUnitedStatesin1956andbecameanAmericancitizen.

2.WhichcentralideaisMOSTsupportedbythesection"ANewHomeInFrance,ThenAmerica"?A.Wieselworkedasanadvocateforpersecutedpopulationsaroundtheworld.B.Wieselbelieveditispeople'sdutytorememberevilsotheycanpreventitinthefuture.C.Wieselwasmostfamousforwritinghisnovel"Night"abouthisexperiencesintheHolocaust.D.WieselstruggledtofindhisfamilyandrecoverfromhisexperiencesintheHolocaust.

3.WhatistheMOSTlikelyreasonwhytheauthorincludedthequotesaboutWieselinthefirsttwosectionsofthearticle?A.toshowhowfamoushewas B.toillustratehispopularityC.toshowthatmanypeoplehadreadhisbook D.toillustratetheimportanceofhislegacy

4.WhatisthemostimportantreasonwhyElieWieselwillberemembered?A.forwinningtheNobelPrize B.forbeingfreedfromBuchenwaldC.forspeakingoutagainstpersecution D.forfindinghissistersafterthewar

Essayquestion:Usingpassage1,answerthefollowingquestion:

WhichCLhabitsofleadershipdidElieWieselembody?

Reviewthepassagetoselectthreehabits(self-discipline,courage,activecitizenship,integrity,collaboration,compassion),planyourresponse,writeyourresponse,andthenreviseandedityourresponse.Besuretoincludeanintroduction,threebodyparagraphsusinginformationfromthepassage,andaconclusion.Yourresponseshouldbeintheformofamulti-paragraphessay.__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

Onewaytomakeadecisionaboutsomethingistodoanexperimenttoseewhatislikelytohappen.ReadthepassagebelowtofindouthowKalvinthoughtaboutimprovingtheoddssothathecanhaveabetterchanceofeatinghisfavoritecerealeachmorning.Passage2:TossingMarshmallows1Kalvin,aneighthgrader,alwayshascerealforbreakfast.HelikesCocoaBlastcerealsomuchthathewantstoeatiteverymorning.Kalvin’smotherwantshimtoeatHealthNutFlakesatleastsomemorningsbecauseitismorenutritiousthanCocoaBlast.KalvinandhismotherhavecomeupwithafunwaytodeterminewhichcerealKalvinwillhaveforbreakfast.Eachmorning,Kalvinflipsacoin.Ifthecoincomesupheads,hewillhaveCocoaBlast.Ifthecoincomesuptails,hewillhaveHealthNutFlakes.Kalvindiscoveredthatwithacointheresultsarealwaysequal.Thismeantthathehadthesamechanceofgettingaheadonacointossashewouldatail.Kalvincameupwithanewidea.2Kalvinlookedthroughthekitchencupboardandfoundabagoflargemarshmallowsandabagofsmallmarshmallows.Hethoughtthatamarshmallowmightbeagoodthingtoflipandwonderedwhichsizewouldbebetter.SinceKalvinwantstoeatCocoaBlastmostofthetime,heneedstofindmarshmallowthatlandsinoneposition-eitheronitssideorononeofitsflatends-mostofthetime.Oncehedecideswhichtypeofmarshmallowisbetter,hewillaskhismotherifhemayusethemarshmallowinsteadofacoinfordecidinghiscerealeachmorning.WhenKalvindidhisexperiment,hetossedeachsizemarshmallow50times.Hekepttrackofhisdatacarefullybyorganizingitinthetable.

