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g. xomeriki
turizmi
saxelmZRvanelo turizmis specialobis
studentebisaTvis
“teqnikuri universiteti”
g. xomeriki
turizmi
saxelmZRvanelo turizmis specialobis
studentebisaTvis
damtkicebulia . . . . . . . . . .
Tbilisi
2008 w.
turizmi
saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemulia mogzaurobisa da turizmis istoria,
turizmis arsi, subieqtebi, struqtura, ZiriTadi cnebebi da terminebi,
agreTve, turizmis industriis Semadgeneli sistemebis, _ turopereitingis,
sastumro industriis, samgzavro gadazidvebis, turistuli
infrastruqturisa da turistuli marketingis, safuZvlebi. ganxilulia
turizmis calkeuli nairsaxeobebi da mimarTulebebi, msoflios
turistuli regionebi. vrcladaa mimoxiluli saqarTvelos turizmis
bunebrivi da kulturuli resursebi, turizmis praqtika, turistuli
centrebi da maTi funqcionaluri profili. daxasiaTebulia saqarTvelos
TiToeuli regionis turistuli potenciali.
gankuTvnilia turizmis specialobis studentebisa da turizmiT
dainteresebul pirTaTvis, romlebic bevr sainteresos Seityoben turizmis
Sesaxeb.
© gamomcemloba “teqnikuri universiteti”, 2008
3
winasityvaoba
Zvirfaso studentebo, Tqven iwyebT turizmis, _ saqmianobis am
saintereso sferos Seswavlas. turizmi msoflios ekonomikis erT-erTi
yvelaze didi dargia, xolo geografiuli arealebis mixedviT _ yvelaze
farTo. Tu mecnierTa prognozebs davujerebT _ is kidev ufro gaizrdeba,
gafarTovdeba. msoflioSi gamudmebiT Cndeba axal-axali turistuli
regionebi, samogzauro adgilebi, specialuri turistuli momsaxurebis
axali saxeebi da marSrutebi. turizmis mzardi SesaZleblobebi sul ufro
met adamians izidavs samogzaurod. yovelwliurad dedamiwaze turistebis
sarekordo raodenoba mogzaurobs.
turistuli industria bevri qveynisa da regionisaTvis materialuri
Semosavlis da mosaxleobis dasaqmebis mniSvnelovan wyaros warmoadgens.
turistebis regularuli vizitebi sxadasxva qveynis turistul regionebSi
da maTi momsaxurebisTvis Seqmnili saqmianoba mniSvnelovnad cvlis
adgilobrivi mosaxleobis meurneobas, yofas da ganviTarebis
SesaZleblobebs. rogorc iciT, Cvens qveyanaSic am dargs ekonomikis
ganviTarebis garkveuli perspeqtivebi ukavSirdeba, kerZod: materialuri
Semosavlebis zrda, axali saqmianobebis da dasaqmebis axali adgilebis
gaCena, axali teqnologiebis danergva, axali bazrebis aTviseba da
saerTod, swrafi cvlilebebi Cvens cxovrebaSi.
turizmis biznesi mravalmxrivaa mimzidveli. sworad warmarTvis
SemTxvevaSi, es saqmianoba stabilur da swrafi mogebis saSualebas iZleva.
Tumca, meore mxriv, es dargi gansakuTrebul moTxovnebs uyenebs masSi
monawile pirebs. turizmis sferoSi momuSave specialisti kargad unda
erkveodes ara marto zogadad ekonomikaSi, menejmentsa Tu komerciaSi,
aramed, pirvel yovlisa, turizmisa da turistuli saqmianobis specifikaSi.
es ki am dargis Tanamimdevrul da yovelmxriv Seswavlas moiTxovs.
saxelmZRvanelo Cafiqrebulia, rogorc turizmis specialobis Sesavlis
saswavlo kursi.
4
Sesavali
turizmis industria msoflio ekonomikis erT-erTi yvelaze didi
dargia. misi daCqarebuli tempebiT ganviTareba 1950-iani wlebidan daiwyo,
male masobrivi saxe miiRo da globaluri1 masStabi SeiZina. bolo
aTwleulebSi saerTaSoriso turizmi zrdis stabiluri da Zalian maRali
maCveneblebiT xasiaTdeba. msoflios turistuli organizaciis monacemebiT,
saerTaSoriso turistuli Casvlebis raodenoba 1990-2006 ww. periodSi
gamudmebiT (2001 w. 11 seqtembris Semdgom mcire Cavardnas Tu ar CavTvliT),
weliwadSi saSualod 3,6%-iT izrdeboda da 2006 wlisaTvis 846 mln-s
miaRwia, xolo turistebis mier maspinZel qveynebSi datovebuli Tanxebis
moculoba kidev ufro maRali tempiT izrdeboda, _ marto erTi, _ 2006 w.
manZilze igi 57 mlrd aSS dolariT gaizarda da 733 miliards miaRwia.
turizmi didi biznesia da bevri qveynis Semosavlis seriozul wyaros
warmoadgens.
dRes es dargi Cveni saxelmwifos ekonomikuri politikis erT-erTi
prioriteti gaxda. turizmis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT qveyanaSi,
mniSvnelovani dadebiTi Zvrebi ukve SeiniSneba: tardeba infrastruqturis
gafarToebis da keTilmowyobis masStaburi samuSaoebi, ukve funqcionirebs
380-mde da Seqmnis procesSia ramodenime aTeuli sastumro, TandaTan
yalibdeba kadrebis momzadebis sistema. Sesabamisad, izrdeba turistebis
nakadi. saqarTvelos sastumroebSi sxva qveynebidan dasvenebisa da
rekreaciis mizniT CamosulTa raodenoba marto erTi, 2005 wlis manZilze
3084-dan 7317-mde gaizarda, xolo, Semdeg 2006 wels es maCvenebeli 12646
kacamde avida, anu bolo ori wlis manZilze 4-jer da metad gaizarda!
miuxedavad zrdis tendenciisa, saqarTveloSi turizmi jer ar aris
sakmarisad ganviTarebuli da misi wili saqarTvelos mTlian erovnul
produqtSi jer kidev mcirea. amasTan, qveyana sakmao resursebs flobs am
dargis ganviTarebisTvis da maT efeqtian, gonivrul aTvisebas
mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri da socialuri mogebis motana SeuZlia.
turizmi, jer erTi, mogzaurobaa, adamianTa gadaadgileba drosa da
sivrceSi, axali qveynebis, xalxebis, kulturebis, civilizaciebis aRmoCena, 1 globaluri (laT. Globus – dedamiwis sfero) _ msoflio masStabis, msoflios momcveli.
5
gacnoba, geografiuli cnobismoyvareobis dakmayofileba; meore _ turizmi
dRes ukve didi, mniSvnelovani sazogadoebrivi saqmianobaa, romelSic
asobiT milioni adamiania CarTuli da saqmiani Tu cxovrebiseuli
interesiTaa dakavSirebuli; mesame _ turizmi ekonomikis didi dargia, _
industria, sakuTari subieqtebiT, obieqtebiT, saxeebiT, nairsaxeobebiTa da
urTierTobebis TaviseburebebiT, da bolos, turizmi _ specifikuri
biznesia, _ momsaxurebis sferos mravlismomcveli sfero. winamdebare
saxelmZRvaneloSi TanamimdevrobiT gavecnobiT turizmis yvela am aspeqts.
6
Tavi I. mogzauroba
adamianebs yvela droSi axasiaTebdaT samyaros Seswavlisa da axali
qveynebis, xalxebis, axali miwebis aRmoCenis, gacnobis, Secnobis interesi.
es interesi adamianebSi moZraobis, gadaadgilebis, mogzaurobis survils
aRZravda. mogzaurobis mizani SeiZleba sxvadasxva yofiliyo: vaWroba
(komerciuli mogebis miReba), axali miwebis dapyroba da aTviseba, axali
satransporto gzebis Zebna Tu sxva. Cvenamde moaRwia did mogzaurTa
saxelebma, romlebmac axali miwebi da kontinentebi, xalxebi da bunebis
movlenebi aRmoaCines. mogzaurobaTa Sedegad safuZveli Caeyara codnas
mecnierebis sxvadasxva dargSi (geografia, istoria, kulturologia da sxv).
adamianis mogzaurobam gaafarTova samyaros Secnobis sazRvrebi, xalxebi
eziarnen sxva erebis kulturul da materialur faseulobebs. mogzaurobam
xeli Seuwyo TviT adamianTa sazogadoebis ganviTarebas.
nebismier adamians, romelic gadaadgildeba sivrcesa da droSi,
damoukideblad mimarTulebisa, gadaadgilebis saSualebisa, mgzavrobis
xangrZlivobisa Tu miznisa (laSqroba, eqspedicia, mivlineba), turizmSi
ewodeba mogzauri (Traveller). mogzaurobis daniSnulebis adgilis _
destinaciis (Destination) mimarT ki, is aris vizitori (Visitor, visitant _
stumari, sxva qalaqeli, ucxo qveyneli, ucxoeli).
mgzavrobis miznis, daniSnulebis, gadaadgilebis saSualebis, meTodis
da sxva arsebiTi niSnebis Sesabamisad, TviT mogzaurs SeiZleba ewodos
molaSqre, mxedari, mezRvauri, naturalisti, monadire, biznesmeni,
sportsmeni da a.S. magram, yvela SemTxvevaSi igi imavdroulad mogzauricaa
_ mas uxdeba axal adgilebSi, mxareebSi, qveynebSi gadaadgileba, RamisTeva
ucxo cis qveS, ucxo STabeWdilebebis miReba, axali da ucxo xalxis
gacnoba da maTTan urTierToba.
zogi mecnieri Tvlis rom, ar iqneba marTebuli Tu mogzaurebad
movixseniebT momTabareebs, romlebic teritoriaze saarsebo saSualebebis
moZiebis mizniT gadaadgilebian, radgan es maTi, aTaswleulebis manZilze
Camoyalibebuli, cxovrebis wesia. aseve uadgilo iqneba, Tu mogzaurebad
miviCnevT devnilebsa da iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirebs, romlebic
iZulebulni Seiqnen daetovebinaT sakuTari sacxovrebeli adgilebi.
7
mogzauroba aucileblad gulisxmobs ukan, mudmiv sacxovrebel
adgilas dabrunebas. amiT mogzauri gansxvavdeba migrantisagan, romelic
gadaadgildeba axali sacxovrebeli adgilisa da ukeTesi cxovrebis Zebnis
mizniT.
calkeulma individebma mogzauroba sakuTari cxovrebis wesad da
Semosavlis wyarod gaixades. aseTebad SeiZleba CaiTvalon vaWrebi,
sezonuri sasoflo-sameurneo da vaxturi wesiT momuSave muSebi,
diplomatebi, samxedroebi, komivoiaJerebi1. isini, erTi adgilidan meoreze
regularulad gadaadgildebian profesiuli saqmianobis mizniT. amasTan,
bevrma maTganma mogzaurobis Sedegad, sxvadasxva qveynis SesaniSnavi
aRweriloba dagvitova. aseTia marko polos, ibn-batutas, rafiel
danibegaSvilisa da sxva mogzaurTa SesaniSnavi literaturuli
memkvidreoba.
Zveli mogzaurebi
yvelaze Zvel mogzaurebs, pirvel yovlisa, SegviZlia mivakuTvnoT
vaWrebi da momlocvelebi (piligrimebi, Pilgrims). pirvelebs sxva adgilebis,
qveynebisa da kontinentebisaken samogzaurod axali bazrebisa da
resursebis aTvisebis da komerciuli mogebis interesi amoZravebda,
meoreebs _ wmida adgilebis monaxulebis, religiuri ritualebis
aRsrulebisa da sakuTari sarwmunoebis gavrcelebis survili.
istoriidan CvenTvis cnobil pirvel did mogzaurebad SegviZlia
finikielebi miviCnioT. gabedulma finikielebma martivi sazRvao gemebiT,
wiTeli zRvis gavliT, indoeTis okeanes miaRwies da napiris gaswvriv
curviT, aRmosavleTidan dasavleTisken, vasko da gamaze ori aTasi wliT
adre, Semouares afrikis kontinents. cnobilma berZenma istorikosma
herodotem jer kidev V s. Zv. w. aRwera im droisTvis cnobili yvela
mogzauroba da geografiuli aRmoCena. zRvaosanma, geografma da mkvlevarma
piTeasma, (Pytheas) mesaliis (amJamad marseli, safrangeTi) mkvidrma, Zv.
welTaRricxvis 320 wels, im droisTvis metad rTuli mogzauroba moawyo
evropis garSemo, _ man zRviT, sanapiros gaswvriv curviT Semouara kunZul
1 mogzauri vaWrebi.
8
britaneTs, miaRwia norvegias da, savaraudoa, rom islandiasac. piTeasma,
Tavisi mogzaurobis Sedegad unikaluri naSromi Seqmna saxelwodebiT
“okeanis Sesaxeb”, romelSic evropelebisTvis uamravi axali geografiuli
aRmoCena aRwera.
did mogzaurobaTa mizezi xSirad, samxedro eqspediciebi xdeboda
rogorc cnobilia, aleqsandre makedonelis (356-233 Zv.w.) umagaliTod
Zlevamosil samxedro laSqrobebs Sua aRmosavleTisa da indoeTis
qveynebSi, romlis drosac man, saerTo jamSi, 32 aTasi km gaiara, bevri
axali geografiuli aRmoCena moyva.
xelmwifeebi xSirad, specialurad awyobdnen did mogzaurobebs ucxo
teritoriebisa da akvatoriebis Seswavlis mizniT. sparseTis mefe dariosma
niCbiani gemebiT sazRvao eqspedicia moawyo kaspiis zRvis mTeli sanapiros
gaswvriv da amiT daadastura am zRvis Savi zRvisagan damoukidebeli
arsebobis faqti.
antikur xanaSi mogzauroba SeZlebuli fenebis cxovrebis wesad iqca.
Zvelromaul epoqaSi mdidari aristokratebi dasvenebis mizniTa da
imperatoris nebarTviT sxvadasxva qveynebSi miemgzavrebodnen, ZiriTadad
egvipteSi. romaelebi xSirad mogzaurobdnen TavianT qveyanaSic. did
mobilurobas (gadaadgilebis sixSires) xels uwyobda gzebis didebuli, _
xSiri da gamarTuli qseli, romelsac romaelebi Tavisi giganturi imperiis
marTvis mizniT agebdnen. mgzavrebisaTvis am gzebis gaswvriv awyobdnen
fundukebs da adgendnen specialur gzamkvlevebs, e.w. iterariumebs, sadac
CamoTvlili da aRwerili iyo mogzaurobis marSrutebze mdebare qveynebi,
mdinareebi, msxvili qalaqebi, gzebi da manZilebi dasaxlebul punqtebs
Soris.
TiTqmis yvela Zveli berZeni moazrovne xSirad da xangrZlivad
mogzaurobda. cnobilia, rom pirveli berZeni filosofosi, maTematikosi da
astronomi Tales mileTeli 20 welze met xans swavlobda egvipteSi.
nilosis xeobas, codnis miRebis mizniT stumrobdnen filosofosi da
maTematikosi piTagora (Pythagoras), aTenis politikuri moRvawe da poeti
soloni. platonma Soreuli mogzaurobidan dabrunebis Semdeg,
filosofosTa skola daaarsa. bevrs mogzaurobdnen: “istoriis mama”
9
herodote da antikuri xanis gamoCenili moRvawe, “geografiis mama”
straboni. romaelma filosofosma da mweralma senekam “werilebSi
luciliusis mimarT”, mogzaurobis umniSvnelovanesi principebi
Camoayaliba, romlebsac dResac ar daukargavT mniSvneloba. mogzaurobis
racionalur principad is imas miiCnevda, rom samogzauro adgilebi
jansaRi da sasargeblo unda iyos rogorc sxeulisaTvis, ise
zneobisTvisac, raSic codnas da sulier faseulobebsac gulisxmobda.
momlocveloba
mniSvnelovani Rvawli mogzaurobis ganviTarebaSi Seitana
momlocvelobam. sxvadasxva konfesiis misionerebi, iswrafvodnen ra
gaevrcelebinaT sakuTari sarwmunoeba, Tayvani ecaT wminda
salocavebisTvis an daecvaT isini, im droisaTvis urTules da ugrZes
mogzaurobebs awyobdnen.
berZnebi da romaelebi Soreuli taZrebisaken, magaliTad, delfos
orakulisken1 miemgzavrebodnen; germanelebi Tavs iyridnen wminda tyeebSi;
iudevelebi, didi dResaswaulebis dros, yovelwliurad mieSurebodnen
ierusalms. qristianul samyaroSi momlocveloba palestinaSi, anu im
qveyanaSi, sadac macxovris RvTiuri saqmeni aRsrulda, tradiciad iqca IV
saukunidan, ZiriTadad wm. elenes, _ imperator konstantines dedis
gavleniT. misi mogzaurobis Sedegad wmida adgilebSi aRimarT uflis
jvari da aigo ierusalimis taZari.
dRes momlocveloba religiuri turizmis safuZvels warmoadgens da
Zalian didi masStabebi aqvs. sakmarisia gavixsenoT islamis mimdevrebis
haji (momlocvelobis gansakuTrebuli forma islamSi) wmida qalaqebSi _
meqasa da medinaSi, an qristianebis ltolva uflis saflavisken
ierusalimSi, an wmida adgilebis monaxuleba religiur dResaswaulebze da
sxva regularuli religiuri marSrutebi.
1 delfos orakuli _ misnobis adgili apolonis taZarSi, delfoSi (berZ. Δελφοί), _ arqeologiur mxaresa da Tanamedrove saberZneTis qalaqSi, romelic parnasis mTebis samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilSi, Tokisis velze mdebareobs.. antikuri miTologiis mixedviT, taZari TviT apolonma daaarsa iq, sadac saSineli urCxuli _ piToni daamarcxa. delfosis orakuli, romelsac qurumi qali ganagebda, elinur samyaroSi misnobis mTavar adgilad iTvleboda.
10
Sua saukuneebis mogzaurebi
evropis Sua sakuneebis sazogadoeba mkvidri, sakuTar miwis naglejs
mimagrebuli im adamianebis sazogadoeba iyo, romlebic TiTqos mudam
TavianT sazRvrebSi unda yofiliyvnen Caketilebi. sinamdvileSi, _ isini
mudmiv da sayovelTao moZraobaSi iyvnen. Sua saukuneebis adamianebi iolad
tovebdnen samkvidro, odiTganve nacnob, moyirWebul cxovrebas da
dasavleT qristianuli samyaros sivrceebze gadiodnen. maTgan yvelaze
gabedulebi ki am samyaros gareTac axerxebdnen gasvlas. Cven, XXI saukunis
maRalganviTarebuli komunikaciebisa da sainformacio teqnologiebis
epoqis adamianebi saTanadod ver vafasebT adamianTa kontaqtebis
mniSvnelobas warsulSi. magram, uamravi faqti Sua saukuneebis
sazogadoebis maRal dinamizmze metyvelebs. materialuri interesebi
xSirad adamianTa mTel fenas aiZulebda ayriliyo dasaxlebuli
adgilebidan. qveynebsa da olqebs Soris mudmivi demografiuli gacvla
midioda. visRa ar SexvdebodiT am gzebze: glexebs, raindebs, vaWrebs,
mecnierebsa da studentebs. bevrs dadiodnen sasuliero pirebi: episkopebi,
abatebi1, ubralo berebi da monazvnebi, _ erTni saeklesio krebebze
midiodnen, sxvebs _ romSi mihqondaT Teologiuri moxseneba, zogi ki
sauniversiteto qalaqSi miiCqaroba leqciis wasakiTxad.
evropeli vaWrebi
gzebze yvelaze gavrcelebuli tipaJi vaWari iyo, bevri ramis gadamtani
da mnaxveli. igi fuliT savse qisiT, saqonliTa da unagirze dakruli
xmliT mogzaurobda qalaqidan qalaqSi, qveynidan qveyanaSi, patiosnad
ixdida baJs sabaJoebze _ Cqarobda, rom moeswro sarfiani garigebis dadeba.
mTel Tveebs igi saxlis gareT atarebda, magram warmatebis SemTxvevaSi, am
xetialidan Sin mxiaruli da bednieri brundeboda. savaWro xomaldebis
qaravnebi mdinareebsa da zRvebze aRma-daRma dacuravdnen, xolo gzebze _
mcvelebis TanxlebiT mZimed datvirTuli aRalebi dadiodnen.
1abati (laT. abba) _ kaTolikuri monastris winamZRvari
11
Cveulebriv, vaWrebi ganaTlebuli wera-kiTxvis mcodne xalxi iyo da
ucxo enebzec laparakobdnen. bevr maTgans, visac IX s. frankebis
saxelmwifodan CineTSi uwevda mogzauroba, SeeZlo frankebis, berZnul,
sparsul, arabul da sxva enebze esaubra. cxovrebis moZravi wesi,
interesebis erToba da konkurentebTan dapirispirebis aucilebloba
vaWrebs gaerTianebas aiZulebda da urTierTmxardaWeras aswavlida. ase
gaCnda savaWro korporaciebi _ gildiebi, anu ganza1. vaWrebi Sua
saukuneebis ekonomikis mamoZravebeli elementebi iyvnen.
VI-IX ss. adre Sua saukuneebis droindeli evropis mosaxleoba
SedarebiT izolaciaSi cxovrobda. Caketili kulturuli kerebi TavadTa
karze, monastrebisa da saepiskoposo rezidenciebis garSemo iqmneboda. am
dros aq naturaluri meurneoba batonobda da yoveli sofeli Tu mamuli
Tavis Tavs TviTon uzrunvelyofda yvelafriT. bazrisTvis ar iyo
gansazRvruli arc kvalificiur xelosanTa produqcia, romelic ZiriTadad
mefeebis, prelatebisa2 da didebulebis SekveTiT mzaddeboda. am pirobebSi
ufro Soreuli vaWroba sWarbobda. sazRvargareTidan SehqondaT
Zvirfaseuloba, abreSumis nawarmi, ucxo saneleblebi. maT cvlidnen
produqtebze, romlebsac Ralis saxiT agrovebdnen feodalurad
damokidebuli mosaxleobisgan. zRvisgaRma vaWroba mxolod sazogadoebis
zeda fenas exeboda.
imdroindeli transkontinenturi reisebi uzarmazar manZilebs
moicavda. orleanSi (safrangeTi) gamarTul zeimebze siriuli saubari
ismoda, marselSi egviptur papirusebs agzavnidnen, xolo arliSi indur
spilos Zvals yiddnen. IX s. evropeli vaWrebi espaneTsa da samxreT
safrangeTidan miemarTebodnen al-hindis (indoeTi) da al-sinis (CineTi)
qveynebSi. Soreul aRmosavleTSi SeZenil muskuss, aloes, qafurs, dariCins
isini bizantielebisTvis an safrangeTis samefo karze yiddnen. am vaWrebma
ise detalurad Seiswavles saxmeleTo da sazRvao marSrutebi arabeTis
1 ganza (Hanse) _ CrdiloeT germaniaSi savaWro qalaqebis kavSiri. zogadad, ase ixsenieben Crdiloevropel vaWarTa nebismier gildiasa Tu asociacias. 2 prelati (laT. Praelatus) _ wodeba, romelic kaTolikur da anglikanur eklesiebSi umaRlesi sasuliero ierarqiis pirebs eniWeba.
12
saxalifos olqebSi, Sua aziaSi, indoeTsa da CineTSi, rom maT
aRmosavleTSi gagzavnili elCebis gayolasac avalebdnen.
XII-XIII ss. Sua saukuneebis kulturis ayvavebis periodia. icvleboda
cxovrebis stili da ritmi. yvelaferSi igrZnoboda azrisa da cocxali
SemoqmedebiTi energiis duRili. evropam Tavisi sazRvrebidan gasvla
daiwyo. jvarosnulma laSqrobebma da monRoleTis didi imperiebis
gamoCenam aRmosavleTiT samyaros geografiuli Semecnebis mimarT
gazrdili interesi gaaRviZa. individualurma mogzaurobebma adgili didi
masStabis koleqtiur wamowyebebs _ dampyroblur jvarosnul laSqrobebs
dauTmo. aRTqmul qveyanaSi meomrebis kvalze vaWrebi da piligrimebi
(momlocvelebi da misionerebi) mieSurebodnen, gzadagza myardeboda
komerciuli kavSirebi, ewyoboda gasaRebis axali bazrebi. evropelebi
mWidro SexebaSi Sediodnen sxva kontinentebis ucxo kulturebTan.
bizantiasa da siriaSi laTinuri koloniebi daarsda, xmelTaSua zRvaze
italiis respublikebis xomaldebi dacuravdnen. veneciis, genuis, pizis
vaWarTa profesiulma fenam monopolurad Caigdo xelSi levantTan1
vaWroba. venecielebi da genuelebi aleqsandriis da konstantinopolis
navsadgurebSi dasrulebul savaWro amxanagobebs qmnidnen. am
minikorporaciidan TiToeuli sakuTari Fondaco-s (fundukis) garSemo
ikribeboda. es fundukebi tradiciulad Sedgeboda: sacxovrebeli Senobis,
traqtiris, sawyobis, sagamofeno nagebobis, maRaziisa da saerTo
kantorisagan.
XII-XII ss. evropis sulieri gamoRviZebis epoqa iyo. sazogadoebis
cxovrebis yvela sferoSi aRmavlobis procesebi viTardeboda. evropa
racionalizmis fesvebs ubrundeboda. iqmneboda saero skolebi da
universitetebi. filosofosebi cdilobdnen logika daepirispirebinaT brma
rwmenisaTvis, sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi eqsperimentma Secvala
avtoritetis azri. saxviT xelovnebaSi, musikaSi, literaturaSi, zogadad
1 levanti (fr. Levant, an ital. Levante _ aRmosavleTi) _ aRmosavleT xmelTaSuazRvispireTis qveynebis (siria, libani, egvipte, saberZneTi, TurqeTi) saerTo saxelwodeba. xSirad, levantiT mxolod siriasa da libans moixseniebdnen.
13
kulturaSi, agreTve inteleqtualuri saqmianobis sxva sferoebSi evropa
daubrunda interess adamianisa da misi garemos realuri bunebis mimarT.
TviT dro, “Zebnisa da mousvenrobisa”, axali tipis adamianebs
warmoSobda. eseni, pirvel yovlisa, iyvnen mewarmeebi, vaWrebi, mogzaurebi,
avantiuristebi _ aforiaqebuli da dauokebeli sulis adamianebi. XIII s.
Sua wlebidan iRebs saTaves xangrZliv da saxifaTo wamowyebaTa mTeli
jaWvi. monRolebis did yaenTan gagzavnili plano karpinisa da giiom
rubrukis franciskanel berTa misiebma aziis SuagulSi SeaRwies. am ber-
diplomatTa kvaldakval, saqaravno gzebze gamoeSuren italieli vaWrebi _
maxvili gonebis adamianebi, gabedulebi da nebisyofianebi. maT Soris,
yvelaze cnobilia marko polos 26-wliani mogzauroba CineTsa da
aRmosavleTis sxva qveynebSi.
marko polo
marko polo (1254-1323) _ venecieli mogzauri, pirveli evropeli,
romelmac azia Seiswavla. mamamisi nikolo da biZa mateo vaWrobas
misdevdnen da, Sesabamisad, axali saqonlisa da bazrebis ZebnaSi bevrs
mogzaurobdnen. erT-erTi mogzaurobis dros isini SemTxveviT mongoleTis
didi yubilai yaenis, Cingiz-yaenis Svilis, rezidenciaSi moxvdnen. yaenma
isini romis papTan gagzavna ramdenime misioneris gamogzavnis TxovniT. ukan,
yaenTan dabrunebisas, maT Tan waiyvanes axalgazrda marko polo, romelmac
saxanoSi cxovrebisas kargad Seiswavla adgilobrivi zne-Cveulebebi da
yaenis keTilganwyobasac miaRwia. igi yaenis amalaSi daniSnes da maTi
samflobelos Soreuli mxareebisken mgzavrobebTan dakavSirebul
davalebebs aZlevdnen. markom isargebla Tavisi saqmianobiT da qveynebisa
da xalxis Sesaxeb uxvi cnobebi Seagrova. man urdoSi naxevrad tyveobasa
da naxevrad stumrobaSi 20 weli gaatara. 1292 w. yaenma gaaTavisufla marko
polo da misi axloblebi, romlebic ukan dabrunebisas, jer okeanisken
gaemarTnen, Semdeg gaiares koCinCina1, sumatra, ceiloni, Semdeg ki
gaemgzavren dasavleTiT da trapizonisa da konstantinopolis gavliT, 1295
1 koCinCina (frang. Cochinchine), anu koSinSina, an koxinxina, an kuCin-Cina _ evropu;l literaturaSi ase moixsenieben Suasaukuneebis droindeli vietnamis samxreT nawils, romelic indoCineTis naxevarkunZulis samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilSi mdebareobda da XVIII-XX ss. safrangeTis kolonia iyo.
14
w. CaaRwies venecias. veneciaSi marko polom Tavisi simdidris wyalobiT
maRali sazogadoebrivi mdgomareoba moipova da Masser Millioni-d iwodeboda.
arabi vaWrebi
IX-XIII ss. musulmanTa geografiuli Tvalsawieri andaluziidan
CineTamde da abisiniidan (amJamindeli eTiopia) da zinjebis qveynidan
(zanzibari) skandinaviamde vrceldeboda. muslimanuri xanis pirvelive
wlebidanve (VII-VIII ss.) gamoikveTa arabebis mogzaurobaTa grandiozuli
masStabebi, rasac xeli Seuwyo arabulenovani kulturis erTianobam,
momlocvelobam (hajma) meqasa da medinaSi da aqtiurobam saerTaSoriso
vaWrobaSi.
islami mbrZaneblebs avalebda stumarTmoyvare yofiliyvnen im
ucxoelTa mimarT, romlebic sikeTiT modiodnen da sikeTes avrcelebdnen:
kari ar CaeketaT vaWrebisa da derviSebisaTvis1, gaewmindaT gzebi
mZarcvelebisagan, Torem, am wesebis darRvevas moyveba zarali rogorc
xazinisaTvis ise samefosaTvis.
gansakuTrebiT bevrs mogzaurobdnen da kargad icnobdnen qveyanas
muslimani vaWrebi. gzaze maT Tan axldnen monebi, tyve qalebi, mejinibeebi.
isini yovel dRes axal qalaqSi, axal garemoSi atarebdnen da sarfianadac
vaWrobdnen. vaWari arsad ar grZnobda Tavs ucxoelad, dahqonda da
avrcelebda ra sxvadasxva qveyanaSi uamrav Zvirfaseulobas da
sxvadasxvagvar ucnaurobas, rCeuli da mSvenieri qsovilebis aTasgvar
samos. erTi vaWari kunZul quSidan saadis2 Turme Tavis saqmianobas ase
uxsnida: “me minda CineTamde Cavitano sparsuli pemza, _ rogorc gavige iq
is Zvirad fasobs, iqidan ki rumSi Cinur faifurs waviReb, rumis abreSums
_ indoeTSi, indur folads _ alepoSi, alepos minas _ iemenSi, xolo
iemenur qsovils _ sparseTSi”. ai, ra masStabebi hqonda arabul vaWrobas!
1 derviSi _ muslimani moxetiale Rataki beri. 2 muslihiddin saadi Sirazeli _ sparseli poeti (XIII s. dasawyisi _ 1292 w).
15
geografiuli aRmoCenebi
mogzaurobaTa umetesi wili axali gzebis aRmoCenis, samyaros
Secnobis, axali qveynebisa da miwebis Ziebis mizniT ewyoboda. istoriam
bevri SesaniSnavi mogzauris saxeli Semogvinaxa. bevrma maTganma Tavisi
dakvirveba da mgzavris Canaweri dagvitova.
ibn batuta
didi arabi mogzauri, mecnieri da mwerali ibn batuta (Ibn Battutah, 1304-
1368/69), afrikis CrdiloeTSi, q. tanJerSi daibada. mogzauroba daiwyo 20
wlis asakSi. Tavdapirvelad, udabno sahara vaWarTa qaravanTan erTad
gadakveTa. 1324 w. 1324 w. Tavisi mSobliuri qalaqidan samogzaurod CineTSi
gaemgzavra, gaiara CrdiloeTi afrika, siria, sparseTi, arabeTi, anatolia,
yirimi, oqros urdo, buxara, indoeTi (sadac miiRo samefos elCis wodeba
CineTSi samogzaurod), didi da mcire zondis kunZulebi, xolo ukana gzaze
espaneTi da Sida afrika q. timbuqtumde. saerTo jamSi, am mogzaurobis
dros man 70 aTasi km gaiara.
1353 w. ibn batuta 29-wliani mogzaurobidan samSobloSi dabrunda.
SemdegSi, man mTeli sisruliT aRwera mogzaurobisas nanaxi qveynebi. am
aRwerilobaTa safuZvelze man Seadgina naSromi saxelwodebiT “rixle”,
romelSic umetesi qveynis geografiuli aRweriloba da xalxis zne-
Cveuleba gadmosca.
sxva mogzaurebi
vasko da gamam evropelTagan pirvelma gaxsna afrikis SemovliTi gza
indoeTisken (1469-1524);
qristefore kolumbis (1451-1506) eqspediciebs sami karavelaTi axali
qveynis nawilis _ amerikis aRmoCena mohyva;
fernando magelanis (1480-1521) flotma ki pirvelad Semouara gars
dedamiwas.
16
qarTveli mogzaurebi
qarTveli mogzaurebidan, romelTa moRvaweobaze SedarebiT zusti
cnobebi gvaqvs, unda gamovyoT ramdenime. pirvel yovlisa, grigol
CaxruxaZe, klasikuri xanis (XII-XIII ss.) TvalsaCino mogzauri da
mniSvnelovani figura qarTul mwerlobaSi. igi samefo karze kargad
cnobili pirovneba, _ Tamar mefis mdivani, yofila. XII s. miwurulsa da XIII
s. dasawyisSi man Seqmna saxotbo Janris nawarmoebi “Tamariani”, romelSic
aRwerilia mefe qalze uimedod gamijnurebuli poetis aTi wlis
mogzauroba msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi. misi mogzaurobis marSruti
sakmaod grZeli yofila da im droisTvis cnobili msoflios yvela
mniSvnelovan qveyanas moicavda. mogzauroba 1193-1203 ww. mimdinareobda.
CaxruxaZem imogzaura sparseTSi, guridebis samefoSi, indoeTSi, CineTSi,
monRoleTSi, xataeTSi, Sua aziis qveynebSi. mogzaurma aziis qveynebSi 6
weli dahyo. Semdeg gaecno xazareTs, ruseTs, kievis samTavros; xmelTaSua
zRvis SemovliT ki gaiara evropisa da afrikis sanapiro qveynebi _ itakia,
safrangeTi, espaneTi, egvipte da sxv. mewamuli zRviT moxvda arabeTSi da
TiTqmis mTeli es qveyana moiara. CaxruxaZe pirveli qarTvelia, romelmac
SeZlo muslimanTa wminda adgilebSi Sesvla da maTi gacnoba. 1203 w. igi
Cavida baRdadSi, saidanac saqarTveloSi unda dabrunebuliyo, magram
sxvadasxva mizezis gamo wamoiwyo axali mogzauroba, romlis Sesaxeb
masalebi aRar darCenila. gardacvalebis TariRad 1213 w. miCneuli.
nikoloz ColoyaSvili (nikifore irbaxi, daaxl. 1585-1658 ww.)
politikuri moRvawe, diplomati da mogzauri, pirveli qarTuli nabeWdi
wignis erT-erTi gamomcemeli. igi kaxeTis erT-erTi uZlieresi Tavaduri
gvaris warmomadgenelia. ganaTleba miiRo italiaSi, sadac Seiswavla
evropuli enebi. romSi berad aRikveca da saeriskaco saxeli nikolozi
nikifored Secvala. 1608 w. saqarTveloSi dabrunda da kaxeTSi Teimuraz
mefis moZRvari gaxda. Sah-abasis SemosevasTan dakavSirebiT, nikoloz
ColoyaSvilma datova saqarTvelo da ierusalims gaemgzavra wmida
adgilebis mosaxilvelad, sadac TiTqmis 13 weli dahyo. 1626 w. igi
diplomatiuri misiiT gaemgzavra evropaSi, estumra romis paps, espaneTis
mefesa da sxva saxelmwifo meTaurebs. evropis rig saxelmwifoebs garda,
17
man axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebic moiara. igi eweoda sasuliero,
diplomatiur da kulturul moRvaweobas. iyo italiaSi pirveli qarTuli
stambis Camoyalibebis iniciatori. saqarTveloSi dabrunebis Semdeg, iyo
metexis eklesiis winamZRvari; 1634 wlidan _ xobis saepiskoposo taZris
winamZRvari. 1643 w-dan gaemgzavra ierusalimSi, sadac qarTvelTa jvris
monasters Caudga saTaveSi. 1651 w. dabrunda samSobloSi da jer imereTSi,
Semdeg ki samegreloSi moRvaweobda.
sxva cnobil mogzaurebs Soris SegviZlia davasaxeloT: giorgi
avaliSvili (1769-1850 ww.), grigol bagrationi (1789-1830 ww.), Teimuraz
bagrationi (1782-1846 ww.), ioane bagrationi (1768-1830 ww.) _ “kalmasobis”
avtori, timoTe gabaSvili (1703-1764 ww.), ivane (iona) gedevaniSvili (1737-1821
ww.), giorgi yazbegi (1837-1921 ww.) da sxvebi. magram, qarTvel mogzaurTa
Soris yvelaze saintereso mainc rafiel danibegaSvilis mogzaurobebiT
savse cxovreba iyo.
rafiel danibegaSvilma, vaWarma, diplomatma da mogzaurma
gansakuTrebuli kvali datova mogzaurobis istoriaSi. XVIII s. dasasrulsa
da XIX s. dasawyisSi, 28 wlis ganmavlobaSi xuTjer imogzaura aziis
qveynebSi; gaiara daaxloebiT 70 aTasi kilometri (TiTqmis ekvatoris ori
garSemoweriloba), romelic geografiulad moicavs wina, samxreTi da
centraluri aziis veeberTela sivrces. igi pirveli qarTveli mogzauria,
romelmac aRwera indoeTi da birma, gadakveTa yara-yorumis maRali,
mudmivTovliani mTagrexili, moinaxula ramdenime saxelmwifo da
imogzaura faTerakebiT aRsavse indoeTis okeaneSi. rafiel danibegaSvilis
mogzaurobis marSruti da xangrZlivoba bevrad aRemateba sxva qarTvel
mogzaurTa marSrutebs.
rafaelis mama iosebi, erekle meoris davalebiT ramdenjerme yofila
indoeTSi. mogzaurobisas Tan xlebia rafaelic. saerTod, danibegaSvilebis
mTeli sagvareulo miekuTvneboda mogzaur vaWarTa im jgufs, romlebic ara
marto vaWrobas eweodnen ucxo saxelmwifoebTan, aramed diplomatiur
davalebebsac asrulebdnen. pirveli damoukidebeli mogzauroba indoeTSi
rafiel danibegaSvils 1795 w. 15 marts dauwyia Tbilisidan. es mogzauroba
18
didxans ar gagrZelebula da 1797 w. isev saqarTveloSi dabrunebula. mas
pirnaTlad Seusrulebia erekle mefis davaleba. meored imave wlis
Semodgomaze gamgzavrebula da 1799 w. Semodgomaze kvlav TbilisSi
dabrunebula. meore mogzaurobac ZiriTadad diplomatiur misias
emsaxureboda. pirveli ori mogzaurobidan mxolod sawyisi da bolo
punqtebia cnobili. samagierod, sakmaod xangrZlivi yofila da detalurad
aRuweria mesame mogzauroba. igi 1799 w. miwuruls dawyebula da 15 wels
gagrZelebula. es marSruti detaluradaa aRwerili. am mogzaurobis dros
danibegaSvili Casula moskovSi, sadac aRuweria Tavisi mogzaurobis
STabeWdilebebi. ruseTSi Zalze dainteresebulan am mogzaurobiT da
cnobil rus mecniers, profesor ivan dvigubskis mogzaurobis
STabeWdilebani 1815 w. 5 marts saswrafod daubeWdavs moskovis
universitetis stambaSi. didxans ucnobi iyo r. danibegaSvilis sxva
mogzauroba, magram XX s. 60-ian wlebSi orenburgisa da omskis arqivebSi
aRmoCenili sabuTebis mixedviT gairkva, rom man kidev orjer imogzaura
moskovidan indoeTSi. meoTxe da mexuTe mogzauroba, istoriuli sabuTebiT,
TiTqmis mTlianad aris cnobili. TiToeuli gamgzavrebis mizani sxvadasxva
yofila, _ rogorc sakuTari komerciis interesebi, aseve diplomatiuri
misia. Catarebuli xuTi mogzaurobidan r. danibegaSvilma yvelaze grZeli
marSruti aRwera. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom mogzaurobidan igi pirdapir
saqarTveloSi ki ar dabrunebula, aramed Sua aziiT Casula moskovs. Tu
pirveli ori mogzauroba, upirvelesad erekle mefis mier indoeTSi
diplomatiuri interesebis ganxorcielebas emsaxureboda, Semdegi
mogzaurobebiT im drois ruseTs uwevda samsaxurs. amas, drois moTxovnebi
karnaxobda. ruseTSi Casul rafiels daxvda gamoCenili samxedro moRvawe
glazenapi, romelmac mogzaurs xeli Seuwyo, rom safosto cxenebiT
Casuliyo moskovSi. saerTod, r. danibegaSvili samgzavrod iyenebda cxens,
aqlems, sazRvao da samdinaro xomaldebs da, bunebrivia, fexiTac uxdeboda
siaruli. misi mogzaurobebis STabeWdilebebi gamoica eqvsjer (samjer
TbilisSi da samjer moskovSi). rafiel danibegaSvili msoflios
gamoCenil mogzaurTa ricxvSia Seyvanili.
19
kiTxvebi codnis Semowmebisa da ganxilvisaTvis
1. aris Tu ara mogzauroba adamianTa arsebiTi saqmianoba da Seasrula
Tu ara man roli kacobriobis ganviTarebaSi?
2. vizitori stumaria Tu maspinZeli?
3. ra ewodeboda Zveli romaelebis mogzaurobis dasaxmareblad
Sedgenil gzamkvlevebs?
4. morwmune ebraeli evropidan weliwadSi erTxel Cadis ierusalimSi
erTaderTi mizniT _ ewvios “godebis kedels” da Seasrulos
Sesabamisi rituali. ratom unda CavTvaloT igi mogzaurad?
5. ras unda niSnavdes marko polos metsaxeli Masser Millioni?
6. ra farglebSi vrceldeboda arabi vaWrebis mogzaurobis areali?
(ganvixiloT rukasTan).
7. ra manZili gaiara aleqsandre makedonelma Tavisi laSqrobebis dros?
8. ra Rvawli miuZRviT kacobriobis winaSe did mogzaurebs vasko da
gamas, kolumbsa da magelans? (gaixseneT skolis programidan).
9. ra saqmianobas eweoda Tavisi mogzaurobebis dros r.danibegaSvili,
vaWrobis garda?
20
Tavi II. turizmis ganviTarebis istoria
turizmis Casaxvis etapi
mogzaurobis sayovelTao gavrcelebasa da adamianebis mobilurobis
zrdas mogzaurTa momsaxurebis obieqtebis warmoSoba da ganviTareba
mohyva, gansakuTrebiT, ganviTarebul qveynebSi da aqtiuri samogzauro
marSrutebis gaswvriv.
antikur epoqaSi stumarTmiRebis dawesebulebebi sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis mniSvnelovani elementi iyo. Zvel egvipteSi duqnebi mogzaurebs
ara marto sufras, aramed RamisTevis saSualebebsac sTavazobdnen. magram,
Tanamedrove sastumro meurneobis pirvelsaxe mainc umeteswilad Zvel
romTanaa dakavSirebuli.
Zvel romSi bevrs mogzaurobdnen: savaWro saqmeebiT Tu samsaxurebrivi
saWiroebisTvis, Semosavlis ZiebaSi, ganaTlebis mizniT an dasvenebisa da
garTobis mizniT. amaze metyveleben Tundac gzebis gaswvriv ganlagebuli
saflavis qvebis epitafiebic, romlebic, rogorc wesi, mgzavrisadmia
mimarTuli: “. . . mgzavro gisurveb grZelsa da bednier cxovrebas, Sen ki
misurve msubuqi da Tbili miwa”.
sul ufro mzardi raodenobis mogzauri pirebis momsaxurebis mizniT
Seiqmna fundukebis gantotvili qseli. igi ganawilebuli iyo italiisa da
romis provinciul qalaqebSi, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis da sakulto
dResaswaulebis centrebSi, ZiriTadi gzebis gaswvriv, sasoflo
dasaxlebebSi. q. pompeiSi 10-12 aTas mcxovrebze 78 w. ax. w. 20 funduki da
118 duqani modioda, es obieqtebi stumrebs ganTavsebis saSualebasac
sTavazobda. arqeologiuri gaTxrebis dros fundukebSi nanaxi iqna dRiuri
Semosavlis sakmaod didi Tanxa, rac maTi klienturis mravalricxovnobaze
metyvelebs.
Zvel romSi stumarTmiRebis dawesebulebebi erTmaneTisgan Zalze
gansxvavdebodnen adgilmdebareobiT, sakuTrebis xasiaTiT _ saxelmwifo da
kerZo, ganTavsebis saxeebiTa da formebiT, keTilmowyobisa da momsaxurebis
doniT. mTavari gzebis gaswvriv ganlagebuli iyo saimperatoro safosto
samsaxuris sadgurebi (e.w. Mutationes), romlebsac ekipaJis Secvlisa da gzaze
21
moklevadiani SesvenebisaTvis iyenebdnen, gzebze iyo, agreTve sadgomebic
(e.w. Mansiones), romlebSi SesaZlebeli iyo RamisTeva.
bolo dros, aq, arqeologebma aRmoaCines 535 milis (861 km) sigrZis gza,
e.w. via egnacia (Via egnatia), romelic Tanamedrove albaneTis, makedoniisa da
saberZneTis teritoriebze gadioda. mis gaswvriv, yovel 30-40 milSi (50-65
km) fundukebis saZirkvlebi, xolo yovel 7-14 milSi (11-23 km) safosto
sadgurebi iqna aRmoCenili.
safosto sadgurebs da fundukebs sakuTari saxelebi erqvaT. safosto
sadgurebi, rogorc wesi, saxelwodebas manZilebis Sesabamisad (“N-milian
boZTan”), an axlo mdebare geografiuli obieqtebis (“mdinaresTan”,
“uReltexilTan”), an msxvili dasaxlebuli punqtebis mixedviT iRebdnen..
fundukebis saxelebi im drois SemorCenili gzamkvlevebisa da epigrafebis1
wyalobiTaa cnobili. isini didi mravalferovnebiTa da originalobiT
gamoirCeodnen: “urCxulTan”, “centurionebTan”, “Sav arwivTan”.
qalaqebSi fundukebis sxvadasxva nairsaxeobas SexvdebodiT:
deversoriumebs (Deversorium), stabulumebs (Stabulum), romelSic sapalne
cxovelebisTvis (cxenebis, virebis, jorebis, aqlemebisTvis) calke saTavsi
iyo gansazRvruli, hospitias (Hospitia), sadac calke iyo saerTo satrapezo
da calke dasvenebis oTaxebi; qsenodokiums (Xenodokium) _ funduks
momlocvelTaTvis. traqtirebs dasasvenebeli oTaxebic hqonda.
deversoriumis taverna Tavisebur traqtirs warmoadgenda, sadac oTaxebi
qiravdeboda, meritoriumis taverna moicavda traqtirs da sacxovrebel
nawils, anu, saZineblebs xangrZlivvadiani cxovrebisTvis.
romauli fundukebis mowyobis Sesaxeb garkveul warmodgenas iZleva
pompeisa da mis SemogarnSi Catarebuli arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegebi.
qalaqidan or kilometrSi, CrdiloeTisken mimaval gzaze idga funduki,
romelic ubralo, mcirediT kmayofili mgzavrebisa da gamvlelebisTvis
iyo gansazRvruli. grZeli skamebi SesasvlelTan, TiTqos gamvlelebs Sig
Sesvlasa da Camojdomas sTavazobdnen. daRlil mgzavrs gareTac,
fardulis qveS SeeZlo Sefareboda wvimasa da mzes da mierTva winaswar
SemTbari wyalgareuli Rvino (Zveli berZnebi da romaelebi sufTa Rvinos
1 epigrafi (berZ. ἐπιγραφή, warwera) _ qvaze an sxva, romelime myar masalaze amotvifruli warwera
22
ar svamdnen). Tu mas ufro didi xniT undoda dasveneba SeeZlo SigniTac,
SenobaSi Sesuliyo, daebana, eWama da sagzladac cota puri waeRo: am
fundukis mepatrones sakmaod didi furnec hqonia gamarTuli. mis mezoblad
wisqvilic idga. Soridan momavali mgzavrebisTvis didi oTaxi iyo
gamoyofili. saxls, virebisa da jorebisaTvis viwro da grZeli gomuri
hqonda miSenebuli, romlis kuTxeSi didi sarwyulebeli iyo moTavsebuli.
sazidrebs gareT, bagis win tovebdnen.
fundukebSi fasebs mxareTa SeTanxmebiT adgendnen. SemorCenilia
SeTanxmebis procesis aRwera, romelic Zv. w. II s. ekuTvnis. mis mixedviT,
mogzaurebi… fundukebSi yoveli produqtis fass cal-calke ki ar
adgendnen, aramed mxolod kiTxulobdnen ramdeni unda gadaexadaT yovel
kacze da, rogorc wesi, fundukis patroni Tanxmdeboda klienti yvelaferi
aucilebliT naxevar asad1 uzrunveleyo.
sastumro meurneobis aRmocenebis mniSvnelovan Taviseburebas
warmoadgenda is, rom misi Canasaxi erTdroulad gaCnda rogorc qalaqSi,
aseve soflad, meurneobis sxvadasxva sferoSi _ xelosnobasa da
miwaTmoqmedebaSi. romSi, aqviliaSi, ostiaSi, puteolaSi da sxva msxvil
savaWro da sanavsadguro qalaqsa da xelosnobis centrSi, stumarTmiRebis
dawesebulebebi ekuTvnoda binaTmflobelebs, romlebic xSirad xelosnebi
iyvnen. pompeis gaTxrebis Sedegad dadginda, rom ramdenime traqtiris
mepatrone xabazi iyo. am dawesebulebebs marTavdnen da stumrebs
emsaxurebodnen upiratesad momxvdurebi, ZiriTadad berZnebi da
aRmosavleTidan gamosulebi, _ ebraelebi, sirielebi. isini sazogadoebis
dabal safexurebze idgnen, cudi saxeli hqondaT da sazogadoebriv
uflebebs iyvnen moklebulebi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Zvel romSi mgzavrebis miReba da ganTavseba
xelosnebisa da miwaTmoqmedebisaTvis meoreul saqmes warmoadgenda da
mcireSemosavlian da naklebad sapatio saqmianobad iTvleboda,
stumarTmiRebis specializebuli dawesebulebebis warmoSoba da mgzavrebis
momsaxurebaSi profesiuli codnisa da unar-Cvevebis dagroveba,
1 asi _ xurda fuli Zvel romSi.
23
mniSvnelovan nabijad iqca sastumro meurneobis, _ Tanamedrove turizmis
industriis am birTvis CamoyalibebaSi.
istoriulad, sastumro meurneoba kvebis sistemasTan erTad Caisaxa.
dResac, maT Soris mWidro kavSiria, Tumca sazogadoebrivi kvebis sferos
damoukidebeli mniSvnelobac aqvs.
sxvadasxva kerZis momzadebis specialistebi Zv. w. V-IV ss. mijnaze
gamoCndnen. Tumca, mzareulis xelovnebam gafurCqvnas elinistur-romaul
epoqaSi miaRwia. am dros ukve sxvadasxva kerZis daxvewili recepti
arsebobda, romlebic mzareulTa wignebSi iyo Cawerili.
Zvel romsa da Zvel saberZneTSi mzareulis xelovneba xelosnobad
iTvleboda, magram SromiTi saqmianobis damoukidebel dargs
ganekuTvneboda. mzareulis profesiam ki myarad daikava Tavisufali adgili
sazogadoebaSi, gansxvavebiT “mestumris” profesiisagan, romelic im dros
mxolod iwyebda Camoyalibebas. romaeli mzareulebi Tavs qalaqis elitas
miakuTvnebdnen da erTmaneTs gansakuTrebuli titulebiT ajildoebdnen.
imperator adrianes (Cv. w. 76_138 ww.) dros palatiumis borcvze1 maT
kulinaruli xelovnebis akademiac ki daaarses.
turizmis Camoyalibebis mniSvnelovani nabiji garTobis calke
saqmianobad gamoyofas ukavSirdeba da berZnul-romauli antikuri
kulturis ayvavebis xanas emTxveva. SemorCenilia Zv. romsa da Zv.
saberZneTSi zeimebis, dResaswaulebis da TamaSebis momzadebisa da
Catarebis dawvrilebiTi aRwera. am periodSive, garTobasTan
dakavSirebulma saqmianobam sistemuri xasiaTi miiRo.
Zvel saberZneTSi Teatraluri sanaxaobebi Zv. w. VI s-dan ewyoboda.
Tavidan isini kulturul wes-Cveulebebs efuZnebodnen, droTa ganmavlobaSi
ki saxelmwifo zeimebis ganuyofel nawilad gadaiqcnen. pasuxismgebloba
dResaswaulebis Catarebaze mkafiod iyo danawilebuli. nawarmoebis arCeviT
qalaqis mesveurebi iyvnen dakavebulebi. warmodgenebis dadgma evaleboda
poetebs, romlebic im droSi sayovelTao aRiarebiT sargeblobdnen da
brZenTa maRal rangSi iyvnen ayvanilni. msaxiobebs Tavisufali
1 palatiumis borcvi _ romis Svidi borcvidan erT-erTi.
24
moqalaqeebisgan irCevdnen. isini maRlebi unda yofiliyvnen, hqonodaT kargi
diqcia da keTilSobili Jestikulacia. xmis gamocdis Semdeg, maTgan
yvelaze niWierebs rolebs unawilebdnen. msaxiobebs, romlebic mayureblis
gansakuTrebul mowonebas daimsaxurebdnen, Semdgom dadgmebSi winaswari
gamocdis gareSe iwvevdnen. droTa ganmavlobaSi, msaxioboba maTi profesia
xdeboda. mTeli pasuxismgebloba warmodgenis gamarTvaze qoregs (gundis
xelmZRvanels), _ romelime SeZlebul moqalaqes, ekisreboda. igi Tavis
Tavze iRebda dadgmis, msaxiobTa da gundis Senaxvis xarjebs, agreTve
wyvetda teqnikur da saorganizacio sakiTxebs.
