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Towards the QoS Internet
Wojciech Burakowski and Halina Tarasiuk
EURO-VIEW 2007, Wuerzburg, July 23-24, Germany
Telecommunication Network Technologies Group
Warsaw University of Technology, Poland
tnt.tele.pw.edu.pl
Plan
� Vision of QoS Internet
� QoS mechanisms, algorithms and protocols
� Tested approaches for IP QoS
� AQUILA: single domain DiffServ
� EuQoS: end-to-end QoS over heterogeneous networks
� Summary
Vision of QoS Internet (1)
� Evolution steps of the Internet� best effort networks
� DiffServ architecture
� PHB mechanisms in commercial routers (schedulers, classifiers, markers, policers..)
� MPLS technology
� IP Premium in GEANT and some NRENs
� prototype solutions, as developed e.g. in European projects (EuQoS, Daidalos, MUSE, NETQOS, AQUILA TEQUILA, CADENUS, etc...)
Vision of QoS Internet (2)
� Why we need QoS ?
� to open new market – QoS Internet
� natural step of evolution
� new applications for users
� real business
� QoS is really required for new challenges as
� e-health systems
– for transferring life-critical information
Vision of QoS Internet (3)
� Target QoS Internet : multi-service QoS network
� areas
� multi-domain
� heterogeneous networks
� supporting a set of QoS Classes of Services
� providing absolute QoS
� in the future
� user-oriented, e.g. QoS negotiations...
IETF Recommendations� RFC2474
� K. Nichols, et al., Definition of the Differentiated Services Field (DS Field) in the IPv4 and IPv6 Headers, December 1998.
� RFC2475
� S. Blake, et al., An Architecture for Differentiated Services, December 1998.
� RFC2597
� J. Heinanen, et al., Assured Forwarding PHB Group, June 1999.
� RFC2638
� K. Nichols, et al., A Two-bit Differentiated Services Architecture for the Internet, July 1999.
� RFC3246
� B. Davie, et al., An Expedited Forwarding PHB (Per-Hop-Behavior), March 2002.
� RFC3260
� D. Grossman, New Terminology and Clarifications for Diffserv, April 2002.
� RFC3290
� Y. Bernet, et al., An Informal Management Model for Diffserv Routers, May 2002.
� RFC4594
� J. Babiarz, et al., Configuration Guidelines for DiffServ Service Classes, Internet RFC 4594, August 2006.
ITU-T QoS Standards for NGN
� ITU-T Rec. Y.1540
� IP Packet Transfer and Availability Performance Parameters, December 2002.
� ITU-T Rec. Y.1541
� Network Performance objectives for IP-based services, 2002.
� ITU-T Rec. Y.2001
� General Overview of NGN, 2004.
� ITU-T TR Q-Series Supplement 51 (12/04)
� Signalling requirements for IP QoS.
� ITU-T Rec. Y.2111
� Resource and Admission Control Functions in Next Generation Networks, 2006.
Vision of QoS Internet (4)
user user
codec codec
Additional mechanisms
Additional mechanisms (e.g. playback buffer)
Network interface
Network interface
Application level
Application level
ITU G.1010
ITU Y.1541
Subjective assessment
Network level
Network level
User level User level
User satisfaction of using given application
For guarantying appropriate level of packet losses, delays etc.
Offered a number of Classes of Service
End-to-end CoSs: in the last Recommendation (RFC4594 )
UUULow-Priority Data
UUUStandardElastic
U1 s not critical 10-3High Throughput Data
U400 ms10-3OAM
U400 ms10-3Low Latency Data
U1 s
non critical
10-3MM StreamingNon-Real Time/Assured elastic
50 ms100 ms10-3Broadcast Video
50 ms100/350 ms (local/long distance10-3RT Interactive
50 ms100 ms10-3MM Conferencing
U100 ms10-3Signalling
50 ms100/350 ms (local/long distance)10-3TelephonyReal Time
50 ms100 ms10-3Network ControlCTRL
IPDVMean IPTDIPLR
QoS ObjectivesEnd-To-End Service
ClassTreatment aggregate
Plan
� Vision of QoS Internet
� QoS mechanisms, algorithms and protocols
� Tested approaches for IP QoS
� AQUILA: single domain DiffServ
� EuQoS: end-to-end QoS over heterogeneous networks
� Summary
QoS mechanisms, algorithms and protocols
� What do we need for providing QoS ?