5.KalvinwillhavetoeatHealthNutFlakesinthemorningifthefollowingistrue:A.Heflipsacoinanditlandsheads-up B.Heflipsacoinanditlandstail-sideupC.Heflipsamarshmallowanditlandsonitsside D.Hedoesn’tfinishhishomeworkthenightbefore

6.WhatisthemainreasonforKalvin’sexperiment?A.Tocompletehishomeworkassignment B.ToseeifmarshmallowsflipthesamewaycoinsdoC.Topracticehismath D.Toimprovethechancethathewillgettoeathisfavoritebreakfastcereal

7.AfterlookingatKalvin’sdatatable,whichofthefollowingistrue?A.ThesmallmarshmallowismorelikelythanthelargeonetolandonitsendB.ThelargemarshmallowisthebestoneforKalvintoflipC.ThelargemarshmallowlandsonitssidemostofthetimeD.MarshmallowsarenotasnutritiousasHealthNutFlakes

8.Theauthor’spurposeforincludingthe“DidYouKnow?”textboxisA.toaddaninterestingfactaboutmarshmallows B.toaddaninterestingfactaboutmathC.toarguethatmarshmallowsareunhealthytoeat D.toarguethatmoremathshouldbetaughtinschools

9.Basedontheinformationinthepassage,whichofthefollowingmostlikelyhappensnext?A.KalvinasksifhecanflipacoinB.KalvineatsHealthNutFlakesC.KalvinaskshismotherifhecanflipasmallmarshmallowD.Kalvineatsabagel

10.ThetallymarksinthedatatablerepresentA.marshmallows B.flips C.coins D.strikes

Read a chapter from Maya Angelou’s autobiography, Wouldn’t Take Nothing For My Journey Now, which describes events from the author’s childhood. Answer the questions that follow.

Passage3:ComplainingbyMayaAngelou

1WhenmygrandmotherwasraisingmeinStamps,Arkansas,shehadaparticularroutinewhenpeoplewhowereknowntobewhinersenteredherstore.Whenevershesawaknowncomplainercoming,shewouldcallmefromwhateverIwasdoingandsayconspiratorially,“Sister,comeinside.Come.”OfcourseIwouldobey.

2Mygrandmotherwouldaskthecustomer,“Howareyoudoingtoday,BrotherThomas?”Andthepersonwouldreply,“Notsogood.”Therewouldbeadistinctwhineinthevoice.“Notsogoodtoday,SisterHenderson.Yousee,it’sthissummer.It’sthissummerheat.Ijusthateit.Oh,Ihateitsomuch.Itjustfrazzlesmeupandfrazzlesmedown.Ijusthatetheheat.It’salmostkillingme.”thenmygrandmotherwouldstandstoically,herarmsfolded,andmumble,“Uh-huh,uh-huh.”AndshewouldcuthereyesatmetomakecertainthatIhadheardthelamentation.

3Atanothertimeawhinerwouldmewl,“Ihateplowing.atpacked-downdirtain’tgotnoreasoning,andmulesain’tgotgoodsense....Sureain’t.It’skillingme.Ican’tneverseemtogetdone.Myfeetandhandsstaysore,andIgetdirtinmyeyesandupmynose.Ijustcan’tstandit.”Andmygrandmother,againstoicallywithherarmsfolded,wouldsay,“Uh-huh,uh-huh,”andthenlookatmeandnod.

4Assoonasthecomplainerwasoutofthestore,mygrandmotherwould callmetostandinfrontofher.Andthenshewouldsaythesamethingshe hadsaidatleastathousandtimes,itseemedtome.“Sister,didyouhear whatBrotherSo-and-SoorSisterMuchtoDocomplainedabout?Youheard that?”AndIwouldnod.Mammawouldcontinue,“Sister,therearepeople whowenttosleepallovertheworldlastnight,poorandrichandwhiteand black,butneverwakeagain.Sister,thosewhoexpectedtorisedidnot,their bedsbecametheircoolingboards,andtheirblanketsbecametheirwinding sheets.Andthosedeadfolkswouldgiveanything,anythingatallforjust fiveminutesofthisweatherortenminutesofthatplowingthatpersonwas grumblingabout.Soyouwatchyourselfaboutcomplaining,Sister.Whatyou’resupposedtodowhenyoudon’tlikeathingischangeit.Ifyoucan’tchangeit,changethewayyouthinkaboutit.Don’tcomplain.”