Zveli saberZneTisgan gansxvavebiT, Zvel romSi garTobis yvelaze
gavrcelebuli saxeoba sazogado TamaSebi iyo _ sacxenosno-sportuli,
berZnuli (Widaoba), musikaluri, sceniuri da sxva. Zv. w. 264 w.
gladiatorebis pirveli brZola Catarda, romelic male romaelebis
sayvarel sanaxaobad gadaiqca. imperator avgustuss, romelic xSirad
atarebda brZolebs, arenaze 625 wyvilamde gladiatori gamohyavda;
imperatorma traianem 107 w. Cv. w. dakiaze gamarjvebis aRsaniSnavad, Caatara
didi TamaSebi, romlebic oTx Tves grZeldeboda da maTSi 10 aTasamde
gladiatorma miiRo monawileoba.
gladiatorebi iyvnen profesionali mebrZolebi, romlebic monebisgan
da Tavisufali moqalaqeebisgan ahyavdaT. maTi SegrovebiT, SesyidviTa da
gadayidviT gansakuTrebuli kategoriis pirebi _ lanistebi iyvnen
dakavebuli. maTi nawili erT adgilze cxovrobda, meore ki provinciidan
provinciaSi dadioda. xandaxan isini sakuTar dasebs ijariT gadascemdnen
brZolebis cnobil momwyobebs, xandaxan ki TviTonve awyobdnen sanaxaobebs.
gladiatorebiT vaWroba da antreprenioroba1 sazogadoebaSi samarcxvino
saqmed iTvleboda.
turistuli saqmianobis organizaciis pirveli formebi
turizmis industriis warmoSoba XIX s. ukavSirdeba. Tumca, es movlena
mTeli rigi istoriuli wanamZRvrebiT iyo Semzadebuli.
1 antrepreniori (frang. Entrepreneur) _ kulturul-sanaxaobiTi RonisZiebis organizatori.
25
adreuli cnobebi mgzavrobis organizaciisa da saSuamavlo
operaciebis Sesaxeb, jer kidev, Zveli romis droidan SemorCa.
imperatorebis periodSi am saqmeSi CarTulni iyvnen saxelmwifo
samsaxurebi, xalxTa profesiuli gaerTianebebi da kerZo pirebi, romlebic
mogzaurobis momzadebaSi daxmarebas uwevdnen moqalaqeebs. gansakuTrebul
rols asrulebda romis saxelmwifo fosta. misi specializebuli
qveganayofebi gzaze satareblad gascemdnen sasamsaxuro “pasportebs” da
sxva nebisdamrTvel dokumentebs, romlebic sagzao informacias da
safosto sadgurebis da fundukebis momsaxurebis sargeblobis wesebsac
Seicavdnen. mogzaurobis sferoSi saorganizacio da saSuamavlo
saqmianobis sawyisebi e.w. kolegiebis saqmianobaSic Cans. kolegiebi
adamianebs saqmianobis saxeebiT aerTianebdnen da sxva saqmianobasTan
erTad, sakuTr wevrebs mogzaurobisas daxmarebas uwevdnen. amaT garda,
iyvnen kerZo mrCevelebi, romlebic samgzavrod momzadebul adamianebs
Tavis samogzauro gamocdilebas uziarebdnen.
romis imperiis dacemis Semdeg, saorganizacio da saSuamavlo
saqmianoba mogzaurobis sferoSi mTeli aTi saukuniT SeCerda da mxolod
XV saukuneSi, _ savaWro saqmianobisa da momlocvelobis gafarToebasTan
erTad, aRorZinda.
XVII-XVIII ss. gaCndnen samewarmeo unarisa da Sesabamisi interesis mqone
pirebi, romlebmac SesamCnevi kvali datoves mogzaurobis istoriaSi. erT-
erTi maTgani iyo teofrast redondo. igi safrangeTSi, 1586 w. daibada.
cxovrebis manZilze bevri saqmianoba aiTvisa, _ iyo mkurnali, aawyo
sagamomcemlo saqme da gaxsna mogzaurobis specializebuli kantorebi,
sadac nebismier msurvels SeeZlo miemarTa rCevisaTvis. farTod iyo
cnobili misi dawesebuleba “oqros mamali”, romelic aerTianebda banks,
samxatvro galereas, nivTebis gaqiravebis samsaxurs da Tavisebur
samogzauro biuros, romelic klientebs sxvadasxva mizniT Cafiqrebuli
mogzaurobis momzadebasa da ganxorcielebas sTavazobda.
XVIII s. manZilze da XIX s. dasawyisSi evropaSi kidev ufro
gavrcelda samewarmeo saqmianoba, romelic jgufuri mogzaurobebis
organizaciasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. amiT, ZiriTadad, mdidari samogzauro
gamocdilebis mqone erTeuli enTuziasti-mewarmeebi iyvnen dakavebulni.
26
saukuneTa mijnaze mogzaurobis organizebis evropaSi Camoyalibebul
praqtikas aviTarebda jovani galiniani (Galinyany). warmoSobiT italieli
galiniani 1790 w. parizSi dasaxlda. 1800 w., inglisidan iZulebiTi
emigraciidan dabrunebis Semdeg, man gaxna wignis maRazia (Boutique), sadac
e.w. “Sexvedrebis darbazSi” regularulad atarebda saubrebs sxvadasxva
Temaze, maT Soris, ucxo qveynebze saubrebs, romlis drosac mosaubreebi
TavianTi mogzaurobis gamocdilebas uziarebdnen erTmaneTs. galiani
gamoscemda macnes, romelSic gaxsna rubrika ”mogzaurobaTa dRiurebi”,
xolo 1815 w. moawyo mogzauroba parizSi, ZiriTadad ingliselebisaTvis.
Tu gadavxedavT mogzaurobis ganviTarebis istorias bolo 200 wlis
manZilze, vnaxavT, rom italiaSi termini “turizmi” (Turismo) XIX s. meore
naxevarSi gaCnda. Tumca, es sityva Tanamedrove mniSvnelobiT, jer kidev,
napoleonis omebis Semdgom periodSi ixmareboda, rodesac mogzauroba,
rogorc Tavisufali drois gamoyenebis saSualeba, aRar iyo mxolod
sazogadoebis mdidari warmomadgenlebis privilegia, aramed, sazogadoebis
ufro farTo jgufebis tradiciad gadaiqca. italieli ekonomisti franko
poloSia (Poloschia) Tvlis, rom sityva turizmi ZvelberZnul-laTinuri
“tornos-tornus”-is safuZvelze Camoyalibda, rac “mgzavrobas, gaseirnebas,
mogzaurobas” niSnavs.
XVIII s. bolodan evropidan amerikis kontinentze gadasaxlebis nakadis
zrda daiwyo. emigraciis am talRas evropis msxvil qalaqebSi mohyva
mravalricxovani kerZo kantorebis gaCena, romlebic okeanis gaRma
gamgzavrebis msurvelebs daxmarebas uwevda da amiT, am stiqiur process
organizebul saxes aZlevda. marTalia, kantorebi gadasaxlebaze iyo
daspecialebulebi da ara klasikur (turistul) mogzaurobaze, magram maT
muSaobas mainc didi mniSvneloba hqonda dasvenebis sferoSi saorganizacio
da saSuamavlo saqmianobis ganviTarebisaTvis.
XIX s. dasawyisSi am saqmianobam damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebebi
SeiZina da saqmianobis damoukidebel saxed gadaiqca. magram, es pirveladi
samewarmeo formebi mxolod momavali turistuli firmebis winamorbedebad
SeiZleba CaiTvalos, radgan maT jer kidev ar axasiaTebda mogzaurTa
27
momsaxurebis mravalferovneba da kompleqsuroba, _ turistuli firmebis
warmoSobisaTvis aucilebeli istoriuli pirobebi jer kidev
mosamwifebeli iyo. isini mxolod XIX saukuneSi, ekonomikuri,
teqnologiuri, socialuri, politikuri Zvrebis epoqaSi Camoyalibdnen.
turizmis industriis aRmoceneba
XIX s. samrewvelo gadatrialebebis, ekonomikis radikaluri
struqturuli gardaqmnebisa da industriuli sazogadoebis formirebis
procesma mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi gamoiwvia ekonomikur sistemasa da
mosaxleobis socialur-ekonomikur mdgomareobaSi, kerZod:
a) safabriko sistemis gabatonebis Sedegad sazogadod dainerga
ukiduresad organizebuli da disciplinirebuli Sroma;
b) dadginda normirebuli samuSao dRe;
g) profkavSirebsa da damsaqmeblebs Soris molaparakebis safuZvelze
SemoRebul iqna yovelwliuri Svebuleba;
d) droTa ganmavlobaSi, daqiravebulma muSakebma miaRwies realuri
xelfasis zrdas.
am epoqaluri cvlilebebis Sedegad, jer-erTi, mosaxleobis saSualo
da qveda fenebs gaezarda Semosavali, adamianebis did raodenobas gauCnda
Tavisufali dro, anu Seiqmna turizmis samomxmareblo bazari; meore mxriv,
ki warmoebis safabriko organizaciis principebi gavrcelda sayovelTaod,
maT Soris mogzaurobis sferozec, rac turistuli momsaxurebis
SeTavazebis zrdas, turistuli momsaxurebis masobrivi samomxmareblo
bazris Camoyalibebas da saboloo jamSi, turizmis industriad gadaqcevas
niSnavda.
istoriuli Sinaarsis mqone turistuli biznesis istoria saTaves
Tomas kukis saqmianobidan iwyebs.
Tomas kuki
Tomas kuki, baptisti pastori, romelic dRes Tanamedrove turizmis
fuZemdebladaa aRiarebuli, pirveli mixvda mogzaurTa organizebuli
masobrivi gadaadgilebis arssa da momgebianobas. igi fxizeli cxovrebis
wesisaTvis daucxromeli mebrZoli iyo. spirtiani sasmelebisgan Tavis
28
Sekavebis momxreTa rigebis gafarToebis mizniT, man 1841 w. 5 ivliss Tavisi
mrevlis 570-kaciani jgufisaTvis specialuri matarebliT pirveli
sarkinigzo turi moawyo q. lesteridan mezobeli q. lafboroSi. am
xanmokle mogzaurobis mniSvneloba turistuli biznesis ganviTarebaSi
Zalze didi aRmoCnda. am movleniT turistul saqmianobaSi axali era
daiwyo. Tomas kukis mier organizebulma pirvelma turma masobrivi
turizmis didi SesaZleblobebi gamoavlina.
am droidan, samogzauro turebis organizacia da Catareba T. kukis
cxovrebis wesad iqca. pastoris wamowyebas saeqskursio saqmianobaSi
warmateba sdevda da sabolood, warmatebul turistul biznesSi
gadaizarda. pirvelad, swored kukma miaRwia mniSvnelovan fasdaklebas
turistebis mgzavrobasa da sxva turistul momsaxurebaze. man organizeba
gauwia inglisis provinciebidan msurvelebis monawileobas londonis
saerTaSoriso gamofenaSi. man moaxerxa gamofenaze 165 aTasi
damTvaliereblis Camoyvana. sagamofeno turebi momgebiani aRmoCnda. amitom,
Semdeg nabijad kukma ingliselebis masobrivi Casvla moawyo parizSi, 1855
w. msoflio gamofenaze. 1856 wlidan mogzauroba evropaSi regularuli
gaxda da modaSi Semovida, Seiqmna kukis turistuli saagento da mravali
filiali sxva qveynebSi.
turistuli kompaniis fantastikuri warmateba dasturdeba im 8000
sastumros katalogiT, romlebSic kuki Tavis turistebs ganTavsebas
sTavazobda. turistuli “Tomas kukis” firmis klientebad 1870 wlisaTvis
ukve 1 mln ingliseli da amerikeli iricxeboda. swored, T. kukma daayena
industriul safuZvelze mogzauroba egvipteSi, _ qairoSi da nilosis
kruizi, aago ori sastumro sportuli moednebiT luqsorsa da asuanSi. man
miyruebuli egvipte popularul turistul destinaciad aqcia, mowyvita
felahebi1 Toxs, aswavla inglisuri ena, da turistebis momsaxureba da
aTasobiT axal specialists maRalanazRaurebadi samuSao misca, amasTan,
uzrunvelyo kapitalis mZlavri Cadineba saxelmwifos xazinaSi.
Tomas kukis turistuli saagento Thomas Cook & Son aqtiuri
organizatori iyo mgzavrobebisa italiaSi, ris gamoc man “eqskursiebis
1 felahebi (arab. Fallah) _ egvipteli glexebi _ miwaze damkvidrebuli miwaTmoqmedebi, gansxvavebiT momTabare beduinebisgan.
29
napoleonis” titulic miiRo. am turistulma firmam 1860 w. Tavisi
filialebi gaxsna neapolsa da palermoSi. marSruti moicavda neapolis,
vezuvis, pompeis, sorentosa da kapris monaxulebas. es turi didi
popularobiT sargeblobda. mgzavroba italiaSi am ucxouri firmis
mxridan Zalze mkacrad iyo organizebuli: im adgilebSi, romlebsac
turistebi moinaxulebdnen, momsaxurebis mkafio sistema arsebobda.
momsaxureba umeteswilad individualur xasiaTs atarebda da gankuTvnili
iyo kerZo pirebisaTvis. xSirad, turistebisTvis sxvadasxva saxis
momsaxurebis SeTavazebaze namdvili sabazro konkurencia imarTeboda.
magaliTad, _ saTavsebis gaqiravebaze; adgilobrivi gzamkvlevebis,
sareklamo masalebis da nabeWdi gamocemebis gavrcelebaze; suvenirebis
gayidvaze; TarjimanTa da CiCeroneebis1 momsaxurebis SeTavazebaze; ucxour
afTiaqebSi wamlebis gayidvis dros.
T. kuki TandaTan afarToebda Tavis saqmes da sicocxlis bolos mTeli
turistuli imperia Seqmna. misi saqmianoba moicavda mogzaurobaTa
marSrutebis damuSavebas da realizacias, gzamkvlevebisa da perioduli
turistuli literaturis gamocemas, aseve bevr sxva saqmianobas, maT Soris
sagzao Cekebis gamoSvebasa da momsaxurebas, ucxouri valutis gacvlasa da
sxva sabanko operaciebs. kompanias sakuTari filialebi da
warmomadgenlobebi hqonda evropaSi, amerikaSi, axlo aRmosavleTSi,
avstraliasa da indoeTSi. kukis wyalobiT msoflios mTel rig qveyanaSi
turizmis erovnuli industria aRmocenda. amis yvelaze naTel magaliTs
egvipte warmoadgens.
Tomas kukis Rvawls turizmis ganviTarebaSi yvelaze zustad
gamoxatavs misi saflavis qvaze amoWrili warwera: “He made the world travel
easier” (man msoflio mogzauroba ioli gaxada).
T. kukis sikvdilis Semdeg (1892 w.) turistuli kompania misi Svilis,
jon meison kukis mflobelobaSi gadavida. XX s. dasawyisSi kukebis
turistuli biznesi saojaxo saqmed rCeboda. am droisTvis firma Thomas
Cook & Son aqtiur saqmianobas afarToebda, axal turistul produqtebs
amuSavebda da mogzaurobis sferoSi inovaciebis generirebas agrZelebda:
1908 w. gamoica broSura sportis zamTris saxeobebis Sesaxeb; 1919 w. 1 CiCerone (ital. Cicerone) _ italieli eqskursiamZRoli, gidi.
30
kompaniam, tursaagentoebs Soris pirvelma warmoadgina winadadeba
gasarTobi turi sahaero transportis gamoyenebiT; 1922 w. kompania Thomas
Cook & Son-ma moawyo pirveli turi mTeli afrikis kontinentis SemovliT,
romlis xangrZlivoba 5 Tves Seadgenda, aqedan, erTi Tve safarisTvis1 iyo
gankuTvnili.
1924 w. Tomas kukis turfirma saaqcio sazogadoebad gadaiqca. amas
mohyva jer kompaniis nacionalizacia, Semdeg kvlav privatizacia.
saiubileo 2001 w. igi STanTqa umsxvilesma germanulma turistulma jgufma
“Condor & Nekkerman Touristik AG”, romelmac kompanias saxeli Seucvala da
“Tomas Cook AG” dairqva. gaerTianebis Semdeg, es kompania meore adgilze
aRmoCnda evropis umsxviles turistul jgufebs Soris, xolo msoflioSi
_ mesameze. 2003 w. misma brunvam 8 mlrd evro Seadgina. amave wels igi 12,6
mln klients moemsaxura. jgufSi Sedis 33 turoperatori, 3600 saagento,
oTxi aviokompania, maT Soris “Lufthanza”. Tomas Cook AG”-s ekuTvnis 76 aTasi
sastumro adgili, mas ganyofilebebi aqvs germaniaSi, did britaneTSi,
irlandiaSi, safrangeTSi, niderlandebSi, belgiaSi, luqsemburgSi,
avstriaSi, ungreTSi, poloneTSi, slovakiaSi, sloveniaSi, aSS-Si, kanadaSi,
karibis zRvis zogierT qveyanaSi, egipteSi, indoeTSi, tailandSi.
turizmis industriis Camoyalibeba
T. kuks bevri mimdevari gamouCnda, Tavdapirvelad inglisSi, xolo
Semdeg _ sxva qveynebSic. gamoCnda pirveli konkurentic henriGgeitsis
saxiT, romelmac sakuTari samogzauro biuro gaxsna. XIX s. meore
naxevarSi, inglisSi “pikford trevel servisis” da “freim tursis”
turistulma kantorebma gaSales saqmianoba. germaniaSi Tanamedrove
turizmis istoria 1842 w. iohanes romingeris saqmianobiT iwyeba. aSS-Si
uiliam hardenma 1848 w. T. kukis magaliTiT gaxsna samogzauro biuro,
romelic droTa ganmavlobaSi “amerikan eqspresad” (American Express), _
amerikuli turistuli industriis am gigantad, gadaiqca.
XIX s. meore naxevarSi evropas turistuli firmebis aRmocenebis
talRam gadauara. 1868 w. berlinSi muSaobas Seudga “qarl STangen
1 safari (Safari) _ samonadireo eqspedicia afrikaSi.
31
raizebiuro”, pirveli samogzauro biuro daaarses: safrangeTSi alfons
lubenma, italiaSi _ masimiliano kiarim 1874 w., belgiaSi _ Jozef dumolim
1893 w., SveicariaSi _ alfred kuonim 1908 w.
XIX s. bolo aTwleulSi velosipedisa da avtomobilis gamoCenasa da
ganviTarebasTan erTad, mogzaurobis organizaciis axali formebi
aRmocenda. centraluri da Crdilo italiis, anu qveynis yvelaze
ganviTarebuli mxareebis, burJuazia Zalzed dainteresda mogzaurobaSi
transportis axali saxeebis SesaZleblobebis gamoyenebiT da aqtiurad
uwyobda xels turizmis erovnuli sistemis ganviTarebas. turizmis
saWiroebisTvis axali satransporto saSualebebis gamoyenebis iniciatori
gaxda q. milani. es mniSvnelovanwilad ganapiroba iman, rom mowinave
evropuli saxelmwifoebis urTierTobebSi milans centraluri pozicia
ekava da, aseve misma xelsayrelma satransporto-geografiulma mdebareobam
ZiriTadi sarkinigzo, samdinaro da saavtomobilo gzebis gadakveTaze. aq
1894 w. moyvarulma-velosipedistebma Seqmnes klubi saxelwodebiT “Touring
Club Ciclistico Italiano”, romelmac saxeli gaiTqva klubis mier milani-romis
velogarbenis organizebiTa da CatarebiT. garbenSi monawileobda 70
velosipedisti, romlebmac romamde 700 km manZili dafares, romSi ki
garbenis organizatorebsa da monawileebs TviT dedofali margarita
Sexvda.
turing-klubis popularoba swrafad izrdeboda, _ Tu Tavdapirvelad
misi wevri 784 kaci iyo, _ 1900 w. anu 6 wlis Semdeg, ukve 20 aTass miaRwia,
xolo 1910 wlisaTvis 80 aTasi gaxda.
klubi Zalian aqtiurad moqmedebda turizmis popularizaciisa da
organizacis sferoSi. turizmis xelisSewyobis mizniT, maT daiwyes
italiis mTavrobasTan TanamSromloba da mTeli rigi sakanonmdeblo
aqtebis miRebas miaRwies. maT Soris, kanonisa _ ”Zeglebis, mxatvruli
faseulobebisa da istoriuli obieqtebis dacvis Sesaxeb”, kanonisa
”istoriuli da bunebrivi interesis mqone vilebis, parkebis da baRebis
dacvis Sesaxeb”, xolo 1939 wels miRebul iqna erTiani kanoni ”istoriuli
da bunebrivi memkvidreobis kompleqsuri dacvis Sesaxeb”, raSic garkveuli
damsaxureba klubsac ekuTvnis.
32
am periodSive Caeyara safuZveli saavtomobilo mogzaurobebsac.
avtoturistebis daxmarebis mizniT 1898 w. milanSive daarsda
avtomobilistebis klubi _ Automobile Club Italiano, _ ACI, romelic dResac
aqtiurad saqmianobs.
turizmis gardaqmna msoflio ekonomikis mowinave dargad
turizmis msoflio industriis ayvaveba emTxveva meore msoflio omis
Semdgom periods, roca turizmi masobriv sazogadoebrivad mniSvnelovan
movlenad gadaiqca. amas sxvadasxva faqtorma Seuwyo xeli. ganmsazRvreli,
maT Soris, gaxda omisSemdgomi msoflios ekonomikis zrdis maRali tempebi
da, Sesabamisad, mosaxleobis farTo fenebis Semosavlebisa da Tavisufali
drois zrda.
sxva faqtorebidan aRsaniSnavia transportis Tanamedrove saSualebebis
ganviTareba. didi da swrafi lainerebis gamoCenam xeli Seuwyo masobriv
turizms da axali, adre yuradRebis miRma darCenili regionebis CarTvas
saerTaSoriso turistul mimarTulebebSi. garda amisa, maRalsiCqarianma
safrenma aparatebma turizmis axali saxeobebi Seqmnes. amis magaliTebia _
“mogzauroba droSi”1 da e.w. “Weekend shuttle”2 turebi.
XX s. turizmis arnaxuli zrda da teritoriuli gavrceleba erT-erTi
Semadgenelia globalizaciis saerTo procesisa, romlis ZiriTadi
ganmsazRvreli pirobebia: sazRvrebis gaxsniloba, qveynebis ekonomikuri
sistemebis konvergencia (daaxloeba, Serwyma), globaluri sainformacio,
safinanso, satransporto sistemis Camoyalibeba, interesis zrda sxva
xalxebis, adgilobrivi kulturebis, mcire eTnosebis mimarT. am periodSi
turizmma bevr qveyanasa da regionSi erTob dadebiTi roli Seasrula,
1 imis gamo, rom Tanamedrove TviTmfrinavebis siCqare dedamiwis brunvaze ufro swrafi gadafrenebis saSualebas iZleva, SesaZlebeli gaxda “droSi mogzauroba”. mag., Tu evropidan aSS-sken aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT gavfrindebiT da, Sesabamisad, gadavkveTT TariRis Secvlis saerTaSoriso xazs (180-e meridians), SesaZlebloba gveqneba, rom guSindel dReSi movxvdeT (e.w.. Eastbound travel). ukana gziT dabrunebisas sapirispiro gardaqmnasTan gveqneba saqme _ xvalindel dReSi movxvdebiT (Westbound travel).
2 evropaSi arsebobda mdidari turistebis gansakuTrebuli klubi, romlis wevrebi regularulad, kviraSi erTxel Weekend-ze (uqme dReebSi), zebgeriT lainer “konkordiT” 2-3 dRian turebs axorcielebdnen mTeli msoflios masStabiT.
33
rogorc socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis katalizatorma. kerZod,
turistuli saqmianobis zrdam gamoiwvia sxva, masTan dakavSirebuli
dargebis (mSenebloba, vaWroba, adgilobrivi warmoeba, soflis meurneoba,
energetika, transporti, sazkveba da sxv.) gaaqtiureba, ramac, saboloo
jamSi, ekonomikis saerTo ganviTarebas Seuwyo xeli.
turizmis msoflio industria XXI s. dasawyisSi
dRes, turizmis mZlavri globaluri (msoflios momcveli) industriaa,
romelic msoflios mTliani produqtis 10%-s awarmoebs. masSi CarTulia
momuSaveTa, materialuri saSualebebis, kapitalis Zalze didi moculoba.
esaa msxvili biznesi, didi fuli da globaluri masStabis seriozuli
politika. sazogadoebis ganviTarebasTan erTad, mosaxleobis sul ufro
didi raodenoba erTveba turizmis sferoSi. turistuli nakadebis sidides
e.w. turistuli Casvlebis, anu wlis manZilze turistul centrebSi Casuli
turistebis raodenobiT zomaven. 1950-2006 manZilze saerTaSoriso
turistuli Casvlebis raodenoba 25--dan 846 milionamde, anu TiTqmis 34-jer
gaizarda.
turizmis zrdis saerTo tendencias ver cvlis masStaburi uaryofiTi
movlenebi, romlebsac TiTqosda xeli unda SeeSala turistebis
aqtiurobisTvis. magaliTad, miuxedavad saSineli bunebrivi kataklizmebisa
(miwisZvrebi, cunami, frinvelis gripi) da terorizmis axali Zlieri
talRisa (11 seqtembris, TurqeTis, egviptis da sxv.), saerTaSoriso turizmi
krizisSi ar Cavardnila da gaagrZela zrda. 2006 w. qveynebis Semosavalma
turistuli saqmianobidan 733 mlrd amerikul dolars miaRwia. 2006
w.lisaTvis saSualo Semosavalma erT turistze Seadgina: msoflioSi _ 670
amer. dolari, evropaSi _ 580 dol, xolo aziasa da wynari okeanis
regionSi _ 1010 dol.
samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi 2004 w. dekembers momxdari stiqiuri
ubedureba _ mZlavri da damangreveli cunami1 yvelaze saSineli
katastrofa iyo didi xnis manZilze. magram turizmis dargma Seqmnil
gaurkvevel da arasaimedo viTarebaSi gadarCenis maRali unari gamoavlina.
1 cunami (ing. Tsunami) _ okeanis fskerze warmoqmnili mZlavri miwisZvris Sedegad gaCenili giganturi damangreveli talRebi.
34
Seiqmna paradoqsuli viTareba, rodesac katastrofulma movlenebma
marTalia lokalurad uaryofiTad imoqmeda turistul industriaze, magram
gavlena ar iqonia saerTo zrdis tendenciaze1. analogiur efeqts hqonda
adgili 1997/98 ww. aziis qveynebsa da ruseTSi Seqmnili finansuri krizisis,
da 2003 w. aziaSi frinvelis gripis epidemiis Sedegad Seqmnili krizisuli
viTarebis dros, rodesac turistuli nakadebis swrafi vardnis Semdeg,
turistulma bazarma swrafad aRidgina Tavisi mdgomareoba.
Tumca, XXI s. daswyisis movlenebma mainc garkveulwilad Secvala
turistuli aqtiurobis mimarTulebebi da prioritetebi. turistebi
upiratesobas ukve usafrTxo mimarTulebebs aniWeben. mowinave pozicias
msoflios turistul regionebs Soris, turistuli nakadebis sididis
mxriv, myarad inarCunebs evropa. am regionSi ki pirveli adgili
xmelTaSuazRvispireTs (italia, espaneTi, saberZneTi) uWiravs, romelzedac
msoflio bazris 20% modis. meore adgilze gadainacvla azia-wynari
okeanis regionma, riTac ukan Camoitova amerikis regioni, romlis mimarTac
turistebis aqtiurobis dinamika Semcirda. unda aRiniSnos, rom
saerTaSoriso turizmis bazari mTeli turistuli bazris mxolod nawils
Seadgens, mniSvnelovani wili masSi Sida turizms ukavia da krizisul
viTarebaSi swored Sida turizmi aRmoCnda yvelaze momgebian
mdgomareobaSi.
axali epoqis Tvisebrivi cvlilebebi Tanamedrove turizmSi
XX saukunis bolos turizmis industriam seriozuli cvlilebebi
ganicada, ramac gansazRvra misi evolucia mesame aTaswleulSi. es
cvlilebebi imdenad Rrmaa, rom SegviZlia turistuli biznesis bunebis
transformaciazec ki visaubroT. is dakavSirebulia globalur
procesebTan, romlebic sainformacio da sakomunikacio teqnologiebis
uswrafesi progresis zegavleniT viTardeba.
XX saukunis 70-iani wlebis teqnologiurma revoluciam safuZveli
daudo kacobriobis gadasvlas axal epoqaSi, romelsac Tanamedroveobis
erT-erTma yvelaze avtoritetulma sociologma m. kastelsma
1 qveynebi, romlebmac cunami gadaitanes, saerTaSoriso turistebis mxolod 3 %-s iReben.
35
“sainformacio” uwoda. aRiarebs, ra informaciis da misi gacvlis
mniSvnelobas mTeli istoriis manZilze, kastelsi Tvlis, rom “informaciis
generireba, damuSaveba da gadacema mxolod sainformacio sazogadoebaSi
gaxda dovlaTis zrdisa da Zalauflebis arsebiTi wyaro”.
industriuli eris sainformacio epoqaze gadasvlis globaluri
procesi ukve gansazRvravs turizmis msoflio industriis Tanamedrove
mdgomareobas da ufro metad _ mis momavals. dRes turizmi eleqtronuli
vaWrobis erT-erTi wamyvani dargia. Zalian swrafad izrdeba eleqtronuli
turistuli biznesis subieqtebis (firmebis, sawarmoebis) raodenoba. aseve,
swrafad farTovdeba msoflio eleqtronul qselSi ganTavsebuli
turistuli momsaxurebis momxmarebelTa raodenoba. swrafad izrdeba
turistuli produqtis gasaReba eleqtronuli arxebis meSveobiT.
pirveli msxvili turistuli internet-saagento aSS-Si 1996 w. Seiqmna.
magram, ukve 2004 wlisTvis marto am qveyanaSi turistuli produqtebis
onlain-gayidvebma, zogi SefasebiT, 52,4 mlrd dol. Seadgina (sul mTeli
amerikuli sacalo onlain-vaWrobis moculoba, imave wels, 144.6 mlrd amer.
dol. iyo). dasavleT evropis qveynebSi eleqtronuli turistuli gayidvebis
moculobam 20 mlrd dolars gadaaWarba, xolo azia-wynari okeanis
regionSi 13,3 mlrd dolars miaRwia. turistul produqtze ganviTarebul
qveynebSi mTeli eleqtronuli komerciis brunvis 42% modis. turistul
eleqtronul biznesSi momuSave mowinave amerikuli firmebi, turistuli
industriis mowinaveTa ricxvSi Sedian da iseTi umsxvilesi
transnacionaluri kompaniebis gverdiT dganan, rogorebicaa “ameriqen
eqspresi”, TUI, “karlson vagonli Treveli”. aseT mniSvnelovan Sedegebs
dargma internetis aqtiuri aTvisebidan sul raRac 7-8 weliwadSi miaRwia.
turistuli produqtebi SedarebiT sruladaa warmodgenili msoflio
eleqtronul qselSi. 1996-2007 ww. turizmTan dakavSirebuli internet-
saitebis (gverdebis) raodenoba 5 aTasidan 280 aTasamde gaizarda da
kvlavac agrZelebs zrdas.
dRes eleqtronuli teqnologiebi, pirvel yovlisa, interneti, ara
marto informaciis gadacemisa da gacvlis, aramed komerciuli saqmianobis
funqciasac asrulebs. 1990-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi internetma,
daagrova ra momxmarebelTa sakmarisi raodenoba da mniSvnelovnad
36
gaafarTova teritoriuli moculoba, marketingis iaraRidan gayidvebis
instrumentad, _ gasaRebis srulyofil, sakmaod warmomadgenlobiT arxad
gadaiqca. am arxs aqtiurad iTviseben turizmis industriis sawarmoebi.
turistuli produqtis realizaciis moculobam megasaitebis
“Trevelositis” da “maikrosoft eqspidias” meSveobiT 2001 w. Sesabamisad
250 mln da 285 mln amer. dolari Seadgina.
interneti principulad gansxvavdeba turistuli produqtis aqamde
arsebuli yvela gamyidvelisgan. qselis unikaluroba momxmarebelTan
interaqtiuri urTierTobis SesaZleblobaSi mdgomareobs. misi meSveobiT
gamyidvels SeuZlia gaiTvaliswinos misi reaqcia da miiRos mis mier
internetiT gagzavnili informacia. msoflio sainformacio qselis
arsebobam Zalian didi roli Seasrula turizmis aseT dinamikur
ganviTarebaSi.
kiTxvebi codnis Semowmebisa da ganxilvisaTvis
1. sad iyo antikur epoqaSi yvelaze ganviTarebuli stumarTmiRebis
dawesebulebebi da mogzaurobis xelSemwyobi pirobebi?
2. ra aris antrepreniori?
3. ras uwodeben italiel eqskursiamZRolebs?
4. mainc ratom gadaiqca turizmi industriad swored XIX saukuneSi?
5. vis daerqva “turizmis napoleoni” da ratom?
6. ra faqtorebma ganapiroba turizmis gardaqmna msoflio ekonomikis
mowinave dargad da rodis moxda es?
7. ganviTarebis ra axali saSualeba misca turizms informaciulma eram?
8. ra maCvenebliT izomeba turistuli centris popularoba turistebs
Soris?
37
Tavi III. turizmis arsi, ZiriTadi cnebebi, terminebi,
struqtura
Cven mimovixileT mogzaurobisa da turizmis Camoyalibebis istoria da
is, Tu adamianebis Sinaganma miswrafebam gadaadgilebisa da moZraobisadmi
rogor miiRo mniSvnelovani sazogadoebrivi saqmianobis saxe. dRes
turizmSi mTel msoflioSi asobiT milioni adamiania CarTuli _ zogi
rogorc turisti, zogic rogorc turistuli produqtis Semqmneli, an
rogorc uSualod turistebis momsaxure firmis warmomadgeneli, an
rogorc dargis marTvis romelime organos funqcioneri.
Tu turistuli saqmianobis SinaarsSi garkvevas movindomebT,
aRmovaCenT, rom igi ukiduresad rTuli movlenaa. pirvel yovlisa, igi
rTulia turizmSi monawile subieqtebis gansxvavebuli interesebis gamo. am
kiTxvaze sxvadasxva pasuxs miiRebT imisda mixedviT, Tu vin iqneba
SekiTxvis adresati. turistuli saqmianoba mogzaurisaTvis aris dasveneba,
garToba, garemos gamocvla, axali qveynebis, qalaqebisa da mxareebis
gacnoba, janmrTelobis gakaJeba; biznesmenisTvis _ komerciuli saqmianoba;
ekonomistisTvis _ ekonomikis erT-erTi dargi; kulturologisTvis _
kulturuli urTierTobebis sfero; ekologisTvis _ bunebasTan aqtiuri
kontaqtiT warmarTuli saqmianoba. garda amisa, turizmi sxvadasxva
xasiaTis saqmianobis sferos, ekonomikis dargisa da socialuri yofis
erTobliobaa. es Tavisebureba arTulebs turizmis calsaxovan ganmartebas.
definicia1
modiT vnaxoT rogor ganmartavs turizms sxvadasxva avtori. q. bernis
(Sveicaria) universitetebis profesorebma hunzikerma da kropfma erT-erTma
pirvelebma mogvces turizmis ganmarteba:
“turizmi esaa adamianTa mogzaurobis Sedegad warmoqmnili movlenebisa
da urTierTobebis wyeba, gagrZelebuli manamde, sanam mas (mogzaurobas) ar
mohyveba adamianTa mudmiv adgilze dasaxleba da romelic ar unda
daukavSirdes maT mier raime saxis Semosavlis miRebas.”
1 definicia (laT. Definitio, ingl. Definition) _ raime cnebis an movlenis mokle ganmarteba.
38
Sveicarieli profesorebis definicia Zalian zogadia. is SeiZleba
gamoyenebul iqnas rogorc safuZveli dargis samarTlebrivi an
instituciuri standartebis SemuSavebisTvis, magram naklebad Tu
gagvarkvevs turizmis saganSi.
saerTaSoriso turistuli organizaciis oficialurad miRebuli
ganmartebiT:
“turizmi moicavs adamianTa (pirebis) saqmianobas, romelsac isini
misdeven maTi Cveuli garemos gareT mdebare adgilebSi mogzaurobisa da
yofnis dros, ara umetes erTi sruli wlis xangrZlivobiT, dasvenebis,
biznesis an sxva mizniT.”
termini “Cveuli garemo” gulisxmobs im sivrces binadrobis mudmivi
adgilis farglebSi, romelSiac adamians uxdeba xSiri da regularuli
moZraoba sacxovrebel da samuSao adgilebs Soris da sxva saxis
yoveldRiuri gadaadgileba.
turizmis cnobili mkvlevari v. birJakovi aseT gansazRvrebas iZleva:
“esaa adamianTa droebiTi gadaadgileba TavianTi sacxovrebeli
adgilidan sxva qveyanaSi (an Tavisi qveynis sxva kuTxeSi) samuSaodan
Tavisufal dros siamovnebisa da dasvenebis an gamajansaRebeli da
samkurnalo, stumrobis, Semecnebis, fizkulturul-sportuli, religiuri
an profesiuli saqmianobis mizniT, magram droebiTi cxovrebis adgilze,
adgilobrivi finansuri wyaroebidan anazRaurebadi, muSaobis gareSe.”
es Zalian zogadi, turizmis yvelanairi gagebisTvis saerTo,
ganmartebebia. magram, Cveni saxelmZRvanelosTvis ufro mniSvnelovania
turizmis ara yovelmxrivi, aramed rogorc ekonomikuri saqmianobis, an
rogorc amboben _ industriis, Seswavla. amitom, SegviZlia ufro
davakonkretoT turizmis Sinaarsi..
turizmi, rogorc industria, aris sxvadasxva saqmianobis, warmoebisa
da momsaxurebis nakrebi, romlis daniSnulebaa calkeuli adamianebisa da
adamianTa jgufebis mogzaurobis uzrunvelyofa transportiT, ganTavsebiT,
sazogadoebrivi kvebis dawesebulebebiT, savaWro obieqtebiT, garTobisa da
stumarTa momsaxurebis sxva saSualebebiT.
39
ubralod, rom vTqvaT, _ turizmis industria moicavs mTel msoflios
da misi daniSnulebaa mogzaurobis mowyoba, mogzaurebis uzrunvelyofa
sastumroebiT, transportiT, kvebis, garTobisa da dasvenebis obieqtebiT.
turistebi sargebloben am industriis mier Seqmnili momsaxurebiT, xolo
turistebis mier gaweuli danaxarjebi rCeba turistebis mimReb qveyanaSi,
mis regionebsa da arealebSi.
turizmis “adamianuri” safuZvlebi
Tanamedrove ekonomikis centrSi dgas adamiani, Tavisi moTxovnilebebis
rTuli samyaroTi. es yvelaze pirdapir, swored turizms Seexeba. mTeli
turistuli industria, msoflio ekonomikis es grandiozuli dargi
adamianis rekreaciuli moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebazea awyobili.
romel moTxovnilebebs SegviZlia vuwodoT rekreaciuli? esaa
Tavisufali drois gamoyeneba, dasveneba, fizikuri da sulieri Zalebis
aRdgena, garemos gamocvla, axali qveynebis, xalxebis, xedebis monaxuleba,
garToba, esTetikuri1 siamovnebis miReba da sxv. maTi dakmayofilebis
survili da SesaZlebloba uSualodaa dakavSirebuli Tavisufal drosTan
ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom turizmi, rogorc ekonomikis dargi, aRmocenda
industriul epoqaSi, romelSic dro mkveTrad daiyo samuSao da
samuSaosgan Tavisufal periodebad.
Tavisufali dro (ing. – Leisure, rus. – Досуг) arasamuSao (sawarmoo
saqmianobisgan Tavisufali) drois nawilia. arasamuSao droSi Sedis:
1. samsaxurSi mgzavrobis dro;
2. bunebrivi moTxovnilebebis (Zili, kveba, piradi higiena)
dakmayofilebis dro;
3. dro ojaxuri saqmeebisa da sayofacxovrebo moTxovnilebebisaTvis;
4. dro fizikuri, inteleqtualuri ganviTarebisa da dasvenebisaTvis.
Tavisufali drois swored es bolo nawili warmoadgens Tavisufal
dros Tavisi arsiT.
1 esTetikuri (berZ. Aisthētikos) silamazis, mSvenierebis grZnobier aRqmasTan dakavSirebuli.
40
sazogadoebis (ekonomikis, teqnikis, yofis, sazogadoebrivi kvebis
sistemis) ganviTarebis Sedegad sul ufro izrdeba Tavisufali dro; meore
mxriv, sul ufro izrdeba samuSaoze daxarjuli Zalebis aRdgenis
moTxovnileba. Tanamedrove, _ industriuli da postindustriuli,
sazogadoebis adamianebs sul ufro metad sWirdebaT momqancveli
reJimisgan gadarTva, Zalebis aqtiuri aRdgena.
adamianTa saqmianobas samuSaosgan Tavisufal dros, romelic
dakavSirebulia dasvenebasTan, fizikuri, sulieri, nerviuli Zalebis
aRdgenasTan, ewodeba rekreacia1.
rekreaciuli saqmianoba
adamianis rekreaciuli saqmianoba SeiZleba dajgufdes Semdegnairad:
1. saqmianoba, romelic dakavSirebulia garkveul fizikur
datvirTvasTan _ sportuli saqmianoba, seirnoba;
2. samoyvarulo saqmianoba _ nadiroba, Tevzaoba, kenkrebisa da sokos
krefa, koleqcionireba da sxv.;
3. xelovnebis samyarosTan ziareba _ TeatrebSi, sakoncerto darbazebSi,
samxatvro galereebSi siaruli da sxv; agreTve Semoqmedeba
xelovnebis sferoSi _ musika, ferwera, Weduroba da sxv.);
4. inteleqtualuri saqmianoba _ TviTganaTleba, literaturis,
gazeTebis, Jurnalebis kiTxva);
5. sakuTari interesebisa da Tavisufali arCevanis Sesabamisi
urTierToba sxva adamianebTan;
6. aqtiuri (TamaSebi, cekvebi) an pasiuri (sanaxaobebze daswreba)
garToba;
7. seirnoba siamovnebis miRebis mizniT.
rekreaciuli saqmianoba SeiZleba moewyos sakuTar sacxovrebel
adgilze, an sakuTar dasaxlebul punqtSi, magram roca adamiani
gadaadgildeba sxva adgilisken (sakuTari qveynis sxva kuTxeSi, an sxva
qveyanaSi) da iq iRebs sarekreacio momsaxurebas, es ukve turizmia, xolo
rekreanti _ turistis rangSi gadadis. rogorc amboben, “turizmi
borblebze Semdgari rekreaciaa”.
1 rekreacia (laT. Recreatio – aRdgena).
41
rogorc vnaxeT, cnebebi _ Tavisufali dro, rekreacia da turizmi,
mWidro urTierTobaSia erTmaneTTan da, faqtiurad, nawilobriv faraven
erTmaneTs. magaliTad, sakuTar qalaqSi romelime muzeumis daTvaliereba
erTdroulad Tavisufali drois gatarebacaa, rekreaciac da turizmic.
damokidebuleba am sam movlenas Soris kargad Cans qvemoT moyvanil
sqemaze.
nax. 1. damokidebuleba Tavisufal dros, rekreaciasa da turizms
Soris.
turistuli motivebi
rogorc gavarkvieT, maT Soris zemoT mocemuli sqemidanac, turizmis
gansxvaveba Tavisufali drois gatarebasa da rekreaciisgan isaa, rom igi
aucileblad dakavSirebulia sakuTari sacxovrebeli adgilidan (qalaqidan,
soflidan, qveynidan) gasvlasTan. imisTvis, rom adamiani sxvagan wavides
dasvenebis, Tavisufali drois gatarebis an garTobis mizniT, garkveuli
Sinagani moTxovnilebaa saWiro. aseT moTxovnilebebs mogzaurobis, anu
turistuli motivebi ewodeba. mogzaurobis motivi sxvadasxva SeiZleba
iyos:
42
• gajansaReba: fizikuri da sulieri Zalebis aRdgena, daZabulobis
moxsna, ganmuxtva, mkurnaloba;
• Semecneba: bunebis movlenebis, kacobriobis warsulisa da
Tanamedrove istoriis Seswavla, axali kulturis, cxovrebis wesis,
erovnuli samzareulos, tradiciebis, zne-Cveulebebis gacnoba, sxva
xalxebisa da qveynebis Sesaxeb codnis daxvewa da gaRrmaveba;
• esTetikuri siamovnebis miReba: bunebis iSviaTi peizaJebis an
xelovnebis nimuSebis ucxo silamaziT tkboba;
• sxva adamianebTan urTierToba. es adamianTa arsebiTi e.w. socialuri
interaqtivis moTxovnilebaa. adamianebi cdiloben Seiqmnan
mikrosocialuri garemo, _ Sexvdnen axloblebs, megobrebs, gaicnon
axali adamianebi, miiRon axali STabeWdilebebi maTTan
urTierTobebis Sedegad. es motivi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania
maRalganviTarebuli qveynebis qalaqebis mcxovreblebisaTvis,
romlebic cxovrebis intensiuri saqmiani reJimis Sedegad adamianuri
urTierTobebis deficits ganicdian;
• garToba: masobriv sanaxaobriv da kulturul RonisZiebebSi,
festivalebSi, karnavalebSi, qalaqebis Ramis cxovrebaSi monawileoba,
restornebSi, klubebSi, gasarTob dawesebulebebSi siaruli, Sopingi;
• fizkulturul-sportuli motivebi: Sejibrebebisa da TamaSebisaTvis
mzadeba da maTSi monawileobis miReba rogorc profesionalTa ise
samoyvarulo doneze, sportsmenTa Tanxleba, agreTve am RonisZiebebSi
mayureblis saxiT monawileoba;
• profesiuli da saqmiani motivebi: saqmiani mgzavroba, sxva qveynebSi
potenciuri biznesisTvis saWiro pirobebis Seswavla, kongresebSi,
konferenciebSi, seminarebSi monawileoba, gamocdilebis gacvla,
profesiuli swavleba, garda mravalsemestruli xangrZlivi swavlisa;
• religiuri motivebi: momlocveloba da sakulto mogzauroba, sxva
religiebis da kultebis Seswavla;
• sxva, romlebic romelime zemoT CamoTvlilis nairsaxeoba SeiZleba
iyos. mag.: naTesavebisa da istoriuli samSoblos monaxuleba da a.S.
43
turizmis es motivebi zogjer wminda saxiT vlindeba _ turisti
saxlidan miemgzavreba erTi konkretuli motiviT, _ an gasarTobad, an
profesiul saqmianobasTan dakavSirebuli Tu sxva miznebiT, magram ufro
xSirad masze moqmedebs ara erTi, aramed ramdenime, motivi, mag., _
“vinaxulo naTesavebi da gavecno axal qveyanas”, “gavicno axali xalxi da
monawileoba miviRo religiur ritualebSi” da a.S.
rekreaciuli (turistuli) resursebi
zemoT CamoTvlili rekreaciuli moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad
adamianebi arCeven iseT adgilebs, romlebic maTi moTxovnilebebis
Sesabamis rekreaciul Tvisebebs floben.
geografiul obieqtebs, romlebic rekreaciul Tvisebebs floben da,
amis gamo, ZiriTad safuZvels warmoadgenen turistul_rekreaciuli
saqmianobisTvis, rekreaciuli resursebi ewodeba.
turistebis TvalsazrisiT, yvelaze sasurveli rekreaciuli
resursebia:
1. bunebriv-rekreaciuli resursebi. isini turizmisTvis erT-erTi
ZiriTad faqtors warmoadgenen. magaliTad, zRva, mTebi, mcenareuloba, mze
da a.S. es resursebi arsebiT rols asruleben turizmis garkveuli
formebis SeqmnaSi, gansakuTrebiT sazRvao, samTo, sportuli, zamTris
turistuli saxeobebisTvis. bunebis elementebi turizmisTvis Zalze
sasargebloa da aqtiuradaa gamoyenebuli urbanizebuli regionebis
mosaxleobis mier fsiqologiuri da biologiuri moTxovnilebebis
dasakmayofileblad, romlebic turizmSi eZeben dasvenebas, fizikuri
garemos Secvlas, garTobas.
2. istoriasa da kulturasTan dakavSirebuli rekreaciuli resursebi.
am kategorias ganekuTvneba qveynebis, xalxebisa da civilizaciebis
kulturuli faseulobebis mTeli nakrebi, romelTa monaxulebasac
sTavazoben turistebs. maT miekuTvneba istoriuli adgilebi, arqeologiuri
Zeglebi, muzeumebi, samxatvro galereebi, xalxuri rewvis nimuSebi da sxv.
44
kulturuli motivebi naklebadaa popularuli im turistebSi, romlebic
masobriv turizms irCeven.
3. socialur interaqtivTan dakavSirebuli resursebi, esaa adamianTa
urTierTobis xelSemwyobi pirobebi. aseTia _ gamarTuli infrastruqtura
da bunebrivi Tu kulturuli garemo, romelic bevri adamianis TavSeyris
dasvenebisa da garTobis (an piriqiT adamianTa mcire jgufis ganmartoebis)
saSualebas iZleva; esaa, agreTve, saintereso socialuri garemo, _ aseT
resursebs Seicavs is adgilebi (qveynebi, regionebi, qalaqebi, ubnebi), sadac
cxovroben an ikribebian (sxvadasxva mizniT an sababiT) CvenTvis saintereso
adamianebi: CvenTvis Cveuli (megobrebi, naTesavebi, nacnobebi), an Cvengan
gansxvavebuli _ sxva eris, sxva civilizaciis, sxva kulturis
warmomadgenlebi. es bolo motivi gansakuTrebulad turistulia, mag., _
CrdiloeTelebs samxreTelebis emociuroba, temperamentuloba, uSualoba,
stumarTmoyvareoba, modunebuloba, Tavisufali drois gatarebis siyvaruli
da unari xiblavT, samxreTelebs _ CrdiloeTelebis emociuri
TavSekavebuloba, simkacre, organizebuloba da sxv.
rekreaciuli resursebi teritoriulad gafantulia, _ turistuli
regionebisa da centrebis rekreaciuli potenciali erTmaneTisgan
gasxvavdeba, rogorc xasiaTiT, ise sididiT. amitom mogzauri irCevs iseT
adgils, romlis rekreaciuli Tvisebebi mis samogzauro motivebs
daakmayofilebs. rekreaciul resursebs, romlebic sakuTari sacxovrebeli
punqtidan moSorebiT mdebareobs da mogzaurobis mizezi xdeba _ ukve
turistuli resursebi SegviZlia vuwodoT.
turizmis subieqtebi
turistul saqmianobaSi ramdenime sxvadasxva interesis mimdevari mxare
monawileobs. interesebis mixedviT, SeiZleba gamoiyos oTxi ZiriTadi
subieqti.
1. turisti. turizmisTvis igi mTavari subieqtia. adamianebSi
gadaadgilebis survili erT-erTi arsebiTi, mudmivi da Zlieri
moTxovnilebaa. mogzaurobaSi adamiani eZebs axal fsiqikur da fizikur
gamocdilebas da siamovnebas, mogzaurobis motivi, rogorc vTqviT,
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mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvravs arCeul destinacias (mogzaurobis
adgils) da dasvenebis, garTobis Tu sxvadasxva saqmianobis formas;
2. biznesi, romelic uzrunvelyofs turistebs saqonliTa da
momsaxurebiT. biznesSi CarTuli adamianebi turizms uyureben rogorc
mogebis miRebis saSualebas, romelic miiRweva turistuli bazris
saqonliTa da momsaxurebiT momaragebiT;
3. turistebis mimRebi qveynis an regionis mTavroba. politikosebi
turizms uyureben, rogorc maTi samarTavi regionis ekonomikis
ganviTarebis faqtors, _ maTi momavali imazea damokidebuli, Tu rogor
SeZleben mosaxleobis keTildReobis gaumjobesebas. politikosebs, aseve
ainteresebT ucxouri valutis mozidviT Seqmnili Semosavali da
turistebis mier gaweuli danaxarjebidan Semosuli Semosavali. mTavrobas
mniSvnelovani rolis Sesruleba SeuZlia turizmis politikaSi, _ misi
ganviTarebis, xelis Sewyobis, mxardaWerisa da turistuli proeqtebis
ganxorcielebis saqmeSi;
4. turistebis mimRebi sazogadoeba. adgilobrivi mosaxleoba turizms
uyurebs rogorc kulturul da dasaqmebis faqtors. am jgufis interesebi
metad mniSvnelovania, radgan urTierTobam adgilobriv sazogadoebasa da
ucxoeli vizitorebis did jgufebs Soris rogorc dadebiTi (mxaris
socialur-ekonomikuri da kulturuli ganviTareba) ise uaryofiTi
(tradiciuli kulturis da garemos rRveva) Sedegebi SeiZleba moitanos.
mogzauris amsaxveli saerTaSoriso terminebi
rogorc vTqviT, mogzauri turizmis mTavari subieqtia. swored man
unda miiRos mogzaurobis gadawyvetileba da swored es gadawyvetileba
amoZravebs turizmis industrias, mis yvela Semadgenel dargsa da saxes.
yvelaze zogadi ganmartebiT,
mogzauri aris nebismieri piri, romelic moZraobs or an met qveyanas
Soris, an misi sakuTari qveynis or, an met kuTxes, Soris.
turizmSi CarTuli yvela saxis mogzaurs ewodeba vizitori (Visitor). es
termini ufro oficialuri xasiaTisaa da ZiriTadad turizmis
statistikaSi gamoiyeneba.
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saerTaSoriso vizitorebi (International visitors) arian pirebi, romlebic
mogzauroben ara umetes 12 Tvis xangrZlivobiT, qveyanaSi, romelic ar
warmoadgens maT sacxovrebel qveyanas (romlis rezidentebic ar arian), da
romelTa mizani araa anazRaurebadi saqmianobis warmoeba vizitis adgilze.
Sida vizitorebi (Internal visitors) arian pirebi, romlebic mogzauroben
sakuTari qveynis SigniT, oRond maTi yoveldRiuri garemos gareT, arsebul
destinaciebze ara umetes 12-Tviani vadis ganmavlobaSi.
yvela vizitori or kategoriad iyofa:
erTdRiani vizitorebi (Same-day visitors): vizitorebi, romlebic Rames ar
aTeven vizitis qveyanaSi mdebare ganTavsebis koleqtiur an kerZo
saSualebebSi. magaliTad, aseTad SeiZleba CaiTvalos sakruizo gemis
mgzavri, romelic romelime portSi oTx saaTs atarebs, an erTi dRiT raime
sanaxaobaze, an gasarTobad gasuli piri.
turistebi (Tourists): vizitorebi, romlebic vizitis adgilebSi erT
Rames mainc aTeven. mag., orkviriani SvebulebiT Casuli vizitorebi.
turizmis saxeebi
turistebis ZiriTadi sacxovrebeli adgilis da maTi vizitis
mimarTulebis mixedviT, turizmis industria 4 gansxvavebul saxed iyofa.
1. saerTaSoriso turizmi
a. Semomyvani turizmi: konkretul qveyanaSi sxva qveynebis
mcxovreblebis (ararezidentebis) Semosvla turistuli miznebiT;
b. gamyvani turizmi: konkretuli qveynis mcxovreblebis (rezidentebis)
sxva qveynebSi gasvla turistuli miznebiT.