� At the Packet level
� QoS mechanisms for handling packets
� Connection Admission Control
� QoS aware applications – for sending QoS Request to the network containing information about
� Type of CoSs
� Required bandwidth
� QoS path - QoS routing for inter- and intra- domains
Control mechanisms in the network
Timescale
Packet scheduling mechanisms
To regulate the access to the transmission line for streams belonging to different CoSs
Mechanisms for policing traffic
Traffic policing at the network entry point
ρ
pakiet zgodny
σ
pakiet niezgodny
Setup
Call Proceeding
Signalling
For setting the connection and for sending the QoS requirements
Control
Data transfer
Admission Control
For controlling the traffic in the network
Connect
Monitoring and measurements
To support network functionalities
To get information about network state – load, anomalies detection
Traffic EngineeringResource allocation Network dimensioning Setting routing paths i
Charging
For encourage users in using the network in a rational way
Network management
For operator to make control on the network
Plan
� Vision of QoS Internet
� QoS mechanisms, algorithms and protocols
� Tested approaches for IP QoS
� AQUILA: single domain DiffServ
� EuQoS: end-to-end QoS over heterogeneous networks
� Summary
(IST-1999-10077)
Adaptive Resource Control forAdaptive Resource Control for QoSQoSUsing an IPUsing an IP --based Layered Architecturebased Layered Architecture
AQUILA(IST-1999-10077)
Adaptive Resource Control forAdaptive Resource Control for QoSQoSUsing an IPUsing an IP --based Layered Architecturebased Layered Architecture
AQUILA
2000-2003
Types of trafficTypes of traffic
StreamingStreaming ElasticElastic
CBRCBR VBRVBR Long live TCPLong live TCP Short live TCPShort live TCP
Premium Premium CBRCBR
Premium Premium VBRVBR
Premium Premium MultiMulti mmediaedia
Premium MissionPremium MissionCritiacalCritiacal
NETWORK SERVICESNETWORK SERVICES
Types of trafficTypes of traffic
StreamingStreaming ElasticElastic
CBRCBR VBRVBR Long live TCPLong live TCP Short live TCPShort live TCP
Premium Premium CBRCBR
Premium Premium VBRVBR
Premium Premium MultiMulti mmediaedia
Premium MissionPremium MissionCritiacalCritiacal
NETWORK SERVICESNETWORK SERVICES
AQUILA architecture and concepts
� Network services:
� Premium CBR for IP Telephony and Voice Trunking
� very low delay and jitter, very low loss, hard bandwidth guarantee.
� Premium VBR for Video Streaming and Teleconferencing
� low delay and jitter, low loss, bandwidth guarantee.
� Premium Multimedia for adaptive applications (TCP), e.g. ftp
� bandwidth guarantee, moderate delay.
� Premium Mission Critical for interactive games, online banking
� very low loss, non-greedy flows and rather small packets.
� Standard
� classical best effort traffic.