5Itissaidthatpersonshavefewteachablemomentsintheirlives.MammaseemedtohavecaughtmeateachoneIhadbetweentheageofthreeandthirteen.Whiningisnotonlygraceless,butcanbedangerous.Itcanalertabrutethatavictimisintheneighborhood.

Maya Angelou (1928-) is not only a successful writer but also an important figure in the Civil Rights Movement.

Her childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood were all difficult. She was abused at age eight, after which she didn’t speak to anyone except her brother for four years. In order to scrape together a living as a young mother, Angelou took on a number of odd jobs, including waitressing, acting, singing, and dancing, all the while writing lyrics and poems.

In the 1950s, she moved to New York, where she connected with other black artists and got involved with the Civil Rights Movement. After the assassinations of both Malcolm X and Martin Luther King, both of whom she was close with, she began writing in earnest.

Her memoir and most famous book, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, was published in 1970. From there, her fame as a writer grew enormously. At President Clinton’s request, she composed a poem for his presidential inauguration.

11.Inparagraph1,theword“conspiratorially”isusedtodescribeA.theknowncomplainer. B.thenarrator’sbehavior. C.thewaythegrandmotherspoke. D.thegrandmother’ssister.12.Accordingtothepassagewhichofthefollowingisanexampleofa“knowncomplainer”?A.Mamma B.BrotherThomas C.kidsaged3-13 D.SisterHenderson13.Howdidthegrandmothertreatknowncomplainerswhocameintoherstore?A.Shewouldlistentowhattheyhadtosay. B.Shewouldignorethem. C.Shewouldkickthemoutofthestore. D.Shewouldconfrontthemabouttheircomplaining.14.What’sthefirstcluethatthegrandmotherwantedthenarratortolearnalessonaboutcomplaining?A.Shecomparedcomplainingtobeingdead. B.Shewouldcallherintothestorewhenshesawacomplainercoming.C.Shesaid“Don’tcomplain.” D.Shesaidwhiningisgracelessanddangerous.15.Howdidthenarrator’sgrandmotherfeelaboutpeoplelikeBrotherThomas?A.disapproving B.sympathetic C.stoic D.puzzled16.Inparagraph4,thereferencesto“coolingboards”and“windingsheets”arethegrandmother’swayofsayingthatthepeoplesheistalkingaboutareA.waiting. B.frazzled. C.sleeping. D.dead.17.Whatdoesthegrandmotherbelievetheauthorshoulddowhenshedoesn’tlikesomething?A.complainaboutit B.changeit C.findotherswhofeelthesameway D.talktosomeoneaboutit18.Thelastparagraphgivesthiswarning:“Whiningisnotonlygraceless,butcanbedangerous.”Whatdoestheauthormeanbythis?A.Complainingcancausepeoplewhomightotherwiselikeyoutoavoidyou.B.Ifyoucomplaintoomuch,youwillnotgetmuchdone. C.Complainingsuggestsweakness,sopeoplemightmistreatyou. D.Ifyoucomplaintoomuch,youwillnotliveverylong.19.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardhergrandmotherandthelessonaboutcomplaining?A.disrespectful B.appreciative C.resentful D.cautionary20.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthispassage?A.toshowhowhergrandmothertaughtheravaluablelesson B.towarnkidsaboutthedangersofcomplaining C.toshowhowhergrandmotherdislikedcomplainers D.todescribewhatitwasliketoworkinhergrandmother’sstore