2. Siga turizmi: konkretul qveyanaSi adgilobrivi mcxovreblebisa
(rezidentebis) da sxva qveynebis mcxovreblebis (ararezidentebis)
mogzauroba;
3. Sinauri (adgilobrivi) turizmi: qveynis mcxovreblebis (rezidentebis)
mogzauroba sakuTar qveyanaSi
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4. erovnuli turizmi: Siga da gamyvani turizmi erTad. erovnuli turizmi
aris qveynis turistuli bazari samogzauro agentebis, saaviacio
kompaniebis da momsaxurebis sxva mimwodeblisaTvis
turistuli produqti
turistebi arian turistuli momsaxurebis, samuSaoebisa da saqonlis,
anu turistuli produqtis momxmareblebi. Cveulebriv, turistuli
produqti moicavs turs, turistul-saeqskursio momsaxurebas da
turistebis mier SesaZen (SeZenil) saqonels.
turi ewodeba turistebis momsaxurebis kompleqss (nakrebs), romelSic
Sedis maTi mgzavroba, ganTavseba, kveba, saeqskursio momsaxureba, agreTve
gidebis da Tarjimnebis momsaxureba da sxv. momsaxurebis es nakrebi
gaerTianebulia mogzaurobis mTavari miznis safuZvelze da turistebs
miewodeba gansazRvrul marSrutze da gansazRvrul dros. mogzaurobas
SeiZleba sxvadasxva mizani hqondes, magram turma aucileblad unda
daainteresos klienti, rom iyidos igi.
turi formdeba sagzuris an vauCeris saxiT. turistuli sagzuri aris
dokumenti, romelic adasturebs turistis mier turis programiT
gaTvaliswinebuli momsaxurebis SeZenas da warmoadgens safuZvels, rom am
turistma (an turistebis jgufma) miiRos es momsaxureba. vauCeri, anu
orderi aris dokumenti, romlis safuZvelze turistebs miewodeba
momsaxureba da warmoebs angariSsworeba firmebTan. turi warmoadgens
turistuli produqtis pirvelad gasayid erTeuls (savaWro formas),
romelic bazarze (moxmarebis sferoSi) gadis.
turistuli momsaxureba, Cveulebriv, Semdegnairad jgufdeba:
• turistebis ganTavseba (sastumroebi, gesThauzebi, motelebi, kempingebi,
pansionatebi, sanatoriumebi, turistuli bazebi, banakebi da sxv.);
• turistebis uzrunvelyofa kvebiT (restornebi, kafeebi, barebi da sxv.);
• turistebis gadaadgileba sxvadasxva satransporto saSualebiT
(rogorc vizitis, anu destinaciis, adgilze, ise sxva qveynis
teritoriaze gavlis, anu tranzitis dros);
48
• reklamasa da gasaRebasTan dakavSirebuli samsaxuri (turistuli
firmebis momsaxureba mogzaurobis marSrutebis damuSavebis,
satransporto da ganTavsebis saSualebebze adgilebis dajavSnis
mizniT);
• saeqskursio samsaxuri (eqskursiamZRolebi da Tarjimnebi);
• kulturuli interesebis dakmayofileba (turistebis mier TeatrebSi,
kinoSi, sakoncerto darbazebSi, muzeumebSi, samxatvro galereebSi,
parkebSi, atraqcionebze, bunebis da istoriul nakrZalebSi vizitis,
istoriisa da kulturis Zeglebis monaxulebis, festivalebze,
sportul da sxva RonisZiebebze daswrebis mowyoba-organizeba);
• turistebis saqmiani da samecniero interesebis dakmayofileba
(kongresebSi, asambleebze, samecniero konferenciebSi, simpoziumebSi,
TaTbirebSi, seminarebSi, bazrobebSi, zogad da specialur savaWro
RonisZiebebSi monawileobis organizeba);
• makontrolebel-administraciuli organoebi (sasazRvro, sabaJo,
sakarantino, savaluto, policiuri samsaxurebis saqmianoba, agreTve
dokumentaciis, _ vizebis, pasportebisa da sxva dokumentebis
gaformebasTan dakavSirebuli organoebis momsaxureba);
• saiformacio samsaxurebi (dedamiwis ama Tu im regionis turistuli
regionis turistul-rekreaciuli resursebis, iq arsebuli ganTavsebis
saSualebebis, sabaJo da sasazRvro formalobebis, valutis kursebis,
transportis saSualebebis, marSrutebisa da maTi fasebis Sesaxeb
informaciis uzrunvelyofa);
• informaciis masobrivi saSualebebi (gazeTebi, Jurnalebi, wignadi
gamocemebi);
• bunebis, istoriuli da kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis samsaxurebi;
• zogadi da specialuri daniSnulebis savaWro dawesebulebebi
(suvenirebis, saCuqrebis, safosto baraTebisa da adgilobrivi
mosaxleobis xelsaqmis da xelosnobis nimuSebis gayidva);
• turistebis dajavSna da maTi samedicino daxmareba;
• turizmis saxelmwifo organoebi;
49
• ucxoeli iuridiuli pirebi da sazogadoebrivi turistuli
organizaciebi.
turistuli momsaxureba iyofa ZiriTad, damatebiT da Tanmxlebad.
ZiriTadi turistuli momsaxureba CarTulia turSi, ganisazRvreba
xelSekrulebiT turistuli momsaxurebis Sesaxeb da dafiqsirebulia
sagzurSi. Cveulebriv, esaa ganTavseba, kveba, satransporto da saeqskursio
momsaxureba.
damatebiTi momsaxureba anazRaurdeba misi moxmarebis momentSi
mogzaurobis dros an vizitis adgilze (destinaciaze). maT ganekuTvneba
damatebiTi eqskursiebi, fizkulturul-gamajansaRebeli, samedicino
momsaxureba, kulturul-sanaxaobiTi RonisZiebebi.
Tanmxlebi momsaxureba moicavs suvenirebiT uzrunvelyofas, savaWro,
savaluto-sakredito, sainformacio da sxva saxis momsaxurebas,
kavSirgabmulobis specialuri saSualebebiT momsaxurebas da sxv.
damatebiT da Tanmxleb momsaxurebas Soris mkafio sazRvari ar
arsebobs.
turistuli produqti Sedgeba specialuri nawilisagan, romelic
uSualod turistebisTvisaa gansazRvruli (rukebi, baraTebi, bukletebi,
suvenirebi, turistuli aRWurviloba da sxv.) da araspecialuri
nawilisagan, raSic Sedis rogorc turistebisaTvis, aseve Cveulebrivi
moqalaqeebisaTvis gansazRvruli saqoneli.
kiTxvebi codnis Semowmebisa da ganxilvisaTvis
1. CaiTvleba Tu ara rekreaciad mZime Sroma kolumbis karavelas
modelis awyobis mizniT?
2. Tbiliseli batoni Salva, rogorc wesi, yovelkvireulad dilidan
adis kus tbaze da saRamomde rekreaciul samianobas eweva: darbis,
50
curavs, Wadraks TamaSobs da megobrebs xvdeba kafeSi. SegviZlia mas
vuwodoT turisti?
3. gulisxmobs Tu ara rekreaciuli saqmianoba regularuli
anazRaurebis miRebas?
4. ras moicavs turistuli motivebi?
5. rogor ganvmartoT rekreaciuli resursebi?
6. ramdeni Rame unda gaaTenos mogzaurma sxva qveyanaSi, rom turistad
CaiTvalos?
7. ra gansxvavebaa Siga turizmsa da Sinaur turizms Soris?
8. ra aris turi?
9. ra saxiT formdeba turi?
51
Tavi IV. msoflios turistuli regionebi
gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis msoflio turistuli organizacia
(UN WTO) msoflios 5 msxvil turistul regions gamoyofs. esenia:
1. afrika;
2. amerika;
3. azia-wynari okeanis regioni;
4. evropa;
5. axlo aRmosavleTi;
es regionebi iyofa qveregionebad, romlebic calkeul qveynebs
aerTianeben, esenia:
afrikaSi:
• CrdiloeTi afrika: alJiri, maroko, sudani, tunisi;
• dasavleTi afrika: benini, burkina faso, kabo verde, kot divuari,
gambia, gana, gvinea, gvinea-bisau, mali, mavritania, nigeri, nigeria,
senegali, siera leone, togo;
• centraluri afrika: angola, kameruni, centraluri afrikis
respublika, Cadi, kongo, kongos demokratiuli respublika,
ekvatoriuli gvinea, gaboni, san tome da prinsipi;
• aRmosavleTi afrika: burundi, komoris kunZulebi, jibuti, eriTrea,
eTiopia, kenia, madagaskari, malavi, mavritania, mozambiki, reiuniono,
ruanda, seiSelis kunZulebi, tanzania, uganda, zambia, zimbabve;
• samxreTi afrika: botsvana, lesoto, namibia, samxreT afrikis
respublika, svazilendi.
amerikaSi:
• CrdiloeTi amerika: kanada, meqsika, SeerTebuli Statebi;
• karibis zRvis qveynebi: angilia, antigua-barbuda, aruba, bahamis
kunZulebi, barbadosi, bermudis kunZulebi, boneri, britaneTis
virjiniis kunZulebi, kaimanis kunZulebi, kuba, kiurasao, dominika,
dominikis respublika, grenada, gvadelupe, haiti, iamaika, martinika,
52
monserati, puerto-riko, saba, senta lusia, sint estatiusi, sent kits-
nevisi, sen maarteni, sent vinsenti, grenadinebi, trinidadi tobago,
turkisi da kaikosi, aSS-s virjiniis kunZulebi;
• centraluri amerika: belizi, kosta-rika, salvadori, gvatemala,
hondurasi, nikaragua, panama;
• samxreTi amerika: argentina, bolivia, brazilia, Cile, kolumbia,
ekvadori, safrangeTis gviana, gaiana, paragvai, peru, surinami, urugvai,
venesuela.
azia-wynari okeanis regionSi:
• Crdilo-aRmosavleTi azia: CineTi, hongkongi, iaponia, CrdiloeTi
korea, samxreTi korea, makao, monRoleTi, taivani;
• samxreT-aRmosavleTi azia: brunei, kamboja, indonezia, laosi,
malaizia, mianma (birma), filipinebi, singapuri, tailandi, vietnami;
• okeania: amerikis samoa, avstralia, kukis kunZulebi, fiji,
safrangeTis polinezia, guami, kiribati, marSalis kunZulebi,
mikronezia, marianis CrdiloeTi kunZulebi, axali kaledonia, axali
zelandia, niue, palau, papua axali gvinea, samoa, solomonis
kunZulebi, tonga, tuvalu, vanuatu;
• samxreTi azia: avRaneTi, bangladeSi, buTani, indoeTi, irani, maldivis
kunZulebi, nepali, pakistani, Sri lanka.
evropaSi:
• CrdiloeTi evropa: dania, fineTi, islandia, irlandia, norvegia,
Svecia, didi britaneTi;
• dasavleTi evropa: avstria, belgia, safrangeTi, germania,
lixtenStaini, luqsemburgi, monako niderlandebi, Sveicaria;
• centraluri da aRmosavleTi evropa: azerbaijani, belorusi,
bulgareTi, estoneTi, TurqmeneTi, latvia, litva, moldova,
poloneTi, rumineTi, ruseTi, saqarTvelo, slovakeTi, somxeTi,
tajikeTi, uzbekeTi, ukraina, yazaxeTi, yirgizeTi, CexeTi;
53
• samxreTi evropa: albaneTi, andora, bosnia, espaneTi, makedonia,
italia, malta, portugalia, saberZneTi, san marino, serbeTi,,
slovenia, Cernogoria, xorvatia.;
• aRmosavleT xmelTaSuazRvispireTi evropa: kviprosi, israeli,
TurqeTi.
axlo aRmosavleTi (qveregionebis gareSe):
• arabeTis gaerTianebuli saamiroebi, bahreini, egvipte, erayi, katari,
iemeni, iordania, libani, libia, omani, palestina, saudis arabeTi,
siria, quveiTi.
mokled davaxasiaToT TiToeuli makroregioni da zogierTi saintereso
qveregionis bunebriv-resursuli da ekonomikuri potenciali agreTve,
turizmis ganviTarebis done.
evropas evraziis kontinentis dasavleTi nawili uWiravs. misi
teritoriis farTobia 10,8 mln km2. evropis sazRvari aziasTan gadis:
uralis qedis aRmosavleT Zirze, mdinareebze _ elbaze, kumasa da maniCze;
kaspiis, Savi da azovis zRvebze. evropis saxelmwifoTa umetesoba
esazRvreba atlantis da Crdilo yinulovan okeaneebs da maT zRvebs, rac
xels uwybs maT sazRvao-turistul kavSirs sxva regionebTan.
evropis teritoriis ZiriTadi nawili ukavia dablobebsa da borcvian
adgilebs. yvelaze msxvili dablobebi _ aRmosavleT evropis, Sua evropis;
Sua da qvemo dunais, parizis auzi. mTebs teritoriis 17% uWiravs. ZiriTadi
mTiani sistemebia: alpebi, karpatebi, apeninebi, pirineebi, skandinaviis mTebi.
teritoriis umetes nawilze hava zomieria; dasavleTiT _ okeanuria,
xolo aRmosavleTiT _ kontinenturi. CrdiloeTi kunZulebis hava
subarqtikuli da arqtikulia, samxreT evropisa ki _
xmelTaSuazRvispiruli. CrdiloeTi evropis nawili Tanamedrove
myinvarebiTaa dafaruli. islandiis, Spicbergenisa da axali miwis bevr
kunZulze safariseuli gamyinvarebaa, xolo alpebSi _ mTis.
marTalia, evropas dedamiwis xmeleTis mcire nawili uWiravs (sul 4%),
magram igi msoflios erT-erTi yvelaze mWidrod dasaxlebuli regionia, aq
800 mln adamianamde cxovrobs. Tanamedrove evropis eTnikuri ruka sakmaod
54
Wrelia. mosaxleobis umetesi nawili indoevropuli ojaxis enebze
laparakobs: germanuli enebis jgufSi Sedian: germanelebi, holandielebi,
flamandielebi, avstrielebi, Sveicarielebis nawili, skandinavielebi,
ingliselebi da sxv.; romanuli enebis jgufSi _ italielebi, frangebi,
epanelebi, portugalielebi, ruminelebi da sxv.; slavuri enebis jgufSi _
(rusebi, ukrainelebi, polonelebi, Cexebi, slovakebi, serbebi, xorvatebi da
sxv.. gabatonebuli religiaa qristianoba. kaTolikeebi sWarboben italiaSi,
espaneTSi, portugaliasa da safrangeTSi; protestantebi _ norvegiaSi,
SveciaSi, daniaSi, islandiaSi, fineTsa da SveicariaSi, germaniisa da didi
britaneTis umetes nawilSi. marTlmadidebloba ufro metad
gavrcelebulia aRmosavleT da samxreT-aRmosavleT evropaSi: saberZneTSi,
serbeTSi, bulgareTSi, rumineTSi, ruseTSi, ukrainasa da belorusSi.
kacobriobis ganviTarebis istoriaSi evropis xalxebma mniSvnelovani
roli Seasrules. aq Caisaxa sabazro ekonomika, xolo evropis kulturam
didi gavlena moaxdina msoflios xalxebis kulturaze. evropis ekonomikis
potenciali Zalze didia _ msoflios mTlian Sida produqtSi mas 27-28 %
uWiravs (TiTqmis 11 trln dol.). ekonomikis dargobriv struqturaSi
momsaxurebis sferos wili (romelSic turizmic Sedis) 70%-mde adis. ufro
swrafi tempebiT viTardeba mecnier- da teqnologiatevadi dargebi:
mikroeleqtronika, mikrobiologia, atomuri mrewveloba, saaviacio da
kosmosuri mrewveloba, eleqtroteqnika, sainformacio teqnologiebi da
sxv. Zalian kargadaa ganviTarebuli satransporto sistema _ rkinigza,
saavtomobilo da saaviacio transporti, milsadenebi. roterdami
(niderlandebi) msoflios yvelaze msxvili navsadguria. kompiuterizaciis
doniT evropas me-2 adgili uWiravs msoflioSi. evropis qveynebis umetesoba
evrokavSirSia gaerTianebuli. amJamad, evrokavSiris wevria evropis 27
qveyana: avstria, belgia. bulgareTi. germania, dania, didi britaneTi,
espaneTi, estoneTi, irlandia, italia, kviprosi, latvia, litva,
luqsemburgi, malta, niderlandebi, poloneTi, portugalia, rumineTi,
safrangeTi, saberZneTi, slovakeTi, slovenia, ungreTi, fineTi, Svecia da
CexeTis respublika.
2002 w. 1 marts SemoRebul iqna saerTo valuta _ evro.
55
msoflio turistuli organizaciis monacemebiT, evropis regionma 2007
w. 470 mlm-mde turisti miizida – msoflios yvela turistis 50%-ze meti.1
amerikis makroregioni dasavleT naxevarsferoSi mdebareobs. igi oTxi
msxvili turistuli qveregionisgan Sedgeba _ Crdilo amerikis,
centraluri amerikis, samxreT amerikisa da karibis zRvis qveynebis.
Crdilo amerikis qveregions ganekuTvneba aSS-s, kanadisa da meqsikis
teritoriebi, aseve grenlandia, romelic saxelmwifoebrivad danias
ekuTvnis. am regionis teritoriis farTobia 23,5 mln km2. CrdiloeTidan mas
esazRvreba Crdilo yinulovani okeane, dasavleTidan _ wynari, xolo
aRmosavleTidan _ atlantis okeaneebi. samxreTidan mas esazRvreba
centraluri amerika da karibis zRvis auzi. es regioni moicavs klimatur
zonebs arqtikuli sartylidan (CrdiloeTiT) tropikul sartylamde
(meqsika da aSS-s samxreTi). reliefisTvis umeteswilad damaxasiaTebelia
dablobebi da dabali mTebi, Tumca kordilierebis maRal mTaTa sistema
ramdenime aTas kilometrzea gaWimuli CrdiloeTidan samxreTisaken
(umaRlesi mwvervalia _ mTa mak-kinli _ 6193 m). mcenareuloba moicavs
wiwvovan da farTofoTlovan tyeebs. floridisa da kaliforniis StatebSi,
aseve meqsikaSi palmebi da fikusebi izrdeba.
aliaskaze, kanadis Crdilo nawilSi, grenlandiis samxreTiT iSviaTi
wiwvovani jiSebic gvxvdeba.
amerika mdidaria Sida wylebiT _ mdinareTa sistemebiT, tbebiT,
xelovnuri wyalsacavebiT. md. misisipi Semdinare misurisTan erTad,
dedamiwis erT-erTi yvelaze grZeli mdinarea (6420 km).
uzarmazar sawylosno sistemas warmoadgens didi tbebi, romelTagan
sami (zeda, huroni da miCigani) msoflios udides tbebs Soris arian. wm.
lavrentis mdinare maT atlantis okeanesTan aerTebs. md. niagaram “gaWra”
borcviani maRlobi da tbebi _ eri da ontario SeaerTa. niagara
vardnobidan mkveTrad eSveba da saxelganTqmuli CanCqerebis sistemas qmnis.
mokle da swrafi mdinareebi dasavleTiT miedineba – wynari okeanisken.
maTgan yvelaze didia kolumbia da kolorado. md. kolorados xeobaSia
1 es maCvenebeli qveyanaSi wlis ganmavlobaSi Casuli turistebis raodenobiT _ e.w. Casvlebis ricxviT ganisazRvreba.
56
saxelganTqmuli grand-kanioni, romlis sigrZe 320 km-s aRwevs. am uzarmazar
xeobas cicabo, safexurebiani ferdobebi aqvs, romlebic sxvadasxva asakis,
Semadgenlobis da Seferadebis qanebiTaa agebuli.
Crdilo amerikis mosaxleobis raodenoba 420 mln kacs Seadgens. Zalian
Wrelia mosaxleobis rasobrivi da eTnikuri Semadgenloba. aSS-Si
mosaxleobis 83% TeTrkaniania, 12% _ afroamerikeli, xolo 4% aziuri
warmoSobisa. kanadaSi mosaxleobis 40%-s anglo-kanadelebi warmoadgenen,
xolo 27% _ franko-kanadelebi, mosaxleobis 1/3 _ sxva eTnikur jgufebs
ganekuTvneba. meqsikis mosaxleobis 60%-ze meti metisia.
kaTolikeebs miekuTvneba mosaxleobis 30%, meqsikaSi _ 90%.
qveynebs Soris cxovrebis done araTanabaria. adamianis ganviTarebis
indeqsis maCvenebliT1 kanada msoflioSi me-3 adgils ikavebs, aSS _ me-6,
xolo meqsika _ mxolod 51-s. mTliani erovnuli produqtis moculobiT aSS
pirvel adgilzea (12 trln dol.), kanada me-8 (1,1 trln dol.), xolo meqsika
me-10 adgilzea (1 trln dol.).
centraluri da samxreT amerikis qveregioni, romlis farTobia 19,14
mln km2, gaWimulia meqsikis samxreTi sazRvridan materikis ukidures
samxreT wertilamde _ frouerdis koncxamde. regions aRmosavleTiT
atlantis okeane akravs, samxreTiT _ wynari. regionSi sxvadasxva
socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis donisa da politikuri orientaciis 48
qveyanaa.
samxreT amerikis dasavleT sanapiros gaswvriv, mTels sigrZeze
gaWimulia msoflios erT-erTi ugrZesi mTiani sartyeli _ andebi, romlis
umaRlesi wertilia mTa akonkagua (6960 m z/d). teritoriis danarCen
nawilze sWarbobs zegnebi da dablobebi, romelTa Soris gamoirCeva
dedamiwis yvelaze didi _ amazonis dablobi.
hava rTulia _ tropikulidan subarqtikulamde (CrdiloeTidan
samxreTisaken) icvleba. samxreTi amerika dedamiwaze yvelaze teniani
kontinentia. amis Sedegad aq Seiqmna yvelaze didi samdinaro auzi _ md.
amazonis, romlis farTobi 7 mln km2 (anu samxreT amerikis teritoriis
1 adamianis ganviTarebis indeqsi (Human Development Index) _ qveynis mosaxleobis keTildReobis saerTo donis sinTeturi maCvenebelia, romlis safuZvelzec gaero qveynebis reitings adgens..
57
TiTqmis 40%) aRwevs, am mdinaris uzarmazari masa, _ 300 000 m/3 (wvimian
sezonSi) atlantis okeaneSi Caedineba. Tu amazonis Sua welSi misi
kalapotis sigane 5 km-mdea, SesarTavTan 325 km-s aRwevs. amazonis wyali
Zalze mdidaria floriTa da fauniT. mis Senakadebsa da yureebSi izrdeba
viqtoria-regia, romlis mocurave foTlebi 2 m-s aRwevs. Tevzis
mravalricxovan saxeobaTagan yvelaze cnobilia: pirania – mtacebeli
Tevzi, eleqtronuli gvelTevza, amazonis zvigeni, mtknari wylis delfini,
niangebi, kaimanebi.
andebidan, gvianisa da braziliis zegnebidan Camosul mdinareebze
bevri CanCqeria. magram mogzaurebi sxvebze metad icnoben iguasus (722 m) _
CanCqers md. paranas erT-erT Senakadze, radgan igi ufro advili
misadgomia. es msoflios erT-erTi yvelaze lamazi CanCqerTagania. misi xma
ramdenime kilometrze ismis.
mosaxleobis raodenoba 450 mln kacs aRwevs. aqedan, indielebi 10%,
TeTrkanianebi _ 10%, metisebi da mulatebi 80%-ia.
mosaxleobis udidesi nawili kaTolike qristiania (85%), protestantul
eklesias miekuTvneba mosaxleobis 8%. am konfesiebis garda, gavrcelebulia
islami, budizmi da mravalricxovani mcire religia (ZiriTadad indielTa).
am regionSi Casuli turistebisTvis raodenobiT pirvel adgilzea aSS.
am qveynidan yovelwliurad 50 milionze meti (51,1 mln 2006 w.) turisti
Cadis, meqsikidan _ 21,4 mln, xolo kanadidan _ TiTqmis 20 mln (19,5 mln
2006 w).
miRebuli turistebis raodenobiT, laTinur amerikaSi meore adgolzea
brazilia _ 6 mln-mde miRebuli turisti 2006 w., mesamezea argentina _ 3,5
mln, xuTeulSi aseve Sedian _ dominikis respublika da urugvai. yvelaze
swrafi tempebiT xasiaTdeba kuba, aq Casuli turistebis raodenoba bolo
aTi wlis manZilze 120 %-iT gaizarda da ukve 2 mln-s gadaaWarba.
azia-wynari okeanis turistuli makroregioni sivrciTi ganfenilobiT
yvelaze didia.
samxreT-aRmosavleTi aziis qveregionis teritoriis farTobi, romelic
evraziis kontinentis samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilsa da mimdebare kunZulebs
moicavs, 4,5 mln km2-s Seadgens. regionis teritoriis naxevarze mets
58
indoCineTis naxevarkunZuli (farTobiT msoflioSi mesamea) da mis Crdilo-
aRmosavleTiT mdebare mTiani regioni ikavebs. samxreT-aRmosavleTi aziis
turistuli regionis kunZulovani nawils Seadgens malais arqipelagi,
romelic 20 aTasze meti kunZulisgan Sedgeba, romelTagan mxolod 5-is
teritoriis farTobi aRemateba 100 aTas km2-s. es regioni or _ wynarsa da
indoeTis okeanes Sorisaa moqceuli. regionis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis:
brunei, vietnami, indonezia, kamboja, laosi, malaizia, mianma (birma),
singapuri, tailandi, aRmosavleTi timori, filipinebi.
okeania moicavs 7 aTas kunZuls wynar okeaneSi. igi 3 nawilad iyofa:
melaneziad, romelic wynari okeanis samxreT-dasavleT nawilSia da 4
suverenul saxelmwifos aerTianebs (papua-axal gvineas, solomonis
kunZulebs, vanuatusa da fijis); mikroneziad wynari okeanis Crdilo-
dasavleT nawilSi, sadac 3 saxelmwifoa (mikroneziis federaciuli
Statebi, marSalis kunZulebi da palau), da polineziad, romelic
meridianuli mimarTulebiTaa gaWimuli okeanis centralur nawilSi, da aq
6 saxelmwifoa Tavmoyrili (axali zelandia, samoa, kiribati, nauru, tonga
da tuvalu).
samxreT-aRmosavleTi aziis kontinentur da kunZulovan nawilebs
saerTo geologiuri warmoSoba aqvT da aseve bevri rama aqvT saerTo
zedapiris Tanamedrove mowyobaSi. pirvel yovlisa, es exeba reliefis
Zlier danawevrebas, sadac sxvadasxva asakis mTis masivebi enacvleba
dablobebs, romlebic umsxvilesi mdinareebis deltebSi (indoCineTis
naxevarkunZulze) da viwro sanapiro raionebSi (malais arqipelagis
kuZulebze da malakis naxevarkunZulze) mdebareoben. am regionSi bevri
vulkania, maT Soris moqmedic.
okeaniis kunZulebidan umetesi an vulkanuri warmoSobisaa an
marjnuli. maTi nawili wyalqveSa qedebis mwvervalebs warmoadgens. Tumca,
kunZulebs Soris gvxvdeba materikuli kunZulebic. avstraliis
aRmosavleTi sanapiros gaswvriv 2300 km sigrZeze didi barieruli rifia
gaWimuli.
59
samxreT-aRmosavleTi azia 2 klimatur sartyelSia moqceuli:
ekvatorul (malais naxevarkunZulis didi nawili) da subekvatorul, anu
ekvatoruli musonebis sartyelSi. am regionisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia
temperaturis mcire ryeva (2-3oC, saSualowliuri temperatura _ 26oC)
kunZulebze da SedarebiT meti _ kontinentis zogierT nawilSi. Zalian did
gavlenas axdens musonuri wvimebi, romelTa cvla mSrali da teniani
sezonebis arsebobas ganapirobebs. regionis dasavleTi nawili ufro
teniania. teritoriis Zlieri danawevreba havis did sxvaobebs uwyobs xels.
okeaniis umetesi nawili ekvatorul, subekvatorul da tropikul
sartylebSia moqceuli. mxolod axali zelandia da masTan mimdebare
kunZulebi mdebareoben subtropikul da zomier sartylebSi. okeaniis hava
Tbili da rbilia da gansakuTrebiT xelsayrelia dasvenebisaTvis mTeli
wlis manZilze. temperaturis ryeva dRe-Ramis manZilze da sezonebs Soris
didi ar aris.
samxreT-aRmosavleTi aziis teritoriis naxevarze meti tyiTaa
dafaruli. gvxvdeba 2 aTasamde saxeobis xe. bevria palma, banani, bambuki,
orqidea, gvimra, xavsi. cxovelebidan interess warmoadgens spilo,
martorqa, gareuli xari, vefxvi, pantera, maimuni.
okeaniis mcenareulobasa da cxovelTa samyaroze didi gavlena iqonia
danarCeni samyarosgan izolirebulobam. aq arc mtaceblebi arian, da arc
Sxamiani gvelebi. marjnis kunZulebis bunebrivi kompleqsebi mWidrodaa
dakavSirebuli okeanesTan. aq cxovroben wyalxmeleTa cxovelebi. bevr
atolze Tavmoyrilni arian zRvis frinvelebi. axali zelandiis kunZulebi
cnobilia Tavisi geizerebiTa da mcenareulobisa da cxovelTa samyaros
endemuri1 warmomadgenlebiT.
okeaniis qveregionis mosaxleoba daaxloebiT 550 mln kacs Seadgens.
mosaxleobis absoluturi umravlesoba ganekuTvneba samxreTaziul mcire
rasas, romelsac Sexamebuli aqvs monRoloiduri da avstraliuri nakvTebi.
okeaniis kunZulebi Tavdapirvelad papuasebis, _ avstraliuri rasis
1 endemuri saxeebi (frang. Endémique) _ mxolod konkretuli geografiuli adgilisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli cocxali bunebis saxeebi.
60
warmomadgenlebis mier iqna dasaxlebuli, Semdeg aq movidnen
monRoloiduri rasis warmomadgenlebi, ris Sedegadac warmoiSvnen
melanezielebi da mikronezielebi.
religiur mimarTulebaTa Soris sWarbobs budizmi, induizmi da
islami.
samxreT-aRmosavleTi azia msoflios erT-erTi yvelaze swrafad
ganviTarebadi regionia. misi ekonomika bolo 10 wlis manZilze
yovelwliurad saSualod 5%-iT izrdeboda. ekonomikuri ganviTarebis
doniT aq sami gjufi gamoiyofa:
• yvelaze naklebganviTarebuli qveynebi (kamboja aRm. timori,
laosi, mianma);
• saSualod ganviTarebuli qveynebi (vietnami, indonezia,
filipinebi);
• axali industriuli qveynebi (malaizia, tailandi, singapuri,
brunei).
ekonomikis dargebs Soris momsaxurebis eqsportSi win aris turizmi,
romlis Semosavlebi msoflios saSualo tempebze ufro maRalia (9%).
turizmis wili mTlian Sida produqtSi 11%-s aWarbebs. yvelaze meti
turisti Cadis tailandSi, malaiziaSi, singapursa da indoneziaSi.
Casuli turistebis umetesoba CineTidan modis, romlebic aq xSirad,
TavianTi naTesavebisa da nacnobebis mosanaxuleblad Camodian.
samxreT-aRmosavleTi aziis erT-erT yvelaze popularul mimarTulebad
iTvleba kamboja da vietnami, sadac moTxovna turistul momsaxurebaze
bevrad aWarbebs miwodebas. gansakuTrebiT dinamikurad izrdeba turistuli
nakadebi am regionis unikalur mxareebSi _ fxuketisa da krobis
(tailandi), pinongis (malaizia) da balis kunZulebze.
afrikis makroregionSi Sedian kontinenturi afrikis saxelmwifoebi,
da, agreTve, rigi kunZulovani saxelmwifoebisa da teritoriebisa
atlantisa da indoeTis okeaneebSi (sul 69 saxelmwifo). am makroregionis
teritoriis farTobia 24,3 mln km2. masSi gamoiyofa 5 qveregioni:
CrdiloeTi, aRmosavleTi, dasavleTi, centraluri da samxreTi afrika.
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reliefi, umetesad vakea. aRmosavleT afrikisTvis damaxasiaTebelia
Rrma napralebi miwis qerqSi. CrdiloeTidan samxreTisaken gaWimulia
aRmosavleT afrikis rifti _ giganturi rRvevis xazi, romlis calkeuli
ubnebi Semofarglulia masStaburi flateebiTa da Rrma tbebiT. regionis
klimaturi pirobebi mTelma rigma faqtorma ganapiroba. pirveli faqtoria
ekvatori, romelic saharis samxreTiT mdebare bevr saxelmwifos gadakveTs.
magram misi gavlenis Sedegad cxeli da teniani havis Camoyalibebas xels
uSlis meore faqtori _ grandiozuli udabnos _ saharas teritoriaze
cxeli, magram mSrali haeris masebis arseboba. mesame faqtoria afrikis
kontinentis konfiguracia, kerZod, misi Seviwroeba samxreTisaken. am
Taviseburebis wyalobiT, okeanis gavlena Rrmad iWreba samxreT afrikis
teritoriaze. meoTxe faqtoria is, rom afrikas ar gaaCnia maRali da
sigrZeSi Sors gaWimuli mTaTa masivebi (mTis qedebi mxolod eTiopiis
mTianeTidan keniis mTebamde, kilimanjaromde da ruvenzoris mTagrexilamde
Tu grZeldeba. es ki imas ganapirobebs, rom sxvadasxva klimaturi zonebi
erTmaneTSia SeWrili.
makroregionis mosaxleoba 674 mln kacs Seadgens. igi nawilobriv
negroidul rasas ganekuTvneba, nawilobriv ki _ Sereul jgufebs. religiis
ZiriTadi saxeebia _ qristianoba, islami da animizmi. afrikul
saxelmwifoTa umravlesoba 1960-70-ian wlebamde evropuli imperiebis
koloniur sistemaSi iyo moqceuli. dRes yvela maTgani damoukidebeli
qveyanaa. sxva makroregionebTan SedarebiT, afrikas erTi Tavisebureba
axasiaTebs _ misi ukiduresi CrdiloeTi da samxreTi wertilebi Tanabrad
arian daSorebulni ekvatorisagan. kontinentis umetesi nawili moqceulia
tropikebsa da ekvatorul, subekvatorul da tropikul klimatur
sartylebs Soris. misi samxreTi kide subtropikebSi gadadis. afrikis
sanapiro xazi naklebadaa danawevrebuli. Tavisi mdebareobis wyalobiT,
afrika dedamiwaze yvelaze cxeli materikia, gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeva
udabno sahara.
afrikaSi moedineba msoflios yvelaze grZeli mdinare _ nilosi (6671
km). afrikis meore da yvelaze wyaluxvi mdinarea kongo. wyaluxvobiTa da
auzis farTobiT igi mxolod amazons CamorCeba. md. zambezize aris
msoflios erT-erTi yvelaze didi da cnobili CanCqeri _ viqtoria.
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mdinaris TiTqmis orkilometriani siganis nakadi 120-metriani flatedan
viwro xeobaSi eSveba. mravali kilometris daSorebiTac ki ismis CanCqeris
guguni da gruxuni. afrikis TiTqmis yvela tba teqtonikuri napralebis
zonaSia moqceuli, amitom maT wagrZelebuli forma aqvT. magaliTad, tba
tanganikis sigane 80km-ia, magram sirZeSi 650 km-zea gaWimuli, _ igi
dedamiwis yvelaze grZeli mtknari tbaa. viqtoria afrikis yvelaze didi
tbaa.
bunebriv zonebs Soris yvelaze did STabeWdilebas turistebze
ekvatoruli tyeebi axdens. aq marto xeebis 1000 saxeoba cocxlobs. tyeTa
zeda iarusebSi izrdeba fikusebi, palmebi, qveda iarusebze _ bananebi,
xismagvari gvimrebi, lianebi. bevri cxoveli xeebze binadrobs. iSviaT
saxeobebs miekuTvneba funjisyura Rori, juja behemoTi, okapi _ Jirafis
naTesavi, leopardi. gauval tyeebSi mcire raodenobiT SemorCnen
adamianismagvari maimunebi _ gorilebi.
ekvatorze mudmivi zafxulia da mudmivi buniaoba, anu dRe da Rame
Tanabari sididisaa.
savanebs materikis teritoriis 40% uWiravs. msxvili cxovelebis iseT
simravles, rogoric afrikul savanebSia, dedamiwaze versad SexvdebiT. aq
aris sxvadasxva saxis antilopa, zolebiani zebra, grZelfexeba Jirafi da
dedamiwis yvelaze msxvili cxovelebi _ spilo, afrikuli kameCi da
mrisxane martorqa.
balaxismWameli cxovelebis gverdiT cxovroben mtacebelTa
mravalricxovani jgufebi _ lomebi, leopardebi, gepardebi, gienebi.
araCveulebrivad mdidaria frinvelTa samyaro, aq binadrobs yvelaze patara
frinvelic _ ”neqtaris Citi” da yvelaze didic _ siraqlema.
afrikis turistul makroregions sxvebisgan gansxvavebiT, ar axasiaTebs
turistuli nakadebis mkveTri cvlilebebi. calkeulma qveynebma,
rogorebicaa: kenia, zambia, mavrikia, maroko, alJiri mniSvnelovnad
gaaumjobeses maCveneblebi. bolo wlebSi (2003 w. Semdeg) SesamCnevad
gamococxlda turistebis interesi samxreT afrikis respublikis mimarT.
axlo aRmosavleTi msoflio turizmis vrceli makroregionia, romelic
dasavleTiT, _ xmelTaSua zRvis napirebidan, aRmosavleTiT _ pakistanamdea
63
gadaWimuli, xolo samxreTiT, udabno saharidan CrdiloeTiT kunZul
kviprosamde. saerTo farTobia 14,8 mln km2. makroregioni moicavs 16
saxelmwifos. am regionSi turizmis ganviTarebisTvis didi mniSvneloba
aqvs suecis arxsa da gibraltaris srutes.
mosaxleobis raodenoba 450 mln–s miuaxlovda. maTi 90%-ze meti
mdinareTa xeobebis nayofier miwebsa da sanapiro xazis gayolebazea
gansaxlebuli. imis gamo, rom mosaxleobis ZiriTad nawils muslimani
arabebi warmoadgenen, mosaxleobis eTnikuri da religiuri Semadgenloba
ZiriTadad erTgvarovania. sxva religiuri mimarTulebebidan mniSvnelovania
qristianoba (koptebi _ egvipteSi, maronitebi _ libansa da siriaSi da
sxv.), arabuli ena faqtiurad gabatonebulia.
momsaxurebis sfero makroregionis ekonomikaSi Zalian did rols
asrulebs, gansakuTrebiT ki _ turizmi.
XXI saukunis dasawyisSi axlo aRmosavleTis regioni turistuli
nakadebis zrdis mixedviT msoflios lideri gaxda. turistebi da
momlocvelebi mTeli msofliodan wminda adgilebisken miemarTebian, xolo
damsveneblebi _ egviptisa da sparseTis yuris kurortebisaken. miuxedavad
teroristebis aqtivobisa da saomari viTarebisa, turistebis nakadis zrda
Zalian STambeWdavia (10-milioniani zrda bolo aT weliwadSi, 27,3 mln
Casuli 2006 w). es zrda ZiriTadad modis egvipteze, arabTa gaerTianebul
saamiroebsa da iranze.
samxreTi azia. regionis teritoriis saerTo farTobia 4,6 mln km2.
CrdiloeTidan igi SemosazRvrulia himalaisa da hindukuSis mTaTa
sistemebiT, iranis mTianeTiT, aRmosavleTiT _ asamo-birmis mTebiT.
samxreTiT makroregioni indoeTis okeaneze, arabeTis zRvasa da bengalis
yureze gadis.
regionSi 7 qveyana Sedis da maTgan mxolod nepalsa da butans ara
aqvT zRvaze gasasvleli. yvelaze didi qveyanaa _ indoeTi, yvelaze patara
_ maldivis respublika, romelic indoeTis okeaneSi mdebareobs.
samxreTi aziis qveynebis buneba Tvalwarmtaci da mravalferovania. aq
aris msoflios yvelaze maRali mTaTa sistema _ himalai (umaRlesi
wertili m. jomolungma _ 8848 m z/d), romelic mkveTrad maRldeba ind-
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gangis dablobidan. mTebis samxreT kalTebze mkafiod gamokveTilia
musonuri hava. yvelaze meti naleqi modis gangis qvemo welSi (2500-3000 mm
weliwadSi) da Tanac perioduli Tavsxma wvimebis saxiT. magram indis
aRmosavleTiT hava mSralia. aq mdebareobs Taris udabno.
samxreT aziis mosaxleoba 1500 mln-mdea. aq sWarbobs indoevropuli
ojaxis induri jgufis xalxebi: bengalelebi, penjabelebi, biharelebi,
oreia, singalelebi da sxv. indoeTis samxreTiT _ draviduli ojaxis
xalxebi, himalaebSi _ Cinur-tibeturi ojaxis tibetur-birmanuli jgufis
xalxebi, pakistanSi indoevropuli ojaxis iranuli jgufis Zalian bevri
xalxi cxovrobs: puStunebi, belujebi da sxv. religiaTa Soris induizmi
sWarbobs indoeTsa da nepalSi, islami _ pakistanSi, bangladeSSi da
maldivebze, budizmi _ Sri-lankasa da butanSi.
regioni msoflio civilizaciis erT-erT akvans warmoadgens. yvelaze
adreuli saxelmwifoebi md. indis auzSi ax. w. me-2 aTaswleulSi gaCnda.
1947 wlamde TiTqmis mTeli es regioni didi britaneTis kolonia iyo.
kiTxvebi codnis Semowmebisa da ganxilvisaTvis
1. romeli qveynebi Sedian karibis zRvis turistul regionSi? (aCveneT
rukaze).
2. msoflios turistebis ra wili modis evropaze 2007 w. monacemebiT?
3. riTaa cnobili roterdami?
4. kunZuli grenlandia, daniis sakuTrebaa. romel turistul
makroregionSi Sedis igi?
5. romeli turistuli makroregionis maxlobladaa didi barieruli
rifi?
6. ra aris adamianis ganviTarebis indeqsi?
7. erTi saudeli turistis interesis sagania geizerebi. romel qveyanaSi
unda Cavides igi maT sanaxavad?
8. ra ewodeba msoflioSi yvelaze maRla mdebare sastumros?
65
Tavi V. turizmis tipebi (nairsaxeobebi, mimarTulebebi)
turistuli motivebisa da resursebis Sesabamisad, turoperatorebi
(turistuli saqmianobis organizatorebi) sxvadasxva Sinaarsis turebs
qmnian. bunebrivia, olimpiuri TamaSebis daswrebis msurvelebs
gansxvavebuli marSruti, momsaxurebis saxeebi da momsaxurebis pirobebi
unda SesTavazo, vidre bunebaSi mogzaurobis moyvarulebs. Amogzaurobis
daniSnulebisa da turistuli paketebis Sinaarsis Sesabamisad ganasxvaveben
turizmis tipebs, anu nairsaxeobebs.
Cvens droSi turizmi aRmavlobis gzazea, sul ufro specifikuri xdeba
adamianebis motivacia dasvenebisa da mogzaurobisTvis da Sesabamisad,
axal-axali turproduqti Cndeba turistebis ufro da ufro daxvewili
moTxovnebis dasakmayofileblad. ase Cndeba turizmis axali nairsaxeobebi
da izrdeba maTi raodenoba. CamovTvaloT turizmis yvelaze mniSvnelovani
tipebi.
samkurnalo-gamajansaRebeli turizmi
samkurnalo turizmi _ dasveneba da janmrTelobis gakaJeba sakurorto
adgilebSi: zRvaze, mTebSi, mineralur wylebze, samkurnalo Tvisebebis
mqone adgilebSi (mag., wiwvovan tyeebSi, marilis maRaroebSi). turizmis es
nairsaxeoba geografiulad misadagebulia im adgilebTan, romlebic
janmrTelobisaTvis sasargeblo bunebrivi TvisebebiT gamoirCevian. am
adgilebSi iqmneba kurortebi _ samkurnalo-gamajansaRebeli centrebi,
romelTa funqcias Camosuli adamianebis dasvenebisa da janmrTelobis
aRdgenis mizniT specialuri momsaxurebis gaweva Seadgens.
ZiriTadad, sami saxis kurortebs gamoyofen
1. klimaturi kurortebi im adgilebSi iqmneba, romlebic jansaRi haviT
gamoirCeva da samkurnalo TvisebebiT xasiaTdeba: tyeebSi, mTebSi,
zRvis sanapiroze da a.S.;
2. balneologiur kurortebze mTavar samkurnalo faqtors bunebrivi
mineraluri wyali warmoadgens;
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3. samkurnalo talaxis kurortebi geografiulad samkurnalo talaxis
sabadoebTanaa Seqmnili. zogjer samkurnalo talaxis kurortebs
balneologiuri kurortebis SemadgenlobaSi ganixilaven.
yvelaze Zveli da tradiciuli kurortebi evropaSi mdebareobs. bevri
maTgani jer kidev XX saukunemde Camoyalibda SeZlebuli fenebis
dasvenebisa da mkurnalobis modur centrebad da dResac inarCuneben am
funqcias. maTgan yvelaze cnobilebi da popularulebia centraluri
evropis balneologiuri kurortebi: baden-badeni, visbadeni, vildbadi, bad-
homburgi (germaniaSi), badgastaini (avstriaSi, _ Seqmnilia radonis
wyaroebTan), badeni, bag-ragaci (SveicariaSi), samToklimaturi kurortebi:
davosi, arozi, sankt-morici, cermati (SveicariaSi).
avstriaSi viTardeba samkurnalo-gamajansaRebeli turizmi, romelic
yovelwliurad 1 milionamde turists izidavs.
sakmaod ganviTarebulia samkurnalo-gamajansaRebeli centrebi CexeTSi,
romlebsac aseve uZvelesi tradiciebi aqvs. am kurortebs yovelwliurad
asobiT aTasi adamiani stumrobs evropidan da mTeli msofliodan. bolo
aTwleulebSi gansakuTrebiT gaizarda turistebis nakadi ruseTidan da
sxva postsabWoTa qveynebidan. yvelaze cnobili Cexuri kurortebia:
karlovi-vari, teplice _ evropis erT-erTi uZvelesi kurorti, msoflioSi
pirveli radonuli sanatoriumi kurort iaximovSi, kurorti ianske-lazne,
sadac aseve, msoflioSi pirveli sanatoriumia bavSvTa damblis
samkurnalod, marianske lazne, lugaCovice da sxv. amJamad CexeTis
xelisufleba Zalze dainteresebulia am kurortebis gaaqtiurebiT da
msofliosa da evropis bazarze winwaweviT, amisaTvis, igi xels uwyobs
kurortebis mier turistuli momsaxurebis axali formebis danergvas.
kerZod, kurortebi afarToeben TavianT SesaZleblobebs turistebis
aqtiuri dasvenebis, garTobisa da SemecnebiTi aqtiurobis organizebisaTvis.
CexeTis kurortebi atareben festivalebs, sxvadasxva konkursebs, gamofena-
gayidvebsa da sxv.
evropis sakurorto centrebs Soris Rirseuli adgili uWiravs
ungreTis kurortebs, romlebic, ZiriTadad wylis samkurnalo Tvisebebs
iyeneben. qveyanaSi ramdenime aTasi Termuli wyaroa. ungreTSi Casuli
67
turistebidan yoveli mesame wylebze samkurnalod miemarTeba. ZiriTadi
nakadebi mieSureba budapeStisa da balatonisken. budapeStma, jer kidev XIX
s. daimkvidra aRmosavluri abanoebis qalaqis statusi. aq dRemde moqmedeben
XVI-XVII ss. Turquli abanoebi. balatonis tba ki SesaniSnavi adgilia
saTevzaod, wylis TxilamurebiT sasrialod, curvisaTvis, niCbosnobisa da
saialqno sportisaTvis.
amerikis turistul makroregionSi samkurnalo-gamajansaRebeli
turizmis sferoSi liderobs aSS.
SeerTebulma Statebma medicinisa da samedicino teqnikis Zalian maRal
dones miaRwia. sayovelTaod cnobilia maTi warmatebebi organoebis
gadanergvis dargSi, kardioqirurgiaSi, farmaciaSi, sxvadasxva daavadebaTa
mkurnalobaSi. amerikeli eqimebi da damxmare samedicino personali
msoflioSi erT-erT saukeTesod iTvlebian. klinikebi ultraTanamedrove
samedicino teqnikiTaa aRWurvili. magram samedicino daxmareba aSS-Si
Zalian Zviri Rirs, amitom sul ufro meti amerikeli cdilobs
pirveljeradi yuradReba miaqcios sakuTar janmrTelobis gakaJebas,
sxvadasxva daavadebaTa profilaqtikas. am mizniT isini aqtiurad dadian
kurortebze.
Crdiloamerikuli kurortebi ZiriTadad balneologiur tips
miekuTvneba. bevr Stats sakuTari sakurorto centri aqvs. aseTia
magaliTad, arkanzasis Statis cnobili mineraluri wylebis _ mamoT-
springsis, hiber-springsis, hot-springsis kurortebi aSS-s centraluri
nawilis samxreTSi. didi moTxovniT sargeblobs dasveneba zRvispira
klimatur kurortebze: long-biCze niu-iorkis gareubanSi, haterasze
(atlantis okeanis sanapiro, Stati CrdiloeTi karolina), maiami-biCze
floridaSi, san-diegosa da santa-kruzSi (kalifornia) da a.S.
popularulia, aseve tbispira kurortebi, Tumca amerikelebis ZiriTadi masa
upiratesobas aniWebs dasvenebasa da mkurnalobas centraluri amerikis,
barbadosis, kubisa da bahamis kunZulebis kurortebze.
axlo aRmosavleTSi turistebis nakadi, samkurnalo-gamajansaRebeli
miznebiT, ZiriTadad mkvdari zRvisken miemarTeba. am zRvis wyali
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marilebiTa da mineraluri nivTierebebiTaa gajerebuli da umartivesi
organizmebis arsebobisTvisac ki uvargisia. magram turistebma, romlebic
israelSi Camodian mkvdar zRvaze mdebare ein-bokekis, ein-gedis, neve-
zoxaris kurortebze dasasveneblad ician, rom iq saukeTeso Terapiul
mkurnalobas miiReben.
mkvdari zRvis raioni samkurnalo bunebrivi faqtorebis _ Termuli
mineraluri wylis, samkurnalo talaxis da gansakuTrebuli
biometeorologiuri pirobebis unikaluri SexamebiT gamoirCeva. cal-calke
da erTad es faqtorebi sasikeTo gavlenas axdens adamianis janmrTelobaze.
Terapia mkvdari zRvis kurortebze Zirfesvianad cvlis warmodgenas
samkurnalo procesze. aq igi ufro nebier dasvenebasa da garTobas
mogagonebT, vidre raRac momabezrebel samkurnalo procedurebs.
samxreT aziis, aRmosavleTi da samxreT-aRmosavleTi aziis qveynebSi
samkurnalo-gamajansaRebeli turizmi, jerjerobiT sustadaa
ganviTarebuli. aratradiciuli medicina, fitoTerapia da akupunqtura,
romelic Zalian gavrcelebulia aRmosavleTSi, naklebad xiblavs ucxoel
turistebs.
avstralia samkurnalo-gamajansaRebeli turizmis ganviTarebisTvis
aucilebel yvela bunebriv resurss flobs. msxvili balneologiuri
kurortebi deilsfordi, morki, springvudi kontinentis samxreT-
aRmosavleT nawilSia Tavmoyrili. avstraliis zRvispira klimaturi
kurortebi, aseve farTodaa msoflioSi cnobili. ”oqros napiri”, deidrim-
ailendi, kernsi idealur adgilebad iTvleba dasvenebisa da
mkurnalobisaTvis. magram avstraliis siSore evropisa da amerikisagan _ im
regionebisagan, romlebic qmnian ZiriTad moTxovnas turistul
momsaxurebaze, xels uSlis Semosuli turistuli nakadebis zrdas. amitom
avstraliis kurortebi, iseve rogorc amerikisa, ZiriTadad Sida
turistebis miRebazea orientirebuli.
afrikaSi samkurnalo-gamajansaRebeli turizmi axla ikrebs Zalas.
izrdeba tunisis kurortebis popularoba. aTiode wlis win aq gaixsna
69
wyliTa da talaxiT mkurnalobis axali centri, romelic msoflios erT-
erT umsxviles centrad gadaiqca. igi aRWurvilia Tanamedrove
mowyobilobiT da uzrunvelyofilia maRalkvalificiuri kadrebiT.
centrSi mkurnaloba moicavs masaJis sxvadasxva saxes zRvis wylisa da
talaxis gamoyenebiT.
Crdilo afrikis sanapiroze zRvispira klimaturi kurortebia
gavrcelebuli. egviptis qalaqebi _ Sarm el-Seixi da hurgada, kunZuli el-
guna, _ wiTel zRvaze mdebare saxelganTqmuli kurortebia, asevea _ dahabi
da nuveiba. marokos kurortebidan cnobilia: agadiri, mohamedia, tanJeri,
el-hoseima da sxv. indoeTis okeanis sanapirozea ganlagebuli keniis
zRvispira kurortebi: mombasa, kipini, malindi, lamu, kilifi. ramdenime
kurorti aqvs samxreT afrikis respublikas. afrikis sxva qveynebs arc
bunebrivi resursebi aqvT da arc SesaZlebloba sakurorto saqmis
ganviTarebisTvis.
saTavgadasavlo turizmi gulisxmobs mogzaurobasa da kvlevas
moSorebul, egzotikur da SeZlebisdagvarad rTul garemoSi, sadac
mogzaurs bevri moulodneloba elis (Expect unexpected). rogorc wesi, es
ucnob garemoSi riskian mogzaurobasTanaa dakavSirebuli, saTavgadasavlo
turizmi maT izidavs, vinc moulodnelobiT savse Tavgadasavals eZebs. am
saTavgadasavlo mogzaurobis mizania axali SegrZnebebis, STabeWdilebebis
miReba da janmrTelobis gakaJeba. mogzaurobisas turistebs aucileblad
unda hyavdeT kvalificiuri instruqtorebi, gidebi da gamyolebi.
TavgadasavlebiT savse mogzauroba SeiZleba ganxorcieldes sxvadasxva
garemoSi da sxvadasxva formiT: samTo, samdinaro, sacxenosno laSqrobebi,
traversebi, raftingi (mTis mdinareze tivebiT daSveba1) da a.S.
saTavgadasavlo turizmi Seicavs riskis da uCveulo satransporto
saSualebebis gamoyenebis ideas. ase rom, xisgan gamoTlili kanoeTi
mogzauroba md. amazonis auzSi (brazilia, samxreTi amerika), mTeli Tavisi
sirTuleebiT, udavod saTavgadasavlo turizms ganekuTvneba, maSin roca,
mag., qalaqis turi parizSi (safrangeTi), SeiZleba moulodnelobebsac
1 saqarTveloSi raftingisTvis ZiriTadad gamoyenebulia mdinareebi: mTiuleTis aragvi (fasanauri-meneso), fSavis aragvi (kopala-sof. Tvalivi), mtkvari (WiTaxevi-borjomi da miraSxani-aspinZa), rioni (sxvadasxva monakveTebi ambrolauridan).
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Seicavdes, magram arsebiTi niSnebiT igi saTavgadasavlo turizmad ar
CaiTvleba.
saTavgadasavlo turizmTan axlo dgas egzotikuri1 turizmi.
egzotikurs vuwodebT Soreul (umetesad samxreTisa da aRmosavleTis)
qveynebs, maT bunebas, yofas, Cveulebebs, xelovnebas, aseve maTi yofiTi da
materialuri kulturis sagnebs, romelTac gaocebis momgvreli, ucnauri,
uCveulo Taviseburebebi axasiaTebs. Tanamedrove interpretaciiT
egzotikur turizmTan dakavSirebulia ara marto Semecneba, axlis
SecnobasTan dakavSirebuli emociebi, aramed uCveulo, avantiurizmis
elferis mqone mZafri SegrZnebebi.
egzotikuri adgilebi dedamiwaze Zalian bevria, magram turizmisTvis
saWiro infrastruqtura (gzebi, sastumroebi, kvebis obieqtebi da a.S.)
yvelgan ar aris ganviTarebuli. magaliTad, polineziis kunZulebze
mxolod erTi saerTaSoriso aeroportia _ papuete, romelic kunZul
taitize mdebareobs, saidanac turistebi adgilobrivi TviTmfrinavebiT
mogzauroben kunZulidan kunZulze. am gziT SegviZlia vewvioT
saxelganTqmul laguna bora-boras, Semdeg _ atol mureas da manihis,
sadac Savi marjnis uiSviaTesi plantaciebia gaSlili. franguli
polinezia, _ TavgadasavalTa da egzotikis moyvarulTaA namdvil samoTxes
warmoadgens da yovelwliurad naxevar milionamde turists izidavs.
kargadaa ganviTarebuli turistuli infrastruqtura k. fijizec,.