AQUILA architecture and concepts
Core Router
Core Router
Core Router
AccessNetwork
Resource Control Layer
AccessNetwork
Admission ControlAdmission
Control AgentAdmission
Control AgentEnd-userApplication
Toolkit
Resource Control Agent
Resource Control
Edge Router
Edge Router
Set
tings
QoS Request
QoSRequest
resources resources
QoSRequest
Set
tings
Core Router
Core Router
Core Router
AccessNetwork
Resource Control Layer
AccessNetwork
Admission ControlAdmission
Control AgentAdmission
Control AgentEnd-userApplication
Toolkit
Resource Control Agent
Resource Control
Edge Router
Edge Router
Core Router
Core Router
Core Router
AccessNetwork
Resource Control Layer
AccessNetwork
Admission ControlAdmission
Control AgentAdmission
Control AgentEnd-userApplication
Toolkit
Resource Control Agent
Resource Control
Edge Router
Edge Router
Set
tings
Set
tings
QoS RequestQoS Request
QoSRequestQoSRequest
resources
resources resources
resources
QoSRequestQoSRequest
Set
tings
Set
tings
QoS mechanisms, algorithms and protocols
� Conclusions from AQUILA
� It was proved and tested that providing QoS was possible
�We needed new functionalities
� QoS aware applications
� CAC
End-to End QoS over Heterogeneous Networks
Exhibitions: Brussels CER 2005, Helsinki IST 2006
2004-2007
EuQoS Network General Overview
� 12 different testbedsconnected via GEANT based in 10 different locations in 6countries/NRENs on 4different access networks technologies :
� XDSL
� LAN
� WiFi
� UMTS
� MPLS
� Countries
� France
� Italy
� Poland
� Portugal
� Spain
� Switzerland
� Flexible architecture with private BGP sessions
� Independent of GEANT BGP routing� A path can be established through as
many different ASs as required� Extensible testbeds possible :
addresses pools of /16 size with private addressing for each partners
� Full meshed � 131 GRE (BE) tunnels
Current status: Where there is / will be soon any QoS solution, it:- is technology dependent - does not have end-to-end significance
Static “SLA”
Static “SLA”ISP1 ISP2 ISP3
Off-line process
xDSLWiFi Core IP network
Off-line process
“QoS” connection “QoS” connection “QoS” connection
Sign. Proxy
Integrated, technology independent resource management plane
Sign. Proxy
Sign. Proxy
End-to-end QoS connection
On-lineQoS sign.function
On-lineQoS sign.function
EuQoS solution:- technology-independent layer added - QoS signalling capabilities added to the applications (terminals)
Technology-specific resource managers
USER 1 USER 2
EQ-SDP
EQ-SIPSignaling
EQ-SIPSignaling
Network technology Independent sub-layer
Network technology dependent sub-layer
EQ-SDP in
End-to-end QoS EQ-SIP signaling
AccessNetwork
1
QoSDomain
i
AccessNetwork
2
QoSDomain
k
QoSDomain
j
RA1 RAkRAjRAiRAn
RM1 RMi RMj RMk RM2n
Virtual Network Layer
Application Application
EuQoS Architecture: Physical View
EQEQ--pathpath
EQ-SDP
EQ-ETP
Protocols
EQ-ETP
Protocols
EQ-NSIS EQ-NSISEQ-NSIS EQ-NSIS
EQ-SIPproxy
EQ-SIPproxy
USER 1 USER 2
EQ-SDP
EQ-SIPSignaling
EQ-SIPSignaling
Network technology Independent sub-layer
Network technology dependent sub-layer
EQ-SDP in
End-to-end QoS EQ-SIP signaling
AccessNetwork
1
QoSDomain
i
AccessNetwork
2
QoSDomain
k
QoSDomain
j
RA1 RAkRAjRAiRAn
RM1 RMi RMj RMk RM2n
Virtual Network Layer
Application Application
EQ-SDP
EQ-ETP
Protocols
EQ-ETP
Protocols
EQ-NSIS EQ-NSISEQ-NSIS EQ-NSIS
EQ-SIPproxy
EQ-SIPproxy