Whatcausestheearthtoshake,crack,andquake?Thisquestionisoneforwhichphilosophersandscientistsgaveanswersthroughoutthecenturies.Thepassagebelowtraceshowtheanswerto“whatcausesearthquakes?’”changedfrommythicaltoscientificexplanationsobtainedthroughobservationsandinvestigations.Passage4:EarthquakesWhatCausesEarthquakes?1Ancientpeoplesdidnothavescientificexplanationsforearthquakes.Instead,theycreatedmythsandlegendstoexplainwhattheycouldnotunderstand.Inmanyearlycultures,peoplebelievedthattheearthwascarriedonthebacksofanimalssuchasoxen,frogs,orsnakes.Forexample,someNativeAmericansbelievedthatsevenseaturtleshelduptheearth.Whentheymoved,theearthcrackedandquakesfollowed.2InIndia,peopleoncebelievedthatfourelephantssupportedtheearth.eelephantsstoodonthebackofaturtle,whiletheturtlebalancedonasnake.Ifanyoftheseanimalsmadeeventhesmallestmovement,theearthwouldtrembleandcauseaquake.3TheancientGreeksthoughtthatearthquakesshowedthegods’anger.AgiantnamedAtlashadrebelledagainstthegods.Aspunishment,hehadtoholduptheworldonhisshoulders.WhenAtlasshruggedhisshoulders,theGreekssaid,anearthquaketookplace.4Aristotle,theGreekphilosopher,wasoneofthefirsttotrytoexplainearthquakesusinglogicasopposedtomyth.Hebelievedthathotairwascaughtinundergroundcaves.Asthehotwindblewandtriedtoescape,earthquakesoccurred.WilliamShakespeare,theEnglishwriter,mentionsthisideainoneofhisplays,HenryIV.5Earlyscientistsbelievedthatlargemovementsofrockshadsomethingtodowithearthquakes.Butmostofthosescientiststhoughtthemovementwascausedbyundergroundexplosions.APuzzlingIssue6Onethingthatfascinatedearlyscientistswastheshapeofthecontinents.In1620,EnglishscholarSirFrancisBaconnoticedhowsimilarinshapethecontinentswere.ThecoastofEuropelookedasifitmightmatchupwiththeNorthAmericancoastline.AndthecurveofCentralAmericaappearedtofitthewesternbulgeofAfrica.AFrenchnaturalist,GeorgedeBuffon,noticedthatmanysimilaranimalsandplantslivedinEuropeandNorthAmerica.Couldtheyhavebrokenapartmillionsofyearsago?Whatpowerfulforcesmighthavecausedsuchbreaks?7AGermanscientist,AlfredWegener,thoughthehadtheanswerstothesequestions.In1912,Wegenerproposedatheoryofcontinentaldrift.Hesuggestedthatabout200millionyearsago,thecontinentswereonelandmass.Atsomepoint,thecontinentshadbrokenoff,andwerefloatingordriftingapart.8Atfirst,scientistscriticizedWegener’sideas.Butthatchangedwhensimilarfossilswerefoundoneverycontinent.Sinceprehistoricanimalscouldnothavecrossedtheoceans,scientiststheorizedthattheremusthaveoncebeenonlyasinglelargecontinent.9Bythe1960’s,scientistshadfoundevidencetosupportWegener’stheory.Whentheybegantoexploretheocean,scientistsdiscoveredagiantmountainrange.Acrackrunsthroughthecenterofmostofit.Partof

whatmakesupthismountainrangeishotliquid,ormagma.Asthehotrockshifts,deepcrevicesarecreatedandthemagmapushesupward,formingnewportionsoftheseafloor.Asthisseafloorgrows,itmovesthecontinentsapart.Theyseemtobefloatinganddriftingalongthesurfaceoftheearthlikegiantrafts.istheoryofcontinentaldriftledtoagreaterunderstandingofdifferentreasonswhyearthquakesoccur.Moderndayscientistscannotonlynowpredictwhereandwhenearthquakesmightoccurbuttheyhavealsodevelopedtoolstomeasurethesizeandintensityofdifferentearthquakes.