Zalian Taviseburi kunZulebia seiSelebi da mavrikia. bolo dros aq,
Tanamedrove arqiteqturuli teqnologiisa da masalebis gamoyenebiT,
ramdenime maRali klasis sastumro aSenda. aseTebia _ “lemuria” da “baniana
II”. axali sastumroebi kargad ewereba aqaur samoTxissadar garemoSi. aseTi
harmoniis SenarCuneba seiSelis xelisuflebis turistuli politikis erT-
erT umTavres amocanas warmoadgens. kerZod, am mizniT, ganzrax gaizarda
kunZulze dasvenebis fasebi imisTvis, rom Semcirdes turistebis nakadi da
SenarCunebul iqnes kunZulebis unikaluri buneba. Sedegad seiSelis
kunZulebi weliwadSi mxolod 100-120 aTas turists iRebs.
1 egzotikuri (berZ. Exōtikos, laTin. Exoticus, frang. Exotique) _ ucxo, ucxouri.
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kunZuli mavrikia, msoflios sxva egzotikur mxareebs Soris, liderobs
didebuli da ZviradRirebuli sastumroebis raodenobiT. turistebis
momsaxurebis sistema kunZulze evropul donezea awyobili.
xuTvarskvlaviani sastumroebis servisi mTels frangul polineziaSia
ganTqmuli da xSirad, mavrikiidan, momsaxure personals sastumroebSi
samuSaod iwveven seiSelis kunZulebidanac. mavrikia indoeTis okeanis
talRebisgan daculia marjnis rifebiT, amitom wyali aq yovelTvis wynaria
da turistebs mSvenieri saSualeba aqvT, rom Seiswavlon marjnis
koloniebis, tropikuli Tevzebis, wyalmcenareebisa da aqtinias jadosnuri
wyalqveSa samyaro. wyalqveSa samyaros silamazes aZlierebs kunZulis
zRapruli peizaJebi: gamWvirvale lagunebi, qviSiani plaJebi, horizontze ki
_ mTis mwvervalebi, romelTa ferdobebi tyis masivebSi iZireba.
dabolos, maldivis ori aTasi cicqna kunZuli _ samoTxe daivingis1
moyvarulTaTvis. marjnebi, romlebic gars ertymis kunZulebs, qmnis
bunebriv auzebs, sadac yvinTva pirdapir bungalos ximinjebidanacaa
SesaZlebeli. maldivebi idealuri adgilia SeyvarebulTaTvis. SeiZleba
kunZulidan kunZulisken iaxtiT gadaadgileba, yovel maTganzea restorani
da sastumro.
ekologiuri turizmi, anu ekoturizmi _ “sufTa” mogzauroba bunebaSi
bunebrivi garemos SenarCunebiTa da adgilobrivi mosaxleobis kulturuli
da ekonomikuri interesebis dacviT, turizmis industriaSi SedarebiT
axali mimarTulebaa. farTo gagebiT igi bunebaSi mogzaurobasTan
dakavSirebuli turizmis yvela im saxeobas moicavs, romelTa mTavari
motivia bunebaze dakvirveba da bunebasTan kavSiris damyareba. Tumca,
klasikuri gagebiT es cneba sxva, ufro mniSvnelovan rames gulisxmobs.
ekoturizmis saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis mier ekoturizmi ganmartebulia,
rogorc:
“pasuxismgeblobiTi (Responsible) mogzauroba bunebaSi, romelsac
garemos SenarCuneba da adgilobrivi mosaxleobis cxovrebis
gaumjobeseba moyveba.”
1 daivingi (Diving) _ wyalSi yvinTva akvalangiT wylis egzotikuri samyaroze dakvirvebis
mizniT.
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magaliTad, tropikul tyeebSi siaruli ekoturizmad ar iqceva manam,
sanam is rameTi ar daexmareba garemos da iq mcxovreb xalxs. aseve,
raftingi mxolod maSin iRebs ekoturizmis saxes, roca igi xels uwyobs
mdinaris xeobis ekosistemis SenarCunebas, problemis Secnobisa da misi
finansuri mxardaWeris gziT. ekoturizmis terminis araswori
interpretacia bevr kompanias saSualebas aZlevs iseTad warmoaCinos Tavi
(garemos damcvelad), rasac sinamdvileSi ar warmoadgens. mTavari
ekoturizmSi aris is, rom Tqvenma mogzaurobam “SeinarCunos da
gaaumjobesos” vizitis adgili.
ekoturizmi bunebis sxvadasxva landSaftebs moicavs – tyeebs,
udabnoebs, wyalsatevebs, maT Soris wyalqveSa florasa da faunas da a.S.
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania igi daculi teritoriebisaTvis.
ekoturistuli saqmianoba moiTxovs landSafturi tevadobis mecnieruli
normativebis dacvas, kvalificiuri instruqtorebisa da gidebis
monawileobas.
saqarTvelos bunebas jerjerobiT SemorCenili aqvs pirveladi saxe.
veluri bunebis nimuSebi, _ alpuri landSaftebi, unikaluri tyeebi, veluri
mdinareebi, mdidari flora da fauna saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela kuTxeSi
gvxvdeba. vizitorebs gansakuTrebiT xiblavT bunebrivi resursebis _
wylis, haeris, niadagis sisufTave. swored es aris Cveni simdidre da
ekologiuri turizmis, am metad mniSvnelovani dargis, umniSvnelovanesi
resursi.
ekoturizmis erT-erT mimarTulebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos mogzauroba
bunebriv rezervatebSi, _ dacul bunebriv teritoriebze. amaTSi Sedis
erovnuli parkebi, nakrZalebi, aRkveTilebi. es sakmaod aqtiuri
mimarTulebaa. ase, magaliTad, laTinur amerikaSi Casuli turistebis 40%-
mde bunebriv rezervatebSi miemarTeba.
evropaSi daculi bunebrivi teritoriebis (dbt) sistema mWidrod
dasaxlebuli da mTlianad aTvisebuli landSaftis fonze ganviTarda. amis
gamo, misTvis damaxasiaTebelia teritoriuli gafantuloba da mcire
zomebi. es sistema warmodgenilia: daculi landSaftebiT, samecniero
rezervatebiTa da mkacrad daculi rezervatebiT, erovnuli parkebiT,
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bunebis ZeglebiT, bunebrivi marTuli rezervatebiT. ekologiuri
turizmisTvis yvelaze did interess warmoadgens CrdiloeTi evropis
qveynebi. swored aq, SveciaSi Seiqmna evropis kontinentze pirveli
erovnuli parki. laplandiaSi, romelic norvegiis, Sveciis, fineTisa da
ruseTis teritoriebs moicavs, Seqmnilia erovnuli parkebi, romelTa
saerTo farTobi 4 aTas km2-s moicavs. esaa evropaSi veluri bunebis
yvelaze didi rezervati, sadac gadamfreni wylis frinvelebis sabudeebia
ganlagebuli. fineTis zogierT parkebSi daculia saamebis, _ Crdilo
evropis mkvidri mosaxleobis dasaxlebebi. centraluri evropis qveynebs
Soris gamoirCeva germania, sadac 80-mde daculi bunebrivi teritoriaa
Seqmnili.
msoflios dacul teritoriebs Soris yvelaze cnobilia: CrdiloeT
amerikaSi _ aliaskis arqtikuli nacionaluri faunisturi rezervati (aSS,
78 aTasi km2), romelic icavs 135 saxeobis frinvels, daTv grizlis,
arqtikul melas, irmebis jogebs, dalis cxvrebs (iSviaTi saxeoba), mglebs,
amerikul cxenirems. amerikis kldovan mTebSi Seqmnilia saxelganTqmuli
ielousTounis erovnuli parki, romelic 900 aTas heqtarzea gadaSlili.
mis teritoriaze Tavmoyrilia 300 aTasi: cxeli wylis wyaro, geizeri,
orTqlis Wavli, talaxis vulkani da cxeli tba; erovnuli parki grand
titoni, romelsac yovelwliurad 3 mln adamiani stumrobs. aq 300 km-ze
meti sacalfexo da samTo bilikia gayvanili. kings-kanionisa da sekvoias
parkebSi daculia giganturi sekvoias tevrebi. es xe planetaze erT-erTi
yvelaze didxans mcxovrebia da 5-6 aTas weiliwads cxovrobs. iosemitis
parkSi daaxloebiT 750 marSrutia, erT-erTi biliki (jon miuris) 340 km
sigrZisaa; grand kanionis erovnuli parkis sigrZea 460 km, sigane 30 km,
xolo siRrme _ 1,6 km. aq, bilikebze gadaadgilebisaTvis gamoiyeneba
cxenebi, jorebi, samTo velosipedebi. samxreT amerikaSi _ manos da
pantanalis (brazilia) erovnuli parkebi pirveladi daculi tyeebis udides
masivs warmoadgens, romelic iuneskos biosferul nakrZaladaa
gamocxadebuli. pantanali _ amerikis kontinentze veluri cxovelebis
Tavmoyris udidesi adgilia, _ aq 600 saxeobis frinveli da cxoveli
Tanaarsebobs, maT Soris iseTi cxovelebis iSviaTi saxeebia, rogorebicaa:
Waobis iremi, giganturi WianWvela, vidra, puma, anakonda da sxv. afrikaSi _
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leik nakurus erovnuli parki (kenia), romelic vardisferi flamingos
dasacavadaa Seqmnili; etoSas erovnuli perki (namibia) 22 aTas km2-s moicavs.
aq amravleben Sav martorqas. samxreT afrikis respublikis teritoriazea
ganlagebuli cnobili krugeris erovnuli parki; aziaSi yvelaze cnobilia:
roial-Citvanis erovnuli parki himalaebSi (nepali); avstraliaSi kakadus
erovnuli parki da sxv.
bevri erovnuli parkisa da nakrZalis xelmZRvaneloba ekologiur
mogzaurobas TavianT teritoriaze namdvil sanaxaobad aqceven. magaliTad
gamodgeba aSS-s ielosTounis erovnuli parki, sadac eqskursiis
xangrZlivoba wuTebiTaa gaTvlili da dakavSirebulia geizerebis
aqtivobis periodebTan. Zalian xSirad bunebrivi obieqtebis, gansakuTrebiT
mRvimeebis, Cvenebas Tan erTvis feradovani ganaTeba, musika,
Teatralizebuli warmodgenebi, romlebic mkvidri mosaxleobis cxovrebis
scenebs asaxavs. ekoturizmis aseTi forma gansakuTrebiT ganviTarebulia
avstraliaSi, amitom xSirad mas “ekoturizmis ganviTarebis avstraliur
modelsac uwodeben”.
saqarTveloSi TandaTan fexs ikidebs turizmis erTi saintereso
mimarTuleba _ frinvelebze dakvirveba (Birdwatching). rogorc cnobilia,
msoflioSi mas aTobiT milioni moyvaruli hyavs. sazRvargareT moqmedebs
da aqtiurad iqmneba “berdvoCerebis” klubebi, romelTa wevroba
prestiJulad iTvleba. frinvelebze dakvirvebisaTvis msoflios saukeTeso
regionebad iTvleba:
• evergleidsis subtropikuli Waobebi (aSS);
• kosta-rikis tropikuli tyeebi;
• galapagosis kunZulebis akvatoria (ekvadori);
• pantanalis regionis Waobis ekosistemebi (brazilia);
• dasavleT-estoneTis arqipelagis kunZulebi (estoneTi);
• estremaduris provinciis xmelTaSuazRvispiruli tyeebi da
buCqnari (espaneTi);
• didi riftuli xeoba (kenia);
• kakadus erovnuli parki (avstralia);
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• antarqtikis naxevarkunZuli.
turistebi, iSviaTi frinvelebis sanaxavad sul ufro xSirad
stumroben Cvens qveyanasac. saqarTvelos frinvelTa endemur (Cveni
bunebisTvis damaxasiaTebel) saxeobebad iTvleba: kavkasiuri roWo, SurTxi
da WivWavi.
speleologiuri turizmi
speleoturizmi, esaa mogzauroba miwisqveSa samyaroSi.
speleoturizmisTvis ganviTarebisTvis bunebriv resursebs warmoadgens
sxvadasxva geologiuri agebulebis, reliefis, struqturis, hidrografiuli
qselis, faunis mqone mRvimeebi, romlebsac garkveuli turistul-
rekreaciuli Rirebuleba aqvs. turistebs mRvimeebSi izidavs ucxo,
gansxvavebuli, Taviseburad mimzidveli bunebrivi garemo: reliefis
mravalferovneba, didi miwisqveSa darbazebi, mineralebisgan
sxvadasxvafrad SeRebili karstuli formebi (stalagmitebi da
stalaqtitebi), miwisqveSa mdinareebi da tbebi, viwro gasasvlelebi,
unikaluri biologiuri saxeobebi da sxv.
mRvimuri landSaftis Tavisebureba da ucxo garemos atraqtuloba
ganapirobebs imas, rom mRvimeebi turistebis mier erT-erTi yvelaze
daTvalierebadi obieqtia. es kanonzomiereba msoflios yvela regionze
vrceldeba.
speleoresursebi sakmaod farTodaa gavrcelebuli msoflioSi da
yvela kontinentze gvxvdeba. Tumca, turistuli saqmianobis ganviTarebis
TvalsazrisiT yvela qveyana saTanadod ver iyenebs maT. gansakuTrebiT
kargadaa ganviTarebuli speleoturistuli biznesi aSS-Si, dasavleT
evropaSi, avstraliaSi, CineTSi. TandaTanobiT es dargi Tanamedrove doneze
iwyebs ganviTarebas ruseTsa da ukrainaSi.
rogorc gamocdileba gviCvenebs, speleoturizmi, turizmis erT-erTi
yvelaze stabilurad maRalSemosavliani, Tumca sakmaod rTuli dargia.
bunebis sxva obieqtebisgan gansxvavebiT, mRvimeTa momzadeba da turistul-
rekreaciul obieqtad gadaqceva investorisgan mniSvnelovani pirobebis
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Sesrulebas moiTxovs, rogoricaa: didi pirveladi danaxarjebis gaweva,
usafrTxoebis maRal doneze organizeba, menejmentis Tanamedrove
meTodebis gamoyeneba da maRali ekologiuri standartebis uzrunvelyofa.
amitomaa, rom, miuxedavad msoflioSi speleoresursebis siuxvisa da
globaluri ganfenilobisa, yvelaze efeqtiani speleoturistuli
industria swored, maRalganviTarebul qveynebs da regionebs aqvT.
magaliTad, msoflioSi ugrZes – mamontis mRvimeTa – sistemas (Mammoth Cave,
aSS, Stati kentuki. miwisqveSa sivrcis saerTo sigrZe – 591 km), romelsac
aSS-s erovnuli parkis statusi aqvs miniWebuli, yovelwliurad 600
aTasamde (2006 wels - 597,934) turisti stumrobs. zogierTi cnobiT,
sxvadasxva wlebSi aq vizitorebis wliuri raodenoba 2 mln kacs aRwevda.
asobiT aTasi vizitori hyavs aSS-s meore did speleoturistul
obieqts – karlsbadis mRvimes (Carlsbad Cavern, aSS, Stati niu meqsiko),
romelic xasiaTdeba karstul mRvimeTa rTuli sistemiT, mimzidveli
karstuli formebiTa da Ramurebis umdidresi populaciiT, agreTve
alabasteris mRvimes _ saxelmwifo parks (Alabaster Cavern State Park, oklahoma),
Tavisi unikaluri TabaSiris mRvimeebiT. aseve, Zalze didia turistebis
nakadi evropis mRvimeebSi: grot de demuazelSi (Grotte des Demoiselles,
safrangeTi, langedokis provincia), dan ir ogofSi (Dan yr Ogof, didi
britaneTi, samxreT uelsi) da sxva cnobil mRvimeebSi.
blanCardis unikalur mRvimeebSi (Blanchard Springs Caverns, aSS, Stati
arkanzasi) misi gansakuTrebuli ekologiuri Rirebulebis gamo, vizitebis
raodenoba SezRudulia – mRvimeTa sami donidan turistebs mxolod orSi
uSveben. aq sami specialuri turi ewyoba (Dripstone Trail, Discovery Trail, Wild Cave
Tour). pirveli da meore turebi dReSi 30 mnaxveliT izRudeba, xolo mesame
– 12 kaciT. amitom vizitorebis raodenoba aq SedarebiT mcirea, magram,
Sesabamisad, erTi rigiT maRalia turebis Rirebuleba. magaliTad, Wild Cave
Tour-is fasi 2007 w. 1 ivlisidan 75 aSS dolaramde gaizarda.
turistuli motivaciis TvalsazrisiT, Tanamedrove speleoturizmi 3
ZiriTad mimarTulebad iyofa: eqstremalur, sanaxaobriv da samkurnalo.
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eqstremaluri speleoturizmi (Caving) rekreaciuli sportis saxeobaa,
romelic dakavSirebulia keTilmouwyobeli, pirvelsaxeSenarCunebuli
mRvimeebis aRmoCenasTan, dalaSqvrasTan, SeswavlasTan. Sesabamisad, am
mimarTulebis obieqts unda axasiaTebdes Seuswavleli, xSir SemTxvevaSi
garkveuli xifaTis Semcveli, eqstremaluri garemo, romlis dalaSqvrac
specialuri sportuli unaris gamovlenas moiTxovs. eqstremaluri
speleoturizmisTvis auTvisebeli mRvimeebi msoflioSi sul ufro naklebi
darCa, amitom Seuswavlelobis faqtori, Cveni ramdenime mRvimisTvis
SeiZleba xelsayrelic ki aRmoCndes.
sanaxaobiTi speleoturizmi (Show Cave Tourism) ewyoba yvelaze
mimzidvel da advilad misadgom mRvimeebSi, romlebSic SesaZlebelia
dauSvan mnaxvelebi da Sesabamisad keTilmowyobilia: gayvanilia eleqtroba,
mowyobilia savali bilikebi, moajirebi, zog SemTxvevebSi - eskalatorebi,
rkinigza. uzrunvelyofilia dacvis samsaxuris da gidebis momsaxurebiT,
specialuri aRWurvilobiT.
samkurnalo speleoturizmi (Speleotherapy) dakavSirebulia mRvimeebis
unikalur mikroklimatur pirobebTan: haeris gansakuTrebul simSralesTan
an sinotivesTan, mudmiv temperaturasTan, mineraluri marilebis
koncentraciasTan. speleoTerapia Tanamedrove aRdgeniTi medicinis,
kurortologiisa da fizioTerapiis nawilia. mRvimeebis samkurnalo
Tvisebebi didi xania gamoiyeneba bronqialuri asTmis, bronqitis,
alergiuli daavadebebis, gul-sisxlZarRvTa sistemis fuqcionaluri
daavadebebis, imunodeficituri mdgomareobis mkurnalobisas. dadgenilia.,
rom mRvimeebis mikrogaremo, mkurnalobis sworad warmarTvis SemTxvevaSi
organizmze dadebiT, - hiposensibilaciur, relaqsaciur da imunitetis
makoreqtirebel gavlenas axdens. ganviTarebuli speleoturizmis
regionebSi mRvimeTa samkurnalo Tvisebebi rekreantebis did raodenobas
izidavs. magaliTad, CexeTSi, karlovi varis (Karlovy Var) cnobil mRvimeebs
samkurnalod yovelwliurad 500 aTasamde kaci stumrobs.
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saqarTvelo Zalian mdidaria speleoresursebiT. karstul mRvimeTa
simravliT saqarTvelo erT-erT pirvel adgilzea msoflioSi.
gamovlenilia 1 300-ze meti miwisqveSa bunebrivi Zegli, romelTa saerTo
sigrZe 240 km-s, xolo jamuri siRrme (aRmoCenili da dafiqsirebuli) – 55
km-s aRwevs.
saqarTveloSi karstuli warmonaqmnebi umTavresad gvxvdeba kavkasionis
samxreT ferdobze, ZiriTadad saSualo da maRalmTian zonebSi,
dasavleTiT md. fsous xeobidan, aRmosavleTiT erwos tbis midamoebamde.
karsti gvxvdeba agreTve saqarTvelos mTaTaSorisi baris zonaSi da mcire
farTobze – saqarTvelos samxreT mTianeTSi.
Cveni qveynis karstuli mRvimeebidan yvelaze metad aRsaniSnavia:
abrskilis, axali aTonis, kruberis (afxazeTSi), saTaflias, tobas
mRvimovani, uSolTas, wyaltubos (yumisTavis), wyaltubos (TeTra) da sxv.
saqarTvelos aqvs SesaZlebloba, rom samive speleoturistuli
mimarTuleba ganaviTaros.
eqstremaluri speleoturizmi SeiZleba ganviTardes im mRvimeebSi,
romlebsac rTuli da auTvisebeli sivrceebi aqvs da romelTa gadalaxva
specialur codnas, unar-Cvevebs da gambedaobas moiTxovs.
sanaxaobiTi speleoturizmi ufro metad Seesabameba sanaxaobrivad
mdidar mRvimeebs, romlebic ukve keTilmowyobilia an aseTebad SeiZleba
iqcnen.
samkurnalo speleoturizmi ki SeiZleba dainergos samkurnalo-
Terapiuli TvalsazrisiT Rirebuli Tvisebebis matarebel mRvimeebSi. am
Tvisebebis aRmoCena, dazusteba da mTeli potencialis gamovlineba
specialur kurortologiur kvlevas moiTxovs.
bunebaSi mogzaurobasTan dakavSirebul turizmis sxva nairsaxeobebs
SegviZlia mivakuTvnoT:
trekingi (Trecking) – safexosno laSqroba bunebaSi;
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sportuli turizmi _ mogzauroba sportul RonisZiebaSi monawileobis
mizniT. sportuli turebi mogzaurobis motivaciis Sesabamisad or ZiriTad
saxeobad iyofa: aqtiur da pasiur sportul turizmad. pirvel SemTxvevaSi
motivi sportuli saqmianobaa: mekldeuroba, samTo Txilamurebi, serfingi,
samTo velosipedi (Mountain biking), sportuli speleoturizmi da a. S.), xolo
meore SemTxvevaSi _ monawileoba sportul SejibrSi mayureblis statusiT.
kulturuli turizmi mraval nairsaxeobas moicavs. Tumca, yvela
maTgani dakavSirebulia konkretuli qveynis an kuTxis kulturasTan.
turizmis es saxe maTTvisaa, vinc interesdeba msoflios xalxebis
xelovnebis, tradiciebis, zne-Cveulebebis da sazogadoebrivi yofis
unikaluri TaviseburebebiT. kulturuli turizmi moicavs mogzaurobas
istoriuli da didi qalaqebis kulturis dawesebulebebSi, rogorebicaa
muzeumebi da Teatrebi. is aseve moicavs mogzaurobas sasoflo regionebSi
mkvidri mosaxleobis tradiciul RonisZiebebze (mag.. festivalebze,
ritualebze) dasaswrebad da monawileobis misaRebad. roca Tqven uyurebT
Tu rogor qsoven xelosnebi xaliCas da usmenT maT monaTxrobs
tradiciuli Cacmulobis Sesaxeb, Tqven kulturul turizmSi monawileobT;
magram, roca mxolod xeliT nakeTobas iZenT da Tqveni urTierTgacvla
adgilobriv mcxovreblebTan mxolod valutis gacvliT Semoifargleba, es
ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos kulturul turizmad.
kulturuli turizmi mimRebi qveynisTvis sakmaod Semosavlianad
iTvleba _ cnobilia, rom kulturuli turistebi sxvebze gacilebiT mets
xarjaven. msoflios erebis kulturuli memkvidreoba turistuli
motivaciis erT-erTi yvelaze Zlieri Semqmnelia. turizmis es saxe sul
ufro popularuli xdeba msoflioSi.
kulturuli turizmi globalizaciis procesebis mniSvnelovani
Semadgenelia. igi did rols asrulebs xalxebis urTierTgacnobaSi,
urTierTpativiscemis gaCenaSi. Tumca, masac Tan sdevs uaryofiTi Sedegebis
safrTxe. kerZod, turistebis nakadebs vizitis adgilebSi Tan moaqvs ucxo
Cveulebebi, “civilizaciuri cdunebebi”, romlebic Zlier zemoqmedeben
adgilobriv sazogadoebaze, da SeiZleba tradiciuli kulturisa da
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erovnuli TviTmyobadobis krizisi da degradacia gamoiwvion.
gansakuTrebiT es saxifaToa centrebisgan moSorebuli kuTxeebisa da
eTnikuri umciresobebiT dasaxlebuli regionebisaTvis.
kulturuli turizmis erT-erTi saintereso da saqarTvelosaTvis
perspeqtiuli mimarTulebaa _ arqeoturizmi an arqeologiuri turizmi. igi
iTvaliswinebs turistebis vizits arqeologiuri gaTxrebis adgilebSi,
muzeumebSi, kvleviT centrebSi, agreTve, _ siZveleTa preparaciisa da
aRdgenis procedurebis, gaTxrebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis gacnobas da,
nawilobriv monawileobasac arqeologiur kvlevebSi msurvelebisaTvis.
idea mdgomareobs imaSi, rom dakmayofildes interesi istoriis
gacocxlebuli naSTebis, saerTod msoflios istoriuli memkvidroebis
mimarT, gaizardos interesi TviT arqeologiis mimarT, ramac xeli unda
Seuwyos mis dafinansebas da arqeologiuri Zeglebis daculobas. aseTi
midgomis gamo, saerTaSoriso organizaciebi da mTavrobebi mas ukve
ganixilaven rogorc erT-erT sicocxlisunarian alternatiul saqmianobas,
romelmac unda uzrunvelyos qveynebisa da regionebis mdgradi socialur-
ekonomikuri ganviTareba. zogierTma qveyanam ukve miiRo arqeologiuri
turizmis ganviTarebis programa, romelic ekonomikuri Semosavlebis
mozidvazea orientirebuli. maT Sorisaa iseTi qveynebi, rogoricaa egvipte,
meqsika da peru.
turizmis Tavisebur, magram sakmaod popularul mimarTulebebs
warmoadgens soflis regionebTan dakavSirebuli saxeebi: agroturizmi da
sasoflo turizmi
sasoflo turizmi (Rural tourism) aris turistebis mcire jgufebis
mogzauroba saqalaqo arealebis gareT, sasoflo dasaxlebebSi dasvenebisa
da adgilobrivi yofis gacnobis mizniT. turistuli obieqtebis
mflobelebi da mmarTvelebi TviTon soflis mcxovreblebi arian. sasoflo
turebiT gaTvaliswinebulia turistTa ganTavseba adgilobrivi
tradiciebiT agebul da mowyobil saxlebSi, dasveneba mSvid, “pastoralur”
garemoSi, kveba adgilobrivi warmoebis kvebis produqtebiT, adgilobrivi
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nakeTobebis SeZena, soflis cxovrebis gacnoba da masSi monawileoba.
turizmis es mimarTuleba saqarTveloSi ukve seriozulad ikidebs fexs.
Cveni qveynis sxvadasxva regionSi ukve bevri mosaxlea CarTuli sasoflo
turebSi, isini aqtiurad axorcieleben turebiT gaTvaliswinebul
programas da sakmao anazRaurebasac iReben. bevri aseTi turistuli
minimeurneoba ukve aqtiurad moqmedebs kaxeTSi, svaneTSi da sxva mxareebSi.
agroturizmi (Agrotourism, Agritourism) Cveulebriv gulisxmobs Svebulebis
gatarebas fermebSi da sasoflosameurneo obieqtebze. agroturizmi
sasoflo turizmis elementebs Seicavs, magram masSi arsebiTia monawileoba
sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebaSi. rogorc wesi, es gulisxmobs adgilobrivi
glexebisa da fermerebis daxmarebas maTs saqmianobaSi. agroturizmi
yvelaze aqtiurad italiisa da espaneTis mevenaxeobis mxareebSia
ganviTarebuli. agroturistuli saqmianoba farTodaa gavrcelebuli aSS-s
sasoflo regionebis fermebSic, romlebic Riaa vizitorebisTvis mTeli
wlis manZilze an wlis garkveul periodSi. turistebi krefen xilsa da
bostneuls, dadian cxenebiT, agemovneben Tafls, ecnobian meRvineobis
saidumloebebs da a.S. agroturizmi swrafad viTardeba da male, rogorc
Cans, turizmis erT-erT yvelaze Zlier dargad gadaiqceva. saqarTveloSi
mis ganviTarebas kargi perspeqtiva aqvs kaxeTSi da mevenaxeobis sxva
regionebSi.
religiuri turizmi
mogzauroba religiuri motivebiT mogzaurobis erT-erTi uZvelesi da
uaRresad gavrcelebuli saxea. igi moicavs momlocvelobas, SemecnebiT
mogzaurobas religiuri da sakulto Zeglebis an religiis istoriis
gacnobis mizniT, agreTve religiur moRvaweTa da mecnier-
religiaTmcodneTa samecniero mgzavrobas.
yovelwliurad 200 mln kacze meti aRasrulebs momlocvelobis aqts.
am saqmianobaSi CarTulebi arian sxvadasxva sarwmunoebis mimdevrebi,
romlebic wminda adgilebis mosanaxuleblad mogzauroben _ e.w.
momlocvelebi (piligrimebi). maTgan 150 mln qristiania, 20-30 mln induisti,
40 mln budisti, muslimani da sxva religiaTa warmomadgeneli.
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msoflios sakulto centrebs Soris gansakuTrebul adgils
ierusalimi ikavebs, rogorc sami sarwmunoebis, _ iudaizmis, qristianobisa
da islamis, mimdevarTa wminda adgili. ebraelebi, romlebic iudaizms
qadageben, wminda qalaqSi “godebis kedelTan” misaaxleblad miemgzavrebian.
qristianebisTvis ierusalimi ieso qristes miwier yofnasTanaa
dakavSirebuli. maTi samomlocvelo programis umniSvnelovanesi centria
amaRlebis taZari _ qristianuli samyaros mTavari siwminde. muslimanebi
miemarTebian Seix omaris meCeTis sanaxavad, romelic uZvelesia Cvenamde
moRweul islamur sakulto nagebobaTagan. mis centrSi aRmarTulia “wminda
klde”, saidanac, religiuri Tqmulebis Tanaxmad, cad amaRlda mohamedi.
magram momlocvelobis centrTagan umetesi erT romelime religiasTanaa
dakavSirebuli. qristianebis mier yvelaze saTayvanebeli wminda adgilebi
mdebareobs evropaSi. gansakuTrebiT iseTi, romlebic iesos jvarcmasa da
sikvdilTanaa dakavSirebuli. magaliTad, eklis gvirgvini. igi notr-damSi _
parizis RvTismSoblis taZarSi inaxeba da TayvaniscemisTvis vnebis (wiTel)
paraskevs gamoefineba. mravali momlocveli Tavs iyris aq qristianuli
axalgazrdobis msoflio dReebSi, romelic romis yofili papis ioane
pavle meoris iniciativiT tardeba 1985 wlidan. meore siwminde _ ieso
qristes sisxlis wveTi belgiis qalaq briugeSi inaxeba. odesRac
ierusalimis patriarqma igi saCuqrad gadasca jvarosan graf tieri
elzasels, romelmac laSqrobidan dabrunebis Semdeg briugeSi
specialurad aago kapela relikviis Sesanaxad da dasacavad. dRes, brolis
WurWelSi moTavsebuli wminda sisxlis xilva yovel paraskevs SeiZleba,
xolo “sisxlis dReebis” dResaswaulis dros _ SegiZliaT emTxvioT kidec
am siwmindes. weliwadSi erTxel vnebis kviris xuTSabaTs relikvia
vercxlisa da oqros lamazi zardaxSiT gamoaqvT kapelidan da zeimiT
daatareben qalaqis quCebSi.
qristianebis momlocvelobis umsxvilesi centri, sadac bevri
Tayvansacemi siwmindea Tavmoyrili, aris q. romi. yovelwliurad mas 8
milionamde qristiani stumrobs. wm. ioanes sakaTedro taZarSi (San Giovani in
Laterano) Tavmoyrilia iseTi relikviebi, rogoricaa wm. petresa da wm.
pavles Tavebi, magida, romlis garSemoc, gadmocemis Tanaxmad, macxovarma
Caatara saidumlo seroba, wm. mariam RvTismSoblis mosasxami, “jvari
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WeSmaritis” kadoni. Cvenamde moaRwia pilates ierusalimis sasaxlis
kibemac, romliTac jvarcmis win Camoiyvanes ieso.
marTmadidebeli samyaros erT-erT yvelaze did siwmindes aTonis
wminda mTa (saberZneTi) warmoadgens. gadmocemiT, es adgili RvTismSoblis
madliTaa mofenili. aq Tavmoyrilia mamaTa monastrebi, sadac mxolod
momlocveli mamakacebis yofnaa daSvebuli. aTonis mTis monastris
taZrebSi saswaulmoqmedi xatebi, mociqulTa da didmowameTa wminda
nawilebi da mravali sxva siwminde inaxeba.
kaTolikuri eklesiis centrisa da misi meTauris – romis papis
rezidencia mdebareobs vatikanSi, sadac milionobiT momlocveli Cadis
mTeli msofliodan. wesisamebr, aq miRebuli ritualis Sesabamisad,
vizitori unda emTxvios mociqulTa winamZRolis saxelganTqmuli
qandakebis terfs. gansakuTrebuli xalxmravloba aq kaTolikuri aRdgomis
dResaswaulzea, rodesac papi wm. petres moedanze Sekrebil xalxs
akurTxebs.
saqarTveloSi bevri religiuri siwmindea Tavmoyrili. bevri maTgani
momlocvelobis obieqtia rogorc adgilobrivi, ise mTeli qveynis
morwmuneTaTvis. aseTebad, pirvel yovlisa, SegviZlia miviCnioT:
sveticxovlis sakaTedro taZari mcxeTaSi (XI-X ss), sadac gadmocemiT,
inaxeba, erT-erTi udidesi siwminde _ uflis kvarTi, agreTve, asurel
mamaTa moRvaweobasTan dakavSirebuli adgilebi, bodbes dedaTa monasteri,
sadac wm. ninos dakrZalvis adgilia da sxv. marTalia, isini jer ar
qceulan saerToqristianuli, an msoflios marTmadidebelTa sayovelTao
momlocvelobis obieqtad, magram sakmaod dafasebulebi arian msoflioSi
am sferoSi garkveuli sasuliero pirebisa da mecnierebis wreSi. q. mcxeTa,
sveticxoveli da gelaTi UNESCO-s mier msoflios istoriisa da
kulturuli memkvidreobis nusxaSia Setanili.
muslimanTa mTavari religiuri centrebia qalaqebi meqa da medina
saudis arabeTSi. meqaSi daibada muhamedi _ islamis damaarsebeli. yurban-
bairamis dResaswaulis dReebSi aq, _ al-haramis meCeTSi, romelic uZvelesi
siwmindis, _ qaabas garSemoa agebuli, 2 milionamde adamiani ikribeba. es
meCeTi msoflios Ria cis qveS arsebul taZarTa Soris udidesia. medinas
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meCeTi araCveulebrivi silamaziT gamoirCeva, igi vardisferi granitiTaa
agebuli da SorenkecebiT, mozaikiT, WedurobiTa da oqroTia morTuli.
meCeTis centrSi SemosazRvrulia adgili, sadac, gadmocemis Tanaxmad,
odesRac muhamedis TixiT nagebi qoxi idga. aqvea saflavi, sadac igi
dakrZales.
budistebis momlocvelobis adgilebi aziis qveynebSi mdebareobs.
CineTSi, tibetis avtonomiuri raionis administraciul centr lhasaSi,
zRvis donidan 3650 m-ze mdebareobs potalas sasaxle-monasteri _ dalai-
lamas, budistebis sulieri meTauris, rezidencia. sasaxlis kompleqsis
Tanamedrove saxe XVI-XVII ss. Camoyalibda. igi 1000-ze met saTavss,
Tayvaniscemis sul mcire 10 aTas sagansa da 20 aTas qandakebas moicavs.
budisturi samyaros sxva siwminde q. qandiSi (Sri-lanka) mdebareobs.
qalaqis centrSi xelovnuri tbis napirze dgas TxriliT garSemortymuli
dalid maligavis taZari (“budas kbilis” taZari), romelSic, rogorc
udidesi saganZuri, ise inaxeba budas marcxena eSvi. morwmuneebi
darwmunebulni arian, rom igi qveynis mTavari monapovari, misi
suverenitetis sawindari da garantiaa. TqmulebiT, budas miwieri sxeulis
kremaciis momentSi misma erT-erTma moswavlem dakrZalvis koconidan
gamoitaca kbili. rva saukunis manZilze kbili indoeTSi inaxeboda, Semdeg
ki indoelma princesam saidumlod (TmebSi damaluli) gaitana Sri-lankaSi.
momlocveloba konkretuli sarwmunoebis ritualebSi monawileobas
gulisxmobs, gansxvavebiT maTgan visi mogzaurobis motivic msoflios
religiebisa da maTTan dakavSirebuli istoriuli da kulturuli
adgilebis gacnobaa. momlocvelobiT turebSi SedarebiT mcire moculobiT
Sedis gasarTobi programebi, dasvenebisa da SemecnebiTi RonisZiebebi.
sazRvao turizmi odiTganve romantikulad iTvleboda. masSi
ganasxvaveben uSualod sazRvao mgzavrobas, an seirnobas (Marine trip) da
sazRvao kruizs (Marine cruise). sazRvao mogzaurobisTvis iyeneben nebismier,
Tundac arasamgzavro mcurav saSualebebs, kerZod, saerTaSoriso sazRvao
wesebis Sesabamisad, nebismier savaWro gems, samgzavro regitraciis gareSec
SeuZlia bortze (gembanze) aiyvanos 12 mgzavramde.
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kruizi, esaa sazRvao mogzauroba didi sazRvao an saokeano saxazo
gemiT, romelic did saporto qalaqebSi Sedis. turistebi Cveulebriv
xomaldze cxovroben da ikvebebian, xolo napirze Cadian gansazRvruli
droiT qalaqebis daTvalierebis, dasvenebis da garTobis mizniT. kruizi
prestiJul, ZviradRirebul mogzaurobas warmoadgens. turizmis es seqtori
erT-erTi yvelaze mzardia.
jer kidev 1822 w. ingliselma robert smartma Seqmna firma, romelic
agrovebda mgzavrebs bristolis arxSi sazRvao mogzaurobisaTvis. 1835 w.
inglisSi regularuli saseirno reisebi ewyoboda britaneTsa da
islandias Soris. Tanamedrove kruizi, rogorc wesi, Caketil wreze ewyoba,
erTi da imave gemiT, garkveuli marSrutiT da gaCerebebiT turistuli
TvalsazrisiT saintereso adgilebSi.
dRes, msoflios sakruizo bazarze muSaobs daaxloebiT 50-mde
kompania, romelTa didi umetesoba Crdiloamerikulia. pirvel sameulSi,
romlis wilad gayidvebis 80% modis, Sedian Carnival Cruises, P&O Princess Cruises
da Royal Caribbean. sxva msxvili kompaniebia _ Star Cruises, Norvegian Cruise Lines,
Holland America Line, Crystal da sxv. yvelaze masStaburi Tanamedrove proeqtia
laineri Carnival Legend, romelic 3850 adgilzea gansazRvruli.
samonadireo turizmi moicavs nadirobisa da Tevzaobis moyvarulTa
eqspediciebs.
yvelaze cnobili samonadireo mimarTulebaa safari (Safari) _ afrikuli
nadiroba egzotikur cxovelebze. es egzotikuri da saTavgadasavlo
turizmis saxeobaa, romelic mdidari adamianebisTvisaa gansazRvruli da
elitarul xasiaTs atarebs. samxreT afrikis respublikaSi, keniaSi,
tanzaniaSi sanadirod Camosul turistebs sTavazoben ganTavsebis sam saxes.
pirveli, esaa mcire stacionaruli sastumro (zogjer auziT), meore _
“karvis lojia”, romelic tyeSia gaSlili da ramdenime safexuriani
saZirkveli aqvs, rac junglebSi daupatiJebeli stumrebisgan Tavdacvis
Cveulebriv saSualebas warmoadgens. mtaceblebisgan safexurebi ver
dagixsniT, amitom maT specialuri CxarunebiT erekebian adgilobrivi
mcxovreblebi. da mesame _ “sacxovrebeli xeebze”, anu maRal ximinjebze
Sedgmuli saxli.
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turistuli kompaniebi saintereso programebs sTavazoben mogzaurebs
avstraliaSi, axal zelandiaSi, didi barieruli rifis kunZulebze da
okeaniaSi. es programebi Seicavs avstraliisa da axali zelandiis
qalaqebis gacnobas, safaris jipebiT, nadirobas kenguruze an niangze
(nanadirevis Tan waRebac SeiZleba), wyalqveS yvinTvas giganturi Tevzebis
samyaroSi da Tevzaobas did barierul rifze, aseve sportis sxva
eqstremaluri saxeobiT garTobas.
bolo periodSi, gavrcelda samonadireo turizmis iseTi mSvidobiani
mimarTulebebi, rogoricaa veluri cxovelebis TvalTvali, bunebis
iSviaTobebis Tvaliereba (Sightseeng tours), da fotonadiroba. es turebi
ZiriTadad dacul teritoriebze (nakrZalebSi, aRkveTilebSi da erovnul
parkebSi) ewyoba.
Sop-turizmi (an Soping turizmi _ Shopping tourism) moicavs
mogzaurobas sayidlebis SeZenis mizniT. ra Tqma unda, Sopingi yovel
mogzaurobas Tan axlavs, magram turistebs Soris bevria iseTic, vinc
specialurad miemgzavreba sazRvargareT sadResaswaulo fasdaklebis
sezonebSi (Sales), an ubralod feSenebeluri maRaziebisa da moduri
butikebis mosanaxuleblad da sayidlebis SesarCevad. am saxis motivacia
sul ufro metad izrdeba da ixveweba. ase rom, turistul industriaSi
axali mimarTuleba Seiqmna. Sesabamisad izrdeba turistebis gemovnebaze
morgebuli specialuri maRaziebis da maRaziaTa qselebis ricxvi.
es mimarTuleba gansakuTrebiT ganviTarda postsabWoTa qveynebis Sop-
turistebis aqtiurobis xarjze, romlebmac ssrk-s rRvevis Semdeg swrafad
daiwyes sazRvargareT regularuli mimosvla farTo moxmarebis sagnebis
SeZenis mizniT: fexsacmlis, trikotaJis da sxva saqonlis SesaZenad _
TurqeTSi, italiaSi, portugaliaSi, siriaSi; msubuqi teqstilisa _
indoneziaSi; qurqebis _ saberZneTsa da argentinaSi; avejis _ poloneTSi
da italiaSi; tele- da radiosaqonlisa _ arabeTis gaerTianebul
saamiroebSi; avtomanqanebisa _ germaniaSi, SveciaSi, fineTsa da holandiaSi.
bolo dros gansakuTrebulad gaizarda Sop-turebis raodenoba CineTSi.
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saswavlo turizmi. ZiriTadad igulisxmeba enis swavlebis mizniT
mowyobili mogzauroba, Tumca, maT garda, SeiZleba iyos sportis romelime
saxeobis Sesaswavli an kvalifikaciis asamaRlebeli turebi.
hobi-turizmi. mogzauroba sayvareli saqmianobis (avtosamoyvarulo,
filatelia, gurmanebis) warmarTvis mizniT.
TaimSeringi (Timesharing) sityva-sityviT drois ganawilebas niSnavs da
gulisxmobs turistul regionebSi uZravi qonebis erTobliv flobas
sargeblobis uflebiT. mowileebs, maTi fuladi Senatanis proporciulad,
gamoeyofaT garkveuli dro am qonebiT sargeblobisaTvis.
TaimSeri saklubo momsaxurebaa da popularul arCevans warmoadgens im
adamianebisaTvis, visac surs uzrunvelyos dasvenebis ufleba sasurvel
adgilze xangrZlivi periodis manZilze.
kiTxvebi codnis Semowmebisa da ganxilvisaTvis
1. ramdeni saxis kurortebs gamoyofen?
2. riTaa cnobili mkvdari zRva?
3. ra aris ekoturizmi?
4. ra xiblavT berdvoCerebs saqarTveloSi?
5. ra gansxvavebaa stalagmitebsa da stalaqtitebs Soris?
6. saqarTvelos romel sofelSi urCevdiT Casvlas sasoflo turizmis
moyvarulebs?
7. sad inaxeba budas kbili?
8. CamoTvaleT daculi bunebrivi teritoriebis saxeebi.
9. ra aris kruizi?
10. CamoTvaleT bunebaSi mogzaurobasTan dakavSirebuli turizmis
saxeobebi.
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Tavi VI. turizmis industria
turizmi adamianTa mogzaurobaa, rekreaciuli saqmianobaa, xalxebis
urTierTgacnobisa da urTierTdaaxloebis, sulieri da materialuri
urTierTgacvlis saSualebaa, magram, yvelaferTan erTad, turizmi
ekonomikis rTuli, magram kargad awyobili dargia anu, rogorc amboben
industriaa. am dargSi Zalian bevri adamiani monawileobs. dRevandeli
monacemebiT msoflioSi yoveli me-7 dasaqmebuli adamiani turizmis
biznesSi muSaobs. turizmis industria saqmianobis ramodenime jgufs
moicavs. ZiriTadad, _ turistuli saqmianobis organizatorebs, turistuli
momsaxurebis momwodeblebs da turizmis infrastruqturas.
turistuli saqmianobis organizatorebi
turistuli produqtis damuSavebiTa da realizaciiT dakavebulni
arian ori saxis turistuli organizaciebi, romlebic turistuli
industriis ZiriTad nawilebad SegviZlia ganvixiloT, esenia:
turoperatorebi da turagentebi.
turoperatori (saerTaSoriso praqtikaSi zogjer gvxvdeba termini
“turorganizatori”) aris organizacia, romelic turebis kompleqtaciiTaa
dakavebuli da amas akeTebs momsaxurebis momwodeblebTan dadebuli
xelSekrulebis da turistebis moTxovnebis safuZvelze. turoperatori
amuSavebs turistul marSruts, uzrunvelyofs mas momsaxurebiT, awyobs
reklamas, iTvlis da awesebs fasebs turebze, yidis turebs turagentebze
turistuli sagzurebis gamoSvebisa da realizaciisTvis. turoperatori
pasuxismgebelia turpaketebSi Setanili momsaxurebis miwodebaze. zogjer
igi am momsaxurebas TviTon awvdis momxmarebels, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
kontragentisgan miiRebs, an Tu sastumros, restornis da sxva obieqtis
mflobelia.
yvelaze xSirad turoperatorebi turebs adgenen sabiTumo
saagentosaTvis, romelic am paketebs ukve momxmarebels sTavazobs Tavisi
sacalo saagentoebis an aviakompaniebis meSveobiT.
turagenti aris organizacia, romelic iZens turoperatoris mier
damuSavebul turebs, am turebze uSvebs sagzurebs da yidis maT
momxmarebelze (turistebze).
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turagenti or mTavar funqcias asrulebs:
1) sainformacio momsaxureba (atyobineben momxmarebels turistuli
raionebis Sesaxeb, sTavazoben ganTavsebis variantebs, exmarebian
mogzaurobis xarjTaRricxvis SedgenaSi);
2) turistuli momsaxurebis gayidva.
msoflioSi turistuli saagentoebis ricxvis dadgena Znelia qveynebs
Soris terminologiuri gansxvavebebis gamo. tursaagentoebi, ZiriTadad,
warmoadgenen mcire kompaniebs umniSvnelo kapitaliTa da SezRuduli
bazriT. amasTan, sawarmo erTdroulad SeiZleba iyos tursaagentoca da
turoperatoric. magaliTad, turistuli biuro amuSavebs marSrutebs
rogorc turoperatori da yidis maT tursaagentoebze, da imavdroulad,
rogorc turagenti iZens turebs sxva biurosagan da yidis maT turistebze.
turoperatori da turagenti erTmaneTisgan principulad ori ramiT
gansxvavdeba: Semosavlebis sistemiTa da turproduqtis kuTvnilebiT.
pirvel SemTxvevaSi turoperatori iZens gansazRvrul turproduqts.
misi Semosavali iqmneba SeZenis fassa da gayidvis fass Soris gansxvavebis
safuZvelze. Zalian xSirad turoperatori iZens calkeul momsaxurebebs
(transportireba, ganTavseba, kveba da a.S.), romelTagan Semdeg ayalibebs
turpakets. faswarmoqmnis sakuTari meqanizmiT. turagenti ki moqmedebs,
rogorc sacalo gamyidveli da misi mogeba sxvisi turistuli produqtis
gayidvisTvis miRebuli sakomisio gasamrjeloTi iqmneba.
gansxvaveba meore niSniT ufro naklebad gamokveTilia da imaSi
mdgomareobs, rom turoperators yovelTvis aqvs gasayidad gamzadebuli
turproduqtebis maragi, xolo turagenti garkveul turproduqts iTxovs
mxolod maSin, roca mas mimarTavs klienti.
turoperatorebi turizmSi wamyvan rols asruleben, radgan swored
isini ayalibeben (kraven) mTlian turistul produqtad ZiriTad da
damatebiT momsaxurebas. saerTaSoriso praqtikaSi miRebulia
turoperatorebis dajgufeba sxvadasxva niSniT.
saqmianobis tipis mixedviT, turoperatorebi iyofa:
masobrivi bazris operatorebad, romlebic yidian turpaketebs
masobrivi turizmis adgilebis (destinaciebis) mimarTulebebiT, Cveulebriv
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Carteruli aviareisebis gamoyenebiT (amJamad masobriv operatorebad
SeiZleba CaiTvalon kompaniebi, romlebic turistebs agzavnian egvipteSi,
TurqeTSi, bulgareTSi);
specializebul turoperatorebad, romlebic dakavebulni arian
konkretuli produqtiTa da bazris segmentiT (gansazRvruli qveyniT,
turizmis garkveuli saxeobiT da a.S.).
Tavis mxriv, specializebuli turoperatori SeiZleba iyos:
a) konkretuli destinaciis (daniSnulebis adgilis) turoperatori
(magaliTad, romelic awyobs turebs espaneTSi);
b) specialuri interesis turoperatori (mag., romelic religiur
turizmzea daspecialebuli);
c) gansazRvruli klienturis turoperatori (mag., axalgazrdebTan, an
daojaxebuli wyvilebTan momuSave);
d) ganTavsebis gansazRvruli adgilis turoperatori (mag., romelic
turistebs ganaTavsebs pansionatebSi, turbazebSi, elitur vilebze);
e) turoperatori, romelic transportis garkveul saxes (mag.,
TviTmfrinavebs, Tbomavlebs, matareblebs) iyenebs.
saqmianobis adgiliT ganasxvaveben:
• Sida turoperatorebs, romlebic adgenen turpaketebs sakuTari qveynis
farglebSi arsebul marSrutebze;
• gamyvan turoperatorebs, romlebic ucxoeTSi mogzaurobis turpaketebs
qmnian. aseT turoperatorebs xSirad, iniciatiur turoperatorebs
uwodeben. saerTaSoriso iniciatiuri turoperatorebi arian
turoperatorebi, romlebic turistebs sazRvargareT agzavnian mimReb
(receptiul) turoperatorebTan xelSekrulebis safuZvelze, an
pirdapir, turistul sawarmoebTan dadebuli xelSekrulebis
safuZvelze. klasikuri iniciatiuri turoperatori turebs rTul
marSrutebze qmnis, akompleqtebs maT vizitis adgilze (marSrutze)
momuSave adgilobrivi turoperatorebis momsaxurebebisgan,
uzrunvelyofs mgzavrobas mogzaurobis sawyis punqtamde da ukan, da
organizebas ukeTebs SidasamarSruto transportis miwodebas da a.S.;
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• mimReb turoperatorebs, romlebic mogzaurobis daniSnulebis
(estinaciis) qveyanaSi arian da emsaxurebian Camosul turistebs. aseTi
firmebi SeiZleba aRiniSnos, rogorc receptiuli turoperatorebi.
receptiuli turoperatoruli kompaniebi akompleqteben turebs da
momsaxurebis programebs turistebis miRebisa da momsaxurebis
adgilebSi, iyeneben ra pirdapir xelSekrulebebs momsaxurebis
mimwodeblebTan (sastumroebTan, restornebTan da a.S.), es
turopereitingis sufTa formaa.
nax. 2. iniciatiuri da receptiuli turoperatoris muSaobis sqema
iniciatiuri da receptiuli turoperatorebis muSaobis sqema sakmaod
martivia (nax. 1). am sqemis mixedviT, iniciatiuri turoperatoruli kompania:
a) yidis partnioris mier Seqmnil turpaketebs, b) turistebs uformebs
dazRvevas, savizo dokumentebs da javSnis aviabileTebs da g) yidis
calkeul momsaxurebas Tavisi paketebidan, risTvisac sakomisio
anazRaurebas uxdis tursaagentoebs. receptiuli turoperatori
urTierTobs momsaxurebis momwodebelTan, agrovebs da akontrolebs ra
calkeul momsaxurebas erT turpaketSi. momsaxurebis paketis es nawili,
Cveulebriv, Sedgeba ganTavsebis adgilis, kvebis da saeqskursio
sastumro saeqskursio programa
transporti kvebis sawarmo
damatebiTi momsaxureba
receptiuli turoperatori _ momsaxurebis paketis Seqmna
receptiuli turoperatori _ sabiTumo dileris calkeuli momsaxurebani
iniciatiuri turoperatori (momsaxurebis paketi + dazRveva + viza + gadaadgoleba sawyis punqtamde
tursaagentoebi momxmarebeli
sazRvargareTuli qveyana
sakuTari qveyana
pirdapiri gasaReba
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programebisagan (danarCens umatebs iniciatiuri turoperatori). aseTi sqema
ZiriTadad damaxasiaTebelia postsabWoTa qveynebisTvis - saqarTvelos,
ruseTis, ukrainisTvis da sxv.
marTalia, iniciatiuri turoperatoris samuSao tursaagentos samuSaos
magvaria, magram igi mainc turoperatiulad iTvleba, radgan firma qmnis
sakuTar produqts, romelic msoflio turistuli organizaciis1 normebiT
aranakleb sami aucilebeli momsaxurebisgan unda Sedgebodes: ganTavseba,
turistebis transportireba da sxva nebismieri momsaxureba, romelic
pirvel orTan iqneba dakavSirebuli. iniciatiuri turoperatori am
turproduqtze sagzurs an vauCers uSvebs.
turistul bazarze muSaobisas turoperatoruli kompania Semdeg
funqciebs asrulebs:
• turebis mimarT potenciuri momxmareblebis moTxovnilebebis Seswavla
da momsaxurebis perspeqtiuli programebis Sedgena, maTi survilebis
gaTvaliswinebiT;
• turistuli paketis kompleqtacia, sadac SeiZleba Sediodes viza,
dazRveva, transferi, cxovreba ganTavsebis garkveul adgilze,
saeqskursio programa;
• urTierToba momsaxurebis momwodeblebTan turebTan dakavSirebiT
saxelSekrulebo safuZvelze. maT Soris: a) sastumroebTan; b) kvebis
obieqtebTan; g) satransporto sawarmoebTan; d) saeqskursio firmebTan,
muzeumebTan, parkebTan _ saeqskursio momsaxurebis mowodebaze; e)
sportul nagebobaTa, fitnes-centrebis, SPA-salonebis, samonadireo da
saTevzao meurneobebis da sxva obieqtebis administraciebTan;
• sareklamo-sainformacio saqmianoba bazarze turistuli produqtis win
wawevis (gavrcelebis da gasaRebis) mizniT;
• turistuli produqtis Rirebulebis gaangariSeba, turis fasis dadgena
sabazro situaciis gaTvaliswinebiT;
1 msoflios turistuli organizacia (United Nations World Tourism Organization - UNWTO) _ gaerosTan arsebuli wamyvani saerTaSoriso organizaciaa turizmis sferoSi. mso-s Stab-bina madridSi (espaneTi) aqvs. igi dakavebulia mdgradi da sayovelTaod xelmisawvdomi turizmis ganviTarebiT. generaluri mdivania franCesko franjiali.