USER 1 USER 2
EQ-SDP
EQ-SIPSignaling
EQ-SIPSignaling
Network technology Independent sub-layer
Network technology dependent sub-layer
EQ-SDP in
End-to-end QoS EQ-SIP signaling
AccessNetwork
1
QoSDomain
i
AccessNetwork
2
QoSDomain
k
QoSDomain
j
RA1 RAkRAjRAiRAn
RM1 RMi RMj RMk RM2n
Virtual Network Layer
Application Application
EQ-SDP
EQ-ETP
Protocols
EQ-ETP
Protocols
EQ-NSIS EQ-NSISEQ-NSIS EQ-NSIS
EQ-SIPproxy
EQ-SIPproxy
Software mapping over architecture
A-SSN
ASIG ASIG
A-SSN
QCM QCM
TERO
MMFM
APP APP
ETP
XQOS
ETP
XQOS
MCAST MCAST
Application Application
CallControl
RA-SSN
Q-S
SN
CA
C
CallControl
CA
C
CA
C
CallControl
CA
C
CallControl
Q-S
SN
CA
C
RA-SSN
Call ControlR
M-S
SN
RM
-SS
N
RM
-SS
N
RM
-SS
N
RM
-SS
N
RM
-SS
N
RM
-SS
N
RM
-SS
N
RARA RA RA
RA
TERO
MMFM
TERO
MMFM
TERO
MMFM
TERO
MMFM
MMSMMS MMS MMS
MMS
RA-SSN RA-SSNRA-SSN
SAAACHAR SAAA CHAR
Selected problems from EuQoS (1)
� QoS BGP: QoS Border Gateway Protocol
� To add QoS objectives to BGP
� QoS objectives:
� Classes of Services and the values of the parameters IPTD, IPTV and IPLR
� In the source domain to perform e2e CAC – checking if there exists QoS path between source-destination domains
� Solution implemented and tested in the EuQoS testbeds
Selected problems from EuQoS (2)
� QoS Framework implementation
� To define end-to-end Classes of services
� To implement end-to-end Classes of Services in particular network technologies:
� WiFi, LAN/Ethernet, xDSL, UMTS and inter-domain links
� Solution implemented and tested
Provisioning and call handling processes
End-to-end QoS path
QoS domain path QoS domain pathQoS domain pathQoS inter-domain path
QoS inter-domain path
QoS signalling
QoS routing – qBGP (path)
QoS Request
QoS Request
QoS Request
QoS Request
QoS Request
QoS Request
End-to-end CoSs in EuQoS
UUULow-Priority Data
UUUStandardElastic
U1 s not critical 10-3High ThruPut Data
U400 ms10-3OAM
U400 ms10-3Low Latency Data
U1 s
non critical
10-3MM StreamingNon-Real Time/Assured elastic
50 ms100 ms10-3Broadcast Video
50 ms100/350 ms (local/long distance)10-3RT Interactive
50 ms100 ms10-3MM Conferencing
U100 ms10-3Signalling
50 ms100/350 ms (local/long distance)10-3TelephonyReal Time
50 ms100 ms10-3Network ControlCTRL
IPDVMean IPTDIPLR
QoS ObjectivesEnd-To-End Service
ClassTreatment aggregate
Selected problems from EuQoS (3)
� Signalling system including scalability assessment
� Signalling: for transferring QoS request along the QoS path – for resource reservations
� Signalling in the system:
� At different levels: application, technology independent and in particular domains
� Evaluation of performances of signalling system
Signalling system – call handling
A-SSN
RA RA RA RA
COPS COPS COPS COPS
SOAP
RM RM RM RM
Signalling CoS
A-SSN
NSISNSIS NSIS
NSIS NSIS
Client-QCM Client-QCM
SOAP
telnet telnet
Ingress/Egress Domain
Ingress/Egress DomainTransit Domain Transit Domain
App Layer
TI/TD Layer
Network Layer
A-SSN
RA RA RA RA
COPS COPS COPS COPS
SOAP
RM RM RM RM
Signalling CoS
A-SSN
NSISNSIS NSISNSIS
NSIS NSIS
Client-QCM Client-QCM
SOAP
telnet telnet
Ingress/Egress Domain
Ingress/Egress DomainTransit Domain Transit Domain
Ingress/Egress Domain
Ingress/Egress DomainTransit Domain Transit Domain
App Layer
TI/TD Layer
Network Layer
Ingress domainA-SSN
E2E CAC
DomainCAC
RA-SSN
RM-DB
RM
Devices
RA
RA-SSN
RA Controller
RA-DB
RM-SSNRM-SSN
CCCC