21.Readthesentencefromparagraph1:“...theycreatedmythsandlegendstoexplainwhattheycouldnotunderstand.”Basedonthesentence,theword“legend”mostlikelymeansA.afamouspersoninhistory B.astorythatispasseddownfromgenerationtogenerationC.anunusualevent D.akeythataccompaniesamap

22.Accordingtoparagraph6,earlyscientistswerefascinatedbyA.themassivesizeofthecontinents B.similarplantsandanimalslivingondifferentcontinentsC.thesimilarshapeandcoastlineofthecontinents D.thedistancebetweenthecontinents23.Themaindifferencebetweenearlyscientists’andancientpeoples’explanationsofearthquakesisA.earlyscientiststhoughtthemovementwascausedbyundergroundexplosionsB.earlyscientistsusedlogicinsteadofmythsC.earlyscientistsusedmythsonlyD.earlyscientistsusedthescientificmethod24.WhichofthefollowingsentencesbestexplainsWegener’stheoryof“continentaldrift”?A.Thecontinentswereonceasinglelandmassthatbrokeintopiecesanddriftedapart.B.ThecoastofEuropelookedasifitmightmatchupwiththeNorthAmericancoastline.C.Similarfossilsandplantswerefoundondifferentcontinents.D.Largelandmassescrashedintoeachotherandcausedearthquakes.25.Inthesubheading“APuzzlingIssue,”theword“puzzling”referstosomethingconfusingandtoA.scienceandmath,whichpuzzledancientpeopleB.Wegener,whosethinkingwasamysterytootherscientistsC.earthquakepredictions,whichscientistsstillcan’tfigureouthowtomakeD.thecontinentsthemselves,whichfittogetherlikepuzzlepieces26.Inthebeginningofparagraph7,thephrase“thesequestions”referstoA.questionsthereaderhas B.questionsancientpeoplehadC.questionsWegenerhad D.questionstheearlyscientistshad27.Readthesentencefromparagraph8:Scientiststheorizedthattheremusthaveoncebeenonlyasinglelargecontinent.ThenamegiventothissinglelargecontinentwasA.Paleozoic B.Supercontinent C.Pangaea D.Mesopotamia28.Whatisthemainpurposeofpicture3inthe“FunFacts”box?A.ToshowhowsimilarfossilswerepresentondifferentcontinentsB.ToshowthesimilarityinshapebetweenSouthAmericaandAfricaC.ToexplainthetheoryofcontinentaldriftD.Toshowdinosaursfighting

Naturephotographycanbeafunandinterestinghobby.Inthisarticle,naturephotographerJohnFielderdescribeshisexperiencesandprovidestipsforbeginningphotographers.Readthearticleandanswerthequestionsthatfollow.Passage5:TakingHisBestShotsbyClaudiaCangillaMcAdam1JohnFieldercouldhavedrownedonhiswaytowork.HisraftbumpedoverrocksandpitchedthroughrapidsontheDoloresRiverinsouthwesternColorado.Thespringrunoffofmeltingsnowfromthemountainssentchillywatercrashingdowntheriver.2Fielder’srubberraftrushedtoward“Snaggletooth,”thelargestrapidonthisstretchoftheDolores.Theraftsmackedintoabigrockinthemiddleofthe100-foot-wideriver.Thousandsofpoundsofwaterpouredovertheedgeoftheboat,securingitagainsttherockanddrenchingFielder.Hewasinbigtrouble.3Luckily,anothergroupofrafterscameby.Theysetupa“Z-rig,”asystemofpulleyssecuredbyatreeatthesideoftheriver.IttooksevenpeopletwohourstofreeFieldersothathecouldcontinueontowork.4Whogoestoworkinarubberraft?Asanaturephotographer,Fielderoftentravelstoworkinunusualways.Inspring,heraftstheriverstoreachhiddencanyons.Insummer,threellamascarryhisequipment,andhelperstrektheruggedlandwithhim.Inwinter,heskisthebackcountry,travelingfivetoninemilesadaytogetfromoneremotehutorcabintoanother.5Duringthepast30years,Fielderhasre-cordedhalfamillionimageswithhiscamera.Hecalculatesthatbetweenthedriving,hiking,skiing,andraftinghe’sdone,he’sloggedmorethanamillionmilesinColorado.6AndFielderdoesnottravellightly.“IwanttomakenaturelookasgoodasIcanonlm,” hesays.Togetgreatshots,helugs65poundsofequipmentonhisbackashehikesorskis.Ittakeshimasmuchashalfanhourtosetuphiscameraforeachshot.Fielderphotographswithalarge-for-matcameralikethoseusedahundredyearsago.Hehastotuckhisheadunderablackclothtolookthroughtheviewfinder,whichpresentstheimagetohimupsidedown.7“Naturephotographyisanartform,”Fieldersays.“Thecameraisagreattoolbecauseitdoesthe‘painting’forus.”8Fielder’sadventuresinthewildernesshavebeenfunny(chasingdownapackofrunawayllamas).They’vebeenuncomfortable(gettingsoakedbysummermonsoonsandpeltedbygolf-ball-sizedhailstones).They’vebeenannoying(mar-mots—animalsinthegroundhogfamily—chewingthroughhis