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• turistebis uzrunvelyofa aucilebeli sareklamo da sainformacio
masalebiT, specialuri aRWurvilobiT;
• turebis winwaweva da realizacia tursaagentoebis sistemis meSveobiT
an sakuTari ZalebiT;
• turistebis momsaxurebis saimedoobisa da xarisxis kontroli.
turoperatorebs SeiZleba funqciebis gansxvavebuli nakrebi hqondeT.
magaliTad, arian turoperatorebi, romlebic pirdapir turistebze ar
hyidian turpaketebs, aramed amas tursaagentoebis meSveobiT akeTeben.
amdagvarad, turoperatoruli kompania bazarze pozicias ikavebs or
mxares Soris. erTi mxriv, esenia momsaxurebis mwarmoeblebi, xolo meore
mxriv _ an tursaagentoebi, romlebic turistul paketebs yidian
klientebze, an turistebi, romlebic turoperatorTan yiduloben
sagzurebs. turoperatoris amocanaa, win waswios, momxmareblebs Soris
gaasaRos calkeuli mwarmoeblis momsaxureba ukve turproduqtis saxiT,
amasTan es exeba rogorc ZiriTad momsaxurebas (ganTavseba, kveba), aseve
damatebiTs.
tursaagentoebi Suamavlis funqciebs asruleben _ yidian
turoperatoris mier Seqmnil turistul produqts.
urTierToba turoperatorsa da turagents Soris zogadad moicavs:
• turoperatoris sajaro ofertas1;
• xelSekrulebis dadebas turoperatorsa da turagents Soris;
• turoperatoris mier winadadebebis dagzavnas prais listebisa da
sareklamo masalebis saSualebiT;
• turagentis ganacxads turproduqtis dajavSnis Sesaxeb;
• turoperatoris mier ganacxadis dadasturebas da angariSis wardgenas;
• turagentis mier angariSis ganaRdebasa da turoperatorisaTvis
turistis sazRvargareTuli dokumentebis gadacemas.
1 oferta _ gamyidvelis werilobiTi winadadeba, SeTavazemuli savaraudo myidvelisadmi, saqonlis an momsaxurebis miyidvis Sesaxeb, gamyidvelis mier gansazRvrul pirobebze.
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tursaagentoebi turebs yidian turoperatorebis mier dadgenil da maT
prospeqtebSi miTiTebul fasebad.
turistuli produqtis gasaRebasTan erTad tursaagentoebis
mniSvnelovan funqcias Seadgens sainformacio momsaxurebis miwodeba.
rogorc mecnierTa kvlevebi gviCvenebs, klientebis mxolod 48%-ma Tu icis
sad surs gamgzavreba, 35%-s amis Sesaxeb bundovani warmodgena aqvs, xolo
17%-s _ saerTod ara aqvs igi. turagentebi potenciur myidvels awvdian
cnobebs destinaciebisa da turistuli raionebis, transportis moZraobis
ganrigis, ganTavsebis variantebis, arsebuli fasebis Sesaxeb, exmarebian mas
mogzaurobis xarjTaRricxvis SedgenaSi. klientebTan urTierTobas da
moTxovnili winadadebebis Zebnas daxarjuli drois naxevarze meti miaqvs.
Tavisi saqmianobisaTvis tursaagentoebi iReben sakomisio gasamrjelos,
romelic turis Rirebulebis 7-15%-s Seadgens. zogierT SemTxvevaSi igi
SeiZleba gaizardos, magaliTad, SeTanxmebulze meti turistuli
momsaxurebis gasaRebis SemTxvevaSi.
turoperatorebis mier SeTavazebuli turebis realizaciis garda,
tursaagentoebi calkeuli turistuli sawarmoebis momsaxurebis sacalo
gayidvebiTac arian dakavebulni. isini SeiZleba yiddnen sxvadasxva
transportis bileTebs, javSnidnen adgilebs sastumroebSi da ganTavsebis
sxva bazebze, ijariT gascemdnen avtomanqanebs, ukveTavdnen eqskursiebs,
aformebdnen gasamgzavrebel dokumentebs, azRvevdnen turistebs, cvlidnen
valutas, gascemdnen diskontur1 baraTebs, yiddnen turistul literaturas
da suvenirebs, asrulebdnen fotosTan dakavSirebul samuSaoebs (firebis
gamJRavneba, dabeWdva) da sxv.
kontragentebis2 farTod gantotvili qseli turoperatorebs
saSualebas aZlevs, rom gazardos gayiduli turistuli mgzavrobebis
raodenoba, gavides gamsvleli turizmis axal, maT Soris provinciul
bazrebze; gaswios ekonomia personalis Senaxvis, Senobisa da mowyobilobis
ijaris xarjebze da a.S. magram am pirobebSi turoperators uWirs sakuTari
marketinguli koncefciis ganxorcieleba, radgan tursaagento, romelic
aTeulobiT firmis turebs yidis, ver SeZlebs yvela maTganis marketinguli
1 diskonti (Discount) _ fasCamokleba, fasdakleba. 2 kontragenti (Contractor, counteragent) _ xelSekrulebis meore monawile mxare.
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koncefciis realizacias. amitom turoperatorebi eZeben gasaRebis arxebis
marTvis xarisxis gaumjobesebis gzebs vertikaluri TanamSromlobis
meSveobiT, _ tursaagentoebis aqciebis SesyidviT, aseve franCaizinguli
SeTanxmebebis dadebiT.
franCaizinguli sqema naklebdanaxarjiania da farTodaa gavrcelebuli
turistul biznesSi. igi damyarebulia xelSekrulebis safuZvelze
turoperatoris mier, romelic am SemTxvevaSi franCaizeria (Franchiser),
turagentis, _ franCaizis mimRebisaTvis (Franchisee) muSaobis sakuTari
meTodebis, maT Soris nou-hau-s1 da savaWro niSnis (markis) gadacemaze,
aseve sakonsultacio mxardaWerasa da personalis swavlebaze.
franCaizinguli xelSekrulebis dadebisas turagents Seaqvs winaswari
Senatani, da Semdeg ixdis yovelTviur roialTis2 savaWro brunvidan
(Cveulebriv brunvis 0,5-dan 6%-mde).
franCaizingul qselSi CarTuli tursaagentoebi erTiani marketinguli
koncefciis farglebSi moqmedeben, raSic Sedis SemuSavebuli midgoma
bazris Seswavlisadmi da moqnili programa reklamisa da savaWro niSnis
win wawevis sferoSi. franCaizinguli tursaagentoebi turoperatorisgan
iReben gazrdil sakomisioebsa da bonusebs (premiebs). saqmiani urTierTobis
aseTi forma saSualebas iZleva, erTi mxriv, mkafiod gancalkevdes
operatorisa da agentis funqciebi, xolo, meore mxriv, _ kargad iqnes
danaxuli produqtis mTeli sasicocxlo cikli _ Seqmnidan gayidvamde,
agreTve, droulad daregulirdes moTxovna da miwodeba. msxvili
turoperatorebis mier Seqmnili qselebi, tursaagentoebis gayidvebsac
akontroleben: mag., Sveicariuli turoperatori “Cuoni” Tavisi
franCaizinguli firmebisgan iTxovs, rom maT mier gayiduli turebis 60%
modiodes “Cuoni”-ze da mxolod 40% _ sxva operatorebis turebze.
saagentoebis sakuTari qselebi aqvT umsxviles evropul operatorebs
“Thomas Coock”-s, “Tui”-s, “Neckermann”-s.
1 nou-hau (Know-how) _ teqnikuri, administraciuli, komerciuli, finansuri an sxva saxis codna da gamocdileba, romelic konkretuli kompaniis inteleqtualur sakuTrebas da korporaciul saidumloebas warmoadgens. 2 roialTi (Royalty) _ licenziuri gadasaxadi Semosavlidan perioduli fiqsirebuli procentuli gadaricxvebis saxiT.
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turistuli produqtis xarisxis gaumjobesebis mizniT,
turoperatorebi sakuTar sastumroebs (da ganTavsebis sxva saSualebebs)
iZenen, an ganTavsebis sawarmoebSi wilobriv monawileobas iReben. imave
mizniT, isini aZliereben vertikalur integracias partnior-
turoperatorebTan turistul centrebSi (Sin da sazRvargareT), romlebic
destinaciebSi turistebis miRebaze arian pasuxismgeblebi (mag., am
sawarmoTa aqciebis Sesyidvis formiT) da qmnian strategiul aliansebs.
momsaxurebis momwodeblebi
mogzaurobis dros turistebis momsaxurebaSi mravali sxvadasxva
sawarmo da organizacia monawileobs. isini turizmis industriis
Semadgeneli nawilebi arian. maT ganekuTvneba: sawarmoebi, romlebic
ganTavsebis momsaxurebas awarmoeben (sastumroebi, pansionatebi, turbazebi
da sxv.); sazkvebis sawarmoebi (restornebi, kafeebi da sxv.); saeqkursio
firmebi; satransporto kompaniebi; Sou-, kino_, videoorganizaciebi;
sportuli sawarmoebi; savaWro organizaciebi da mravali sxva. am
organizaciebs turistul praqtikaSi, turistuli momsaxurebis
momwodeblebs uwodeben.
ganTavsebis seqtori
turistuli industriis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani blokia turistebis
ganTavsebis saSualebebi. maT ganekuTvneba: sastumroebi, sastumro saxlebi
(Guesthouse), motelebi, kempingebi, turistuli bazebi, pansionatebi,
turistuli saerTo sacxovreblebi, rodtelebi, botelebi, flotelebi da
sxv.
standartebis saerTaSoriso klasifikaciis Tanaxmad, ganTavsebis yvela
saSualeba or kategoriad iyofa _ koleqtiur: sastumroebi, gesThauzebi,
pansionatebi da individualur: binebi, vilebi, oTaxebi, romlebsac kerZo
pirebi aqiraveben.
sastumroebi turistebis ganTavsebis mTavari, klasikuri saxea. maTi
erT-erTi ZiriTadi niSania nomrebis raodenobis dasaSvebi minimumi.
safrangeTSi sastumros unda hqondes 5 da meti nomeri, italiaSi _ 7 da
meti, germaniaSi _ 10 da meti. sastumroebi sTavazoben momsaxurebis
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aucilebel nakrebs: loginebis yoveldRiur gasworebas, nomrebis da
sankvanZebis dalagebas, agreTve damatebiTi da Tanmdevi momsaxurebis
farTo CamonaTvals: kondicirebas, xmis izolacias, “beibi-siTings”, serviss
nomerSi, fitnes-centrs, saparikmaxeros, baRs, masaJs, suvenirebis maRazias,
sacurao auzsi, restorans, bars, samrecxaos, kazinos, plaJs, parkings,
avtomanqanebis da velosipedebis gaqiravebas, minimarkets, turistul
biuros da sxv.
dRevandeli mdgomareobiT msoflioSi 39 mln sastumro adgilia, 360
aTasze meti komfortuli sastumro. amasTan, bolo 20 wlis manZilze
msoflios sastumro meurneobaSi nomrebis raodenoba yovelwliurad 3-4%
izrdeba.
sastumro nomrebis yvelaze didi fondi aqvs evropis regions
(msoflios sastumroebis fondis daaxlovebiT 45% _ 10 mln adgilze meti),
pirvel yovlisa, italias _ 2 mln adgilze meti, germanias, safrangeTs,
espaneTsa da britaneTs (TiToeuls 1 mln sastumro adgilze meti). Tumca,
sastumro fondis zrdis tempebiT (weliwadSi 2-2,5%) evropa CamorCeba sxva
regionebs.
meore adgilzea amerikis kontinenti (37% _ 9 mln adgilze meti). aq
gamoirCeva aSS (TiTqmis 3,5 mln nomeri), meqsika da karibis zRvis regioni.
samxreT-aRmosavleTi aziisa da wynari okeanis regioni flobs 3 mln
nomerze mets (msoflio fondis 11%). am regionis sastumro industriis
zrdis tempebi 3-jer aRemateba saSualomsofliosas.
dRes, sastumroebis Tanamedrove qsels nebismieri gemovnebis
dakmayofileba SeuZlia.
msoflios yvelaze didi sastumroa MGM Grand-i las-vegasSi (aSS),
romelic oTxi ocdaaTsarTuliani koSkisgan Sedgeba (sul 5005 nomeri) da
45,3 ha farTobs ikavebs.
msoflios yvelaze maRalmTiani sastumroa “xedi everestze”, romelic
nepalSi, patara sofel naCmesTan mdebareobs. karg amindSi misi
fanjrebidan everestis didebuli xedi ixsneba.
msoflioSi yvelaze Zviri nomrebia sastumro Royal Towers (q. atlantisi,
bahamis kunZulebi). esaa aToTaxiani apartamentebi, romelic dReRameSi 25
aTasi dolari Rirs.
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msoflioSi yvelaze didi nomeri sastumro “eqselsiorSia” (Excelsior) q.
romSi. misi farTobi 1100 km-s aRwevs. am nomerSi ori saZinebelia, eqvsi
oTaxi stumrebisTvis, samuSao kabineti, saloni TaRovani WeriT, sasadilo,
sami gadaxuruli terasa, trenaJorebis darbazi, sacurao auzi, sauna,
kinodarbazi, Rvinis marani.
las vegasSi (aSS) Tavmoyrilia 16 Tematuri sastumro, maT garegnul
saxesa da interierSi aRdgenilia sxvadasxva adgili da epoqa, “ganZTa
kunZuliT” dawyebuli da “Suasaukunebis veneciiT” damTavrebuli.
erT-erT yvelaze feSenebelurad da amasTan erTad, uCveulod iTvleba
sastumro “Jumeirah Beach Hotel” (dubai, arabTa gaerTianebuli saamiroebi),
romelic Ria zRvaSia Seqmnili. gansakuTrebul gaocebas iwvevs misi
mTavari korpusi _ “arabuli koSki” anu ”ialqani”, rogorc mas sxvanairad
uwodeben. igi 56 sarTuliania, Sedgeba202 nomrisgan, romlebic mTeli
mdidrulobiTaa mowyobili. sastumros mTavari Sesasvleli 200 m simaRleze
mdebareobs, xolo holisa da restornebis nawili _ wyalqveSaa agebuli.
sastumros amorCeva sakmaod rTuli saqmea, gansakuTrebiT _ mogzaurTa
didi jgufisTvis, magram avstraliur sastumro Panhas-s nebismieri
gemovnebis dakmayofileba SeuZlia. aq nomrebi xeebis wverzea moTavsebuli.
amas ramdenime mizezi aqvs. jer-erTi, am adgilebSi wyaldidobis dros
wylis done 20-25 m aRwevs. meore, aq bevri saxifaTo cxovelia.
gansakuTrebuli interesiT sargeblobs saimperatoro nomeri (yvelaze didi
da mdidruli) da nomeri “tarzanis saxli” (35 m simaRleze). damsveneblebs
sTavazoben samsaxuris standartul nakrebs: nomrebi abazanebiTa da
kondicionerebiT, gidebi, romlebic ramodenime enaze metyveleben, ori auzi,
romlebic miwidan 4 m-iTaa aweuli.
niderlandebis dedaqalaqSi mdebareobs msoflioSi yvelaze didi
mcuravi sastumro. es komfortabeluri xuTsarTuliani “xomaldi”
amsterdamis erTi navmisadgomidan meorisken dasrialebs da sazRvao
mogzaurobis srul iluzias qmnis.
bahreinSi arsebobs wyalqveSa sastumro, romelic sparseTis yuris
fskerze mdebareobs. igi Sedgeba eqvsi korpusisgan, romlebic originaluri
gadasasvlelebiT aris erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli. SigniT moxvedra
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SesaZlebelia mxolod specialuri gamWvirvale liftebis meSveobiT,
romlebsac egzotikis moyvarulebi zRvis siRrmeSi Cahyavs.
trinidadisa da tobagos dedaqalaq port-of-speinSi ki aages patara
sastumro mZafri SegrZnebebis moyvarulTaTvis. igi kldeze, flates Tavze
hkidia da iq moxvedra mxolod saxuravidan SeiZleba.
sastumroebis klasifikaciisaTvis sxvadasxva qveyanaSi gansxvavebuli
sistema gamoiyeneba. dReisTvis ocdaaTze meti aseTi sistema arsebobs.
saerTo klasifikaciis SemoRebas xels uSlis mTeli rigi faqtorebisa,
romlebic dakavSirebulni arian qveynebis istoriul-kulturul
ganviTarebasTan, erovnul TaviseburebebTan, momsaxurebis xarisxis
Sefasebis gansxvavebul kriteriumebTan da sxv.
sastumro meurneobis Teoriasa da praqtikaSi sakmaod gavrcelebulia
sastumroebis dajgufeba yofiTi pirobebisa da momsaxurebis nakrebis
mixedviT. klasifikaciis mizania momsaxurebis miRebul standartebTan
sastumroebis Seabamisobis dadgena. atestaciis Sedegebis mixedviT,
TiToeul sastumros Sesabamisi Tanrigi miekuTvneba. igi damokidebulia
Senobis raodenobriv da xarisxobriv maxasiaTeblebze, nomrebis fondze,
infrastruqturaze, sastumros usafrTxoebis (sicocxlis uzrunvelyofis)
sistemaze, agreTve komfortis doneze, ZiriTadi, damatebiTi da Tanamdevi
momsaxurebis asortimentze, personalis kvalifikaciaze, servisis
kulturaze da a.S.
Tanrigi aisaxeba prestiJze, klienturis Semadgenlobasa da sastumros
fasebze. mogzaurs da turoperatorul kompanias igi saSualebas aZlevs
Tavisuflad gaerkvnen turistuli momsaxurebis bazarze, _ Tanrigi
warmodgenas gviqmnis sastumroebis momsaxurebis xarisxsa da iq arsebul
fasebze, rac Sesaferisi sastumros SerCevis saSualebas gvaZlevs.
evropis umetes qveyanaSi sastumroebis klasifikacia sayofacxovrebo
pirobebisa da momsaxurebis nakrebis mixedviT, saxelmwifo struqturebis
kompetenciaSi Sedis (centraluri organoebisa, magaliTad, rogorc
safrangeTSia, an _ adgilobrivis, magaliTad, rogorc espaneTSia) da
specialuri sakanonmdeblo aqtebis sagans warmoadgens. sxvagan, magaliTad,
SveicariaSi mas (sastumroebis klasifikacias) oficialuri xasiaTi ara
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aqvs da sastumro biznesis warmomadgenlebis iniciativiT an sastumroebis
mflobelebis erTmaneTTan SeTanxmebiT aris SemoRebuli.
kategoriisgan damoukideblad, yvela sastumro unda pasuxobdes Semdeg
sawyis moTxovnebs.
1. unda hqondes: xelsayreli misasvleli gza, romelsac eqneba
aucilebeli sagzao niSnebi, keTilmowyobili da ganaTebuli teritoria,
magarsafariani moednebi avtomanqanebis (maT Soris avtobusebis)
moklevadiani dgomisa da manevrirebisaTvis, abra saxelwodebisa da
kategoriis aRniSvniT, Tu restorans calke Sesasvleli aqvs _ abra
saxelwodebiT masac unda hqondes. sastumros, romelic Senobis nawils
ikavebs unda hqondes calke Sesasvleli;
2. arqiteqturul-gegmarebiTi da saamSeneblo elementebi da
gamoyenebuli teqnikuri aRWurviloba unda Seesabamebodes saamSeneblo
normebsa da wesebs;
3. uzrunvelyofili unda iyos sicocxlis usafrTxoeba, turistebis
janmrTeloba da maTi qonebis daculoba. Senobas unda hqondes saavario
gasasvlelebi, kibeebi, kargad SesamCnevi sainformacio maCveneblebi,
romlebic Tavisufali orientirebis saSualebas iZleva rogorc
Cveulebriv, ise sagangebo situaciaSi.
4. unda hqondes saxanZro dacvis da Setyobinebis sistema, xanZrisgan
Tavdacvis saSualebebi, romlebic sacxovrebeli saxlebisa da
sastumroebis usafrTxoebis wesebiTaa gaTvaliswinebuli.
5. daculi unda iyos sanitarul-higienuri normebi da wesebi, romlebic
sanitarul-epidemiologiuri zedamxedvelobis organoebis mieraa
dadgenili, kerZod, is nawili, romelic exeba Senobebis sisufTaves,
santeqnikur mowyobilobaTa mdgomareobas, narCenebis moSorebasa da
mwerebisa da mRrRnelebisagan efeqtur dacvas;
6. aRWurvili unda iyos sainJinro sistemebiTa da mowyobilobiT,
romlebic uzrunvelyofen:
• cxel da civ wyalmomaragebas dReRamis ganmavlobaSi. raionebSi,
sadac wyalmomaragebas Seferxebebi axasiaTebs, aucilebelia wylis
rezervuarebis arseboba wylis aranakleb erTdRiani maragiT;
• kanalizacias;
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• gaTbobas, romelic sacxovrebel da sazogadoebriv saTavsebSi haeris
temperaturas inarCunebs ara nakleb 18,5OC;
• ventilacias (bunebrivs da iZulebiTs), romelic haeris normalur
cirkulacias uzrunvelyofs, aRkveTs nomrebsa da sazogadoebriv
saTavsebSi ucxo surnelis SeRwevas;
• radios da televizias (Seyvanili unda iyos yvela nomerSi);
• satelefono kavSirs;
• nomrebis ganaTebas: bunebrivs (ara nakleb erTi fanjrisa) da
xelovnurs, romelic uzrunvelyofs ganaTebas, _ varvarebis
naTurebis SemTxvevaSi _ 100 luqsis raodenobiT, xolo
liuminescenciuri naTurebis SemTxvevaSi _ 200 l; derefnebSi
dReRamuri bunebriv an xelovnur ganaTebas.
sastumroebis klasifikaciaTa Soris yvelaze gavrcelebulia evropuli
anu varskvlavebis sistema, romelic gamoiyeneba safrangeTSi, avstriaSi,
ungreTSi, egvipteSi, CineTSi, saqarTveloSi, ruseTsa da mTel rig
qveyanebSi, romlebic saerTaSoriso gacvlaSi monawileoben. am
klasifikaciis Sesabamisad, sastumroebi komfortulobis Sesabamisad
jgufdebian kategoriebad, romlebic pirobiTad varskvlavebiTaa aRniSnuli.
mTlianobaSi, ori umaRlesi kategoriis sastumroebi TavianT maRal
kategoriulobas amarTleben farTo nomrebisa da SeTavazebuli
momsaxurebis didi CamonaTvalis wyalobiT. xuTvarskvlaviani sastumroebi
oTxvarskvlavianebisgan gansxvavdebian damatebiTi sistemuri erTeulebiT
(sacurao auzi da sxv.) da momsaxurebis ufro maRali doniT. magram
xandaxan samvarskvlaviani sastumroebi ukeTaa aRWurvili, vidre
oTxvarskvlaviani (mag., aqvs auzi).
egvipteSi, evropul sistemasTan SedarebiT, Sefasebis kriteriumebi
erTi-ori varskvlaviT momatebulia.
CineTSi evropul klasifikaciasTan erTad arsebobs sakuTari skala,
romlis Sesabamisad stumris miRebis yvelaze primitiul bazas ganekuTvneba
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“sastumro saxli” (Zhaodaisu): fundukebi an hosTelebi1, romlebic
studentur saerTo sacxovreblebs hgavs. ufro komfortulad iTvleba
“saxlebi stumrebisaTvis” (Binguan). faqtiurad, es or da sam varskvlaviani
donis sastumroebia. ganTavsebis yvelaze prestiJul saSualebebs,
romlebic sam da oTx varskvlaviani kategoriis sastumroebis moTxovnebs
pasuxobs SeiZleba miekuTvnos turistuli sastumroebi, xolo oTx da xuT
varskvlavian sastumroebs _ “Rvinis saxlebi” (Jindian). amasTan, Cinuri
standartebi sulac ar Camouvardeba evropuls.
saberZneTi sastumroebis klasifikaciaSi asoTa sistemas iyenebs.
yvela berZnuli sastumro oTx kategoriad iyofa: A, B, C, D. A
kategoriis sastumroebi Seesabameba oTxvarskvlavian dones, B _
samvarskvlavians, C _ orvarskvlavians. umaRlesi klasis sastumroebs
xSirad eniWeba kategoria “De Luxe”. magram, miuxedavad motanili
klasifikaciisa, erTsa da imave kategorias mikuTvnebuli ganTavsebis
saSualebebi saberZneTSi erTmaneTisgan mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba.
britaneTis sastumroebis klasifikacia sakmaod rTulia. zogierTi
katalogi sruliad tradiciuli varskvlavebis kategoriebs sTavazobs,
magram, rogorc wesi, gamoiyeneba gvirgvinebis sistema (Sesabamisad,
sastumroTa fasadze gamosaxulia ara varskvlavebi, aramed gvirgvinebi).
sastumroTa kategoriis gvirgvinebis sistemidan varskvlavurze
gadasayvanad saWiroa gvirgvinebis saerTo raodenobas gamoakldes erTi.
ase, magaliTad londonis Royal Norfolk Hotel-i SeiZleba warmodgenil iqnas
rogorc samvarskvlaviani, an rogorc oTxgvirgviniani sastumro.
gvirgvinebis sistemasTan erTad, did britaneTSi gavrcelebulia
britaneTis tursaagentoebis asociaciis _ “British Travel Authoritity” (BTA) mier
SemoTavazebuli klasifikacia, romlis Sesabamisad gamoyofen:
• biujetur sastumroebs (*), romlebic ganlagebulni arian qalaqis
centralur nawilSi da minimaluradaa keTilmowyobili;
1 hosTeli (ing. Hostel) _ axalgazrduli sastumro an dasasvenebeli baza. sxvadasxva qveynis stdentebisaTvis hosTeli ucxoeTSi cxovrebis yvelaze popularul da iaf saSualebas warmoadgens.
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• turistuli klasis sastumroebs (**). aseTi sastumroebi aucileblad
unda flobdes restoransa da bars;
• saSualo klasis sastumroebs (***), romlebSiac momsaxurebis done
sakmaod maRalia;
• pirveli klasis sastumroebs (****). es sastumroebi uzrunvelyofen
cxovrebis Zalian maRal xarixs da momsaxurebis Cinebul dones;
• umaRlesi klasis sastumroebs (*****). uzrunvelyofilia eqstraklasis
momsaxureba da cxovreba.
inglisuri sastumroebi ucxourisgan mTeli rigi TaviseburebiT
gansxvavdeba. mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli, rom zogierTi londonuri
sastumro mTlianad kerZo mflobelobaSia, zogi _ saaqcio sazogadoebas,
kompanias an sxva amdagvar iuridiul pirs ekuTvnis. sxva Tanabari
garemoebebis SemTxvevaSi upiratesoba eZleva sastumroebs, romlebic erTi
patronis xelSia moqceuli.
miuxedavad imisa, rom britanuli sastumroebis mniSvnelovani nawili
adgilobrivi menejerebis mier imarTeba, bevri maTgani sastumroebis msxvil
saerTaSoriso jaWvSia gaerTianebuli. amasTan, interesi britanuli
sakuTrebis mimarT am jaWvebis warmomadgenlebis mxridan wlidan wlamde
izrdeba.
italiaSi, israelSi, espaneTsa da zogierT sxva qveyanaSi gamoiyeneba
kategoriebis sistema.
italiuri sastumroebis klasifikacia sakmaod daxlarTulia.
marTalia, mogzaurebs sastumroTa karis Tavze xSirad nacnobi
varskvlavebi SeuZliaT SeamCnion, magram, oficialurad, varskvlavebis
sistema qveyanas ar miuRia. italiaSi miRebuli normebis Tanaxmad,
sastumroebi sam kategoriad jgufdeba. pirveli kategoria ufro Seesabameba
oTxi varskvlavis dones, meore _ samis, mesame _ oris. garda amisa,
TviToeuli kategoriis farglebSi arsebobs sakuTari Tavisufali
gradacia.1
1 gradacia _ Tanmimdevruli sistemiT dayofa.
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italiuri sastumroebis yvelaze SesamCnev Taviseburebas SegviZlia
mivakuTvnoT is, rom umetesoba maTgani mcire zomebisaa (50-80 adgili).
rogorc wesi, aseTi patara sastumroebi pretenzias ar acxadeben maRal
kategoriaze da ZiriTadad orvarskvlavian dones Seesabamebian, Tumca
alpiur kurortebze SeiZleba SegvxvdeT mcire zomis sastumroebi,
romelTa aRWurviloba da momsaxurebis done yvelaze maRal moTxovnebsac
ki pasuxobs.
marTalia, italiur sastumroebs SeiZleba esa Tu is nakli SeniSnoT,
magram, maT garkveuli upiratesobebic axasiaTebT. magaliTad, aqvT kargad
aRWurvili sakonferencio darbazebi.
israelSi varskvlavuri klasifikacia, romelic jer kidev 10 wlis win
moqmedebda, gauqmebulia. mis magivrad iyeneben sastumroebis sam-kategorian
dajgufebas. miuxedavad amisa, turistuli firmebi, klientebisaTvis rom
mosaxerxebeli iyos, agrZeleben sastumroebis Sefasebas varskvlavuri
skalis Sesabamisad.
espaneTSi aseve arsebobs ganTavsebis adgilebis gradacia kategoriebis
mixedviT:
• sastumroebi (Hoteles), dayofili xuT kategoriad: erTidan xuT
varskvlavamde;
• sastumros tipis saxlebi (Hoteles-apartamentes), bungaloebi da a.S.
dayofili oTx kategoriad: erTidan oTx varskvlavamde;
• fundukebi (Hostales), dayofili sam kategoriad: erTidan sam
varskvlamde;
• pansionebi (Pansiones), dayofili sam kategoriad.
garda amisa, turistebis mimRebi bevri obieqti (Paradores) turizmis
saxelmwifo saministros daqvemdebarebaSia. ZiriTadad, igi yvelaze lamazi
bunebrivi garemos mqone raionebSia ganlagebuli, sadac Camosulebis
miRebis sxva saSualeba TiTqmis ar arsebobs. aseT pradoresebs
ganekuTvneba Zveli cixe-simagreebi, cixe-darbazebi, sasaxleebi, romlebic
“sastumro-luqsebiviTaa” mowyobili.
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sastumroebis klasifikaciis mimarT Tavisi midgoma aqvs sastumroTa
qselebsac. Cveulebriv, am klasifikaciebSi gamoyofen ara kategoriebs,
aramed markebs, romlebic konkretuli qselis yvela sastumroze
vrceldeba. magaliTad, umsxvilesi evropuli qseli Accor (safrangeTi)
sastumroTa ramdenime markas moicavs, romlebic stumrebs momsaxurebisa da
fasebis sxvadasxva nairgvarobas sTavazobs. aseTebia: “Sofitel”, “Novotel”,
“Merkury” (romelic komfortis donisa da fasebis mixedviT, kidev sam
jgufad iyofa); “Relais/Inn” (standartuli nomrebi, xarisxiani momsaxureba
zomier fasad); “Hotell/Mercury” (SedarebiT maRali donis momsaxureba,
individualuri midgoma, komfortuli ganTavseba); “Grand/Hotell” (sastumros
saukeTeso mdebareoba, daxvewili komforti da momsxurebis maRali done
dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi); “Ibis”; “Etap”; “Formule 1”.
amdagvarad, TiToeul qveyanas sastumroebis sakuTari klasifikacia
aqvs ise, rom sastumroebi, romlebic erT kategorias miekuTvneba, magram
sxvadasxva saxelmwifoSi mdebareobs, garkveulwilad gansxvavdebian
erTmaneTisgan. magram, miuxedavad am gansxvavebisa erTi kategoriis
sastumroebi stumrebs sayofacxovrebo pirobebisa da momsaxurebis nakrebis
daaxloebiT erTnair dones sTavazoben. ase, magaliTad, maRali Tanrigis
sastumroebs, keTilmowyobili nomrebis garda, Cveulebriv aqvT farTo
holebi, barebi, restornebi, variete, klubebi, sauna, sacurao auzebi,
konferenc-darbazebi da sxv. garda amisa, sastumroebis klasifikacia,
romelic sawarmoTa materialuri bazisisa da misi saeqspluatacio
mdgomareobis mimarT moTxovnebzea damyarebuli, amdagvaradve
iTvaliswinebs servisis xarisxsa da momsaxurebis kulturas. rac ufro
ukeTaa organizebuli stumrebis miReba, miT ufro maRalia ganTavsebis
saSualebis kategoria.
klasifikaciaSi arsebuli gansxvavebebis gamo, turistul katalogebSi
turistebisTvis mosaxerxebeli rom iyos pirobiTi niSnebis, _ iyeneben
piqtogramebis sistemas, romlebic samsaxuris ama Tu im saxes aRniSnaven da
Tan or-sam enaze Sedgenili mokle ganmarteba erTvis. Cveulebriv,
damatebiT motanilia kidev sxva, magaliTad, varskvlavebis sistemis,
klasifikacia.
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bolo 15-20 wlis ganmavlobaSi sastumroebis kidev erTi, _ ekonomikuri
klasis, kategoria ganviTarda. am SedarebiT iafma, magram komfortulma
sastumroebma kargad gamoavlines Tavi dasavleTis bevri qveynis turistul
bazarze, pirvel yovlisa amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, did britaneTsa da
safrangeTSi. isini sTavazoben momsaxurebis maRal standarts,
uzrunvelyofen ra komfortul ganTavsebas Tanamedrove, funqciurad
gaazrebul nomrebSi, zomier fasebad. ganTavsebis dabali Rirebuleba aseT
sastumroebSi miiRweva mokrZalebuli dizainis, samsaxurebis SezRuduli
CamonaTvaliTa da naklebad xelsayreli mdebareobis (centridan
moSorebiT) wyalobiT.
turistul biznesSi bolo periodis siaxled Resort1 klasis
sastumroebis qselis ganviTareba iqca. am klasis sastumroebi, rogorc
wesi, sanapiros Tvalwarmtac adgilebSi arian ganlagebuli,
garSemortymulni arian tropikuli baRebisa da parkebis mwvane sartyliT,
aq Seqmnilia turistebis dasvenebisa da garTobis programebi, ase rom,
resorTebi dasvenebis saucxoo oaziss warmoadgens, rac ase izidavs
sxvadasxva qveynis turistebs. am kategoriis sastumroebs komerciuli
warmateba “ol-inqluzivis”2 sistemam moutana.
msoflios turizmis industriaSi sastumroebs ganasxvaveben agreTve,
sastumros mepatronesa da menejmentis rgols Soris urTierTobis xasiaTis
mixedviT.
damoukidebeli sastumroebs mepatroneebi gankargaven da
damoukideblad, an daqiravebuli specialistebis, an specializebuli
menejeruli kompaniebis meSveobiT marTaven. damoukidebeli kompaniebi ufro
Tavisuflebi arian xarisxis kontrolis, sakuTrebis gankargvisa da
sastumros marTvis saqmeSi. Cveulebriv, isini finansurad sakmaod myarad
dganan, rac maT damoukideblobis saSualebas aZlevT. damoukidebeli
sastumroebi ZiriTadad mcire qalaqebsa da sakurorto dasaxlebebSia
ganlagebuli, sadac naklebia konkurencia sastumro qselebis (jaWvebis)
1 Resort (ing) _ kurorti. 2 All-incluzive (ing) _ “moicavs yvelafers”. sastumroebis kompleqsuri momsaxurebis sistema, romlis drosac klientis mier gadaxdil TanxaSi yvela ZiriTadi saxis momsaxureba Sedis.
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mxridan. maTi wliuri brunva, rogorc wesi, ar aRemateba 5 mln dolars,
xolo tevadoba _ 300 adgils. konkurentunarianobis gazrdisaTvis
damoukidebeli sastumroebi qmnian konsorciumebs, romlebic erToblivad
atareben marketingul kampanias, arCeven kadrebs da uZRvebian maT
profesiul momzadebas. garda amisa, saqmianobis aseTi formis wyalobiT
danaxarjebi erToblivi centralizebuli Sesyidvebis dros gacilebiT
naklebia. dRes, aseT umsxviles konsorciums warmoadgens Juptel International
(didi britaneTi), romelic msoflios 137 qveynis 6,5 aTas sastumros
aerTianebs.
msoflios sastumro sawarmoebis umetesoba romelime sastumro
qselSi Sedis. qselSi igulisxmeba sastumroTa jgufi, romelic koleqtiur
bizness axorcielebs da qselis xelmZRvanelobis uSualo kontrolis
qveSaa moqceuli.
sastumro qselebi msoflio bazarze momsaxurebis maRali
standartebis gatanisa da dawinaurebis saSualebas iZleva, agreTve,
turistebis sastumro momsaxurebis miRweuli donis SenarCunebas
uzrunvelyofs. mogzauri, romelic ucxo qveyanaSi misi nacnobi
korporaciis sastumros Sexvdeba, Tavs TiTqmis Sinaurad, Cveul
komfortul garemoSi grZnobs.
msoflioSi daaxloebiT 300 sastumro qseli Camoyalibda. maT wilad
sastumro nomrebis fondis 90% da msoflios sastumroebis Semosavlis 98%
modis.
yvelaze cnobili is qselebia, romlebic bevr saxelmwifos moicavs.
magaliTad, Bass Hotels sastumroebi 98 qveyanaSi aqvs, Best Western-s 84-Si,
Accor-s _ 81-Si, Starwood Hotels _ 80-Si.
saerTaSoriso sastumro qselebis umetesoba aSS-s aqvs. esaa “luqsis”
klasis qselebi, magaliTad, Bass Totels, Hilton, West Inn, da aseve _ saSualo
klasis sastumroTa qselebi _ Holiday Inn, Marriott, Sheraton, Ramada.
popularobiT sargeblobs iseTi qselebi, rogoricaa Accor da Club
Meditrans (safrangeTi), Transtours Forte (didi britaneTi), Sol Melia (espaneTi).
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qselSi Sesvlis pirobebis mixedviT, sastumroebi Semdegi niSnebiT
SegviZlia davajgufoT:
a) sastumroebi, romlebic qselis sruluflebiani wevrebad iTvlebian
da gaerTianebulni arian mflobelis saerTo sakuTrebis safuZvelze.
qselis xelmZRvaneloba srul pasuxismgeblobas iRebs biznesis Sedegebze
da sruli ufleba aqvs mogebis miRebisa;
b) sastumroebi, romlebic qselis asocirebuli wevrebi arian da
biznesSi monawileobas iReben franCaizingis safuZvelze. es nairsaxeoba
gansakuTrebiT aSS-Sia gavrcelebuli, sadac franCaizinguli urTierTobebi
ama Tu im saxiT sastumro biznesis bazris 90%-s moicavs. umsxvilesi
franCaizinguli sastumro qselebia: Holiday Inn, Marriott, Choice International.
evropaSi ki franCaizinguli strategia ar aris wamyvani da bevri sastumro
damoukidebel statuss inarCunebs;
g) sastumroebi, romlebsac sastumroTa profesiuli marTvis
kompaniebTan (specializebul menejerul kompaniebTan) dadebuli kontraqti
aerTianebs. aseTi kompaniebi sastumroTa da profesiuli marTvisaTvis
mflobelisgan gasamrjelos iReben, magram, sawarmos qonebaze araviTar
uflebas ar floben, Cveulebriv, SezRudul finansur pasuxismgeblobas
kisruloben, Semosavals ki sastumros momgebianobis Sesabamisad iReben.
yvela kompania, romelic “luqsis” da, aseve, saSualo klasis
sastumroebs flobs, sastumros marTvis Sesaxeb kontraqtebs debs
profesiuli marTvis kompaniebTan. msoflios umsxvilesi korporacia Holiday
Inn marTavs 1600-ze met sastumro sawarmos aSS-Si, kanadaSi, evropis, aziisa
da samxreT amerikis qveynebSi. korporacia Hilton Hotels marTavs 270
sastumros aSS-s 220 qalaqSi.
1980-iani wlebidan saqarTveloSi sastumroebis mSeneblobaSi,
rekonstruqciasa da marTvaSi ucxouri kompaniebi monawileoben: Sheraton,
Marriott, Intercontinental (aSS), Marco Polo (avstria) da sxv.
kveba turistuli momsaxurebis sistemaSi
kvebis organizacia turistuli momsaxurebis teqnologiaSi erT-erT
ZiriTad samsaxurs warmoadgens. aSS-Si mewarmeobis am saxis aqtivebs meoTxe
adgili uWiravs da 200 mlrd dolars Seadgens. masSi ufro meti adamiania
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dasaqmebuli, vidre ekonomikis sxva nebismier dargSi _ daaxloebiT 8 mln
muSa da mosamsaxure. Jurnal Newsweek-is monacemebiT, restornebis qsel
MacDonalds-is sawarmoebSi ufro meti adamiani muSaobs, vidre umsxviles
foladsamsxmelo kompaniis United States Steel-is sawarmoebSi, xolo
”makdonaldsis” savaWro niSani, _ oqros TaRi, xSirad amerikuli
ekonomikis simbolodac ki aRiqmeba.
kvebis samsaxuri moicavs kulinaruli produqciis damzadebas,
realizacias da moxmarebis pirobebis Seqmnas sawarmos klasis Sesabamisad.
Cveulebrivi da aucilebeli moTxovnilebis garda, kveba turizmSi
garTobisa da adgilobrivi kulturis Secnobis mniSvnelovan saSualebad
ganixileba. erovnuli samzareulo xalxis kulturis mniSvnelovani
elementia da mkafiod gamokveTil TaviseburebiT xasiaTdeba.
garda amisa, kvebis sawarmoebi sxva amocanebsac emsaxurebian,
rogoricaa: klientis Tavisufali drois organizacia (magaliTad,
koncertebis Catareba, restornis varietes mowyoba), sainformacio-
sakonsultacio momsaxureba (Sef-mzareulis konsultacia originaluri da
rCeuli kerZebis damzadebis dargSi), agreTve iseTi samsaxuris gawevas,
rogoricaa: kvebis sawarmoSi SeZenili nawarmis SefuTva,
momxmareblebisTvis satelefono da faqsis kavSiris saSualebis micema,
piradi nivTebis (zeda tansacmlis, CanTebis, Zvirfaseulobis)
garantirebuli Senaxva, taqsis gamoZaxeba SekveTiT, piradi avtomanqanebis
dayeneba am kvebis obieqtTan mowyobil sadgomze da sxv.
kvebis sawarmos tipi ganisazRvreba momsaxurebis damaxasiaTebeli
TaviseburebebiT, kulinaruli produqciis asortimentiT da
momxmareblebisTvis SeTavazebuli samsaxuris nomenklaturiT. gamoyofen:
restornebs, kafeebs, barebs, sasadiloebs, bistros, piceriebs, samwvadeebs,
kulinarul jixurebs da sxv.
es sawarmoebi turistul firmebs SeiZleba sakuTrebaSi hqondeT, an
ijariT amuSavebdnen. umetesi maTgani, turistul-sasastumro blokis
nawils warmoadgens, ufro iSviaTad ki damoukideblad muSaobs.
garda amisa, teqnikuri aRWurvilobis donis, momsaxurebis xarisxisa da
moculobis, ganlagebis adgilis, fasebis, Senobis arqiteqturul-mxatvruli
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gaformebis, kerZebis asortimentis, avtomatizaciis xarisxis da sxva
maCveneblebis mixedviT, kvebis sawarmoebi kategoriebad iyofa.
kvebis sawarmoTa (obieqtTa) klasifikaciaTa Soris yvelaze miRebulia
msoflio turistuli organizaciis mier rekomendebuli klasifikacia,
romelic sastumroebisa da restornebis evrokavSiris qveynebis erovnul
asociaciaTa konfederaciis mier Sedgenil “TeTr wignSia” Camoyalibebuli.
kategoria varskvlaviT aRiniSneba. umaRles kategorias Seesabameba xuTi
varskvlavi, umdabless _ erTi. sawarmoebi, romlebic ver gaivlian
sertifikacias, unarCundebaT Zveli klasifikaciiT miRebuli kategoria:
umaRlesi, pirveli an meore.
turistebs Soris yvelaze metad popularulia restornebi. isini or
did jgufad iyofa: klasikur da swrafi momsaxurebis restornebad.
saxelganTqmuli klasikuri restorani xelovnebis nawarmoebs
utoldeba. igi unikaluria, esTetur siamovnebas iwvevs da TanamesufresTan
xangrZlivi urTierTobisaTvis ganawyobs adamians. klasikuri restornebi
Zalze Zviria, _ maTze moTxovna maRalia mxolod VIP-klasiT mogzaur
turistebs Sorisa.
sastumroebTan arsebuli msoflios saukeTeso restornebis sias
yovelwliurad aqveynebs cnobili Jurnali Hotels. bolos gamoqveynebul
siaSi, pirvel adgils ikavebs restorani Truffe (toronto, kanada), romelic
sastumroTa qsels Four Seasons ekuTvnis, meore adgilzea _ Le Chanteclair
sastumro Negresco (nica, safrangeTi).
restornebis meore jgufs Seadgens swrafi momsaxurebis restornebi.
pirvelad isini amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi gamoCndnen, magram Semdeg
restornis es tipi mTels msoflioSi gavrcelda.
bolo aTwleulSi msoflioSi sazogadoebrivi kvebis sferos ZiriTadi
Tavisebureba gaxda restornebis qselebis warmoSoba da ganviTareba. amaSi,
mowinave udavod amerikis SeerTebuli Statebia. amerikuli restornebis
qselebi Tavisi qveynis gareT aqtiur eqpansionistur1 politikas atareben.
1 eqspansia (laT. Expansio, gafarToeba, gavrceleba) ekonomikaSi niSnavs ekonomikuri saqmianobis gafarToebas, axali bazrebis dapyrobas, gavlenis sferos gavrcelebas, ZiriTadad didi, transnacionaluri kompaniebis mier.
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maTi warmateba ZiriTadad dakavSirebulia mTel msoflioSi amerikeli
turistebisa da sazRvargareT mcxovrebi amerikelebis did raodenobasTan,
agreTve, bevr ucxoelTan, romlebic sxvadasxva dros muSaobdnen da
swavlobdnen aSS-Si. swrafi kvebis restornebi gansakuTrebuli
popularobiT sargeblobs am kategoriis adamianebs Soris. gansakuTrebiT
swrafad is sarestorno qselebi izrdeba, romlebic hamburgerebze da
picaze arian specializebulebi.
restoranebis qselebis mTeli gayidvebidan, 40%-ze mets sendviCi1
Seadgens. amasTan, NRN Research-is mier Sedgenili klasifikaciis mixedviT,
sendviCis kategoriaSi Sedis, “makdonaldsis” hamburgerebi, franguli
sendviCebi Subway-s restoranTa qselSi da Taco Bell-is teqs/meqsi (Tex Mex).
restornebis raodenobiT liderobs qseli 7-Eleven, romelSic 13760
restorani Sedis, Semdeg modis “makdonaldsi” 13093 restorniT.
bolo dros msoflioSi swrafad viTardeba msxvil savaWro centrebSi
ganlagebuli restornebis koncefcia, magaliTad, did britaneTSi 1000-ze
meti aseTi restorania. amgvari momsaxurebis wyalobiT izrdeba rogorc
centris klientebis raodenoba, ise centrSi maTi yofnis drois
xangrZlivoba, rac kidev ufro zrdis gayidvebis moculobas. sxvadasxva
SefasebiT am gziT savaWro centris navaWri 10-30%-iT izrdeba.
am koncefciis nairsaxeobas warmoadgens savaWro centrebSi arsebuli
“Sida ezoebis” koncefcia. aseT ezoebSi Tavmoyrilia ramdenime kafe da
swrafi momsaxurebis restorani. magaliTad, moskovis savaWro centr
Атриум-Si aseT “ezoSi” Semomsvlelebs erTdroulad rva patara restorani
emsaxureba.
saerTaSoriso turistul praqtikaSi kveba, rogorc wesi,
dakavSirebulia ganTavsebasTan. misi Rirebuleba, binadrobasTan erTad
Sedis sastumros tarifSi. turists SeuZlia airCios nomeri samjerad
(sruli pansioni, anu “amerikuli gegma”), orjerad (naxevarpansioni, anu
kontinenturi gegma”), an erTjerad (sawoli da sauzme) kvebasTan
kompleqtSi. bevri sastumro “evropuli gegmiT” muSaobs. es gegma
1 sendviCi (ing. Sandwich) _ buterbrodis nairsaxeoba. es saxeli ewoda lordi sendviCis gamo, romelmac igi gamoigona.
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warmoadgens sastumros tarifs, romelic ganisazRvreba ganTavsebis
RirebulebiT kvebis gareSe. am SemTxvevaSi, turistebi TviTon irCeven
kvebis obieqts, samzareulosa da kerZebs.
turoperatorebi xSirad cdiloben turpaketis fasis Semcirebas
kvebaze gasawevi xarjebis Semcirebis gziT. Cveulebriv, gansakuTrebiT
saeqkursio turebis SemTxvevaSi, turistebs sTavazoben “sawolsa da
sauzmes”. aseTi variantis dros turisti ar aris “mibmuli” sastumroze da
turis fasic mcirdeba. turistebisTvis, romlebsac mxolod dasveneba,
plaJze wamowola da mzeze garujva swadiaT, ufro xelsayrelia
naxevarpansionis an, ufro iSviaTad, sruli pansionis varianti.
gansxavebulia momsaxurebis formebic. sistema “Á la carte” klients
restornis meniudan kerZis Tavisufali arCevis saSualebas aZlevs, “Table
dot”, esaa yvela klientisTvis saerTo momsaxureba kerZis arCevanis gareSe,
xolo “Sveduri magida” _ saerTo magidaze gamofenili kerZebis
Tavisufali arCevis saSualeba da TviTmomsaxureba.
kvebis bevri sawarmo ara marto gemriel sakvebs sTavazobs klientebs,
aramed garTobisa da dauviwyari STabeWdilebis miRebis saSualebasac
uqmnis.
zogi mogzauri specialur gastronomiul da sasmelebis turSi
miemgzavreba, raTa sxvadasxva qveynis erovnul samzareulos gaecnos. aseTi
mogzaurobis dros turistebi adgilobriv tradiciebsa da Cveulebebs
eziarebian, xSirad TviTon monawileoben foklorul zeimebSi. germaniasa
da CexeTSi mogzauroba, magaliTad, iSviaTad Tu Caivlis ludis
dawesebulebis monaxulebis gareSe, sadac Tqven ara marto
gagimaspinZldebian ludiT, aramed, suvenirsac mogarTmeven ludis kaTxis
saxiT. Znelia warmoidgino espaneTi “paseosa” da “tapeos”, anu barebSi
gaseirnebisa da msubuqi waxemsebis, gareSe, romlis drosac Tqven
aucileblad SemogTavazeben Rvinosa da luds.
turistebSi didad popularulia eTnografiuli restornebi da kafeebi.
maTSi erovnuli tradiciebi vlindeba ara marto interierSi, aramed
oficiantebis tansacmelSi, orkestrebis repertuarSi da SemoTavazebuli
kerZebisa da sasmelebis asortimentSic.
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kvebis sawarmos xelmZRvanelebi cdiloben, klientisaTvis brZolaSi
axal-axali sixleebi SemoiRon momsaxurebis formebSi, kerZebSi, interierSi
da sxv. bevri turoperatoruli kompania restornebisa da kafeebisgan
xelsayrel winadadebebs iRebs turistebis momsaxurebis dargSi. magram,
miuxedavad amisa, turistuli firma mudmivad unda akontrolebdes
momsaxurebis xarisxsa da dadgenil fasebTan mis Sesabamisobas, radgan amis
gareSe warmatebuli TanamSromloba ar Sedgeba.
satransporto gadazidvebi turizmSi
satransporto gadazidvebi kidev erTi mniSvelovani samsaxuria
turizmSi. maTze modis turis fasis ZiriTadi nawili, romelic
mogzaurobis xangrZlivobisa da siSoris mixedviT 20-dan 60%-mde meryeobs.
mogzaurobis dros turists SeuZlia sxvadasxva saxis transporti
gamoiyenos, maT Soris:
• sahaero;
• sawylosno;
• saxmeleTo.
saerTaSoriso turistuli gadazidvebis 44% sahaero transportze
modis. amJamad msoflioSi 1300-ze meti aviakompaniaa, maT yovelwliurad 1,5
miliardamde adamiani gadahyavT. saerTaSoriso sahaero kavSirs 470-ze meti
gadamyvani axorcielebs, amaTgan 250-mde regularul reisebs awyobs.
saerTaSoriso gadazidvebis qseli msoflios 150 saxelmwifos moicavs.
saerTaSoriso sahaero kavSirs msoflios 1 000-mde aeroporti emsaxureba.
msoflios umsxviles aviakompaniebad gadazidvebis raodenobis mixedviT,
iTvleba: Delta Airlines, Pan American, American da United (aSS), O New Men
(iaponia), Air France (safrangeTi), Lufthansa (germania) da sxv. kompaniaTa
pozicia turistul bazarze ganisazRvreba agreTve, momsaxurebis xarisxiT.
am niSniT saukeTesod iTvleba Lufthanza, Singapore Airlines (singapuri), Swissair
(Sveicaria).
praqtikaSi sahaero transportze, fasdaklebebisa da zogierTi sxva
maCveneblis mixedviT, momsaxurebis klasis daaxloebiT 20-mde nairsaxeoba
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arsebobs _ Carteruli reisebiT dawyebuli daDzebgeriTi TviTmfrinaviT
gadafrenebiT damTavrebuli.
frenis xangrZlivobis mixedviT icvleba TviTmfrinavSi SeTavazebuli
kvebis formebi: sauzme, sadili, vaxSami, msubuqi kveba, mravaljeradi kveba,
magram yvela reisze aucileblad, sTavazoben sasmelis sxvadasxva saxeobas.
aviagadafrenis fasi damokidebulia aviakompaniis saxeobaze, frenis
siSoresa da marSrutze, destinaciaze (qveyanaze, sadac mivfrinavT) da
masSi yofnis vadaze, momsaxurebis klasze, dajavSnis pirobebsa da bileTis
dabrunebis SesaZleblobaze, aseve mgzavrebis socialur mdgomareobasa da
asakze. momsaxurebis klasi ganisazRvreba registraciis gavlis wesiT,
TviTmfrinavSi kvebis tipiT da tvirTis ufaso gatanis normiT.
msoflios yvela aviakompaniaSi aris sami ZiriTadi klasi: pirveli,
biznes-klasi da ekonom-klasi. rac ufro maRalia klasi, miT ufro Zviria
bileTi. masobrivi turistebi Cveulebriv ekonom-klasiT sargebloben.
pirvel or klass ki ufro avseben SeZlebuli mgzavrebi, romelTaTvis
fasze metad komfortia mniSvnelovani.
aviabileTis klasi aseve damokidebulia tarifze. ganasxvaveben
normalur da specialur tarifebs. sabazo tarifi iTvaliswinebs win da
ukan gadafrenas. sabazo tarifidan iwyeba sxvadasxva fasdaklebis aTvla.