E2E CACRM-DBRM-DB
DomainCAC
RM-DB
DomainCAC
RA-SSN
RA-SSN
1
23
45
7
7
8
RA Controller
9
10
RA-DB
1112
13
RA Controller
RA-DB
14
RA Controller
15
RA-DB
17RA-SSN
17
18
DomainCAC
19
22CC
RM-SSN22
24 RA-SSN
24
CAC algorithms
20
RM-DB
25
RA Controller
26
RA-DB
27 RA Controller
28
29
Devices
30
31RA-DB
32
UN modules
33RA Controller
34
RA-DB
35 RA Controller
36RA-SSN
3637
DomainCAC
38
CC39
RM-DB 1RM-SSN
1
CC2
RM-DBRM-SSN
3
23Domain
CAC
3CC
RM-RA link (7)
RA Procesor (5)
RA Database (6)
Devices (8)
RM Procesor (1)
RM Database (2)
RM-RM link (4)
RM-RA link (3)
RM
RA
16RA Controller
21CC
1,1 ( 1 )1,1 ( 1 )
1,2 ( 1 )
1,3 ( 2 )
1,4 ( 1 )
1,5 ( 2 )
1,6 ( 1 )
1,2 ( 1 )
1,3 ( 2 )
1,4 ( 1 )
1,5 ( 2 )
1,7 ( 3 )
1,9 ( 6 )
1,8 ( 5 )
1,6 ( 1 )
1,7 ( 3 )
1,10 ( 5 )
1,11-1 ( 5 )
1,12-1 ( 6 )
1,13-1 ( 5 )
1,14 ( 5 )
1,15 ( 6 )
1,16 ( 5 )
1,17 ( 7 )
1,8 ( 5 )
1,9 ( 6 )
1,10 ( 5 )
1,11-1 ( 5 )
1,12-1 ( 6 )
1,13-1 ( 5 )
1,14 ( 5 )
1,15 ( 6 )
1,16 ( 5 )
1,17 ( 7 )
1,25 ( 5 )
1,26 ( 6 )
1,27 ( 5 )
1,28 ( 5 )
1,29 ( 8 )
1,30 ( 5 )
1,31 ( 6 )
1,32 ( 5 )
1,33 ( 5 )
1,34 ( 6 )
1,35 ( 5 )
1,36 ( 7 )
1,25 ( 5 )
1,26 ( 6 )
1,27 ( 5 )
1,28 ( 5 )
1,29 ( 8 )
1,30 ( 5 )
1,31 ( 6 )
1,32 ( 5 )
1,33 ( 5 )
1,36 ( 7 )
1,34 ( 6 )
1,35 ( 5 )
1,18 ( 1 )
1,20 ( 2 )
1,21 ( 1 )
1,22 ( 4 )
1,23 ( 1 )
1,24 ( 3 )
1,37 ( 1 )
1,38 ( 1 )
1,39 ( 2 )
4,1 ( 1 )
4,2 ( 2 )
4,3 ( 1 )
1,18 ( 1 )
1,19 ( 1 )1,19 ( 1 )
1,20 ( 2 )
1,21 ( 1 )
1,22 ( 4 )
1,23 ( 1 )
1,24 ( 3 )
1,37 ( 1 )
1,38 ( 1 )
1,39 ( 2 )
4,1 ( 1 )
4,2 ( 2 )
4,3 ( 1 )
Exemplary results referring to setup delay
� Preliminary conclusions about signalling:
� we can expect the same performances as for signalling system in PSTN
� rather to shift network complexity to the access while maintain simply core
� handling signalling in access looks that is not so critical
average set-up delay
01234567
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8
call/sec
dela
y [s
]
ingress domain
Plan
� Vision of QoS Internet
� QoS mechanisms, algorithms and protocols
� Tested approaches for IP QoS
� AQUILA: single domain DiffServ
� EuQoS: end-to-end QoS over heterogeneous networks
� Summary
Summary
� There is a lot of activities in ITC area based on the assumption that QoS at the network level is solved (but is not solved)
� Some of unsolved problems related to QoS;� End-to-end Classes of Services are quite well defined but
not direct mapping to the Classes of Services defined for each technology
� Not available QoS-aware applications
� Not fully tested solutions� Signalling for resource reservations
References
� X. Masip-Bruin, et al., The EuQoS System: A solution for QoS Routing in Heterogeneous Networks, IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol.45 No.2, February 2007.
� J. Mongay Batalla and R. Janowski, Provisioning dedicated class of service for reliable transfer of signaling traffic, ITC20, Canada, June 2007.
� W. Burakowski, et al., On Multi-Domain Connection Admission Control in the EuQoS System, In Proc. of 15th IST Mobile Summit, Greece 2006.
� O. Dugeon, et al., End to End Quality of Service over Heterogeneous Networks (EuQoS), In Proc. of NetCon'05, France, November 2005.
� H. Tarasiuk, R. Janowski, W. Burakowski, Admissible traffic load of real time class of service for inter-domain peers, In Proc. of ICAS/ICNS 2005, October 2005.
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