Eight Tips for Taking Your Best Shot

1. Scout the area before you begin. Figure out what will make a good picture and when the light will be right.

2. Shoot photos as the sun comes up and as it goes down, when shadows are broad and colors intense.

3. Look for complementary colors. Photograph trees with orange leaves against a blue sky or red flowers in a field of green.

4. Search for patterns and shapes, such as a row of tree trunks or rocks in a riverbed, to make photos more dramatic.

5. Try shots with your main subject off to one side or near the top or bottom of your photo to create an “off-center” balance.

6. Make sure the land and sky don’t always meet in the center of your pictures. Make the picture one-third land and two-thirds sky, or one-third sky and two-thirds land.

7. Use lead-in lines. Compose your photo with a road, trail, or fence line that starts some- where out of the frame and runs right into the picture.

8. Shoot, shoot, shoot. Take lots of photos. As with any other skill you learn, the more you practice, the better you’ll get.

car’sspark-plugwires,strandinghimthreehoursfromanywhere).Andthey’vebeendangerous(inadditiontotheraftingincident,hehasfacedapotentialavalanche,whichcausedhimtohightailitoutofthearea).“MotherNatureispowerful,”Fieldersayssimply.9BecausethenaturalworldhasgivenFieldersomuch,heworkstopreservethewildandopenspaces.Hetreatsthelandwithrespect.Inreturnheisabletoexperiencethesights,sounds,andsmellsofdifferentplaces,andsharethoseencounterswithothersthroughhisphotos.10Fielderplanseachtripwithgreatcareandlove,andscoutsouteachlocationsothathecanalwaystakehisbestshots.29.FielderwasrescuedbyagroupofrafterswhofreedhimusingaA.ropeandlifepreserver. B.bigrock. C.systemofpulleys. D.tree.30.WhichstatementbestsummarizestheinformationaboutJohnFielder’sjobgiveninparagraphs4and5?A.Hisjobpayshimwell. B.Hisjobalwaysputshimindanger.C.Hisjobtakesalotoftimeandtravel. D.Hisjobislikebeinganartistorpainter.31.Accordingtothearticle,Fielder’scameraequipmenttypicallyweighsA.100lbs. B.30lbs. C.10lbs. D.65lbs.32.Fielderviews“MotherNature”asA.powerful. B.cruel. C.artistic. D.dangerous.33.Basedonthearticle,whichofthefollowingbestshowsthatJohnFielder“treatsthelandwithrespect”?A.HetravelsthroughColorado. B.Hewritesfunnystoriesabouthisadventure.C.Hevolunteersinnationalparks. D.Hetriestoprotectnaturalareas.34.In“EightTipsforTakingYourBestShot,”whatdotips4,5,and6suggestaboutJohnFielder’sviewsonphotographs?A.Photographsthataredramaticorunusualaremoreinteresting.B.Itiseasiertotakephotosoflandscapesthanofpeople.C.Alwaysplacethesubjectatthecenterofaphotograph.D.Landscapephotographyshouldalwaysshowmorelandthansky.