Tanamedrove aviakompaniebs ramdenime tarifi aqvT. magaliTad: saeqkursio,
PEX (bileTis moqmedebis vada 2 an 3 Tvea, gafrenisa da mofrenis TariRi
aRiniSneba dajavSnis momentSi), APEX (sxvadasxva mimarTulebaze bileTs
sxvadasxva vada aqvT), axalgazrduli, sapensio, ojaxuri da sxv.
bileTis calke kategoriaa ojaxuri. es tarifi specialurad
gankuTvnilia organizebuli turistuli jgufebisaTvis da didi
popularobiT sargeblobs. am SemTxvevaSi wesdeba SezRudva ucxo qveyanaSi
(destinaciaze) turistebis yofnis vadebisa da jgufSi adamianebis
raodenobis Sesabamisad.
arsebobs: a) regularuli reisebi, romlebic sruldeba konkretuli
marSrutiT garkveul dReebSi ganrigis mixedviT mgzavrebis raodenobisgan
damoukideblad, da b) Carteruli, anu ganrigis gareSe, reisebi. regularul
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reisze bileTis aReba gafrenamde erTi wliT adrec ki SeiZleba.
Carteruli ki konkretuli turfirmis an turfirmebis mier aris
organizebuli turistebis konkretuli jgufis gadasayvanad. rogorc wesi,
Carteruli aviagadafrenebis bileTebi ufro iafia vidre regularuli
reisebisa.
msxvili turoperatorebi xSirad mWidrod TanamSromloben
avakompaniebTan, aqvT sakuTari Carteruli reisebi da ufro wvrili
turoperatorebisaTvis saaviacio brokeris (Suamavlis) funqcias asruleben.
Tu erT turoperators sxvebic SeuerTdebian, Seiqmneba e.w. puli1. es
xelsayrelia rogorc pulis organizatorisTvis, romelic am SemTxvevaSi
TviTmfrinavis sruli datvirTvis garantias iRebs, aseve SemoerTebuli
kompaniebisTvisac, radgan momsaxurebis paketze fasis Semcirebis Sedegad
ufro meti turistis mozidva xdeba SesaZlebeli.
magaliTad, zamTrobiT Cndeba moTxovna Carterebze samTosaTxilamuro
kurortebis mimarTulebiT. avstriaze momuSave turoperatorebma
moilaparakes pulis Seqmnaze 2002/2003 ww. samTosaTxilamuro sezonisTvis.
am pulma Tavis Tavze aiRo mTeli sezonis manZilze zalcburgSi ori
Carteruli jaWvis mowyoba (Transaero, Boeing-737, KrasAir, Boeing-767). pulSi
turoperatorul kompania “Accent Travel”-Tan erTad Sevidnen “Jet Travel”, “UTE
Megapolus” da kidev ramdenime kompania. Sedegad, danaxarjebi bileTebze
Semcirda, xolo mogeba _ gaizarda.
zogjer, aviagadamzidavebi qmnian sakuTar turoperatorul kompanias,
romelic saxsrebs turistul biznesSi abandebs da bileTebis gasaRebis
dros sakuTari pirobebis karnaxic SeuZlia.
aviacia ar aris transportis erTaderTi Tanamedrove saxeoba,
romelsac turoperatoruli kompaniebi iyeneben. sarkinigzo, sanaosno da
saavtobuso kompaniebi aqtiurad iWrebian turistul biznesSi. sanaosno
kompaniebi awyoben kruizebsa da eqskursiebs, rkinigza axorcielebs
turistul mgzavrobebs SeRavaTiani tarifebiT, xolo saavtobuso
1 puli (ing. Pool) _ kompaniebis droebiTi gaerTianeba romelime specialuri amocanis gadasawyvetad, romlis drosac mogeba Semodis saerTo fondSi da pulis monawileebs winaswar molaparakebuli qvotebis mixedviT urigdeba.
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kompaniebi damoukideblad awyoben eqskursiebsa da mogzaurobebs.
saavtomobilo kompaniebi aseve, iWrebian turizmis sferoSi, isini
turistebs ZiriTadad avtomanqanebis gaqiravebas sTavazoben maspinZel
qveyanaSi (destinaciaSi).
saavtomobilo transportiT msoflioSi turistebis 42 % mogzaurobs.
saavtomobilo samsaxuri, romelic turistul momsaxurebaSi, Sedis sam
ZiriTad mimarTulebad iyofa:
• avtobusebiT mogzaurobis organizeba;
• turistebis piradi manqaniT mogzaurobis organizacia;
• avtomanqanebis gaqiraveba.
saavtobuso turizmi SedarebiT axalgazrda saxeobaa. man ganviTareba
1970-ian wlebSi daiwyo. 1986 w. evropaSi Seiqmna avtobusebiT gadamyvanTa
gaerTianeba, romelSic 33 evropeli partniori Sevida. axla igi erT-erT
mowinave saavtobuso kompaniad gadaiqca, romelic 36 evropel gadamyvans
aerTianebs.
gadazidvis daniSnulebis mixedviT, avtobusebi ramdenime jgufad
SeiZleba daiyos:
• saqalaqo da sagareubno, romlebic mgzavrebisa da turistebis
qalaqis farglebSi da sagareubno zonaSi gadasayvanadaa
gamiznuli;
• satransfero _ turistebis gadasayvanad aeroportidan
sastumroebSi da ukan;
• specialuri _ gansakuTrebuli miznebisTvis;
• saeqskursio _ turistebis gadasayvanad turistul obieqtebze;
• Sori marSrutebis avtobusebi, sareiso da Carteruli;
• kemperebad1 da qaravnebad mowyobili avtobusebi;
• avtobusebi safarisa da saTavgadasavlo turebisTvis.
1 kemperi (ing Camper) _ saxli-avtomisabmeli.
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turistebis gadazidvaSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs sarkinigzo
transporti. yvelaze metad igi gamoiyeneba evropis turistul centrebs
Soris mogzaurobisas da, agreTve, sasazRvro turistuli
gadazidvebisaTvis.
amJamad, bevri kompania, romelic rkinigzis xazebs flobs, did
Zalisxmevas andomebs turistuli samgzavro nakadebis gazrdas: ageben
maRalsiCqarian magistralebs, sastumros doneze ahyavT momsaxurebis
komfortuloba, awyoben specialur Tematur turistul matareblebs da a.S.
sawylosno transportze, jerjerobiT turistuli gadazidebis mcire
wili modis. magram XXI s. turizmis xuT yvelaze perspeqtiul
mimarTulebaTa ricxvSi turizmis saerTaSoriso organizaciis eqspertebs
sakruizo mogzaurobebic SeaqvT. specialistebis prognoziT 2010 w. wyalze
imogzaurebs 14 mln turisti. yvelaze metad sawylosno mogzaurobebi
sargebloben aSS-Si, did britaneTsa da germaniaSi. sazRvao kruizebis
yvelaze popularuli raionebia karibis zRvis auzi, xmelTaSua zRva, aSS-s
dasavleTi sanapiro, Crdilo evropa da azia.
amJamad, msoflio sakruizo bazarze 170-mde samgzavro gemi muSaobs.
mTels msoflioSi moqmedebs ramdenime aTeuli specializebuli sakruizo
kompania, romlebic 1-2-dan 15-20 gems amuSaveben. kruizebze momuSave
operatorebis umetesoba gaerTianebulia profesiul saerTaSoriso
asociaciaSi Cruise Line International Association (CLIA).
teqnikuri aRWurvilobis, gemebis komfortulobis, gembanze servisis
donis mixedviT sakruizo kompaniebi oTx kategoriad iyofa: standartuli,
pirveli klasis, prestiJuli da superluqsi.
turizmis infrastruqtura
turistuli infrastruqtura ewodeba im materialur obieqtebsa da
sistemebs, romlebic uSualod turistul saqmianobas ar ganekuTvnebian,
magram mas aucilebeli materialur-teqnikuri baziT uzrunvelyofen.
infrastruqturaSi Sedis: Senoba-nagebobebi, sainJinro da sakomunikacio
qselebi, saavtomobilo da sarkinigzo gzebi, sadgurebi, terminalebi,
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haerSi, mdinareze, zRvaze gadaadgilebis maregulirebeli sistemebi
(dispetCeruli samsaxurebi da sxv.), wylis, gazis da Tbomomaragebis
sistemebi, eleqtro- da telesakomunikacio qselebi, sawvavisa da kvebis
produqtebis momwodebeli da gamanawilebeli sistemebi.
infrastruqturis mdgomareoba turizmis industriis warmatebuli
muSaobis mniSvnelovani faqtoria. magaliTad, rogori mimzidvelic ar unda
iyos turistuli resursi, Tu turists uWirs masTan misvla, is ver gaxdeba
masobrivi turizmis obieqti. xSirad moaqvT aseTi magaliTi, _ samxreT
amerikaSi, venesuelaSi mdebareobs msoflios yvelaze maRali CanCqeri
anxeli (saerTo simaRle, sxvadaxva monacemebiT _ 979-dan 1059 m-mde, wylis
pirdapiri vardnis simaRle _ 807 m). miuxedavad misi naxvis uamravi
msurvelisa igi Zalze iSviaTad iRebs turistebs. amis mizezia problemuri
satransporto komunikacia, _ faqtiurad ar arsebobs masTan misadgomi
gzebi. aq aris TviTmfrinavebis patara dasajdomi moedani, sadac mxolod
mcire safren aparatebs SeuZlia daSveba. am unikalur bunebriv obieqtTan
midgoma, didi gaWirvebiT, mxolod naviT da Cqari mdinaris koronas
gadalaxviT SeiZleba.
garda satransporto saSualebebisa, turistebis srulyofil
momsaxurebas infrastruqturis materialuri bazisa da sxvadasxva uamravi
samsaxurebis efeqturi muSaoba sWirdeba. amdenad, turistuli industriis
es nawili mTeli am dargis sicocxlisunarianobas uzrunvelyofs.
turistuli industriis mniSvneloba
arsebobs Tu ara turistuli industria? ekonomist-mecnierTa nawili
turizms industriis calke dargad arc miiCnevs, radgan igi moicavs Zalian
bevr damoukidebeli saqmianobas, romelTa umetesoba arsebiTad arc aris
damokidebuli turistebsa da maT mogzaurobaze.
magram, turizmis Sefasebisas mTavaria is, rom turistul industriaSi
Semavali saqmianobis sferoebi saboloo jamSi, turistis moTxovnilebebis
dakmayofilebas emsaxurebian, xolo turistis mier qveyanaSi datovebuli
danaxarjebi momsaxurebiTi saqmianobis farTo speqtrze nawildeba da
saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis mniSvnelovani nawilis Semosavlis wyaros
warmoadgens. qvemoT motanil sqemaze (nax. 3) naCvenebia turizmis
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industriaSi Semavali saqmianobebis urTierTdamokidebuleba pirveli,
meore da mesame rigis komerciuli saqmianobebis mixedviT.
nax. 3. komerciuli saqmianobis saxeebi turizmSi
turistis danaxarjebi misi marSrutis SemadgenlobaSi myofi
dasasvenebeli da savaWro obiqtebis socialur da ekonomikur struqturaze
axdens gavlenas. turistebis kvebisa da dabinavebis aucilebloba axali
komerciuli saqmianobis wamowyebis saWiroebas badebs, calobiT movaWreni
safosto baraTebsa da suvenirebs imarageben, sabolood ki saqmeSi erTveba
adgilobrivi xelisufleba, romelic avtosadgomebis, garTobis servisisa
turizmis industria
transporti mogzaurobis gayidva
ganTavseba da momarageba
turistuli sanaxaobebi
sacalo vaWroba (suvenirebi nakeTobebi)
bankebi, dazRveva
garToba, dasveneba
eqskursiebi, sazeimo saRamoebi
piradi momsaxureba (axali ambebis saagento, samrecxao, saparikmaxero
saxelmwifo seqtoris momsxureba
gamomce-mloba, stamba
sakvebi, sawvavi
warmoeba da sabiTumo vaWroba
turistuli industriis infrastruqt-ura da aRWurviloba
a) janmrTelobis dacva, usafrTxoeba, garemos dacva da a.S.
b) RonisZiebebi, sporti, momsaxureba da a.S.
tansacmeli, foto, video da sportuli saqoneli da a.S.
destinacia
pirveladi
meoreuli
mesame rigis
(turizmis
industriis
uzrunvelyofis
samsaxurebi)
120
da sxva infrastruqturis Seqmnas uzrunvelyofs, rac xels uwyobs axali
gamocdilebis dagrovebas da aumjobesebs momsaxurebis xarisxs.
warmatebul turistul regionSi turistis danaxarji sazogadoebis
ufro farTo speqtrze nawildeba, rac regionis ekonomikur maCvenebels
zrdis. aseTi adgili ufro met momuSave personals izidavs, rac, Tavis
mxriv, maTTvis met saxls, maRaziasa da serviss moiTxovs, maTi
SvilebisTvis ki – met maswavlebels. Sedegad, mravldeba maRaziebisa da
benzingasamarTi sadgurebis ricxvi, imatebs taqsebisa da sazogadoebrivi
transportis raodenoba. aseTi zrda xels uwyobs turistuli
infrastruqturis gaumjobesebas, momxmareblebs eZleva arCevanis ufro
didi saSualeba da sabolood, turistuli regionis mimzidveloba erTi-
orad imatebs, umjobesdeba adgilobrivi mosaxleobis materialuri baza da
ekonomikuri mdgomareoba.
ukukavSiri ormxrivi da Tanabaria – Tu turistebis ricxvma da
danaxarjma iklo, turistuli regionic zaraldeba, maRaziebi ixureba,
satransporto momsaxureba izRudeba, umuSevrobis ricxvi ki matulobs.
magaliTad, ucxoel turistebs londonis monaxuleba rom aukrZalon,
sastumroebisa da Teatrebis mepatroneebis naxevars maTi daxurva mouwevda,
rac qalaqs gaaRatakebda da turistebisTvisac gacilebiT nakleb
mimzidveli gaxdeboda.
saerTaSoriso turistuli biznesi eqsportis saxeobaa, Tumca
eqsportis yvela danarCeni saxeobisagan gansxvavebiT, turizmis produqti
ki ar gadis sazRvargareT, aramed Tavad ucxoeli momxmarebeli Camodis mis
SesaZenad. miuxedavad imisa, rom saerTaSoriso turizms “uxilavi
Semosavlis wyaros” uwodeben, misi nebismieri mniSvnelovani
warumateblobis kvali ekonomikaze metad TvalsaCinod aisaxeba.
kiTxvebi codnis Semowmebisa da ganxilvisaTvis
1. ra gansxvavebaa turoperatorebsa da turagentebs Soris?
2. ras iTvaliswinebs franCaizinguli xelSekruleba turizmSi?
3. CamoTvaleT turistebis ganTavsebis saSualebebi.
121
4. ramdeni varskvlaviT aRiniSneba yvelaze maRali donis
sastumroebi klasifikaciis evropul sistemaSi?
5. ra axasiaTebs klasikur restorans?
6. ra klasis bileTebs sTavazoben mgzavrebs msoflios
aviakompaniebi?
7. ra gansxvavebaa regularul da Carterul reisebs Soris?
8. ra aris puli?
9. ra Sedis infrastruqturaSi?
10. saerTaSoriso turistuli biznesi eqsportis saxeobaa, Tu
importis? ratom?
122
Tavi VII. turizmis marketingis safuZvlebi
marketingi, tradiciuli gagebiT aris saqmianoba warmoebuli
produqciis, momsaxurebis an ideebis ukeT gasaRebis mizniT. marketingi
moicavs Seswavlas (bazris, momxmareblis), dagegmvasa da marketinguli
strategiis realizacias.
Tanamedrove pirobebSi, romelsac momxmareblisa da gasaRebis
bazrebisaTvis mwvave konkurentuli brZola axasiaTebs, efeqtiani
marketingi biznesis strategiis sakvanZo nawils warmoadgens. es,
gansakuTrebiT marTebulia turizmisTvis, radgan, jer-erTi, es dargi
momsaxurebis sferos warmomadgenelia, amitom, masSi warmatebis miRweva da
SenarCuneba uSualodaa damokidebuli adamianebis rTuli rekreaciuli
moTxovnilebebis, interesebis, ganwyobilebebis swor Sefasebasa da
marTvaze; garda amisa, turizmis bazari WeSmaritad planetarul masStabebs
moicavs, Sesabamisad misi Seswavla da marketinguli strategiis warmoeba
aseve planetarul masStabebs unda moicavdes; dabolos, turizmSi
konkurencia ukve didi xania Zalian mZafria, _ swori marketingis gareSe aq
warmatebis miRwevaze fiqric ki zedmetia.
saqarTvelos turistuli industria msoflio bazarze axalbeda
monawilea da amitom, jer kidev, naklebadaa adaptirebuli msoflio bazris
moTxovnebTan. marketingi, Tavisi funqciuri Taviseburebebis gamo, aaxloebs
bazarsa da warmoebas, xels uwyobs adaptaciis process. amitom, msoflio
bazarze Cveni monawileobis gafarToebisa da konkurentunariani
turistuli industriis SeqmnisaTvis, aucilebelia aqtiuri marketinguli
saqmianobis warmoeba. mniSvnelovania marketingis yvela etapi, _ bazris
Seswavla, sakuTari SesaZleblobebis Sefaseba, turizmis ganviTarebis
xangrZlivvadiani strategiis ageba, da bolos, _ qarTuli turistuli
industriis turizmis msoflio bazris moTxovnebis Sesabamisad organizeba.
turistuli industriis efeqtiani marketingiT uzrunvelyofis amocana
kerZo seqtorTan erTad, seriozul zrunvas moiTxovs Sesabamisi
saxelmwifo organoebisa da arasamTavrobo organizaciebis mxridan.
123
Tanamedrove marketingi Zalian ganviTarebuli da daxvewilia. igi
myisierad pasuxobs bazris moTxovnebs, iTvaliswinebs tendenciebs da
prognozs. es gansakuTrebiT exeba turizms, rogorc momsaxurebis sferos
yvelaze dinamikurad ganviTarebad dargs; gansakuTrebiT im pirobebSi,
roca Tanamedrove turistul bazars samomxmareblo moTxovnis
individualizaciis, diversifikaciis tendenciebi axasiaTebs, rac adekvatur
marketings moiTxovs.
saerTod, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom marketingSi mniSvnelovnad gaizarda
momxmareblis faqtori. turizmisa da sastumro industriis marketingis
cnobili specialistebi f. kotleri, j, bueni da j. meikenzi Tavis cnobil
wignSi1 marketingis bunebis kvlevas iwyeben mtkicebiT, rom marketingi
biznesis erT-erTi funqcia ki ar aris, romelsac Sesabamisi, _ marketingis,
ganyofileba asrulebs, aramed klientze fokusirebuli biznesis
filosofiaa. klientze orientacia unda ganmsWvalavdes mTels
organizacias. am filosofiis mTavari idea klientis saWiroebaTa
dakmayofilebaSi mdgomareobs. es unda iyos turizmSi dasaqmebuli
kompaniisa da misi yvela samsaxuris mTavari amocana. amisaTvis avtorebs
SemoaqvT marketing-miqsis (Marketing-mix), - marketinguli RonisZiebebis
kompleqsis, cneba. marketing-miqsi Sedgeba Semdegi komponentebisgan:
• kompaniis mier iseTi pirobebis Seqmna, romelic xels Seuwyobs
warmoebul produqciasa da momsaxurebaze moTxovnis zrdasa da
gasaRebas;
• sasaqonlo politika;
• safaso politika;
• gasaRebis arxebis Camoyalibebis politika.
Tu marketingi sworadaa warmarTuli anu, Tu sworad ganvsazRvravT
klientis moTxovnilebebsa da saWiroebebs, Tu vawarmoebT saWiro saqonels,
Tu Sesabamis fass davadebT, Tu SevqmniT saqonlis gasaRebis xelsayrel
pirobebs da avawyobT misi ganawilebis efeqtian sistemas, Sedegad,
mimzidvel saqonelsa da kmayofil klients miviRebT.
1 Kotler P., Bowen J., Makens J. Marketing for Hospitality and Tourism. Prentice Haal Int., 2005.
124
rogorc vnaxeT, marketingSi sxvadasxva ekonomikuri elementia
gadajaWvuli, esaa: moTxovnilebebi, survilebi, moTxovna, saqoneli,
Rirebuleba, fasi, momxmareblis kmayofileba, gacvla, garigeba, urTierToba
da bazari. modiT, CamovayaliboT am elementebis ganmsazRvreli cnebebi da
ganvmartoT isini.
moTxovnilebebi marketingis safuZvelSi Cadebuli yvelaze mTavari
cnebaa. rogorc wina TavebSi aRvniSneT, adamianuri moTxovnilebebi, es aris
is, rac sWirdeba adamians, anu, risi arqonac mas gacnobierebuli aqvs.
adamianuri moTxovnilebebi mravalnairi da rTulia. es aris sakvebis,
tansacmlis, siTbos da sacxovrebeli adgilis saWiroeba. garda amisa, esaa
socialuri saWiroebebi: daculobis, siyvarulis, sixarulis, garTobis
moTxovnileba, esaa aRiarebisa da pativiscemis moTxovnileba; esaa codnisa
da TviTgamoxatvisa piraduli saWiroebebi. rogorc amboben, marTalia, am
moTxovnilebebs modis Jurnalebi ar ayalibeben, magram, maT saWiroebas
adamiani iseve ganicdis, rogorc Tanamedrove qali _ kosmetikisas.
rodesac moTxovnileba ar aris dakmayofilebuli, adamianis sulSi
sicariele isadgurebs da raRaciT Sevsebas moiTxovs. am sicarielis
Sevseba ori saSualebiT SeiZleba: moinaxos _ is, rac gvWirdeba da
SeizRudos TviTon moTxovnileba. ganviTarebuli industriuli
sazogadoebis adamianebi, ZiriTadad, cdiloben im sagnis moZiebas an
gamogonebas, romelic daakmayofilebs maT moTxovnilebebs. Rarib qveynebSi
mcxovrebi adamianebi cdiloben SezRudon TavianTi moTxovnilebebi da
dakmayofildnen imiT, rac aqvT.
zogierTi restorani TavianT bizness adamianTa prestiJisa da
aRiarebis moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebaze awyobs. restorani Tony’s erT-
erTi saukeTeso da ZviradRirebuli restorania hiustonSi (aSS, texasis
Stati). aq sadiloba (miT umetes, xSirad stumroba) materialuri
warmatebulobis niSania. zogierTi momsvleli moiTxovs, rom darbazis
centrSi dasvan, raTa darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom meti adamiani SeniSnavs
maT. es ki saWiroa, rom dakmayofildes sakuTari mniSvnelovanobis
SegrZnebis maTi moTxovnileba.
125
sxva restornebi, iseTebi, rogoricaa Bennigan’s, Tavis bizness
socialuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebaze ageben. aseTebia: sxva
adamianebTan urTierTobis, mxiarulebis, relaqsaciis saWiroebebi. es
restornebi SeuboWvel, uSualo atmosferos qmnian. baris Ria
konfiguraciac ki xels uwyobs imas, rom adamianebma restorani gamoiyenon
gverdiT myof adamianebTan Sexvedrisa da urTierTobisaTvis.
survilebi. adamianTa survilebi marketingis meore ZiriTadi cnebaa. es
aris is konkretuli formebi, romlebsac adamianis moTxovnilebebi iRebs
sazogadoebis kulturisa da konkretuli pirovnebis individualuri
Tvisebebis zegavleniT. survilebi isaa, riTac adamianebi sxvebs TavianTi
moTxovnilebebis Sesaxeb atyobineben. mSieri avstralieli aborigenis
survilebi xoWos, xvlikis kvercxebis, sakvebad vargisi fesvebis iqiT ar
midis. mSier amerikels ki sxva survili uCndeba _ miirTvas hamburgeri
Semwvari kartofiliT da daayolos koka-kola. survilebis aRwerisas maT
imas ukavSireben, rac daakmayofilebs am moTxovnilebebs. sazogadoebis
ganviTarebasTan erTad, sul ufro farTovdeba misi wevrebis
moTxovnilebaTa wre. rac ufro met cdunebas ganicdian adamianebi,
romlebic maTSi sul axal da axal moTxovnilebebs aRZraven, miT metad
cdiloben mwarmoeblebi Seqmnan produqti maTi survilebis
dasakmayofilebelad, anu Sesabamisi saqonlisa da momsaxurebis sul ufro
meti raodenobisa da nairsaxeobis miwodebas cdiloben. odesRac,
restoranSi Sesvlisas momsvleli ubralod TeTr Rvinos ukveTavda, axla
restornis meniuSi Rvinis sxvadasxva nairsaxeobaa aRniSnuli: Sardone,
sovinioni, rislingi da a.S. restornis stumari ukeTaa garkveuli da elis,
rom mas misi sayvareli jiSis Rvinos miarTmeven.
bevri gamyidveli survilebs da moTxovnilebebs erTmaneTSi urevs.
saburRi manqanebis mwarmoebels SeiZleba egonos, rom myidvels misi
saburRi manqanis moTxovnileba aqvs, maSin roca mas mxolod, WaburRilis
gaburRva sWirdeba, rasac saburRi manqanebis meSveobiT miaRwevs. aseTi
gamyidvelebi “marketinguli sibeciT” arian daavadebulni. saqonels imdenad
moucavT maTi goneba, rom TavianT saqonelze isini mxolod myidvelis mier
maTi SeZenis survilis terminebiT Tu fiqroben da mxedvelobidan uSveben
126
myidvelis moTxovnilebebs. da Sedegad, am gamyidvelebs sastiki
imedgacrueba eliT, rodesac bazarze gamoCndeba axali saqoneli, romelic
meti warmatebiT daakmayofilebs momxmareblis moTxovnilebebs da, amasTan,
ufro iafic eRireba. maSin myidveli am saqonlis SeZenas swored sxva
gamyidvelTan isurvebs, Tumca misi moTxovnilebebi igive darCeba.
moTxovna. adamianTa survilebi TiTqmis usazRvroa, magram maTi
resursebi SezRudulia; maT SeuZliaT mxolod im saqonlis SeZena,
romelic sxvebze metad daakmayofilebs maT moTxovnilebebs im Tanxad,
romlis daxarjvis saSualebac eqnebaT am SenaZenze. rodesac adamianTa
survilebi maTi msyidvelunarianobiTaa gamagrebuli, maTi survilebi maTive
samomxmareblo moTxovnad gardaiqmneba.
yvelaze advilia adamianTa sazogadoebaSi garkveuli periodis
manZilze arsebuli samomxmareblo moTxovnis gansazRvra. mxolod erTi
wlis manZilze 230 mln amerikels SeuZlia gaanaRdos restornis 45 mlrd
sadilis, 675 mln sastumro nomris da Sida samgzavro aviaxazebze moZravi
TviTmfrinavis 1133 mlrd adgilis safasuri. stumarTmiRebisa da turizmis
industriis mier SeTavazebuli esa da sxva amdagvari produqti (saqoneli
da momsaxureba), erovnuli ekonomikis mxolod nawils Seadgens.
momxmareblebi saqonels garkveuli sikeTeebis raRac nakrebad
warmoidgenen da maTgan iseTebs arCeven, romlebic maT met sikeTes miscems
maT mier gadaxdil fulSi. magaliTad, Motel-6-is nomeri, niSnavs adgils,
romelic sacxovreblad vargisia, aqvs pirobebis mxolod minimumi, magram
dabali fasi adevs. nomeri Four Seasos-Si, esaa komforti, fufuneba da
statusi. adamianebi TavisTvis im saqonels irCeven, romlebic maqsimalurad
daakmayofilebs maT moTxovnilebebs maTi survilebisa da SesaZleblobebis
diapazonSi.
saqoneli
radgan arsebobs adamianuri moTxovnilebebi, survilebi da
samomxmareblo moTxovna, Sesabamisad, unda arsebobdes saqonelic,
romelic rogorc erTis, aseve meorisa da mesamis, dakmayofilebas SeZlebs.
saqoneli ewodeba yvelafers, rac bazarze momxmareblis yuradRebas
127
miipyrobs, rasac SeiZens igi Semdgomi gamoyenebisaTvis an moxmarebisaTvis
romelime misi moTxovnilebis an survilis dasakmayofileblad.
davuSvaT, ekonomikis romelime dargis erT-erTi xelmZRvaneli muSaki,
romelic mZime konkurentul brZolas ganicdis, grZnobs, rom saWiroa
moixsnas daZabuloba, stresi, romelic misma daZabulma samsaxurebrivma
saqmianobam gamoiwvia. arsebobs saqoneli, romelsac SeuZlia
daakmayofilos misi es moTxovnileba, modiT, maT asarCevad gamzadebuli
saqonlis kompleqti davarqvaT. am kompleqtma SeiZleba moicvas klasikuri
musikis koncerti, sadili restoranSi, oTxdRiani dasveneba karibis zRvaSi,
sportuli garToba. am saqonlidan yvela erTnairad sasurveli ar aris.
ufro iolad misaReb da naklebad ZviradRirebuls, rogoricaa koncerti,
an sadili restoranSi, yvelaze ufro xSirad mimarTaven da pirvel
yovlisa, isini moagondebaT xolme. rac ufro metad Seesabameba saqoneli
momxmareblis survilebs, miT met sargebels miiRebs mwarmoebeli.. amgvarad,
mwarmoebelma unda icodes momxmareblis moTxovnilebebi da is saqoneli
SesTavazos, romelic yvelaze metad daakmayofilebs mis moTxovnilebebs an
survilebs.
“saqonlis” cneba ar Semoifargleba materialuri sagnebiT. yvelafers,
rasac moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis unari Seswevs, SeiZleba ewodos
saqoneli. materialuri sagnebisa da sxvadasxva saxis momsaxurebasTan
erTad es cneba, aseve moicavs adamianebs, adgilebs, organizaciebs,
saqmianobis saxeebs da ideebs. momxmarebeli iRebs gadawyvetilebas imis
Sesaxeb, Tu romel restoranSi wavides, romel adgils ewvios, romel
aviaxazebs misces upiratesoba, rom im adgilamde miaRwios; romel
organizaciaSi gawevriandes, romel ideebs dauWiros mxari. momxmareblis
TvalsazrisiT, es yvelaferi saqonelia. Tu sxvadasxva saganTan mimarTebiT
termini “saqoneli” Seufereblad migvaCnia, Cven yovelTvis SegviZlia mis
magivrad gamoviyenoT iseTi sityvebi, rogorebicaa: “moTxovnilebis
damkmayofilebeli”, “miwodeba”, saSualeba”. yvela es termini aRwers imas,
ramac unda SeZlos Cveni survilebis dakmayofileba.
128
faseuloba, Rirebuleba da samomxmareblo kmayofileba
filip kotlers Tavis wignSi moyavs jein beris magaliTi, romelic niu
iorkidan vaSingtonSi miemgzavreba da amisaTvis Sesabamisi transporti
unda SearCios. mas SeuZlia dajdes TviTmfrinavze, matarebelze, avtobusze
an iqiraos avtomanqana. es alternativebi1 misTvis asarCevad gamzadebuli
saqonlis kompleqts Seadgens. davuSvaT, mogzaurobis mimarT mas Semdegi
moTxovnebi aqvs: mogzauroba unda iyos usafrTxo, ar iyos Zviri, iyos
swrafi da ar daRalos. am yvelafers survilebis kompleqti vuwodoT.
iolad SeniSnavT, rom zemoT aRniSnuli “sasaqonlo kompleqtis” TiToeul
saqonels misi “survilebis kompleqtidan” raRacis srulad dakmayofileba
SeuZlia. TviTmfrinavi yvelaze swraf mgzavrobas sTavazobs, avtobusi _
yvelaze iafs, xolo avtomanqaniT mgzavroba yvelaze komfortulia.
miuxedavad amisa, jein berma unda gadawyvitos, SemoTavazebuli saqonlidan,
saboloo jamSi, romeli saqoneli daakmayofilebs mas maqsimalurad.
am situaciaSi sakvanZo cnebaa faseuloba. jeinma TiToeuli saqoneli
maTi faseulobis TvalsazrisiT unda Seafasos, anu, misi moTxovnilebebis
dakmayofilebis SesaZleblobis mixedviT. mas SeuZlia daalagos saqoneli
“rangis mixedviT”: dawyebuli im saqonliT, romelic yvelaze ukeT
daakmayofilebs mis moTxovnebs da damTavrebuli imiT, romelic yvelaze
naklebad SeZlebs amas.
faseulobis gansazRvriT Cven winaswar vaanalizebT imas, Tu ramdenad
SeuZlia saqonels momxmareblis moTxovnilebis dakmayofileba.
Cven SegviZlia vTxovoT jeins, rom daaxasiaTos idealuri saqoneli.
SeiZleba man gviTxras, rom idealurma saqonelma igi vaSingtonamde
xmeleTiT unda Caiyvanos, SeaCeros moZraoba marSrutis yvelaze lamaz
adgilebSi da swrafad Cauqrolos uintereso adgilebs. es transporti
unda iyos sruliad usafrTxo, da Tanac jeins unda, rom igi Tavis
gankargulebaSi TiTqmis muqTad miiRos. am SemTxvevaSi, saqonlis
SeTavazebuli realuri saxeebidan TiToeulis Sefaseba damokidebuli
iqneba imaze, Tu ramdenad axlo dgas igi idealur saqonelTan. faseulobis
1 alternativa (frang Alternative, laT. Alter – oridan erTi) _ ekonomikuri qmedebis erT-erTi varianti, romelic sxva variantebidan unda iqnes arCeuli.
129
gansazRvra myidvelis winaswari daskvnaa saqonlis SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb,
daakmayofilos misi moTxovnileba.
davuSvaT, rom jeini yvelaze metad siCqareSia dainteresebuli. misi
Cayvana daniSnulebis adgilze sxva satransporto saSualebebTan
SedarebiT, ufro swrafad TviTmfrinavs SeuZlia. magram, es Sesabamisad
yvelaze Zviric dajdeba. radgan saqonlis Sefaseba mis RirebulebasTanaa
dakavSirebuli, jeini, maincadamainc TviTmfrinavs ar airCevs.
TviTmfrinavis bileTi gacilebiT Zviri Rirs, vidre avtobusisa.
Rirebulebas ara marto fuladi gamoxatuleba aqvs, aramed Seicavs
yvelafers imas, rac unda davTmoT saqonlis SesaZenad. biznesmeni albaT im
dros, romelsac igi garigebis dadebaSi an saqonlis SeZenaSi daxarjavs,
dolarebad Seafasebs. amitom igi momsaxurebisa da mogzaurobis sferos im
saqonelSi gadaixdis mets, romelic ufro met dros dauzogavs. jeinsac,
arCevanis gakeTebamde, saqonlis faseulobis gansazRvra mouwevs. is im
saqonels airCevs, romelic ufro met sargebels moutans im fulad,
romelsac igi mis SeZenaze daxarjavs, anu romlis faseulobac meti
aRmoCndeba.
samomxmareblo kmayofileba ganisazRvreba imiT, Tu ramdenad
gaamarTla saqonelma myidvelis molodini. Tu saqoneli gaamarTlebs
jeinis molodins, is misiT kmayofili darCeba, Tu ar gaamarTlebs _
ukmayofilo. magaliTad, Tu jeinma drois dazogvis mizniT TviTmfrinavi
airCia, magram, teqnikuri sakiTxebis mougvareblobis gamo, TviTmfrinavis
gafrena ramdenime saaTiT gadaido _ is Zalian ukmayofilo darCeba.
gacvla, garigeba da urTierToba
gacvliT marketings adgili aqvs im SemTxvevaSi, roca adamianebi
gadawyveten TavianTi moTxovnilebebi da survilebi gacvlis meSveobiT
daikmayofilon. gacvla ewodeba process, romlis drosac Tqven vinmesgan
TqvenTvis saWiro sagans iZenT da sanacvlodac raime sxvas sTavazobT.
gacvla mxolod erT-erTi saSualebaTagania, romliTac adamianebi imas
iZenen, ris saWiroebasac grZnoben. magaliTad, mSier adamians sakvebi
SeuZlia nadirobiT, TevzaobiT an bunebis nobaTis SegrovebiT moipovos.
130
mas SeuZlia sakvebi maTxovrobiT iSovos, an sxvas waarTvas; anda, mas
SeuZlia mimarTos gacvlas da adamianebs sakvebis sanacvlod SesTavazos
fuli, raime sxva produqti an momsaxureba.
rogorc moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebis saSualeba, gacvlas bevri
upiratesoba aqvs: ar aris saWiro vinmes gaZarcva an sxvisi wyalobis
imedad yofnis aucilebloba. da, arc imis saWiroebaa, rom TviTon
vawarmooT yvelaferi, rac gvWirdeba. adamians SeuZlia mxolod imas
dauTmos dro da Zalisxmeva, rac kargad gamosdis, da es gacvalos saWiro
nivTebSi, romlebsac sxvebi daamzadeben. Sromis danawilebisa da
specializaciis meSveobiT, adamianTa sazogadoeba imaze mets awarmoebs,
vidre sxva nebismieri saSualebiT awarmoebda.
gacvla marketingis mTavari cnebaa. gacvla rom Sedges saWiroa
ramdenime aucilebeli pirobis dacva. masSi unda monawileobdes, sul
mcire, ori SemTanxmebeli mxare, romelTagan TiToeuli flobs raRacas,
rac meoris TvalSi faseulobas warmoadgens, da TiToeuli mxaris nebaSi
unda iyos meore mxaris winadadebis miReba an uaryofa. dabolos, orive
mxares erTmaneTTan urTierTobisa da saWiro nivTebis miwodebis saSualeba
unda hqondes.
es pirobebi gacvlas gaxdis SesaZlebels. Sedgeba Tu ara igi,
sinamdvileSi damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad SeTanxmdebian mxareebi. Tu
SeTanxmdebian, aqedan Cven SegviZlia im daskvnis gakeTeba, rom gacvlis
dros TiToeulma raRac sargebeli miiRo (an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, araferi
dakarga), radgan TiToeuli sakuTari nebiT wyvetda winadadebis miRebisa an
uaryofis sakiTxs. garkveuli azriT, gacvla iseve qmnis Rirebulebas,
rogorc warmoeba; is adamianebs damatebiT samomxmareblo saSualebebs
aZlevs.
garigeba. garigeba marketinguli zomis erTeulia. igi mxareebs Soris
faseulobaTa gacvlaSi aisaxeba. vinme “A” vinme “B”-s raRac “X”-s gadascems
da amaSi sanacvlod raRac “Y”-s iRebs gansazRvrul adgilze, gansazRvrul
drosa da gansazRvruli pirobebis dacviT. korporacia IBM sastumro Hilton-
s 2000 dolars uricxavs da Tavis gankargulebaSi iRebs darbazs
konferenciis Casatareblad. es klasikuri fuladi garigebaa. magram yvela
131
garigeba fulTan ar aris dakavSirebuli. restoran Anchorage-s SeuZlia
ufaso sadiliT uzrunvelyos radiosadguri WBUC da sanacvlod ufaso
reklama miiRos. aseT garigebas barteruli ewodeba. magram yvela
SemTxvevaSi garigeba sul mcire ori faseulobis, SeTanxmebis pirobebis,
SeTanxmebis adgilisa da SeTanxmebis drois arsebobasTanaa dakavSirebuli.
farTo gagebiT marketingi gamoiyeneba imisaTvis, rom Cvens garkveul
winadadebaze garkveuli reaqcia gamoviwvioT. es reaqcia ki ufro met
rameSi gamoixateba, vidre, ubralod saqonlis SeZena an gacvlaa.
parlamentis wevrobis kandidats esaWiroeba reaqcia, romelsac
“amomrCevelTa xmebi” ewodeba, eklesias sWirdeba sakuTari mrevlis
“gazrda”, sazogadoebrivi organizaciis aqtivistebs sWirdebaT “masebis
mxardaWera”. marketingi aris Cveni moqmedeba, romelic CavatareT raTa
sasurveli reaqcia gamogvewvia imaTi mxridan, vinc CvenTvis sasurvel
saqonels, momsaxurebas, ideas an raime sxvas flobs.
saqmiani marketingi ufro farTo cnebis _ urTierTobebis marketingis
nawils warmoadgens. marketingis kargi specialistebi gamudmebiT muSaoben
sasurvel klientebTan, distributorebTan, dilerebTan da momwodeblebTan
kargi urTierTobebis dasamyareblad. isini myar ekonomikur kavSirebs
qmnian, risTvisac uzrunvelyofen gonivrul fasebs, iZlevian
maRalxarisxovani saqonlis miwodebis pirobas da yovelTvis asruleben
amas, kargad emsaxurebian klientebs.
marketingi sul ufro Sordeba TiToeuli garigebidan maqsimaluri
mogebis “gamowurvis” miswrafebas da momxmareblebTan da biznes-
partniorebTan maqsimaluri urTierTxelsayreli urTierTobis
damyarebisken miiltvis. Cveni gansjis sawyisi gzavnili SegviZlia ase
CamovayaliboT: aawyve kargi urTierTobebi da xelsayreli garigeba maT
TavisiT moyveba.
urTierTobebis marketingi gansakuTrebiT gamarTlebulia, roca saqme
gvaqvs iseT klientTan, romelsac firmis bedze Zlieri gavlenis moxdena
SeuZlia. bevri firma Semosavlis did nawils klientebis SedarebiT mcire
jgufisagan iRebs. mosamsaxureebi, romlebic aseT “sakvanZo” klientebTan
muSaoben, ara marto TviTon unda urekavdnen klients, rodesac mas
132
SekveTis mocema SeuZlia. isini, mudam, TiToeuli soliduri klientis
saqmeebis kursSi unda iyvnen, unda icnobdnen mis problemebs da yovelTvis
mzad iyvnen “samsaxurisaTvis”. isini regularulad unda urekavdnen maT,
midiodnen vizitebiT, ecadon rCevebiT gauwion daxmareba, drodadro
restoranSic dapatiJon da saerTod, cocxali interesi gamoavlinon
klientisa da misi pirovnebis mimarT.
urTierTobebis marketingis mniSvneloba, momavalSi, udavod gaizrdeba.
kompaniaTa umetesoba im daskvnamde midis, rom maT ufro meti mogebis
miReba SeuZliaT im resursebidan, romelTac mudmiv klientebTan
garigebaSi Cadeben, vidre imave saxsrebis axali klientis moZiebaze
daxarjviT. sul ufro meti da meti kompania amyarebs strategiul
partniorobas mudmiv klientebTan, risTvisac unarianad iyenebs
urTierTobebis marketings. Tavis mxriv, im klientebisaTvis, romlebic
ZviradRirebul, rTul saqonels iZenen, iseTs, rogoricaa konferenciisa da
didi sxdomebis mosawyobi darbazi da mowyobiloba, maT mier gakeTebuli
SenaZeni urTierTxelsayreli urTierTobebis mxolod dasawyiss
warmoadgens. amgvarad, urTierTobebis marketingis mniSvneloba sul ufro
izrdeba, Tumca, ra Tqma unda, igi yovel saqmian situaciaSi ar aris
SesaZlebeli.
turizmis industriis sferoSi urTierTobebis marketingi
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania Semdeg situaciebSi:
• erTi mxriv, turizmis industriis momsaxurebis (magaliTad,
sastumroebi da aviaxazebi) distributorebsa da, meore mxriv,
bazris Suamavlebs (magaliTad, turistuli sagzurebis sabiTumo
gamsaReblebi da turistul saagentoebi) Soris;
• erTi mxriv, turizmis industriis momsaxurebis distributorebsa da,
meore mxriv, “sakvanZo” klientebs, rogoricaa saxelmwifo
saagentoebi da msxvili korporaciebi, Soris;
• erTi mxriv, sazogadoebrivi kvebis momsaxurebis (magaliTad,
makdonaldsis) distributorebsa da, meore mxriv, im organizaciebs
Soris, romlebsac igi sakvebs awvdis (magaliTad, universitetebi,
avtosadgurebi, msxvili korporaciebi);
133
• turizmis industriaSi erTi saxis momsaxurebis (magaliTad,
motelebisa da restornebis qselis) distributorebs Soris. es
qselebi erTmaneTze arian damokidebulebi;
• turizmis industriis momsaxurebis distributorebsa da “sakvanZo”
momwodeblebs Soris;
• turizmis industriis momsaxurebis distributorebsa da maT
mosamsaxureebs Soris;
• turizmis industriis sawarmoebsa da maT marketingis agentebs, aseve
bankebs, iuridiul firmebs Soris.
marketingi
garigebis cneba bazris cnebasTan gvaaxloebs. bazari, esaa arsebuli an
potenciuri myidvelebis garkveuli raodenoba, romlebsac gamyidvelTan
garigebis dadeba SeuZliaT. bazris sidide im adamianTa raodenobazea
damokidebuli, romlebic saerTo moTxovnilebebs avlenen, aqvT fuli an
sxva resursi, romliTac sxva adamianebis daintereseba SeuZliaT da undaT
rom es resursebi SesTavazon sxvebs, imis sanacvlod, rac maT esaWiroebaT.
Tavdapirvelad “bazari” aRniSnavda (CvenSi, da sxva ganviTarebad
qveynebSi _ axlac aRniSnavs) fizikur sivrces, _ adgils, sadac adamianebi
saqonlis gacvlisTvis midian. dasavleTis qveynebSi aseT funqcias qalaqis
moedani asrulebda. Tanamedrove gagebiT bazarSi, romelic ara fizikur
sivrces, aramed ekonomikur kategorias warmoadgens, gamyidvelebi im mxares
Seadgenen, romelsac sabazro industria ewodeba, xolo myidvelebi ki _
TviTon bazars. gamyidvelebsa da myidvelebs oTxi mimarTuleba aerTianebs.
es oTxi mimarTuleba marTavs bazars. gamyidvelebs bazarze gamoaqvT
saqoneli, aseve amarageben bazars informaciiT am saqonlis Sesaxeb. amis
sapasuxod bazrisgan isini iReben fuls da informacias imis Sesaxeb, Tu
rogor SeiZleba misi daxarjva. faqtiurad, bazari Tanamedrove ekonomikis
kvintesenciaa1, ekonomikisa, romelic moqmedebs Sromis danawilebis
principiT, romlis Sesabamisad, TiToeuli adamiani daspecializebulia
1 kvintesencia _ raime movlenis mTavari arsi an mTavari Semadgeneli elementi.
134
raRacis warmoebaze, risi gakeTebac SeuZlia, iRebs xelfass da am fuliT
iZens imas, rac surs.
bazrebi
bazris cneba kvlav marketingis cnebasTan dagvabrunebs. marketingi
niSnavs bazarTan muSaobas, ramac unda Seqmnas pirobebi gacvlis meSveobiT,
adamianTa moTxovnilebebisa da survilebis dasakmayofileblad. amgvarad,
Cven vubrundebiT marketingis Cveneul ganmartebas, romlis mixedviTac, esaa
saqmianoba mimarTuli adamianebis moTxovnilebebisa da survilebis
dakmayofilebaze, saqonlis gacvlis gziT.
gacvlis procesi did samuSaosTanaa dakavSirebuli. gamyidvelebma
unda gamoTvalon TavianTi myidveli, gansazRvron maTi moTxovnilebebi,
SeimuSaon momxmareblisTvis momxiblavi saqoneli, gauwion mas reklama,
miawodon bazars da daadon fasi. marketinguli saqmianobisaTvis ZiriTad
amocanebs warmoadgens bazris Seswavla, saqonlis SemuSaveba, misi
reklamireba da stimulireba, gasaRebis qselis ageba, faswarmoqmna da
momsaxureba.
Cveulebriv, marketings Cven mxolod saqonlis gamyidvelis saqmed
miviCnevT; magram myidvelebic xom monawileoben am saqmianobaSi, rodesac
maTTvis saWiro saqonels eZeben im fasad, romlis gadaxdac SeuZliaT.
konferenciis organizatorebi swored marketingiT arian dakavebulni,
rodesac molaparakebas awarmoeben sastumros gasaRebis menejerTan da
cdiloben vaWrobiT TavisTvis ukeTesi pirobebi miiRon.
egreT wodebuli “gamyidvelis bazari”, esaa situacia, romelsac
axasiaTebs moTxovnis gadaWarbeba miwodebasTan SedarebiT, romelSic
gamyidveli myidvelze ufro “Zlieria” da amis gamo ukve myidveli
mimarTavs marketings. “myidvelis bazarze” myidvelebi ufro Zlierebi arian
da amitom marketings ukve gamyidvelebi mimarTaven. 1950-iani wlebis
dasawyisSi bazris saqonliT momaragebam moTxovnis gadaWarbeba daiwyo.
maSin marketingi ukve gamyidvelTan gaigivda.
135
marketinguli marTva
is, vinc gacvliTi operaciebiTaa dakavebuli, droTa ganmavlobaSi amis
keTebas sul ukeT da ukeT swavlobs. es ki sxva araferia, Tu ara
marketinguli marTva, romelic Cven SegviZlia ganvmartoT Semdegnairad:
marketinguli marTva aris im programebis analizi, dagegmva,
realizacia da kontroli, romelTa amocanaa mizandasaxulad
SemuSavdes, aewyos da xeli Seewyos urTierTgacvliT operaciebs
miznobrivi bazrebis myidvelebTan, kompaniis strategiuli miznebis
misaRwevad.
adamianebis umetesoba Tvlis, rom marketingis menejeris samuSao
Tavisi kompaniis mimdinare produqciisaTvis saWiro raodenobis myidvelis
moZiebaSi mdgomareobs. es warmodgena zedmetad aviwroebs marketingis
menejeris saqmianobis sferos, romlis interesebi SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT,
rogorc kompaniis produqciasa da momsaxurebaze moTxovnis donisa da
struqturis Camoyalibeba, agreTve im drois gansazRvra, roca unda gaCndes
igi (moTxovna). drois yovel konkretul monakveTs axasiaTebs moTxovnis
uqonloba, arasakmarisi moTxovna, uTanabro an Warbi moTxovna. magaliTad,
sastumro, romelic saSualod 75%-iT ivseba, SeiZleba sruliad kargad
momuSaved CaiTvalos. magram es 75% SeiZleba Sedgebodes 90%-isgan samuSao
dReebSi da 30%-isgan _ uqmeebze. bevri restorani 11 sT 30 wT-ze
praqtikulad carielia, 12:30-ze maT win rigi Cndeba, xolo dRis 2
saaTisTvis isini kvlav carieldeba. es faqti marketingis menejeris erT-
erT gadasawyvet problebad SeiZleba iqces.
amgvarad, marketingis menejeris interesebi moTxovnis marto aRmoCenasa
da gazrdaze ki ar vrceldeba, aramed, xandaxan mis dawevazec. martivad
rom vTqvaT, marketingis marTva esaa moTxovnis marTva.
marketingis menejerebs Cven vuwodebT kompaniis im TanamSromlebs,
romlebic analizis, dagegmvis, realizaciisa da kontrolis sakiTxebiT
136
arian dakavebulni. maT ricxvSi Sedian generaluri menejerebi, gasaRebis
menejerebi da gamyidvelebi, reklamisa da gasaRebis stimulirebis
ganyofilebis xelmZRvanelebi, sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis samsaxuris
koleqtivi da konsultantebi.
kiTxvebi codnis Semowmebisa da ganxilvisaTvis
1. ra komponentebisgan Sedgeba marketing-miqsi?
2. ramdeni mxare monawileobs garigebaSi?
3. ganmarteT bazari, rogorc ekonomikuri kategoria.
4. ratom moiTxovs restoran Tony’s zogierTi klienti, rom
maincdamainc darbazis centrSi dasvan?
5. ardadegebze Tqven samogzaurod wasvla gadawyviteT. CamoTvaleT
Tqveni, rogorc momxmareblis survilebis kompleqti.
6. moitaneT barteruli gacvlis magaliTi turizmis industriaSi.
7. CamoayalibeT urTierTobebis marketingis mTavari devizi.
8. ra situaciebSia mniSvnelovani urTierTobebis marketingi
turizmis industriaSi?
137
Tavi VIII. saqarTvelos turizmi
bolo periodSi Cvenma qveyanam, mniSvnelovan winsvlas miaRwia
turizmis ganviTarebis saqmeSi. Tumca, am mxriv, jerjerobiT, sagrZnoblad
CamovrCebiT sxva qveynebs. miuxedavad amisa, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom
saqarTvelos turizms ganviTarebis sakmaod kargi perspeqtivebi aqvs.
kerZod, _ Cveni qveyana mdidaria turistuli resursebiT, qveyanaSi
viTardeba ekonomika, Semodis investiciebi da, rac mTavaria, turizmi
saxelmwifos ekonomikur politikaSi erT-erT prioritetul adgils
ikavebs.
bolo wlebSi daZleul iqna sameurneo potencialis ngrevisa da
ekonomikuri stagnaciis viTareba. qveyanaSi aqtiurad iqmneba turistuli
infrastruqtura _ aSenda da kvlav Sendeba axali, Tanamedrove
sastumroebi, igeba gzebi, iqmneba mTeli turistuli qalaqebi da ubnebi
(siRnaRi, Tbilisis, baTumisa da sxva qalaqebis calkeuli ubnebi da quCebi),
gamarTulad amuSavda eleqtroenergetika, gazmomarageba, transporti.
amis Sedegad, qveyanaSi ukve aqtiurad moqmedeben Sida turizmze
momuSave turoperatorebi da saagentoebi, Tanamimdevrulad izrdeba
Camosuli turistebis ricxvi. turistuli infrastruqtura da
stumarTmiRebis biznesi swrafad viTardeba qveynis regionebSic _ yvelaze
intensiur turistul mimarTulebebze (svaneTi, kaxeTi, gudauri, bakuriani,
Savi zRvis sanapiro zoli da sxv.).
saqarTveloSi turizmis ganviTarebis bedi mniSvnelovnadaa
damokidebuli investiciebis mozidvaze, infrastruqturis ganviTarebaze da
profesiuli kadrebis momzadebaze. magram yvelaze metad Cvens turistul
industrias saqmianobis profesiuli gaZRola sWirdeba.
turistuli resursebi
rogorc vTqviT, saqarTvelo turizmis ganviTarebisTvis mniSvnelovan
resursebs flobs. wina TavebSi aRvniSneT, rom turistuli resursebi
geografiuli obieqtebia, romlebic turizmisTvis aucilebel rekreaciul
Tvisebebs Seicavs. rogorc viciT, turistuli resursebi or ZiriTad
138
jgufad iyofa: bunebasTan dakavSirebuli rekreaciuli resursebi da
istoriasa da kulturasTan dakavSirebuli rekreaciuli resursebi.
saqarTvelos bunebrivi turistuli resursebi moicavs klimatur,
balneologiur, zRvis, Tovl-myinvarebis, speleologiur, Sida wylebis,
tyis resursebs da bunebis sxva komponentebs, romlebic turistebisaTvis,
ama Tu im niSniT, sainteresoa.
samkurnalo-gamajansaRebeli miznebisaTvis gansakuTrebiT xelsayreli
klimaturi pirobebia dabal- (500-1000 m zR/d) da saSualomTian (1000-1500 m
zR/d) sakurorto zonebSi, sadac ganlagebulia popularuli klimaturi
kurortebi: bakuriani, qviSxeTi, riwa, baxmaro, beSumi, likani, cemi, patara
cemi. aseve, Tbilisis sagareubno dasasvenebeli adgilebi _ wyneTi, wavkisi,
kikeTi, kojori, sioni, manglisi, oqroyana da sxv. sul saqarTveloSi 43
klimaturi kurortia.
balneologiur resursebs warmoadgens rogorc sxvadasxva
Semadgenlobis, mineralizaciisa da temperaturis mqone wylebi, ise
samkurnalo talaxebi. swored am resursebis bazaze Seiqmna daavadebaTa
farTo speqtris mkurnalobaze orientirebuli pirveli samkurnalo-
balneologiuri kurortebi. saqarTveloSi gamovlenilia 2 aTas 400-mde
mineraluri wyaro, romelTa saerTo dReRamuri debiti 130 mln litrs
aRemateba. mineraluri wylebis simdidriT gamoirCeva yazbegis, wyaltubos,
javis, borjomis raionebi. CvenSi arsebuli 103 kurortidan 59-is
funqcionireba met-naklebad dakavSirebulia samkurnalo wylebTan, maTgan
28 mxolod balneologiuria, 31 ki Sereuli: 17 _ balneo-klimaturi da 14
klimato-balneologiuri mimarTulebisaa. cnobili balneologiuri
kurortebia: menji, nabeRlavi, java, sairme, nunisi, squri, wyaltubo, caiSi,
xolo Sereuli tipis kurortebidan yvelaze popularulia: borjomi,
abasTumani, zvare, avadhara, axaldaba, varZia, kvereTi, lebarde, uwera,
fasanauri, Sovi da sxv.
mineraluri wylebis garda, saqarTveloSi samkurnalo talaxebicaa
gavrcelebuli. aRsaniSnavia gomboris qedis mTiswineTis talaxis borcvebi,
e.w. “sopkebi”, magram isini naklebadaa Seswavlili da mxolod epizodurad
139
gamoiyeneba. amJamad funqcionirebs mxolod ori talaxsamkurnalo kurorti
axtala da kumisi.
zRvis sanapiro. zRvis sakurorto adgilebi Zalian bevr turists
izidavs. saqarTvelos sanapiro xazis sigrZe 300 km-s aRemateba. Cvens
sanapiroze dasvenebisaTvis xelsayreli dReebis raodenoba 130-s aWarbebs,
roca, magaliTad, baltiispireTSi igive maCvenebeli 60-90 farglebSia,
yirimSi ki 120 dRea. Cveni sanapiros mTel sigrZeze sakmao siganis qviSian-
xreSiani plaJebia. amas emateba mimdebare teritoriebis landSaftebis
silamaze. zRvispira kurortebis umetesoba afxazeTis (leseliZe, ganTiadi,
gagra, biWvinTa, oqros napiri, miusera, gudauTa, axali aToni, eSera,
gumisTa, soxumi, besleTi, gulrifSi, aguZera, kindRi, oCamCire) da aWaris
(qobuleTi, cixisZiri, mwvane koncxi, maxinjauri, baTumi, gonio, kvariaTi,
sarfi) teritoriazea ganlagebuli. zRvispireTis centraluri nawilis
Warbteniani teritoriebi xels uSlis dasvenebis industriis srulfasovan
ganviTarebas, ris gamoc, aq mxolod ramdenime kurorti funqcionirebs
(anaklia, malTayva, grigoleTi, ureki, SekveTili). urekis plaJebs
xelsayreli Tavisebureba axasiaTebs magnituri qviSebis saxiT, romlebic
mniSvnelovan samkurnalo Tvisebebs floben. es qviSebi 4%-mde magnetitsa
da titano-magnetits Seicaven, rac maT mudmiv magnitur vels uqmnis. es
Tvisebebi dadebiTad moqmedebs gul-sisxlZarRvTa sistemaze da bavSvTa
organizmze, aseve gamoiyeneba menj-barZayisa da adamianis samoZrao aparatis
daavadebaTa mkurnalobaSi.
XX s-is meore naxevridan mTels msoflioSi gaZlierda dasvenebisa da
sportis zamTris saxeobebiT gataceba. maTi ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebelia
Tovlis mdgradi safaris (30 sm da meti) arseboba garkveuli periodis (3
Tve da meti) ganmavlobaSi da aseve, xelsayreli reliefuri pirobebi
(ferdobis garkveuli sigrZe da daxriloba). am moTxovnebs saqarTveloSi
pasuxobs svaneTis, TuSeTis, abasTumnis, bakurianis, gudauris, baxmaros
midamoebi. maTgan samTo-sportuli kompleqsebi mxolod bakuriansa da
gudaurSia Seqmnili.
saqarTvelo mdidaria speleoresursebiT, razec zemoT gvqonda saubari.
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Sida wylebidan saqarTveloSi rekreaciuli miznebisaTvis SeiZleba
aqtiurad iyos gamoyenebuli mdinareebi Savi zRvis SesarTavis siaxloves,
aseve, mtkvari, aragvi, alazani da tbebi _ riwa, paliastomi, bazaleTi,
tabawyuri, kaxisis, kus da lisis tbebi da wyalsacavebi _ Jinvalis, sionisa
da Tbilisis.
qveyanaSi tyeebis saerTo farTobia 2,7 mln ha. tyeTa sididiTa da
mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva gagris, borjomis, adigenis, baRdaTis,
xaragaulis, qedis, Suaxevis, soxumis, xelvaCauris, ambrolauris,
qobuleTis, walenjixis, cagerisa da tyibulis raionebi. 90-iani wlebidan
saqarTveloSi daiwyo daculi teritoriebis sistemis ganviTareba, kerZod,
Seiqmna ramdenime erovnuli parki _ borjom-xaragaulis, vaSlovanis,
kolxeTisa da lagodexis. daculi teritoria, romlebic garemos dacvasTan
erTad, rekreaciul funqciasac asruleben da saqarTveloSi ekologiuri
turizmis ganviTarebis safuZveli unda gaxdnen. Cveni buneba mdidaria
fauniT (frinvelebiTa da cxovelebiT), rac samonadireo turizmisa da
berdvoCingisaTvis xelsayrel safuZvels warmoadgens.
saqarTvelo mdidaria bunebis ZeglebiTa da unikaluri landSaftebiT
(CanCqerebiT, kanionisebri xeobebiT, myinvarebiT, karstuli da
fsevdokarstuli formebiT, mwvervalebiT), romlebic ara marto mecnierul,
aramed, iSviaT esTetikur Rirebulebasac Seicavs.
saqarTvelo rTuli da mdidari istoriisa da kulturis qveyanaa, ramac
ganapiroba Cvens teritoriaze istoriul-kulturuli resursebis simravle.
saqarTveloSi sxvadasxva epoqis arqiteqturuli, religiuri, TavdacviTi,
arqeologiuri Zeglia SemorCenili da daculi. qristianuli religiis
Zeglebidan aRsaniSnavia: bolnisis sioni, anCisxati, mcxeTis jvari,
sveticxoveli, samTavro, nikorwminda, samTavisi, qvaTaxevi, alaverdi,
yinwvisi, gelaTi, bagrati, gurjaanis yvelawminda, gergetis sameba, Sio-
mRvime, varZia, daviT-gareja. sxva istoriuli da arqiteqtoruli Zeglebidan
_ ufliscixe, igive varZia, goris da qsnis cixeebi, al. WabWavaZis saxl-
muzeumi winandalSi da dadianebis sasaxle zugdidSi, svaneTisa da
xevsureTis arqiteqtoruli ansamblebi da sxv.
141
turistul marSrutebSi aseve Sesulia antikuri xanis naqalaqarebi:
armazis cixe, cixe-goji (arqeopolisi, noqalaqevi, senaki), vani, antikuri
xanis kolxeTis centri, nastakisi, Zalisi da sxv.
saqarTveloSi aRricxulia 35 aTasi istoriuli Zegli, romelTagan 5
aTasi saxelmwifos dacvis qveSaa moqceuli, sami ki _ Sesulia iuneskos1
msoflios kulturuli memkvidreobis siaSi.
dmanisis arqeologiuri gaTxrebi, iq aRmoCenili adreuli adamianis, _
hominidis naSTebis wyalobiT, turistuli interesis sruliad unikalur
obieqts warmoadgens. STambeWdavia am naSTebis asaki _ 1,7-1,8 mln weli, rac
am adgils Zalian mniSvnelovan turistul obieqtad aqcevs. “homo
ereqtusis” naSTebis garda, aq aRmoCenilia im epoqis cxovelebis
(xmalkbila vefxvis, martorqis, Jirafis da sxvaTa _ sul 30 saxeobis)
naSTebi.
garda amisa, mniSvnelovan resurss warmoadgens saqarTvelos mxareebis
erTmaneTisgan gasaocrad gansxvavebuli kultura da yofa, tradiciebi,
erovnuli samzareulo da sxv.
anTropogenur (adamianis xelqmnil) resursebs Soris unda
movixsenioT Teatrebi, muzeumebi, sakoncerto darbazebi, sportuli
kompleqsebi, romlebic saqarTveloSi sxvadasxva masobrivi, maT Soris
saerTaSoriso kulturuli, gasarTobi da sportuli RonisZiebis mowyobis
saSualebas iZleva. aseve aRsaniSnavia _ Tbilisisa da baTumis botanikuri
baRebi, zooparki, Rvinisa da koniakis qarxnebi da maTi sardafebi, venaxebi
da sxva kulturaTa plantaciebi, romlebic aseve turistebis interess
iwvevs (SemecnebiTi, agro- da sasoflo turizmisTvis).
saqarTvelos turizmis praqtika
saqarTveloSi, oficialurad, turizmis saxelmwifo departamentis
monacemebiT, 103 kurorti, 30 sakurorto zona da raionia. Zalian bevria
turistuli obieqtebi, romlebic mTel saqarTveloSia gabneuli da bevri
maTgani ukve turistul aqtiur marSrutebSic zis.
1 iunesko (UNESCO) _ gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis ganaTlebis, mecnierebisa da kulturis specializebuli organo.
142
kurortebis Seneba saqarTveloSi XIX s-is pirveli naxevridan daiwyo.
Semdgom periodSi aTvisebul iqna borjomi, abasTumani, agarakad iqca
kojori. XIX s. bolodan iwyeba SavizRvispireTis resursebis aTviseba.
sabWoTa periodSi sakurorto da turistuli meurneobis ganviTarebam
sakmaod maRal dones miaRwia. ssrk-Si saqarTvelo Tavisi turistul-
sakurorto potencialiT ruseTisa da ukrainis Semdeg, mesame adgils
ikavebda. sabWoTa respublikebsa da evropis socialistur saxelmwifoTa
Soris saqarTvelo TiTqmis erTaderTi iyo, romelic subtropikul
klimatur zonaSi iyo moqceuli da sadac masobrivi turizmis, dasvenebisa
da samkurnalo-gamajansaRebeli saqmianobisTvis Sesabamisi obieqtebis
farTo qseli Seiqmna (sanatoriumebi, dasasvenebeli saxlebi, pansionatebi,
turbazebi da sxv.).
1990 wlamde saqarTvelos turizmis mTavari safuZveli iyo mineraluri
wylebi, romlebsac sabWoTa mSromelebi aqtiurad iTvisebdnen Svebulebis
periodSi. am periodSi saqarTvelo weliwadSi saSualod 4 milionamde
turists iRebda. im epoqaSi ganTavsebis saSualebebi ZiriTadad
saxelmwifos da profkavSirebis sakuTrebaSi iyo. turistebis nakadis
ganawileba da organizeba, centralizebuli dagegmvis wyalobiT mTeli
wlis ganmavlobaSi Tanabrad xdeboda rogorc drois TvalsazrisiT, ise
kurortebis Tanabari datvirTulobis TvalsazrisiTac. saqarTveloSi
turizmis tipebs Soris gabatonebuli adgili eWira kurortebze
dasvenebasa da garTobas. sxva saxeobebidan aRsaniSnavia kulturuli
turizmi. teritoriulad yvelaze mravalricxovani kurorti Tavmoyrili
iyo Savi zRvis sanapiroze da erTdroulad janmrTelobis gakaJebisa da
kulturul-SemecnebiT funqcias asrulebdnen.
saerTaSoriso turizmis ganviTarebaze negatiuri gavlena iqonia 1990-
iani wlebis dasawyisis movlenebma. kerZod, Sidasaxelmwifoebrivma
konfliqtebma. am periodSi saxifaTo gaxda saqarTveloSi mogzauroba da
saerTaSoriso asparezze Seilaxa qveynis imiji, ris gamoc saqarTveloSi
ucxoel turistTa Camosvla sagrZnoblad Semcirda.
1990-iani wlebis bolodan turizms erTgvari gamococxleba daetyo.
amis ZiriTadi mizezebi gaxda: qveyanaSi miRweuli stabiluroba, kerZo
sakuTrebis legalizacia da saerTaSoriso kavSirebis gaaqtiureba.
143
saqarTveloSi damkvidrda e.w. momsaxureba kombinirebuli marSrutiT.
turis xangrZlivoba 7-dan 21 dRemde grZeldeba, xolo kombinirebulia
imitom, rom igi iTvaliswinebs, rogorc didi qalaqebis _ Tbilisis,
quTaisis, Telavis, baTumisa da sxvaTa daTvalierebas, ise sakurorto
centrebSi _ borjomSi, wyaltuboSi, qobuleTSi, bakuriansa da gudaurSi
dasvenebas. aseTi turebi Seicavs saintereso kulturul programebs,
mimoxilviT da Tematur eqskursiebs, muzeumebisa da RirSesaniSnaobebis
daTvalierebas.
maRalia zamTris kurortebis ganviTarebis potenciali. turistul
bazarze am segments zrdis tendencia axasiaTebs. bevri ucxouri
turistuli kompania interesdeba saqarTvelos samTo-turistuli
centrebiT.
turistuli aqtiuroba saqarTveloSi mkveTrad sezonuria: Sida
turizmis pikuri sezonebia _ ivlisi-agvisto da dekemberi-ianvari-
Tebervali, xolo saerTaSoriso saTavgadasavlo turebisa _ aprili-maisi
da seqtember-oqtomberi. es sxvadasxva saxis turizmis periodebis Serwymis
problemas qmnis. rogorc specialistebi Tvlian, saqarTveloSi
SesaZlebelia turizmis qvemoT CamoTvlili saxeobebis turproduqtebis
warmoeba.
1. saTavgadasavlo turebi _ erT-orkviriani samogzauro turpaketebi
saqarTvelosa da samxreT kavkasiis danarCen qveynebSi;
2. saqmiani turebi (saqmiani Sexvedrebi da saerTaSoriso konferenciebi) –
am mimarTulebis ganviTarebas saqarTveloSi, kavkasiis sxva qveynebTan
SedarebiT, xels uwyobs regionSi misi centraluri mdebareoba da
msoflios mowinave sasastumro qselebis (marioti, Seratoni, kempinski,
haiati) mier Seqmnili, am mimarTulebis Sesabamisi donis sastumro
kompleqsebis arseboba;
3. kulturuli turebi _ es mimarTuleba jerjerobiT yvelaze
moTxovnadia. da dakavSirebulia qveynis istoriuli da kulturuli
memkvidreobis gacnobasTan;
4. specializebuli turebi _ individualuri da jgufuri arqeologiuri,
eTnografiuli, geologiuri, “Rvinis” turebi;
144
5. religiuri turebi _ saqarTvelos religiuri centrebisa da
siwmindeebis mosanaxuleblad da ritualebSi monawileobis misaRebad;
6. zamTris sportuli turebi _ dasasvenebeli, sanaxaobiTi da sportuli
miznebiT xorcieldeba. gudauri saerTaSoriso samTo-saTxilamuro
sportuli centria. turpaketebi stumrebs sTavazoben samTo-
saTxilamuro da snoubordis turpaketebs;
7. ekologiuri turebi _ qveynis daculi teritoriebisa da rezervatebis
CarTviT;
8. samTo turebi _ Cveni qveyana, romlis teritoriis did nawils mTebi
Seadgens kavkasionis 1500 kilometriani mTiani sistemiT da maRali
mwvervalebiT _ SxaraTi (5068 m z/d) da myinvarwveriT (5047 m z/d) did
interess iwvevs msoflios profesional alpinistebsa da moyvarul
mTasvlelebSi;
9. sasoflo da agroturizmi _ saqarTvelos glexuri meurneobis
tradiciebi mniSvnelovan interess iwvevs ucxoel turistebSi.
turistuli centrebi da regionebi
aWaris rekreaciul resursebs warmoadgens: ”rbili” hava, Tbili zRva,
mTebisa da zRvis sanapiros uSualo siaxlove, uxvi subtropikuli
mcenareuloba da tyeebiT dafaruli mdinareTa gansxvavebuli xeobebi,
cxovelTa mdidari samyaro, endemikebis simravle, bunebis Zeglebisa da
iSviaTi landSaftebis arseboba, sxvadasxva epoqis istoriuli,
arqeologiuri, kulturisa da arqiteqturis Zeglebi, mdidari folklori,
mravalferovani samzareulo, stumarmaspinZlobis tradiciebi, kulturisa
da religiis centrebi (eklesiebi, meCeTebi, Teatrebi, muzeumebi, botanikuri
baRi da sxv.).
resursebis mravalferovneba am regionSi turizmis sxvadasxva
mimarTulebis ganviTarebis saSualebas iZleva.
pirvel yovlisa, es exeba bunebaSi mogzaurobasTan dakavSirebul
mimarTulebebs. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia ori erovnuli parki: “kintriSisa” da
“mTa tirala” (an mtirala). es obieqtebi ekoturizmis ganviTarebis
145
safuZvels warmoadgens. am mxaris turistul momsaxurebaSi Sedis
sacxenosno, saTevzao, samonadireo turebi. bevrs aWaraSi izidavs
gadamfreni da wyalmcuravi frinvelebi (berdvoCingi), gareuli cxovelebi
da maTze dakvirveba (fotosafari). gansakuTrebulad sainteresoa
mogzauroba kintriSisa da sxalTis xeobebSi.
mTian nawilSi, aseve md. maWaxelas xeobaSi dRemde SemorCenilia
uZvelesi eTnografiuli sanaxaobebi _ xis tradiciuli saxlebi, xalxuri
dResaswaulebi da ritualebi, xelosnoba, xalxuri xelovneba (Weduroba)
da a.S.
sasoflo da agroturizmis ganviTarebisTvis metad saintereso resurss
warmoadgens qedis raioni, rogorc aWaris mevenaxeobis centri. aq yurZnis
iSviaTi da unikaluri jiSebi moyavT: qedis colikauri, jineSi, Wodi,
SavSuri, xifaTuri, klarjuli, aligote, adesa, xevarduli, meliskuda, Savi
yurZeni, sireqi, gorgouli, Cxaveri. yurZnis adgilobrivi jiSebia: mekrenCxi,
cxenis ZuZu, brola, sawuri, xarisTvala. maRlari venaxi sakmaod maRal
zonamde, _ zRvis donidan 1200 m-ze vrceldeba. qedis Rvinis qarxnis
yvelaze cnobili produqtia “qedis colikauri”.
religiuri turizmisTvis mniSvnelovania pirvel qristianTa
saqarTvelos teritoriaze moRvaweobasTan dakavSirebuli Zeglebi. erT-
erTi versiiT, saqarTveloSi qristianobis gamavrcelebeli andria
pirvelwodebuli Cvens qveyanaSi swored aWaridan Semovida. am periods
ukavSirdeba aWaris mTavari religiuri siwminde _ wminda mociqulTa
sworis mataTas dakrZalvis adgili gonios cixeSi.
aWaris teritoria mofenilia taZrebiT, Tanac maT Soris sakmao
daSorebebicaa da mogzaurs ulamazes bunebaSi uxdeba siaruli, dasveneba
da ankara wyaroebis wylis mirTmeva. es damatebiT efeqts aZlevs
religiuri turizmis moyvarulTa mogzaurobas. am mxaris ZiriTadi
qristianuli Zeglebia: qaquTis mTavarangelozi, wm. giorgis eklesia
(TeTrosani), cxrafonas amaRlebisa da jixanjuris saydari, xinos
samonastro kompleqsi, sxalTis taZari da sxv.
garda qristianuli siwmindeebisa, aWaris teritoriaze sxva religiur
konfesiebTan dakavSirebuli adgilebicaa. aq kargadaa SemorCenili
osmaleTis batonobis droindeli Zeglebi da tradiciebi. es kidev erTi
146
resursia rogorc religiuri, ise eTnografiuli turebis SeqmnisaTvis
aWaraSi.
Savi zRvis sanapiro wylebSi gvxvdeba mravalferovani da egzotikuri
wyalqveSa landSaftebi, moluskebiTa da wyalmcenareebiT mdidari
marCxobebi. aqvea wylis siRrmeTa mdumarebaSi CaZiruli naqalaqarebi da
xomaldebi. boboyvaTis maxloblad, 30 metris siRrmeze mikvleulia
naqalaqari, romelic Zv.w. VII-VI ss TariRdeba. 1990-iani wlebis bolos,
baTumi-cixisZiris monakveTze, meTevzeebis bades dauzianebeli amforebi
amoyva, romlebic, specialistebis azriT, antikuri xanis xomaldis tvirTis
nawils warmoadgens. Savi zRva xmelTaSua zRvis Semdeg erT-erT yvelaze
saintereso obieqtadaa miCneuli wyalqveSa arqelogiisaTvis. arqeologiuri
Ziebis gafarToebis SemTxvevaSi, aq wyalqveSa arqeologiuri turebis
amuSavebacaa SesaZlebeli.
CaqvSi funqcionirebs wyalqveSa curvis saswavlo centri, xolo
kvariaTi-sarfis sanapiro zonaSi Seqmnilia Tanamedrove daiving-centri.
turistuli sezonis dros aq ewyoba Sejibrebebi wyalqveSa curvis
sxvadaxva saxeobebSi, agreTve specialuri gamofena-konkursebi da kino-
(video) festivalebi, romlebic daivingis ganviTarebas uwyobs xels.
aWaris teritoriaze amJamad funqcionirebs 6 kurorti da 19
sakurorto adgili, romlebic rogorc zRvispireTSi, ise mTian regionebSia
ganlagebuli.
aWaris zRvis klimaturi kurortebidan gansakuTrebuli mikroklimatiT
gamoirCeva kurorti qobuleTi. kurortis ZiriTadi samkurnalo faqtoria
Savi zRvis Tbili da zomierad teniani hava. maqsimaluri Terapiuli
efeqtis misaRwevad aq erTmaneTTan Sexamebulia TalasoTerapia (wyliT
mkurnaloba) da samkurnalo procedurebi.
kurorti cixisZiri zrvis donidan 60-90 m simaRleze, cixisZiris
maRlobzea aSenebuli. cixisZiris samkurnalo Tvisebebs qmnis misi haeris
uSviaTi Sexameba, romelic mTisa da zRvis haeris nazavs warmoadgens. aq
zafxulobiT ufro grila da zamTarSi ki ufro Tbila, vidre baTumsa da
maxinjaurSi.
147
sakurorto adgilTa Soris gamoirCeva Caqvi, romelic istoriulad,
qarTuli Cais samSobloa. swored aq Semoitana da gaaSena pirvelad Cai
Cinelma mecnierma lao jon jiaom.
saqarTvelos erT-erTi ulamazesi kurortia mwvane koncxi. es
saxelwodeba mas maradmwvane safarvelis gamo uwodes. am adgilis
keTilmowyobiT XIX s. bolo wlebidan dainteresdnen da 1903 wels aq
moewyo klimaturi sadguri. mwvane koncxis ulamazes ferdobzea gaSenebuli
msoflio mniSvnelobis botanikuri baRi. mwvane koncxis zRvispira zoli
saukeTeso adgilia ara mxolod curvisa da mzis abazanebis misaRebad,
aramed daivingis moyvarulTaTvisac.
maxinjauri zRvispira klimatur-balneologiuri kurortia. aqauri hava
teniani subtropikebis tips ganekuTvneba. zamTari ufro Tbilia, xolo
zafxuli _ grili. zafxulobiT gansakuTrebul sigriles xels uwyobs
mTagoriani reliefi da brizebi (dRe-Ramuri qarebi). maxinjauris
midamoebSi moedineba Tbili mineraluri wyaro, romelsac samkurnalod
iyeneben. 1904 wlidan aq funqcionirebs maxinjauris gogirdovani abazanebi,
romlebic saxsrebis, periferiuli nerviuli sistemisa da ginekologiuri
daavadebebis mkurnalobaSi gamoiyeneba.
klimatoTerapia, helioTerapia da TalasoTerapia baTumis, rogorc
kurortis mTavari upiratesobebia. aq zRvis wyali maRali mineralizaciiT
gamoirCeva.
sakurorto adgilebi gonio, kvariaTi da sarfi baTumis samxreTiT,
misgan 13-18 km-is daSorebiTaa ganlagebuli. sarfi uSualod saqarTvelo-
TurqeTis sazRvarze mdebareobs. am SesaniSnav sazRvao kurortebze wylis
saSualo temperatura ivlisSi 25oC-mde adis. aqac Sejerebulia zRvisa da
mTis hava.
aWaris samTo kurortebis siamayes alpur zonaSi ganlagebuli
kurorti beSumi warmoadgens. is mdebareobs arsianis qedis aRmosavleT
ferdobze, zRvis donidan 1850-1900 m simaRleze. beSumi haeris
gansakuTrebuli sisufTaviTa da gamWvirvalobiT gamoirCeva. kurortze
arsebuli wiwvovani tye haeris gansakuTrebul ionizacias axdens. beSumi
saukeTeso adgilia maTTvis, visac sasunTqi gzebis qronikuli daavadebebi
da bronqialuri asTma awuxebs.
148
2006 w. aWaraSi daisvena 266300-ze metma adamianma, rac wina wlis
raodenobas 2,5%-iT aRemateba. amaTgan, 165 aTasi Sida turisti iyo, 100
aTasze meti ki _ ucxoeli. aRsaniSnavia, rom aWaris mravalmxrivi
turistuli resursebidan ZiriTadad gamoyenebulia sazRvao kurortebi.
guria dasavleT saqarTvelos zRvispireTSi, kolxeTis dablobsa da
mimdebare mTian zonaSi mdebareobs. guria saqarTvelos yvelaze patara
administraciuli erTeulia. misi farTobi mxolod 2,03 km2-s aRwevs.
bunebrivi pirobebis mixedviT, guria mTisa da baris nawilebad iyofa.
am mxareSi kargadaa ganviTarebuli satransporto qseli, _ ZiriTadad
saavtomobilo da sarkinigzo transporti. siaxlovis gaTvaliswinebiT,
xelsayrelia baTumisa da foTis navsadgurebis, aseve baTumisa da senakis
aeroportebis gamoyenebac.
guriac mdidaria bunebrivi da istoriul-kulturuli ZeglebiT. am
mxaris Zeglebi: lixauris eklesia, Semoqmedis samonastro kompleqsi,
jumaTis monasteri, petras naqalaqari, askanis cixe, gurielebis sasaxle,
acanisa da jiqeTis monastrebi, bukiscixe, gorabereJoulis cixe-galavani
da eklesia, guriis udabnos samonastro kompleqsi SuaganaxlebaSi da sxva
kulturuli turizmis mniSvnelovan obieqtebs warmoadgens.
turistul resursebs Soris gamosayofia xalxuri Semoqmedeba da
tradiciuli ritualebi. guruli simRerebi unikaluria Tavisi
polifoniurobiT (mravalxmianobiT) da ucxoelebis gaocebasa da
aRfrTovanebas iwvevs. aq dRemdea SemorCenili xalxuri tradiciebi,
magaliTad: kalanda _ saaxalwlo rituali, alilo, `aguna~ _ Rvinis
dawurvis rituali, nadi _ sasoflo-sameurneo samuSaoebSi
urTierTdaxmarebis tradicia, CiCilakis gadalocva. agroturizmisaTvis
sainteresoa monawileoba xalxur rewvaSi, mag., Taflis gamoxdaSi, yavaris
gaxdaSi, xisa da Tixis nakeTobebis damzadebaSi da sxv. baxmaroSi yovel
wels, feriscvalebis dResaswaulze tradiciuli doRi tardeba.
guriis teritoriaze araerTi arqeologiuri Zeglia mikvleuli, zogi
maTgani gaTxrili da dakonservebulia, zogi jer kidev elodeba gaTxras,
149
zogi ki ukve aqtiuri gaTxrebis procesSia. arqeologiuri eqspediciebi
gaxsnilia ramdenime adgilze, maT Soris aRsaniSnavia: ureki; wvermaRala;
cixisferdi (petra); qorbude; vakijvari; grigoleTi.
bunebaSi mogzaurobis msurvelebs guriis subtropikuli garemo mraval
sainteresos sTavazobs. bunebis Zeglebad iTvleba: Caquxa, mglis nawoli,
mzis amosavali da mzis Casavali mTebi baxmaroSi, Tavakjvari, spilenZis
sabado, eSmakis Rele, gonTimere, tobaCxo, wyalmbara, arwivis bude, jajis
tba, mefis wyaro, sakalmaxe, qorbude da a.S.; uaRresad saintereso da
auTvisebelia guriis tyeebi: Semoqmedis, gomis mTis tyis masivebi,
vakijvaris, qorbudes, lixaur-makvaneTis, baxvis, askanas, mTispiris,
vanisqedis, ukanavas, nasakiralis, baileTis, jumaTis; CanCqerebi: md.
agidayvas – sam sarTuliani (makvaneTi), md. natanebze – qorbude (vakijvari),
md. bJuJze – Caquxa hesis saTave (Semoqmedi); tbebi: WinWaos tba, gomis tba,
Tamaris sevda (askana); gamoqvabulebi: qorbude (sof. vakijvari); mdinareebi:
sufsa, natanebi, aWi, baxvis wyali, bJuJi; mTebi: gomis mTa (zRvis donidan
2200 m), somliis mTa (zRvis donidan 2100 metri), vakijvaris simaRleebi
(zRvis donidan 300-450 metri).
guria sasoflo turizmis ganviTarebisTvis metad egzotikur regions
warmoadgens. am kuTxis Tavisebureba, bunebis silamaze, yofiTi wes-
Cveulebebi, tradiciuli xalxuri dResaswaulebi da adgilobrivi
mosaxleobis ganumeorebeli stumarmaspinZloba soflis cxovrebiT
dainteresebul bevr turists izidavs.
agroturizmiT dainteresebulebs SeuZliaT monawileoba miiRon
xalxuri rewvis nimuSebis SeqmnaSi, guruli kerZebis Tu ritualuri
kverebis gamocxoba-momzadebaSi, adgilobrivi da qarTuli jiSis yurZnis
moyvana-dawurvaSi, SeuZliaT daaWaSnikon adgilobrivi Rvino.
kurortebi.
guriis regionSi aris, rogorc zRvispira, ise mTis kurortebi:
ureki – zRvispira kurorti magnituri qviSiT. aq ikurnebian adamianebi,
romelTac awuxebT sisxlis mimoqcevis organoTa, nervuli sistemisa da
sunTqvis organoTa daavadebebi.
150
baxmaro _ mTis klimaturi kurortia, romelic gamoiyeneba sasunTqi
organoebis qronikuli daavadebebisa da hipotoniis, sisxlnaklebobis,
nerviul daavadebaTa da limfadentis mkurnalobaSi.
nabeRlavi cnobilia Tavisi mineraluri wyliT. igi gamoiyeneba saWmlis
momnelebeli organoebis samkurnalod.
nasakiralis teritoriaze amosuli mineraluri wyali gamoiyeneba
sayrden-mamoZravebeli aparatis, periferiuli nervuli sistemis,
ginekologiur da kuWis qronikul daavadebaTa samkurnalod.
garda zemoT CamoTvlili kurortebisa, Coxatauris raionSi sofel
zodTan mdebareobs lamazi adgili sanislia sakuTari samkurnalo wyliT;
guriaSi aris, agreTve ganaxlebis, koxnaris da ianeulis samkurnalo
wylebi; sofel surebSi mdebareobs kurorti Suagora, xolo gomismTa
saukeTeso adgilia dasasvenebeli kompleqsis mosawyobad. es adgili
sabWoTa periodSic gamoiyeneboda dasasvenebel obieqtad.
guriaSi perspeqtiva aqvs turizmis Semdeg saxeobebs:
• samTo-saTxilamuro turizms: baxmaro, gomismTa;
• saTavgadasavlo turizms: surebi, vakijvari, aWi, qorbude;
• eqstremaluri sawyalosno turizms (jomardoba): md. sufsa,
surebi (Coxatauri, mais-ivnisis periodi, _ sof. ZimiTi–Savi zRva,
maisi-agvistos periodSi); md. bJuJi, Caquxa (ozurgeTi, maisi-
ivnisi); md. agidayva (sof. gogieTi);
• sacxenosno turizms: surebi-mefiswyaro; surebi-gomTimere;
baxmaro-baisura-vakijvari; baxmaro-vanisqedi-askana; ozurgeTi-
gomismTa-WinWaos tba-xasanaRis veli;
• salaSqro turebs: ozurgeTi-aWis xeoba;
• alpinizmisTvis: sayornia;
• daivings: md. sufsa, paliastomis mimdebare arxebi, md. natanebis
SesarTavi;
• samonadireo turizms: bazierebiT nadiroba, md. natanebis Walebi,
md. sufsa, lanCxuTis r-ni, Coxatauris r-ni;
• Tevzaobas: mTisa da baris mdinareebze, karvebSi RamisTeviT;
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• balunings1: baxmaro-SavizRvispireTi (ureki, SekveTili) 40-50 km.,
baxmaro-gomismTa;
• veloturizms: baxmaro, surebi, lanCxuTi, ureki, baxmaro-baisura-
sipnari-vakijvari-ureki;
• sawylosno turizms (Boating): Savi zRvis sanapiro.
guriis turistuli centrebi
zRvis klimaturi kurortebis (grigoleTi, ureki, SekveTili) centria
ureki. urekis turistuli infrastruqtura guriis regionSi yvelaze
kargadaa ganviTarebuli. igi aseve gamoirCeva turistul-geografiuli
mdebareobiT, sastumrosa da kvebis obieqtTa simravliT, mosaxerxebeli
satransporto sistemiT (rkinigza da avtosadgurebi).
ozurgeTs, rogorc guriis regionis administraciuli da saqmiani
urTierTobebis centrs, strategiuli mdebareoba uWiravs, aqedan
SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT mokle da saSualo marSrutebze
siaruli.
kaxeTi saqarTvelos erT-erTi yvelaze didi regionia. igi
administraciulad moicavs rogorc kaxeTis ZiriTad teritorias, ise _
istoriul TuSeTs. aq warmodgenilia havisa da landSaftis
mravalferovneba, gvxvdeba rogorc subtropikuli, ise stepuri zonisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli landSaftebi.
kaxeTis buneba metad mravalferovania. regionis farglebSi gvxvdeba
naxevarudabnoc, maradmwvane tyeebic da subalpuri mcenareuli safaric.
yvelaze dabali adgili eldaris vakea zR/d. 90-150 m, xolo umaRlesi
wertili Tebulos mTaa – 4493 m. TuSeTis saSualo simaRlea – 1880 m.
kaxeTi cnobilia kulturul ZeglTa simravliT. araerTi eklesia-
monasteri Tu cixe-simagre ipyrobs turistebisa da eqskursantebis
yuradRebas.
1 baluningi (ing. Ballooning) – sahaero burTiT frena.
152
kaxeTis yvelaze cnobili Zeglebia: ninowminda, bodbe, xornabuji,
ujarma, siRnaRi, gurjaanis yvelawminda, alaverdi, axali da Zveli SuamTa,
iyalTo, gremi, nekresi da sxv.
kaxeTis regionSi religiur, da maT Soris, momlocvelobiT turizms,
kargi potenciali aqvs, aqauri taZrebi da salocavebi inaxaven da aRadgenen
Zvel religiur tradiciebs; dRemde SemorCenilia mravali religiuri
dResaswauli. es ki mniSvnelovani faqtoria momlocvelTa da ubralod,
religiuri turizmiT dainteresebul turistTa mosazidad.
mxares Rvinis turizmis ganviTarebis didi potencialic aqvs. kaxeTis
meRvineobis istoria ax. w. aRricxvamde III-II saukuneebSi iwyeba da dRemde
mxaris ekonomikis umniSvnelovanes dargs warmoadgens. saqarTvelos Rvinis
qarxnebi umetesad kaxeTSia koncentrirebuli. aq turistebs sxvadasxva
momsaxurebas sTavazoben: Rvinis degustacias, acnoben sawarmoo process,
qarTul tradiciebs amisaTvis specialurad mowyobil eTnografiul
kuTxeebSi. Rvinis gasinjva SesaZlebelia tradiciul qarTul ojaxebSic,
sadac turists SeuZlia Zvel marnebSi kaxuri teqnologiiT damzadebuli
Rvino daagemovnos da gasinjos qarTuli samzareulos kerZebi (xSirad,
xalxuri simRerebis fonze). yovelwliurad imarTeba Rvinis festivali.
kaxeTis teritoriaze eqvsi daculi teritoriaa: bawaras, babaneulis,
mariamjvris, vaSlovanis nakrZalebi, TuSeTis, vaSlovanisa da lagodexis
erovnuli parkebi. TiToeuli maTgani bunebis moyvaruls bunebis saocar
Zeglebs sTavazobs. amis safuZvelze SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom kaxeTs
ekoturizmis da samecniero turizmis ganviTarebis kargi potenciali aqvs.
igive SeiZleba iTqvas berdvoCingzec.
kaxeTis reliefi xels uwyobs velo- da sacxenosno turizmis
ganviTareba, mdinareTa xeobebi ki kargi resursia laSqrobis
moyvarulTaTvis. alaverdsa da gremSi aris baloningis ganviTarebis
SesaZlebloba. dRiTidRe izrdeba turistebis interesi kaxeTis mimarT,
Rvinisa da turizmis sakiTxebi xels uwyobs biznes-turizmis ganviTarebas.
rac Seexeba samkurnalo-gamajansaRebel turizms, kaxeTSi kurortis
statusis mqone 8 adgilia (arxiloskalo, axtala, lagodexi, ujarma, civi
koda, TeTri wyaro, TorRvas abano, yvareli), Tumca, arc erTs ara aqvs
Sesabamisi infrastruqtura.
153
TuSeTi cnobilia Tavis Zveli nasaxlarebiT. bevr sofels dRemde ar
Seucvlia saukuneebis manZilze SenarCunebuli arqiteqturuli ieri.
didebuli buneba da mTebze Sefenili soflebi Zalian saintereso peizaJebs
qmnis.
TuSeTSi, garda kulturuli turizmisa, viTardeba salaSqro,
sacxenosno da saTavgadasavlo turizmi. amas garda, TuSeTi, frinvelTa
mdidari populaciisa da lamazi peizaJebis gamo, xelsayreli adgilia
berdvoCingisaTvis. aq aris SesaZlebloba, rom ganviTardes samTo- da
veloturizmi, agreTve saTevzao turizmi (nadiroba akrZalulia).
TuSeTis tradiciuli cxovrebis wesi sainteresoa sasoflo turizmis
moyvarulTaTvis. Zveli TuSuri wes-Cveulebebi ki SeiZleba Camoyalibdes
ucxoel, aseve Sida turistebisTvis gamarTul saxalxo sanaxaobebad.
kaxeTis regionis turistuli centrebia: Telavi da siRnaRi.
mdebareobisa da infratsruqturis mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT, isini
turistuli marSrutebis saukeTeso sawyisi punqtebi arian. 2007 wels
siRnaRis centrSi Catarda aRdgeniTi-saremonto samuSaoebi, romelmac
uZvelesi qalaqi saqarTvelos turizmis erT-erT ulamazes centrad aqcia.
qvemo qarTlis regioni saqarTvelos samxreT-aRmosavleT nawils
moicavs. masSi Sedis Svidi administraciuli erTeuli: gardabnis,
marneulis, bolnisis, dmanisis, TeTriwyaros, walkis raionebi da qalaqi
rusTavi. samxreT kavkasiaSi Tavisi mniSvnelovani politikur-geografiuli
mdebareobis gamo, qvemo qarTli mravali aTaswleulebis manZilze
warmoadgenda sxvadasxva civilizaciebisa (mtkvar-araqsis, TrialeTis,
iberiis, saqarTvelos) da xalxebis (qarTvelebis, somxebis,
azerbaijanelebis, berZnebis, germanelebis, asirielebis) daaxloebis,
Tanacxovrebis, kulturaTa urTierTSeRwevis adgils. aqedan gamomdinare
qarTvelebis garda am regionSi mravlad SexvdebiT sxva erebis xalxebis
materialuri kulturis niSnebsac, rac qvemo qarTlis turistul Tematikas
ufro mimzidvels xdis. mTlianobaSi, qvemo qarTli sainteresoa ara marto
umdidresi materialuri kulturis TvalsazrisiT (650-mde istoriuli
Zegli), aramed misi iSviaTi landSaftebiT (magaliTad, birTvisis kanioni)
154
da bunebriv-klimaturi pirobebiT. kerZod, aq gvxvdeba, rogorc
naxevarudabno da mSrali stepebi, ise Sereuli tyis da alpuri zonebi.
qvemo qarTlSi aris vrceli vake da masiuri tyiT dafaruli mTiani qedebi.
es regioni saSualod zRvis donidan 280 m-ze mdebareobs, umaRlesi
wertili ki zR/d-dan 3 300 m-zea.
dmanisis unikaluroba misi umdidresi istoriuli potencialiTaa
ganpirobebulia. dmanisis naqalaqaris teritoriaze bolo wlebis
arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad aRmoCenilma uZvelesi evropelis
naSTebma dmanisi msoflios yuradRebis centrSi da saerTaSoriso
turistuli marSrutebis siaSic moaqcia. aqvea dmanisis aris feodaluri
xanis cixe-qalaqis naSTebi (sasaxleebis, abanoebis, sxva sameurneo da
samxedro nagebobebis), agreTve dmanisis sionis taZari. es yvelaferi ori
mdinaris, maSaverasa da finezauris kanionebs Sua mdebare koncxzea
moqceuli.
dmanisis raionSi aseve sakmaod didi perspeqtivebi aqvs samonadireo
(gomareTis plato), saTevzao (pantianis tba), sacxenosno, sajomardo
turizmis ganviTarebas. raionis Zalze janmrTeli mTis klimati, sasmeli
da mineraluri wylebi (mardis wyali) samkurnalo-sakurorto turizmis
ganviTarebis farTo asparezs iZleva.
bolnisi turizmisTvis erT-erTi yvelaze mdidari potencialis mqone
raionia. istoriul-arqiteqturuli (bolnisis sioni, wuRruRaSeni, qveSis
cixe, orsaydrebi da sxv.) da istoriuli (sulxan-saba orbelianis muzeumi
tanZiaSi, XIX saukunis germanuli foladsadnobi brZmedebi foladauris
xeobaSi da sxv.) Zeglebis simravle saukeTeso pirobebs qmnis kulturul-
SemecnebiTi turizmis ganviTarebisTvis. garda amisa, bolnisis raionSi
saucxoo bunebrivi turistuli resursebia, rac salaSqro, saTavgadasavlo,
samonadireo (loqisa da TrialeTis qedebze) turebis Seqmnisa da maTi
kombinirebis saSualebas iZleva. bolnisi mdidaria agreTve samkurnalo
resursebiT (sakurorto adgilebi – bolnisi, kazreTi, darbazi).
TeTri wyaros teritoria unikaluri bunebriv-klimaturi zonaa, sadac
250-mde istoriuli Zegli mdebareobs. aqaa samSvildis cixe _ erT-erTi
pirveli qarTuli Zegli, romelic legendis mixedviT, TviT qarTlosis
155
brZanebiT aagebs. amas garda, mravladaa mniSvnelovani cixe-simagre da
monasteri: manglisi, fitareTi da sxv.
mdinare xramis xeobaSi saukeTeso pirobebia mekldeurebisaTvis. xramze,
romelic mais-ivnisSi wyaluxvobiT gamoirCeva SesaZlebelia jomardobis
ganviTarebac. daba TrialeTidan (xramhesidan) sof. naxiduramde
SesaZlebelia 60 km manZilze turistebisaTvis ramdenime dasasvenebeli
adgilis mowyoba.
TeTri wyaros raionSi unikaluri kurorti – manglisi mdebareobs.
ekoturebis mowyobis saukeTeso adgilia algeTis nakrZali. TeTri wyaroSi
arsebobs mxareTmcodneobis muzeumi unikaluri eqsponantebiT. am raionis
mcxovrebTa Soris dRemde Semonaxulia folklori, xalxuri rewvis
sxvadasxva saintereso mimarTuleba. RirSesaniSnavi dResaswaulebidan
aRsaniSnavia didgoroba (agvistoSi). TeTri wyaros teritoriaze kargi
pirobebia sacxenosno turizmis ganviTarebisaTvis.
hava civi zamTriTa da xangrZlivi zafxuliT gamoirCeva. saSualo
wliuri temperatura +60C, absoluturi minimumi _340C, wliuri naleqi 600-
750 mm. Sida wylebi ZiriTadad `mibmulia~ md. xramis xeobaze. aRsaniSnavia
tbebi: baSqois, uzungiolis, jamuS-giolis, xadikis tba, lelianis, grZeli
tba da walkis wyalsacavi (sarkis farTobi _ 34 km2). walkis raioni
ZiriTadad alpur zonaSi mdebareobs da Sesabamisad turistuli sezonic
weliwadSi mxolod 2-3 TviT Semoifargleba.
raions garkveuli istoriul-arqiteqturuli potencialic aqvs. pirvel
rigSi aRsaniSnavia – martyof-norios eklesiebi, cixe-simagreebi,
sagvareulo koSkebi, agerTve Savnabadas samonastro kompleqsi sof.
TeleTSi. aq mdebareobs unikaluri istoriuli Zeglebi, kldekaris muzeum-
nakrZali, oliangis eklesia, beSTaSenis eklesia, ramdenime ciklopuri
tipis cixe-simagre, saukeTeso pirobebia saTevzao da samTo, agroturizmisa
da ekoturizmis ganviTarebisaTvis. samonadireo da saTevzao turizmis
ganviTarebis SesaZleblobas iZleva mtkvris Walis tyeebi, agreTve kumisisa
da jandaris tbebi. dabolos, aRsaniSnavia samkurnalo-gamajansaRebeli
turizmi, romlis mixedviTac gardabnis raions dReisaTvsi wamyvani pozicia
uWiravs regionSi. Tumca, TiTqmis yvela kurorti da sakurorto adgili
156
(kikeTi, kojori, oqroyana, wavkisi, wodoreTi, tabaxmela) ZiriTadad
dedaqalaqis mcxovrebTa saagarako adgilebs warmoadgens.
marneulis turistuli maxasiaTeblebiT saukeTeso adgilad miCneulia
Sulaveris xeoba. aq Tavmoyrilia iseTi istoriuli Zeglebi, rogoricaa: X-
XI ss. ofreTis cixe-simagre, X-XII ss. wofis cixe-simagre, xoJornias
eklesia, weraqvis XIII s. RvTismSoblis eklesia, mixeil javaxiSvilis saxl-
muzeumi da sxv.
manglisi cnobili klimaturi kurortia. igi TeTriwyaros raionSi,
zRvis donidan 1200 metrze mdebareobs. samedicino profili
pulmanologiur-profilaqtikuri aqvs. aq mkurnaloben sasunTqi organoebis
daavadebebs (tuberkulozi, bronquli asTma).
kikeTi, kojori, oqroyana, wavkisi, wodoreTi – Tbilisis siaxloves
mdebare klimaturi kurortebia gardabnis raionSi, romelTa simaRle zRvis
donidan 670-dan 1350 metramdea. am kurortebis samedicino profilic
analogiuria _ pulmonologiuri, profilaqtikuri da sasunTqi organoebis
daavadebaTa samkurnalo (tuberkulozebi, anTebebi).
kumisi – samkurnalo talaxis kurorti gardabnis raionSi, zRvis
donidan 480 metrze mdebareobs. samedicino profiliT: arTrologiuri,
ginekologiuri, nevrologiuri, dermatologiuri. aq mkurnaloben –
sayrden-mamoZravebeli aparats, periferiuli nervuli sistemas, kanisa da
ginekologiuri daavadebebs.
zemoT CamoTvlilis garda, regionSi aris mravali sakurorto adgili:
bolnisi, darbazi, kazreTi (bolnisis raionSi); amamlo da Sardis wyaro
(dmanisi); TeTri wyaro, aleqseevka, asureTi (TeTri wyaro); tabaxmela da
bevreTi (gardabani); walka; axkerpi (marneuli), sadac mkurnaloben
pulmonologiur, nevrologiur, ginekologiur, urologiur, gastro-
enterologiur, kardiologiur daavadebebs.
]qvemo qarTlis turistuli centrebia: dmanisi, TeTri wyaro, bolnisi,
rusTavi.
157
samcxe-javaxeTi saqarTvelos samxreT nawilSi mdebareobs. masSi ori
istoriuli mxare Sedis _ samcxe da javaxeTi. regionSi 6 administraciuli
raionia: axalcixis, adigenis, aspinZis, borjomis, ninowmindisa da
axalqalaqis. samcxe-javaxeTs samkurnalo-gamajansaRebeli turizmis
mniSvnelovani potenciali aqvs kurortebisa da sakurorto adgilebis
saxiT. garda amisa aRsaniSnavia, bunebis da istoriul-kulturuli
warmoSobis mravalferovani resursebi, jerac Seuswavleli uZvelesi
periodis nasaxlarebi, arqeologiuri Zeglebi, moqmedi eklesia-monastrebi
da maTSi daculi siwmindeebi.
axalcixis raioni mdidaria kulturuli da samkurnalo turizmis
potencialiT. qalaqTan axlos mdebareobs cnobili da didi istoriuli
mniSvnelobis Zegli _ safaris monasteri. aseve axlosaa awyuris didebuli
taZris nangrevebi da cixe. cota moSorebiT, TvalTagan mofarebul
adgilasaa aRmarTuli wrioxis cixe.
aRsaniSnavia: Tavad axalcixis sakurorto potenciali _ 380C
mineraluri wyali, uravelis, urTubnis, Surdos, wyalTbilas mineraluri
wylebi.
axalcixesTan arsebuli uravelis xeoba saukeTesoa salaSqro da eko-
turebisaTvis. ekoturistebs izidavs borjom-xaragaulis parkic, romlis
Sesasvleli da saguSago sofel awyuris maxloblad mdebareobs.
axalcixeSi araerTi religiuri da saxalxo dResaswaulia Semonaxuli,
magaliTad, Salvaoba _ Salva axalcixelis xsenebis dRe, safaraSi
gansakuTrebulad aRiniSneba RvTismSoblis miZinebisa da wm. saba
ganmwmendelis xsenebis dReebi.
xelsayreli klimaturi pirobebis wyalobiT adigenis raionSi araerTi
sakurorto adgilia. arsebul kurortTagan yvelaze mniSvnelovani da
cnobilia abasTumani, flates da mlaSes mJave wylebi.
abasTumani gansakuTrebuli klimatis gamo msoflios uknikalur
kurortTa ricxvs miekuTvneba (tuberkulioziT daavadebulTaTvis).
abasTumanSi amodis Termuli wylebi, romlebic sayrden-mamoZravebeli
aparatis, periferiuli nervuli sistemisa da ginekologiuri profilis
daavadebaTa samkurnalod gamoiyeneba.
158
adigenis raioni kulturuli ZeglebiTac mdidaria,: zarzma, Wulevi,
abasTumani, oqros cixe, zanavis cixe, benara. arqeologiuri TvalsazrisiT
sainteresoa sof. udesTan aRmoCenili nasaxlarebi. abasTumanSi aris
msoflio mniSvnelobis observatoria, romelsac SeuZlia turistebi
mizidva. namarxi tye – sof. utyvisubanTan (ZinZes xeoba), namarxi fauna sof.
benarasTan. msoflio mniSvnelobis bunebis unikaluri Zeglebia.
milionobiT wlis asakis gaqvavebuli tyeebi msoflioSi mxolod
saqarTeelosa da axlo aRmosavleTSia aRmoCenili. namarxi tyis xazi
mTels ZinZes xeobaze vrceldeba da goderZis uReltexiliT aWaris
teritoriaze gadadis. am gziT SesaZlebelia salaSqro turebis mowyoba –
adigenidan mTian aWaraSi. tbebi – Savi tba, kota, Tlili, Triala da maTi
mimdebare teritoriebi saukeTeso adgilebia laSqrobis, kempingisa Tu
SabaT-kviris dasvenebisa da piknikebisTvis. mdinareebis xeobebi (ocxe,
RaRvi, ZinZe) aseve karg saSualebas iZleva salaSqro da ekoturebisaTvis.
borjomi ZiriTadad warmodgenilia kurortebiT (samkurnalo da
zamTris kurortebiT). borjomis mineraluri wyali XIX s-is 40-ian
wlebidan samkurnalod gamoiyeneba. borjomis xeoba cnobilia, rogorc
samkurnalo klimaturi zonac.
borjomidan samxreT-aRmosavleTiT ganlagebulia klimatur-
balneologiuri kurortebis qseli – daba, waRveri, cemi, tba, libani,
likani, bakuriani, cixisjvari, CiTaxevi. waRverTan axlos, platoze (zR/d.
1200 m.) mdebareobs bavSvTa samkurnalo-profilaqtikuri kurorti –
mzeTamze, sadac mze weliwadSi 2200 saaTs anaTebs.
borjomis zamTris kurorti bakuriani zRvis donidan 1700 m-ze
mdebareobs. misi hava da reliefi zamTris sportis ganviTarebis idealur
pirobes qmnis. zamTari umetesad mziania, Tovlis saburveli ki 50 sm-s
aRwevs da dekembridan aprilamdea SenarCunebuli.
Tanamedrove bakuriani, romelic zamTarSi `sportuli dedaqalaqi~
xdeba, turistebisTvis mimzidvelia ara marto samTo-saTxilamuro
trasebiT, sabagiro gzebiT, sportuli da samkurnalo gamajansaRebeli
bazebiT, sastumro momsaxurebiT, dasvenebisa da helioTerapiis
procedurebiT, aramed aqtiuri turizmis farTo SesaZleblobebiTac.
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borjomis raioni gamorCeulia Tavisi bunebiT da aranakleb
mniSvnelovani kulturis ZeglebiT. borjomis xeobaSi 200-ze meti
istoriuli Zeglia aRricxuli. maT Soris gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa
taZrisis, neZvis, kvirikeTis, timoTesubnis, qvabisxevis, likanis, CiTaxevis
(`mwvane~) monastrebi, agreTve slesis, petres, gogias, axaldabis cixeebi,
Toris platos nasoflarebi da sxv.
bunebis Zeglebis TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa sadgeris lavuri platos
tye-parki, tbebi: tabawyuri, kaxisi, wero da sxv. ekoturebisTvis
SemuSavebulia marSrutebi da mowyobilia infrastruqtura borjom-
xaragaulis erovnul tye-parkSi.
aspinZis raionis umTavresi turistuli Rirebuleba mis kulturul
memkvidreobaSia: axalcixidan aspinZis gzaze gvxvdeba sof. rusTavi, sadac
gadmocemis Tanaxmad, dabadebula SoTa rusTaveli; md. mtkvrisa da md.
faravnis Sesayarze dgas legendaruli cixe-qalaqi xerTvisi, V saukunis
religiuri centri – wunda da miTiuri wundis tba, auRebelis saxeliT
cnobili Tmogvis cixe-qalaqi, vanis qvabebi – gamoqvabuli monasteri,
saxelganTqmuli qalaqi-gamoqvabuli varZia.
mtkvris xeoba cnobilia kulturuli Zeglebis simdidriT, amave
TvalsazrisiT STambeWdavia mdinareze naviT daSveba – es sanaxaoba
sruliad gansxvavebul STabeWdilebas uqmnis turists.
aspinZis raioni aseve cnobilia kurortebiTa da mineraluri wylebiT.