35.Whydoestheauthorrepeatthewordshootthreetimesinstep8?A.tohighlighttheimportanceoflotsofpracticeB.toshowhowprofessionalphotographersworkC.tosuggestthatthethirdpicturewillbethebestD.toencouragephotographingascenefromthreeangles36.Readthesentencefromparagraph10:Fielderplanseachtripwithgreatcareandlove,andscoutsouteachlocationsothathecanalwaystakehisbestshots.Inthissentence,theword“scouts”meansA.anoutdoorevent. B.awayofarrangingsomething.C.peoplewhogoexploring. D.exploresorobserves.37.Basedoninformationinthepassage,whichofthefollowingsceneswouldFielderbemostinterestedinphotographing?A.aRedSoxgameatFenway B.asunsetinthecityC.bearcubsinthewilderness D.peoplechoppingdowntrees38.ThemainpurposeofthispassageistoA.entertainandinform. B.explainhowcameraswork.C.paytributetoJohnFielder. D.teachalessonaboutnature.

ThisexcerptfromJuliaAlvarez’sautobiographicalnarrativeinvitesreadersintotheworldofeleven-year-oldYolanda,whosefamilyimmigratedtotheUnitedStatesduringthe1960s.SnowfromthenovelHowtheGarciaGirlsLostTheirAccentsbyJuliaAlvarez1OurfirstyearinNewYorkwerentedasmallapartmentwithaCatholicschoolnearby,taughtbytheSistersofCharity,heftywomeninlongblackgownsandbonnetsthatmadethemlookpeculiar,likedollsinmourning.Ilikedthemalot,especiallymygrandmotherlyfourthgradeteacher,SisterZoe.Ihadalovelyname,shesaid,andshehadmeteachthewholeclasshowtopronounceit.Yo-lan-da.Astheonlyimmigrantinmyclass,Iwasputinaspecialseatinthefirstrowbythewindow,apartfromtheotherchildrensothatSisterZoecouldtutormewithoutdisturbingthem.Slowly,she

enunciated1thenewwordsIwastorepeat:laundromat,cornflakes,subway,

2SoonIpickedupenoughEnglishtounderstandholocaust2wasintheair.

SisterZoeexplainedtoawide-eyedclassroomwhatwashappeninginCuba.Russianmissileswerebeingassembled,trainedsupposedlyonNewYorkCity.PresidentKennedy,lookingworriedtoo,wasonthetelevisionathome,explainingwemighthavetogotowaragainsttheCommunists.Atschool,wehadair-raiddrills:anominousbellwouldgooffandwe’dfileintothehall,falltothefloor,coverourheadswithourcoats,andimagineourhairfallingout, thebonesinourarmsgoingsoft.Athome,MamiandmysistersandI

saidarosary3forworldpeace.Iheardnewvocabulary:nuclearbomb,

radioactivefallout,bombshelter.SisterZoeexplainedhowitwouldhappen.Shedrewapictureofamushroomontheblackboardanddottedaflurryof

chalkmarksforthedustyfallout4thatwouldkillusall.

3Themonthsgrewcold,November,December.ItwasdarkwhenIgotupinthemorning,frostywhenIfollowedmybreathtoschool.OnemorningasIsatatmydeskdaydreamingoutthewindow,IsawdotsintheairliketheonesSisterZoehaddrawn—random5atfirst,thenlotsandlots.Ishrieked,“Bomb!Bomb!”SisterZoejerkedaround,herfullblackskirtballooningasshehurriedtomyside.Afewgirlsbegantocry.

4ButthenSisterZoe’sshockedlookfaded.“Why,Yolandadear,that’ssnow!”Shelaughed.“Snow.”

5“Snow,”Irepeated.Ilookedoutthewindowwarily6.AllmylifeIhadheardaboutthewhitecrystalsthatfelloutofAmericanskiesinthewinter.FrommydeskIwatchedthefinepowderdustthesidewalkandparkedcarsbelow.Eachflakewasdifferent,SisterZoehadsaid,likeaperson,irreplaceableandbeautiful.

1enunciate:topronounce;articulate 2holocaust:greatdestructionresultingintheextensivelossof life,especiallybyfire 3rosary:AsetofbeadsusedbyCatholicstoindicateasetofprayers.Eachbeadrepresentsaprayer. 4fallout:theradioactiveparticlesresultingfromanuclearexplosion5random:havingnospecificpattern,purpose,orobjective6warily:onguard,watchful,cautious

Spotlight On: Julia Alvarez

Julia Alvarez spent the early years of her life in the Dominican Republic until an unsafe political climate forced her family to flee to New York.

While she had heard many wonderful things about the United States, she experienced much homesickness, prejudice, and isolation soon after arriving in the new country. Reading became her escape: she soon immersed herself in books and later began to write.

She went on to become a famous writer and scholar who continues to devote her stories to the challenges people face when they are torn between countries and cultures.

39.Intheopeningsentence,towhomisthenarratorreferringwhenshesays“Our”?A.herselfandherclassmates B.herselfandherteacher C.herselfandherfamily D.herselfandtheSistersofCharity 40.Accordingtothepassage,thisscenetakesplacewhenYolandaisinA.kindergarten. B.firstgrade. C.fourthgrade. D.sixthgrade.41.Inparagraphs1and2,wordsinitalicsindicateA.newvocabularyYolandawastryingtolearninEnglish. B.wordsinasongYolandawassinging. C.wordsintherosary. D.wordsYolanda’smothercouldn’tpronounce. 42.Duringanair-raiddrill,YolandaandherclassmatesimaginedA.thattheschoolburneddown. B.theygotasnowday. C.thebonesintheirarmsbecamesoft. D.sayingtherosary.43.Whichofthefollowinghappenedlast?A.SisterZoeexplainedthatRussianmissileswereaimedatNewYorkCityB.PresidentKennedyexplainedthattheU.S.mighthavetogotowarwiththeCommunistsC.YolandaandherfamilyprayedforworldpeaceD.therewereair-raiddrillsatschool44.Wordsthatareclosestinmeaningto“ominous”include:A.fearful,foreboding,threatening B.loud,disruptive,piercing C.high-pitched,harmonious,melodic D.enormous,grandeur,distinction45.WhatcausesYolandatoscreamsuddenly?A.seeingwhatshethoughtwasradioactivefalloutB.touchingbitsandpiecesofamushroom C.hearinganuclearbomb D.seeingaflurryofchalkmarks46.YolandamostlikelycamefromacountryA.wherethekidsdidnotgotoschool. B.wheretherehadbeenanuclearwar.C.wheretheclimatewastropical. D.whereitsometimessnowed.47.Attheendofthepassage,SisterZoedescribessnowflakesforYolanda.Whatdeepermessageisshetryingtoconveybydescribingsnowinthismanner?A.thatYolandaneededtogetusedtotheideaoflivinginAmericaB.thatYolandaisalsobeautifulandirreplaceable C.thatYolandaismelodramatic D.thatYolandaisaveryfunnystudent48.Whatistheauthor’smainpurposeinwritingthispassage?A.tohelpthereaderappreciatelifefromsomeoneelse’sperspectiveB.tocautionthereaderaboutthedangersofnuclearwar C.toportraylifeintheCatholicschoolsofNewYorkCity D.toshowthereaderhowharditistolearnanotherlanguage

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