Tavad aspinZa balneologiuri kurortia – misi Termuli wylebi gamoiyeneba
sayrden-mamoZravebeli aparatis qronikuli, periferiul nervuli sistemis,
revmatizmis, gul-sisxlZarRvTa sistemis, qronikuli ginekologiuri da
kanis daavadebebis samkurnalod.
sakurorto adgilebia aseve, naqalaqevi da varZia – Termuli,
radioaqtiuri da samkurnalo-mineraluri wylebiT.
axalqalaqi da ninowminda, javaxeTis zegani erT-erTi yvelaze
egzotikuri adgilia saqarTveloSi. vulkanuri warmoSobis plato, aTobiT
vulkanuri warmoSobis tba, unikaluri endemuri TevzebiT, frinvelebiT,
cxovelebiTa da mcenareuli safariT.
moyvarul mTamsvlelTaTvis zeganze aRmarTulia Camqrali vulkani –
abulis mTa (3301 m). aRmoCeniTi turebiT dainteresebulebs SeuZliaT
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moiaron Zv. w. II aTaswleuliT daTariRebuli nasaxlarebi – mcire abulze,
Saoris naqalaqarze, aRmoaCinon darnebi1 vardicixeze da sxv.
samecniero da ekoturebisTvis, frinvelebsa da mcenareebze
dakvirvebisTvis javaxeTis zegani unikalur saSualebebs iZleva. amas garda,
javaxuri yofa metad saintereso, TiTqmis Seuswavlelia, amiT igi
garkveulwilad egzotikur saxes iZens, rac sasoflo turizmiT
dainteresebulTaTvis didi aRmoCena iqneba.
javaxeTis zegani, lamazi xedebi, mezoblad ganlagebuli kulturis
Zeglebi karg saSualebas iZleva sacxenosno turizmis ganviTarebisTvis.
rac Seexeba kulturul turizms, es mxarec am mxriv saukeTeso Zeglebs
gvTavazobs. e.w. javaxuri arqiteqtura ganTqmulia Tavisi maRalmxatvruli
ornamentebiTa da taZrebis feradi qvebiT gaformebis tradiciiT. am
TvalsazrisiT, yvelaze didebuli sanaxavia kumurdos gumbaTmoSlili
taZari, baraleTis eklesia, vardiscixe, samsaris gamoqvabulTa kompleqsi,
ixtila, ganZani, foka, saRamos eklesiebi da sxv.
regionSi SesaZlebelia kulturuli turizmis, agroturizmis,
ekoturizmis, sanadiro, sacxenosno, sajomardo, saTavgadasavlo turizmis
ganviTareba. mekldeurobis ganviTarebisaTvis didi potencialia: xerTvisis,
varZiis, vanis qvabebis, minaZis gamoqvabulTa kompleqsis, gelsundas,
waRveris (timoTesubnisken gzaze), qvablianis xeobis teritoriebze.
arqeologiuri gaTxrebi aqtiurad warmoebs awyurSi, TavfaravanSi (tba
faravanTan), amiranis goraze (axalqalaqSi), borniReleSi (borjomi),
orWosanSi (vale). regionis turistuli centrebia: borjomi, axalcixe da
axalqalaqi.
Sida qarTlis istoriuli mxare, lixis qedsa da mdinare aragvs
Soris mdebareobs. misi farTobi mTlianobaSi 5770 km2-s Seadgens. hava
zomierad Tbili da teniania (zogan mSrali), landSafti ki
mravalferovani.
1 darani _ sulxan-saba orbelianis ganmartebiT, “aris _ saxli miwas qveS nagebi, an kldeSi, anu miwis qveS Sesasvleli samalavi”.
161
Sida qarTlis regionis turistul potencials gansazRvravs:
geografiuli mdebareoba, buneba, ankara wyaroebi, didi da patara
mdinareebi, bunebrivi da xelovnuri tbebi, TrialeTisa da lixis
umSvenieresi sanaxebi, bunebrivi da kulturuli Zeglebis simravle.
Sida qarTlSi SesaZlebelia turizmis Semdegi mimarTulebebis
ganviTareba: samkurnalo turizmi, ekoturizmi, kulturuli turizmi da
turizmis eqstremaluri saxeobebi.
regionis lamazi buneba, bunebis Zeglebi, xeobebi, CanCqerebi da
mravali sxva RirsSesaniSnaobani xels uwyobs ekoturizmis ganviTarebas.
bunebis sanaxaobebidan gamoirCeva: bateTis mewyruli warmoSobis tba,
moxisis ori tba, bebnisis tba, Zamis xeoba; Trexvis xeoba; frones xeoba,
sof. TrexvTan `Trexvis qvabebi~ (qarelis raioni). naWarmagevis tba,
nadarbazevis tba, atenis (md. tanas) xeoba, danaxvisi, Zveli abreSumis gzis
monakveTi, atenis xeobis CanCqeri (goris raioni), yelisa da yeliwadis
tbebi (axalgoris raioni), ustaraulis CanCqeri (kaspis raioni).
Sida qarTlis regionis samkurnalo potenciali sakmaod farTo
speqtriTaa warmodgenili. regionis umTavresi klimaturi kurortia surami.
samkurnalo profilia: arTrologiuri, hulmonologiuri, profilaqtikuri,
nevrologiuri; mineraluri wylis tipi _ sustad sulfiduri; zRvis
donidan 760 m. qviSxeTi klimatur-balneologiuri tipis kurortia zRvis
donidan 750 m-ze. misi samkurnalo profilia profilaqtikuri da
hulmonologiuri.
sakurorto adgilebs miekuTvneba: xcisi – balneologiuri,
arTrologiuri, ginekologiuri, nevrologiuri; abano – balneologiuri,
arTrologiuri, ginekologiuri, nevrologiuri, profilaqtikuri; bateni –
klimaturi, nevrologiuri, profilaqtikuri, hulmanologiuri; xvedureTi –
balneologiuri, arTrologiuri, ginekologiuri, nevrologiuri; xovle –
balneologiuri, arTrologiuri; peli – klimaturi profilaqtikuri, zR.
1250 m. sayavre – klimaturi, nevrologiuri; profilaqtikuri; zR./d 1250 m-
ze; biisi – arTrologiuri, ginekologiuri, nevrologiuri.
Sida qarTlis regioni erT-erTi yvelaze mdidaria istoriuli
ZeglebiT – kulturuli da momlocvelobiTi turizmis moyvarulTaTvis.
suramis cixe-simagre, qviSxeTis cixe, wromis taZari, urbnisi, sionis
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taZari, metexis RvTismSoblis taZari, qvaTaxevi, samTavisi, erTawminda,
gorijvari, yinwvisis monasteri, winarexi, bieTis monasteri, wveris wm.
giorgis eklesia, rkoni, Zamis cixe da arqeologiuri Zeglebi, romlebic
mravlad gvxvdeba regionis masStabiT. marto qarelis raionSi mdebareobs
saqarTvelos istoriisTvis iseTi mniSvnelovani arqeologiuri Zeglebi,
rogorebicaa: dedoflis mindori da nacargora, cixiagora kaspis raionSi
da sxv. rac Seexeba Rvinis turizms, regionSi es dargi ar aris imdenad
ganviTarebuli, rogorc kaxeTSi, Tumca am dargis aqauri resursebi bevrad
ar Camouvardeba kaxeTisas. amaze metyvelebs Sida qarTlSi aRmoCenili
uZvelesi Rvinis kulturis niSnebi da yurZnis wipwipebi (msoflioSi
uZvelesi – Zv.w. 8000 w.).
imereTis geografiuli mdebareoba, landSafti, istoriul
kulturuli da bunebrivi Zeglebi, soflis meurneoba, mdidari xalxuri
stumarTmaspinZlobis tradiciebi karg winapirobas qmnis regionSi turizmis
ganviTarebisTvis. imereTSi asobiT istoriuli Zeglia, romelTa asakic
gvian antikuri xanidan XX saukunis dasawyisamde periods moicavs. es
Zeglebi naTel warmodgenas uqmnis stumars qarTuli TviTmyofadi mdidari
kulturisa da istoriis Sesaxeb.
mxareSi didia saTavgadasavlo, aRmoCeniTi, agroturizmis, ekoturizmis
da kulturuli turizmis, jomardobisa da speleoturizmis ganviTarebis
potenciali. mdidari reliefi saSualebas iZleva ganviTardes alpinizmi da
veloturizmi.
imereTis regioni aseve gamorCeulad mdidaria kurortebiTa da
sakurorto adgilebiT, rac dasasvenebeli da samkurnalo turizmis
warmatebis winapirobaa. TiToeul raions garkveuli potenciali aqvs
turizmis sxvadasxva mimarTulebis ganviTarebisTvis.
karstuli mRvimeebi da saintereso geomorfologiuri warmonaqmnebi
xels uwyobs mekldeurobisa da saTavgadasvlo, speleoturizmis
ganviTarebas. mSvenieri buneba mravalferovani floriTa da fauniT is
pirobaa, romelic regionSi salaSqro, sacxenosno da ekoturebs
ganaviTarebs.
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imereTis mdidari istoriuli memkvidreoba uZvelesi xanidan uaxles
periodamde regionSi kulturuli turizmis ganviTarebis winapirobaa. am
mimarTulebiT SeiZleba kidev ufro aqtiurad iqnes CarTuli muzeumebi da
mimdinare arqeologiuri gaTxrebi. arsebuli landSaftisa da bunebis
Zeglebis gaTvaliswinebiT, regions didi potenciali aqvs, salaSqro da
sacxenosno turizmis gasaviTareblad. imereTis soflebSi turizmis
ganviTarebis axali perspeqtivebi warmoSva aq ganviTarebulma sasoflo
turizmma (230 glexuri meurneoba). agroturistebisaTvis momsaxurebis
programebi, garda soflad cxovrebisa, iTvaliswinebs mogzaurobas
bunebrivi Zeglebis, florisa da faunis gacnobis mizniT, SemecnebiT
turebs istoriul adgilebSi, qarTuli xalxuri tradiciebis, simRerebisa
da cekvebis Seswavlasa da sxv. am TvalsazrisiT, imereTis regions
uZvelesi tradiciebi aqvs.
imereTi da quTaisi `didi abreSumis gzis~ dasavleT saqarTvelos
gasayarze mdebareobs. igi yvela epoqaSi satransporto magistralur
kvanZs warmoadgenda, yvela saxis satransporto saSualebebisaTvis.
wyaltubos raioni mdidaria mineraluri wylebiT. sxva raionebTan
SedarebiT, ukeTaa SemorCenili sakurorto infrastruqtura. Tavad
wyaltubo mravalprofiliani balneologiuri kurortia unikaluri
Termul-radionuli mineraluri wylebiT, romlebic sxvadaxsva saxis 60
daavadebas kurnavs (kardiologiuri, hulmonogiuri, nevrologiuri,
fTiziatriuli, nevrologiuri da dermatologiuri tipis balneologiuri
mimarTulebebi).
raionSi arsebuli speleologiuri Zeglebis simravle – saTaflia
(dinozavris nakvaleviT), yumisTavi, TeTra, wyaltubo, sawurblia,
sawveTela, facrisTavi – speleoturizmisa da samkurnalo speleoTerapiis
ganviTarebis saSualebas iZleva. wyaltubos raionSi daaxloebiT sami
aTeuli istoriuli Zeglia, maT Soris aRsaniSnavia geguTis sasaxle (VIII-
XII ss); derCis naTlismcemlis eklesia (XII-XIII ss.) da mravali sxv.
saintereso landSaftebi, mTisa da tyis masivebi mdidari floriTa da
fauniT, nakrZalebiTa da gamoqvabulebiT karg saSualebas iZleva eko-
turizmis, agroturizmis, samTo qveiTi da samTo sacxenosno turizmis
ganviTarebisaTvis.
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xaragaulis raionis umTavresi turistuli simdidre borjom-
xaragaulis erovnuli parkia. am parks aqvs rogorc ekologiuri, ise didi
istoriuli mniSvneloba. parkSi, romlis farTobic 24 000 ha-ia, SevxvdebiT
mTis mdinareebsa da tbebs unikaluri endemuri floriTa da fauniT. parkis
teritoriaze 200-ze meti istoriuli Zeglia.
xaragaulis umTavresi kurortia nunisi, Tavisi unikaluri wylebiT,
romlebic kurnavs kanis daavadebebs da haviT – bronqialuri asTmis
samkurnalo. amave raionSi amoedineba cnobili mineraluri wyali zRvare.
xaragaulis raions, Tavisi yofiTi kulturidan gamomdinare, SesaniSnavi
saSualeba aqvs, rom gastronomiuli da Rvinis turizmi ganaviTaros.
folklori da imeruli stumarmaspinZloba savizito baraTi iqneba am
raionSi saojaxo turizmisTvis. raionis sakurorto adgilebia: zekari,
mamaneTi, wiTeli mindori, qlibuli, udabno, nergeeTi, niqabeeTi, lianTxa,
bunebis saocrebebis TvalsazrisiT lamazi sanaxavia mdinare xanis xeoba –
mravali CanCqeriT da unikaluri floriTa da fauniT, romelic esazRvreba
borjom-xaragaulis erovnul parks.
vanis raioni cnobilia Tavisi msoflio mniSvnelobis arqeologiuri
gaTxrebiT, rac arqeologiuri turizmis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobas
iZleva. vanis umniSvnelovanesi kurortebia sulori da amaRleba, romlebic
efeqturia marilebis, revmatiuli, gulsisxlZarRvTa daavadebis
samkurnalod (Termuli wylebi).
lamazi mTis landSaftebi, mdidari flora-fauniT da saintereso
bunebisa da kulturis Zeglebi, mniSvnelovani resursia aq sacxenosno
turizmis ganviTarebisTvis. mdinare rioni, misi Senakadebi da tyiani mTebi
iZleva saTevzao da samonadireo turizmis karg potencials. vanis raionis
masStabiT turistuli infrastruqturis ganviTarebisTvis adgilobrivi
xelisuflebis mier SerCeulia teritoriebi sof. gadidis mTaze, sof.
onjoxeTSi da vanSi `mSvidobis goraze~.
tyibulis raioni yuradRebas iqcevs karstuli mRvimeebis simravliT:
cucxvaTis 13-sarTuliani mRvime, cxrajvaris gamoqvabulebi miwisqveSa
mdinareebiT, tbeebiTa da CanCqerebiT, aseve sakaJias, WaxaTis, muxuras
mRvimeebi, romlebic speleologebis kvlevis interess warmoadgenen.
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dasasvenebeli da samkurnalo kompleqsebis gamarTvis saSualebas
iZleva kurortebi: soCxeTi, sawire, xresili, cxrajvari (zR.d. 1570 m).
tyibulis raioni cnobilia Tavisi istoriuli ZeglebiT, romelTagan
gamorCeuli adgili gelaTis samonastro kompleqss da mowameTas ukavia.
arsebuli sanaxaobrivi da saintereso bunebisa da kulturis Zeglebi aq
saTavgadasavlo, sacxenosno da salaSqro turebis mowyobis saSualebas
iZleva.
WiaTuris raionSi araerTi mniSvnelovani istoriuli Zeglia, maT
Soris gamorCeulia mRvimevis dedaTa monasteri Tavisi gasaocari fasaduri
dekoriTa da freskuli mxatvrobiT da, aseve, kacxis monasteri, X saukunis
daxvewili arqiteqturiT. turistebze STabeWdilebas axdens kacxis sveti,
40 m simaRlis bunebis Zegli. garda amisa, WiaTuraze adre gadioda Zveli
saqaravno gza da axlac misi teritoria mofenilia antikuri da gviani
renesansis istoriuli ZeglebiT. es ki mimzidvelia aRmoCenebis moyvaruli
turistebisTvis. rogorc imereTis sxva raionebSi, WiaTuraSic araerTi
karstuli gamoqvabulia: Svilobisis, nakaWkari, xreiTis vertikaluri,
xreiTis mravalsarTuliani, gundaeTis, darkveTis, nigozeTisa da
tyemlovanas Sua mdebare didi gamoqvabuli...
raioni aseve mdidaria mTis mdinareebiTa da tbebiT: yvirila,
Semosarebi, RunRumelas, mandaeTis, tyemlovanis, bereTis, xramis tbebi. maT
gaaCniaT kargi pirobebi, imisTvis, rom aq moewyos dasasvenebeli uikend-
turebi, saTevzo turizmi, mdinareebze aris sajomardo adgilebi.
lamazi buneba da zemo imereTisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
stumarmaspinZloba SesaniSnavi pirobaa sasoflo turizmis
ganviTarebisaTvis. am mxriv mosaxleobaSi daintereseba didia, ukve 45
ojaxia SerCeuli agroturizmis centrebis dasaarseblad. xolo 5
teritoria SerCeulia turistuli centrisa da gamajansaRebeli bazebis
Sesaqmnelad: xreTi, kacxi, herevisa, sviri da WiaTura.
saCxeris raionSi 117 kulturis Zeglia – jruWis monasteri, modinaxes
cixe, qoreTis, savanis, exvevis, speTis, iTxvisis eklesiebi. garda amisa, am
raionSi sakmaod bevri arqeologiuri Zegli mdebareobs – sairxis,
TodaZeebis cixis, modinaxes ferdobis samarxebi, sadac pirvelyofili
adamianebis sadgomebi da sxva arqeologiuri naSTebia aRmoCenili.
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bunebrivi resursebi samonadireo da saTevzao turizmis ganviTarebis
saSualebas iZleva, aseve didi potenciali aqvs agroturizmsac. am
saqmianobiT jerjerobiT 10-iode fermeria dakavebuli, Tumca msurvelTa
raodenoba gacilebiT metia. aseve didia mzadyofna da mondomeba, rom
aRorZindes folklori, xalxuri rewva, Teatraluri sanaxaobebi da
tradiciebi.
aRmoCeniTi turebis moyvarulTaTvis saintereso iqneba sarekis
karstuli gamoqvabulebi, endemuri jiSis xeebi, mdidari tyis masivebi, mTa-
borcviani landSaftebi, mdinareebi, samkurnalo wylebi, istoriis da
bunebis Zeglebi.
xelSeuxlebeli buneba, Rrma xeobebi da kanionebi, CanCqerebi, veluri
mcenareebi da cxovelebi, arcTu iSviaTad xvdeba mnaxvels Zusas, WiSuras,
qverunas xeobebSi.
Terjolis raionSi 20-mde istoriuli da bunebis Zeglia, romelTa
monaxulebac 3 dReSia SesaZlebeli. maTgan gamoirCeva Cxaris
mTavarangelozis., oqonis RvTismSoblis, godognis eklesiebi, VII-X ss-iT
daTariRebuli cixe-simagreebi. Terjolis raionSi SedarebiT mokle,
advilad dasaZlevi marSrutebia, samagierod, datvirTulia turistuli
produqtebiT.
kurortebis TvalsazrisiT, es mxare warmodgenilia kurort
simoneTiT, romelic kurnavs sayrden-mamoZravebeli aparatis daavadebebs,
nivTierebaTa cvlis moSlas, gul-sisxlZarRvTa sistemis daavadebebs da
sxv. turistuli kompleqsebis aSeneba dagegmilia sof. Zevrisa da
naxSirRelis teritoriebze.
aq SesaZlebelia ganviTardes TevzWera, nadiroba, speleoturizmi –
samkurnalo da jerac Seuswavlel mRvimeebsa da gamoqvabulebSi sof.
naxSirReleSi, ZevrSi, TuzSi; agroturizms didi potenciali gaaCnia –
raionSi gvxvdeba yurZnis unikaluri jiSebi, Rvino, imeruli futkari.
samtrediis raioni. aq kurort samtrediaSi 350C-iani Termuli wyali
amodis, romelic kurnavs sayrden-mamoZravebel aparats, Zvlebs, kunTebs da
nervul, periferiul, qronikul sistemebs. am raionis kulturul Zeglebs
miekuTvneba ofeTis, mTavarangelozis (XI s.), sajavaxos RvTismSoblis
eklesiebi, Tamar mefis cixe-simagre sof. tolebSi.
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iseve rogorc imereTSi zogadad, raionSic aris potenciali
agroturizmis, eko-turizmis, sacxenosno, Rvinisa da gastronomiuli
turizmis ganviTarebisTvis.
turistuli infrastruqturis mowyobisTvis SerCeulia teritoriebi
sof. tolebSi, noRaSi, ofeTSi, wiaRobanSi, Txilgansa da ianeTSi.
xonis raioni gamoirCeva bunebis Zeglebis simravliTa da silamaziT. am
mxriv yuradRebas iqcevs asxis mTis masivi, romelic cxeniswylisa da
texuras Soris mdebareobs, aq aRmoCenilia 70-ze meti mRvime da ufskruli
iSviaTi silamazis stalaqtidebiTa da stalagmitebiT.
speleologiis TvalsazrisiT yvelaze mimzidvelia md. tobas auzi 12
mRvimiT. maTgan yvelaze didia, cnobili qarTveli speleologis arsen
oqrojanaSvilis mier aRmoCenili mRvime, romlis sigrZe 1300 m-s aRemateba.
bunebis Zeglebs Soris gamorCeuli adgili ukavia okaces kanions, romelic
kinCxa-ferdSi 50 metrian CanCqers qmnis. iqve 200 metris simaRlidan eSveba
md. nabeCo da md. okaces uerTdeba.
asxis mTis masivi, kinCxas gadasasvlelebiT, Sereuli da foTlovani
tyis masivebi ekoturizmis ganviTarebisTvis saukeTeso pirobebs iZleva.
asxis masivi zR/d. 2400 m – mosaxerxebelia saTxilamuro sportisTvis
TiTqmis ivnisamde (xonidan 30 km., quTaisidan 55 km.). xelsayrelia aseve
mekldeurobisa da sacxenosno turizmis ganviTarebisTvis.
gamajansaRebeli turistuli centrebis Sesaqmnelad SerCeulia
teritoriebi xonSi, sof. kinCxas, gordsa da maTxojSi. SerCevisas
gaTvaliswinebul iqna am potenciuri centrebis zomieri da misaRebi
klimaturi pirobebi da bunebrivi garemoc, SedarebiT ukeTesi mdgomareobis
infrastruqtura da gzebi, sakurorto potenciali, romelic miscems am
turistul centrebs erTgvar samkurnalo-dasasvenebel daniSnulebasac.
mcxeTa-mTianeTis regioni. mcxeTa-mTianeTis mxare yvelaze axali
erTeulia saqarTvelos administraciul-teritoriul erTeulebs Soris.
regionis centria q. mcxeTa. igi Sesulia im qalaqTa ricxvSi, romlebsac
iunesko icavs. mcxeTa-mTianeTis regionSi aris sxvadasxva tipis hava:
subtropikuli. zomierad teniani da Tbili, teniani, zomierad civi,
subalpuri da alpuri.
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mcxeTa-mTianeTis regioni turistebisaTvis Zalian sainteresoa Tavisi
istoriiT, kulturiT, muzeumebiTa da eklesia-monastrebiT, rac did
potencials qmnis aq kulturuli da religiuri turizmis
ganviTarebisaTvis.
am regionis ZiriTadi istoriul-kulturuli Zeglebia: sveticxoveli –
marTlmadidebluris samyaros wminda adgili, jvris monasteri, SiomRvimis
samonastro kompleqsi, zedazeni, ananuris cixe da taZari, qoroRos
eklesia, bodornis eklesia, Satili, muco, Cargali, JaleTis uZvelesi
qalaqis nangrevebi, oCanis cixe, gergetis eklesia, sioni, snos cixe,
darialis cixe, Zalisis naqalaqari da sxv.
regionSi arsebuli lamazi buneba, bunebrivi Zeglebi, daculi
teritoriebi, CanCqerebi da sxva RirsSesaniSnavi adgilebi xelsayrel
pirobebs qmnis ekoturizmis ganviTarebisTvis. saguramos nakrZali – aq
SeiZleba cxovelebsa da frinvelebze dakvirveba, piknikebis mowyoba;
Sesabamisi infrastruqturis Seqmnis SemTxvevaSi ki _ marSrutebis dagegmva.
saguramos qedi aris aRmosavleT saqarTvelos `kolxuri tyis kunZuli~,
sadac gvxvdeba mesameuli drois floris reliqtebi. yazbegis nakrZali,
romelic moicavs ekoturizmis TvalsazrisiT saintereso xeobebs: Trusos,
snos, darialis da xandos.
bolo periodSi, mcxeTa-mTianeTis regionSi SedarebiT kargad daiwyo
sasoflo turizmis ganviTareba, Tumca Sesabamisi infrastruqturis
arsebobis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia misi gavrcelebis arealisa da
momsaxurebis saxeebis gafarToeba. turistebs qarTul soflebSi xiblavT
aqauri cxovrebis wesi. TiTqmis yvela sofelSi SemorCenilia Zveli
tradiciebi da yofiTi wes-Cveulebebi.
regionSi aris ramdenime kurorti, sadac samkurnalo turizmis
ganviTarebaa SesaZlebeli. esenia: fasanauri _ klimatur-balneologiuri
tipis kurorti; SuamTis samkurnalo bunebrivi resursia _ klimati da
mineraluri wylis wyaroebi, romlebic efeqturia rogorc Sinagani
miRebisTvis (saWmlis momnelebel organoTa daavadebebis SemTxvevaSi), ise
samkurnalo abazanebis saxiT (sayrdenmamoZravebeli aparatisa da gul-
sisxlZarRvTa sistemis daavadebaTa dros); vaJas wyaro – klimatur-
169
balneologiuri tipis kurorti. aq aris ori tipis mineraluri wyali,
romlebic ZiriTadad ixmareba sasmel-samkurnalod. sioni – klimatur-
balneologiuri kurorti. pulmonologiuri, gastroenterologiuri,
nevrologiuri daavadebebisTvis da profilaqtikuri mkurnalobisTvis.
aqauri klimaturi pirobebi dadebiTad moqmedebs sunTqvis organoTa
qronikul daavadebebzec. klimatur pirobebTan erTad, sakurorto
resursebs miekuTvneba mineraluri wylebic. es wylebi gamoiyeneba
saWmlis momnelebel organoTa qronikuli daavadebebis samkurnalod;
stefanwminda – klimato-balneologiuri kurorti. profilaqtikuri,
pulmonologiuri, gastroenterologiuri davadebebis samkurnalod;
zedazeni – klimaturi kurorti zogadi profilaqtikisTvis; saguramo –
klimaturi kurorti, zogadi profilaqtikisa da kardiologiuri
daavadebebis samkurnalod; wiwamuri – klimaturi kurorti, zogadi
profilaqtikisaTvis; ananuri – klimaturi, profilaqtikuri,
pulmonologuri, nevrologiuri; bazaleTi – klimaturi, profilaqtikuri,
kardi ologiuri; barisaxo – klimaturi, balneologiuri, profilaqtikuri;
veZa – klimaturi, profili-profilaqtikuri, gastroeneterologiuri;
Tvalivi – klimaturi, kardiologiuri; korSa – klimaturi, nevrologiuri,
hulmonogiuri; nadibaani – klimatur-balneologiuri,
gastroenterologiuri; Jinvali – klimaturi, profilaqtikuri; qveSeTi –
kardeologiuri, profilaqtikuri, gastroenterologiuri; regionis
sakurorto adgilebia: artana – klimaturi, profilaqtikuri,
pulmonologiuri; veZaTxevi – klimatur-balneologiuri, arTrologiuri,
profilaqtikuri; TianeTi – klimaturi, profilaqtikuri, pulmonologiuri;
sabaduri – klimaturi, nevrologiuri, profilaqtikuri, pulmonologiuri;
Rulelebi – klimaturi, profilaqtikuri, pulmonologiuri; xaciri –
klimaturi, nevrologiuri, profilaqtikuri, pulmonologiuri. aq haeri
metad sufTaa da gamWirvale, igi dadebiT gavlenas axdens sasunTq
organoTa aratuberkulozur daavadebebze.
regions turizmis sxvadasxva mimarTulebebis ganviTarebis potenciali
aqvs: samTo-saTxilamuro turizmi warmodgenilia kurorti gudauris saxiT.
sacxenosno turizmis ganviTarebisaTvis aprobirebulia Semdegi marSrutebi:
yazbegi – meteosadguri (myinvaris ZirSi); snos xeoba: juTa, Wauxi, roSka;
170
kobi-Trusos xeoba. mdinare aragvze - fasanauris midamoebSi SesaZlebelia
wyaljomardobis ganviTareba. sajomardo monakveTebi ukve aprobirebulia
md. fSavis aragvzec (maRaroskaridan ananuramde).
xevsureTi saqarTvelos istoriul-geografiuli mxarea. is aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos mTianeTSi mdebareobs, kavkasionis qedis CrdiloeT da
samxreT kalTebze. aq SeiZleba turizmis sxvadaxsva saxeobis ganviTareba.,
kerZod: kulturuli turizmi – daTvis jvris uReltexilTan mdebareobs
kistanis naqalaqari. aseve sainteresoa cixe-soflebi: Satili, anatori,
muco, ardoti, xaxabo. am adgilebSi kargi potenciali aqvs salaSqro,
sacxenosno turizmis da jipturebis mowyobas. mucoSi da samZivaris
goraze SemorCenilia wina brinjaos xanis arqeologiuri Zeglebi (mtkvar-
araqsis kultura); bunebaSi mogzaurobisa da ekologiuri turizmiT
dainteresebul pirebs, xevsureTi saintereso bunebis Zeglebs sTavazobs, aq
SesaZlebelia dakvirvebis warmoeba cxovelebsa da frinvelebze. xevsuruli
tradiciebi da yofiTi wes-Cveulebebi, xalxuri rewva da folklori karg
saSualebas iZleva aq sasoflo turizmis ganviTarebisTvis.
istoriul-geografiuli mxare xevi kavkasionis CrdiloeT ferdobze
Tergis auzSi mdebareobs da Trusos, baidaris, snoswylisa da darialis
xeobebs moicavs. Trusos, baidaris, snoswylis, darialis xeobebis bunebis
Zeglebi da iSviaTi landSaftebi, mdinareebi, mwvervalebi, daculi
teritoriebi da istoriul-kulturuli Zeglebi aq, ekologiuri,
sacxenosno, saTavgadasavlo, kulturuli turizmisa da alpinizmis
ganviTarebis saSualebas iZleva. darialis xeobaSi sanaxaobriv interess
iwvevs gveleTis CanCqeri, Tamaris cixe da Tavad vulkanuri warmoSobis
xeoba. Trusos xeoba gamoirCeva ulamazesi bunebrivi travertinebiT. kertis
wyali, grifonebi Tergis saTavesTan da devdorakis myinvari am xeobis
cnobili bunebis Zeglebia.
momlocvelobiTi turizmis ganviTarebis saSualebas iZleva gergeTis
moqmedi monasteri, xevis sioni, CofikaSvilebis eklesia, axalcixisa da
karkuCas ekleasiebi snos xeobaSi.
mcxeTa-mTianeTis regionis turistul centrebad iTvleba: mcxeTa,
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bazaleTi, Jinvali da yazbegi. am teritoriaze gayvanilia gzebi, met-
naklebad ganviTarebulia infrastruqtura (regularulad xdeba
turistebis miReba) da aseve mosaxerxebelia turistuli gasvlebi yvela
mimarTulebiT.
raWa, leCxumi da qvemo svaneTi – saqarTvelos sami ulamazesi
kuTxe Cveni qveynis ukidures Crdilo-dasavleT kideze mdebareobs. raWa-
leCxumisa da qvemo svaneTis mxareSi Sedis ambrolauris, onis, cagerisa da
lentexis raionebi. mxaris administraciuli centria q. ambrolauri.
raWa-leCxumsa da qvemo svaneTs CrdiloeTiT esazRvreba ruseTi (Crd.
oseTi, yabardo-balyareTi), saqarTveloSi ki mestiis raioni; dasavleTiT –
samegrelos raionebi; samxreTiT imereTis regioni, aseve mxaris mosazRvrea
amJamad samaCabloSi (e.w. samxreT oseTi) Semavali javis raioni. mxaris
teritoria 4601,3 km2-s moicavs, misi mdebareoba zRvis donidan 400 metrsa
da 5000 metrs Soris meryeobs. aq, ZiriTadad, qarTvelebi saxloben, maTi
saerTo raodenoba 49 000 kacs aRwevs.
raWa-leCxumisa da qvemo svaneTis TviTmyofadobas da unikalurobas ara
mxolod misi geografiuli mdebareoba, aramed mdidari, mravalferovani
flora da fauna gansazRvravs. TviTmxilvelTa aRtacebas iwvevs mxaris
mTianeTi, kavkasionis WaRara mwvervalebi da mTagrexilebi, mdinareebi
(romlebsac, sxvaTa Soris, mcire hesebis ganviTarebisaTvis didi
perspeqtivebi gaaCniaT) da CanCqerebi, mravalricxovani tyis masivebi da
maTSi gavrcelebuli cxovel-frinvelebi, bunebrivi gamoqvabulebi da
mRvimeebi, uReltexilebi, alpuri saTib-saZovrebi, ulamazesi gza-bilikebi,
Saorisa da lajanis wyalsacavebi, svanuri muryvamebi (koSkebi) da sxva
sanaxaobani. ganumeorebel efeqts axdens adgilobrivi warmoSobis
mosaxleobis gacnoba da maTTan urTierToba. umdidresia maTi istoriuli
warsuli, yofa, kultura, folklori, ris Sesaxebac jer kidev Zveli
berZeni, romaeli, sparsi, Turqi da evropeli mogzaurebi werdnen.
saqveynodaa ganTqmuli aqauri samkurnalo mineraluri wylebi da
kurortebi – Sovi, uwera, laSiWala, qveSvake, muaSi, sortuani, bugeuli,
xidikari, sadac maTive saxelobis 25-ze meti samkurnalo mineraluri da
gogirdovani wyali moipoveba. gansakuTrebuli landSaftiT gamoirCeva
172
sakurorto adgilebi xidikari, wesigora, uravi, bari, sxefuri, qvedis tba
da sxv.
mxareSi uamravi saintereso, unikaluri istoriul-eTnografiuli da
arqiteqturuli Zeglia. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia nikorwminda, barakoni,
xonWiori, mravalZali, patara oni, Rebi, kvirikewminda, lailaSi, CaJaSis
kompleqsi, minda-cixe, kvaracixe, cixeTa kompleqsi - `daxvdi~, `dahkari~ da
`ar gauSva~, onis saukunovani sinagoga, VII saukunis cnobili saeklesio
moRvawis da Teologis wminda maqsime aRmsareblis saflavi, cageris
monasteri da a.S.
saqarTvelos vazis kultis istoriuli fesvebi mTeli msofliosTvisaa
cnobili, magram amas praqtikulad ixilavs adamiani, rodesac Tundac
erTxel ewveva saqarTvelos am lamaz kuTxeebs da iqauri Rvinis jiSebs:
xvanWkaras, aleqsandrouls, ojaleSs an TeTras daagemovnebs.
saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli vazis 600 jiSTagan, am mxareSi 300-mde
saxeobis yurZeni mohyavT. gansakuTrebuli popularobiT sargeblobs Rvino
xvanWkara. es unikaluri Rvino ori iSviaTi yurZnis jiSisagan
(aleqsandrouli da mujureTuli) mzaddeba. am vazis jiSebis
kultivirebis mikrozona, mxolod ramdenime ulamazes sofels moicavs. maT
Soris aRsaniSnavia soflebi xvanWkara da Wrebalo, sadac saukunovani
Rvinis qarxnebi mdebareobs da mzaddeba unikaluri Rvino `xvanWkara~.
raWa-leCxumisa da qvemo svaneTis mxarisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
geografiul-istoriuli Taviseburebani, adgilobrivi sazogadoebis
cxovrebis tradiciebi da wes-Cveulebani realur safuZvels uqmnis
turizmis sxvadasxva mimarTulebis ganviTarebas. aq TiTqmis yovelgvari
piroba arsebobs imisaTvis, raTa aRorZindes da mniSvnelovnad gaaqtiurdes
samTo, alpinisturi, sameTevzeo, samonadireo, sacxenosno, sanaosno,
sajomardo, sadeltaplano, saojaxo, saTavgadasavlo, momlocvelobiTi,
agro- da ekoturizmi.
ambrolauri, gaSenebulia mdinareebis – rionisa da krixulis
SesarTavTan da sakmaod mdidaria bunebrivi resursebiT, tyeebiT,
wiaRiseuliT (dariSxani, TabaSiri): wyaroebiT, mdinareebiT. uzado
geografiuli mdebareoba, unikaluri naturaluri garemo, tyeebi, alpuri
landSaftebi, mTis ekologiurad sufTa mdinareebi, bunebrivi da
173
xelovnuri tborebi, mag., cnobili Saoris wyalsacavi. raionis istoriul-
xuroTmoZRvrul ZeglTagan gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs XI
saukunis nikorwmindisa da XVIII saukunis barakonis taZrebi.
onis raionSi, qarTul eklesiebTan erTad, ebrauli sinagoga da
somxuri salocavic arsebobs. aq sakmaod mravladaa Zveli qarTuli
xeroTmoZRvruli Zeglebi. maT Soris gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos
mravalZalis wm. giorgis saxelobis XI saukunis eklesia (amJamad
dangreulia miwisZvrisagan, mimdinareobs aRdgeniTi samuSaoebi), joisis wm.
giorgis saxelobis VII-VIII saukunis eklesia, soris feodaluri xanis
eklesia, onis saukunovani sinagoga da sxv.
yvelasaTvis cnobili kurorti Sovi kavkasionis samxreT ferdobzea
gaSenebuli da centridan 25 kilometriTaa daSorebuli, sadac 16 saxeobis
mineraluri wyalia.
q. onidan Sovis mimarTulebiT 10 kilometrSi funqcionirebs aseve
aranakleb cnobili kurorti uwera, romelic mdinare rionis ulamazes
xeobaSi, zRvis donidan 982 metr simaRlezea gaSenebuli. uweraSi
aRmoCenilia 28 saxis mineraluri wyali, romlebic kuWnawlavis daavadebaTa
samkurnalod uebar saSualebad aris miCneuli.
cageri, gaSenebulia md. cxeniswylis marjvena sanapiroze. cageris
raioni saqarTveloSi cnobilia Tavisi ZirZveli kulturiT, saeklesio da
arqiteqturuli ZeglebiT. mis teritoriaze 50-ze meti istoriul-
xuroTmoZRvruli Zeglia aRricxuli. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia VII saukunis
wm. maqsime aRmsareblis eklesia, sadac Tavad wmindani ganisvenebs; adre
feodalur Zeglebs Soris gamoirCeva cageris centrSi agebuli wm. giorgis
saxelobis eklesia; xvamlis bunebrivi masStaburi qvaburi, romelic mterTa
TareSis dros saqarTvelos erTgvar ganZTsacavs warmoadgenda.
sagulisxmoa, rom eklesia-taZrebis mSeneblobas dResac aqtiurad
ganagrZoben saqvelmoqmedo wesiT. amis magaliTad SeiZleba davasaxeloT
zubisa da lasuriaSis axlad agebuli eklesiebi.
rogorc mTlianad mxareSi, ise cageris raionSi yvela SesaZlebloba
arsebobs imisaTvis, raTa aRorZindes da kidev ufro ganviTardes turizmi
da sakurorto meurneoba. sakurorto meurneobisaTvis infrastruqturis
Seqmna da ganviTareba SesaZlebelia alpanis, axalWalis, aRvis, usaxelos,
174
laZgverias, ZuRuris da laSiWalis teritoriebze.
qvemo svaneTis centri – daba lentexi, gaSenebuli md. cxeniswylis
xeobaSi, misi Senakadebis – laskadurasa da xeleduras auzSi, zRvis
donidan 700 m simaRleze.
qvemo svaneTis teritoria ZvelisZveli istoriul-arqiteqturuli
ZeglebiTaa mofenili. igi saqarTvelos erTgvar ganZTsacavs warmoadgenda
Znelbedobis Jams. mravali istoriuli adgili da saero-saeklesio Zegli
dakavSirebulia Tamar mefis saxelTan. bevri eklesia IX-XII saukuneebSia
aSenebuli: lujis, Tekalis, tvibis, Jaxundris, skaldis, maxaSisa da sxva
eklesiebi. eklesiebis mSeneblobas dResac saTanado yuradReba eqceva.
1975 wels, cnobili pedagogis, vl. meSvelianis mier Seiqmna
mxareTmcodneobis muzeumi. 1982-83 wlebSi, VIII-X saukuneebis `viwis~ cixe-
darbazis nangrevebis midamoebSi aSenda svanuri sacxovrebeli saxlisa da
koSkis tipis muzeumis Senoba, sadac daculia mravali saintereso
istoriuli esqsponati da dokumenti.
aqauri hava, wiwvovan-foTlovani tyeebi da mineraluri wylebi
sakurorto meurneobis ganviTarebis did SesaZleblobebs iZleva. 1936
wlidan xalxis samsaxurSia ulamazesi kurorti muaSi. aq aRmoCenilia
mravali mineraluri samkurnalo wyali: texis, bavaris, xofuris, tvibis,
lujisa da sxv.
qvemo svaneTi, geografiuli adgilmdebareobis gamo, turizmis
ganviTarebis bunebriv bazas warmoadgens. aqauri maRla aziduli Tovliani
mwvervalebi da uReltexilebi metad mimzidvelia alpinizmis
moyvarulTaTvis. 1965 wlidan aq funqcionirebda alpinisturi banaki
`ailama~, xolo 1972 wlidan banaki `zesxo~. mniSvnelovania aRniSnuli
banakebis aRdgena, romlebsac xSirad stumrobdnen sxvadasxva qveynis
turistebi.
qvemo svaneTis (lentexis) raionSi prioritetul mimarTulebad unda
miviCnioT samTo turizmis ganviTareba. amas xels uwyobs rogorc
obieqturi bunebrivi pirobebi, ise adrindanve SemorCenili infrastruqtura
– alpinisturi banakebi `xesxo~ da `ailama~. perspeqtivaSi amas SeiZleba
daematos samTo-saTxilamuro turizmis ganviTarebac.
Semdegi prioritetuli mimarTulebaa sakurorto-samkurnalo turizmis
175
ganviTareba. aqauri balneo-klimaturi kurortis – muaSis samedicino
profilia pulmonologiuri, arTrologiuri da gastroenterologiuri
daavadebebis mkurnaloba, Tumca amJamad es kurorti ar funqcionirebs.
momvalSi SesaZlebeli gaxdeba texis, bavaris, xofuris, tvibis, lujisa
da sxva samkurnalo wylebis bazaze axali kurortebis amoqmedeba. garda
amisa, lentexis raionSi perspeqtiuli iqneba kulturuli, salaSqro,
saTavgadasavlo, sacxenosno, sajomardo agro-turizmis da ekoturizmis
ganviTareba.
regioni Zalze mdidaria samkurnalo-sakurorto potencialiT, maT
Soris: Sovi – klimatur-balneologiuri kurorti onis raionSi, zRvis
donidan 1600 m. samedicino profili: pulmonologiuri, gastro-
enterologiuri, arTrologiuri, profilaqtikuri. mkurnaloben – kuW-
nawlavis, sasunTqi organoebis aratuberkulozuri tipis (bronquli asTma)
daavadebebs, anemias; uwera _ balneo-klimaturi kurorti onis raionSi,
zRvis donidan 1600 metrze. samedicino profili: pulmonologiuri,
gastroenterologiuri, alergologiuri. mkurnaloba – kuW-nawlavis
daavadebebi; klimato-balneologiuri kurorti sortuani arTrologiuri,
ginekologiuri, nevrologiuri profiliT. ambrolauris raionSi ki –
arTrologiuri profilis balneologiuri kurortebi xidikari da
bugeuli. leCxumSi, cageris raionSia balneo-klimaturi kurorti
laSiWala (arTrologiuri, nevrologiuri da gastroenterologiuri
profiliT), xolo lentexis raionSi – aseTive tipis kurorti muaSi
(arTrologiuri, gastroenterologiuri da pulmonologiuri profiliT).
sakurorto adgilebis simravliT regionis oTxive administraciuli
raioni gamoirCeva, aseTia: bari, sxefuri, qvedistba, Zeglebi (onis raioni);
Saori, uravi, cesigora, xidikari (ambrolauris raioni); aRvi, axalWala,
usaxelo, xguri, laZgveria (cageris raioni); laskadura, CixareSi,
korundaSi, xofuri (lentexis raioni). bugeulsa da xidikarSi periodulad
moqmedebs kerZo, mcire dasasvenebeli saxlebi, ZiriTadad, adgilobrivi
mosaxleobisTvis.
raWa-leCxumisa da qvemo svaneTis regionSi SeiZleba gamoiyos ori
regionaluri turistuli centri: oni – romelic TiTqmis Tanabradaa
daSorebuli uwera-Sovis jgufis sakurorto adgilebsa da qvemo raWasac
176
(Saoramde) (daaxloebiT 70-80 km). lentexi – romelic moemsaxureba qvemo
svaneTis alpur banakebs (zesxo, ailama) da leCxumis (cageris raionis)
turistul obieqtebs.
svaneTi saqarTvelos erTgvari turistuli savizito baraTia.
msoflioSi igi saqarTvelos cnobad saxes qmnis. am mxaris koloriti
xiblavs qarTvelsac da ucxoelsac. uZvelesi koSkebi da bumberazi mTebi
pirvelive wuTidan atyvevebs mnaxvels.
svaneTi mdidaria Sua feodaluri xanis xuroTmoZRvruli ZeglebiT,
sacxovrebeli kompleqsebiT, koSkebiT (romlebic TariRdeba XII s-idan
zemoT), sameurneo daniSnulebis nagebobebiT, originaluri CuqurTmebiT
Semkuli avejiTa da sayofacxovrebo nivTebiT. mxare mdidaria
arqeologiuri ZeglebiTa da Sua saukuneebis xalxuri Semoqmedebis
eqsponatebiT.
svaneTis salocavebi Tavisi Zveli tradiciebiTa da unikaluri
mxatvrobiT gamoirCeva. isini ara mxolod mxatvrobiT, aramed adgilobrivi
Taviseburi arqiteqturiTac gamoirCevian. aq daculi siwmindeebi religiuri
dResaswaulebis periodebSi mraval momlocvels izidavs.
svanuri soflebis koloriti da dRemde SemorCenili istoriuli
siZvele sasoflo turizmis ganviTarebis winapirobaa. Zveli tradiciebi da
yofiTi wes-Cveulebebi, mravalferovani da unikaluri meniu moxiblavs
soflad cxovrebis msurvelT.
am TvalsazrisiT bolo periodSi Catarebuli kvlevisa da
dakvirvebebis Sedegad SeiniSneba adgilobrivi mmarTvelobisa da
mosaxleobis sruli mzadyofna, kerZod, – maRal donezea usafrTxoebis
sakiTxi: dayenebulia Ramis ganaTebebi, keTilmowyobilia saojaxo
sastumroebi, gamravalferovnebulia momsaxurebis saxeobebi. eTnografiiT
dainteresebulT saSualeba aqvT daeswron da monawileoba miiRon Zvel
tradiciebsa da ritualebSi: oqros mopovebaSi, raxis gamoxdaSi, xalxuri
rewvis nakeTobaTa SeqmnaSi da sxv.
svaneTs umdidresi resursebi aqvs bunebaSi mogzaurobis sxvadasxva
mimarTulebis (trekingi, sacxenosno, salaSqro, saTavgadasavlo,
ekologiuri turizmi) ganviTarebisTvis. am resursebis gamoyeneba da
177
reklamireba am mxares kidev ufro gauTqvams saxels. am kuTxis bunebas
uiSviaTesi pezaJebi axasiaTebs: velurad aziduli kldeebi, Rrma xeobebi,
bunebis saocari Zeglebi da movlenebi, cxovelTa mdidari samyaro, maT
Soris endemuri saxeobebi, mdinareebi, CanCqerebi. aq yvelaze metad
salaSqro Tu sacxenosno turebis ganviTarebaa SesaZlebeli.
turistuli kompaniebisa da adgilobrivi gamyolebis mier ukve
damuSavebulia mravali salaSqro turi, romlis drosac turists
saSualeba eZleva eziaros svaneTis bunebis silamazes.
svaneTSi, kerZod mestiis midamoebsa da ewerSi, SesaZlebelia
sportuli turizmis ganviTareba (samTo-saTxilamuro sporti) noembris
dasawyisidan maisis CaTvliT. mestiasTan axlos, uSbis platoze
SesaZlebelia sportuli Sejibrebis mowyoba, xolo Sesabamisi
infrastruqturis mowyobis SemTxvevaSi, samTo-saTxilamuro turizmis
funqcionireba SesaZlebeli gaxdeba mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi.
iqve, mestiasTan, aris adgili legumeeri, romelic evropaSi
unikaluria imiT, rom aq mTeli zafxulis ganmavlobaSic SeiZleba
saTxilamuro turizmis ganviTareba. zafxulSi am saTxilamuro monakveTis
sigrZe 1 km-ia, rac aRemateba evropis zafxulis saTxilamuro adgilebis
sigrZes.
bolo ramdenime zafxulis ganmavlobaSi, ivlisSi an agvistoSi, uSbis
platoze saTxilamuro Sejibrebebi tardeba, romelSic qarTvelebis garda
sxvadasxva qveynis moTxilamureebic monawileoben. saWiroa Sesabamisi
infrastruqturis mowyoba am dargis ganviTarebisTvis.
zemo svaneTis buneba saSualebas iZleva aq mekldeurobis
ganviTarebisTvis. amisTvis mestiis raionSi ramdenime adgilia
mosaxerxebeli: sofel mulaxSi – e.w. tviberis karibWe, sofeli jorkvali,
sadac sabWoTa kavSiris dros mekldeurobaSi saqarTvelos Cempionati
imarTeboda, beCos xeobaSi, mazeris pikis kalTebze, wirniaze (mestiaSi).
mdinare mestiaWala – daba mestiasTan, md. mulxura – sofel mulaxTan,
md. enguris garkveul monakveTic – sofel kaladan ifaramde
wyaljomardobis ganviTarebis karg SesaZleblobas iZleva.
mestiis raionis sakurorto adgilebia: boWi-xaiSi naxSirmJavis tipis
mineraluri wyali, ginekologiuri da profilaqtikuri daniSnulebisTvis.
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mestia – gastroenterologiuri da profilaqtikuri daniSnulebisTvis,
qvedilaSa – naxSirmJavas tipis mineraluri wyali, gastroenterologiuri
da profilaqtikuri daniSnulebisTvis.
svaneTis turistul centrebad miCneulia mestia da uSguli.
turistuli momsaxurebis done aq SedarebiT maRalia da Tanac, aqedan
ufro mosaxerxebelia turistul marSrutebze gadaadgileba.
samegrelo saqarTvelos istoriul-geografiuli mxarea. es aris
rions, cxeniswyals, engursa da Sav zRvas Soris moqceuli teritoria.
samegrelos teritoriis ZiriTadi nawili kolxeTis dablobzea gaSlili.
samegreloSi vxvdebiT yvela saxis landSafts, romelic
damaxasiaTebelia dasavleT saqarTelosTvis: kolxeTis teniani
subtropikuli, kolxuri mTis tyis, kavkasiis saSualo mTis muqwiwvovani
tyis da maRali mTis subalpuri da alpuri landSaftebi.
mravalferovania samegrelos havac. dablob nawilSi igi notio
subtropikulia. aq ianvris saSualo temperaturaa +40C + 60C, zafxuli ki
cxelia (+220C + 230C). naleqebi (1500-2000 mm) wlis ganmavlobaSi TiTqmis
Tanabradaa ganawilebuli. SedarebiT mcire naleqi modis maisSi.
samegrelos buneba mraval saintereso formasa da bunebis Zegls
Seicavs, isini jerac araa saTanadod Seswavlili da maT Sesaxeb
mecnieruli informacia TiTqmis arc arsebobs. miuxedavad imisa, rom
saqarTveloSi Catarebuli sxvadaxsva kvlevebSi samegrelo naklebad
ganixileba tursitul regionad, am mxares namdvilad aqvs turizmis
sxvadasxva mimarTulebis ganviTarebis sakmao potenciali. garda unikaluri
bunebisa, am mxares Taviseburi, ganumeorebeli koloriti aqvs. pirvel
yovlisa, amas qmnis gamorCeuli stumarmaspinZloba, gemrieli da unikaluri
kerZebi, ganumeorebeli simRerebi da mravali sxva faqtori.
martvili mravalferivani turistuli potencialis mqone raionia. aq
ZiriTadad, warmodgenilia kulturuli turizmis, maT Soris arqeologiuri
turizmis da samkurnalo-gamajansaRebeli turizmis resursebi.
texuris xeobiT egrisis mTagrexilis siRrmeSi – dviramde da
lebardemde aRwevs zRvis haeri, rac zRvisa da mTis haeris nazavs qmnis.
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kurorti lebarde – klimato-balneologiuri saxisaa. aq aRmoCenili
mineraluri wylebi miekuTvneba naxSirmJava-rkiniani wylebis jgufs.
xasiaTdeba dabali mineralizaciiT, susti mJave reaqciiT, naxSirmJavisa da
rkinis maRali SemcvelobiT. egrisis mTagrexilis kalTebi mdidaria
mineraluri wylebiT. am mxaris mravalferovani flora da fauna,
samkurnalo wylebisa da adgilebis simravle karg SesaZleblobas iZleva
aq samkurnalo-dasasvenebeli infrastruqturis mosawyobad. martvilis
raionis soflebi – Tegola, kelmakeisari, lebarde da jorwyu saagarako
adgilebia. turizmis TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa mdinare abaSisa da
texuris xeobebi, romlebic kurort lebardesa da asxis masivTan erTad
samTo turizmis ganviTarebisTvis karg SesaZleblobebs badebs. aq
gadaSlilia alpuri da naxevrad alpuri mdeloebi lamazi xedebiT (asxi,
dvira, mingarie). aqauri mTis kalTebi, borcvebi da zegnebi Semosilia
vaziT, dafniTa da CaiT. uxvad modis xili da simindi, xolo barSi vazisa
da Cais plantaciebis gaSlili masivebia. banZa specilizebulia Zveli
kolxuri vazis, ojaleSis moyvanaze.
martvilis raioni arqeologiuri turizmis ganviTarebis
SesaZleblobasac iZleva. raionis teritoriaze Semonaxulia jorwyus da
doSayis mRvimeebi – karstuli qvabebi, romlebic zeda paleoliTis xanis
adamians Tavis pirvelyofil sacxovrisad uqcevia. TiToeuli gamoqvabuli
bunebis iSviaTi naxelavia, pirvelyofil adamianTa cxovriseuli
danaSrevebi ki didi mecnieruli Rirebulebis istoriuli Zeglebia.
SemorCenilia aseve neoliTuri xanis adamianis ramdenime sacxovrisi
adgili – naxuania, banZa da kurzu. noRelas gayolebiT sofel xunwamde
eneoliTuri kulturis sacxovriseuli xania mdidari kulturuli feniT.
brinjaos mdidari sacxovrisia gaxsnili kurzuSi, kiwiaSi, gurZemSi,
naxunaoSi, abedaTsa da banZaSi. antikuri xanis mdidari sacxovrisia napovni
`qajis namaranuSi~.
martvilis istoriuli arqiteqturuli Zeglebi qmnian xelsayrel
pirobebs aq kulturuli turizmis ganviTarebisaTvis. raionis xelovnebis
unikaluri Zeglebia quqiTis eklesia qvaiTSi (XIII s.), Tamakonis eklesia
(XIII s.), noRis cixe (XVI s.), dgomis cixe-simagre (XVII s.), abedaTis cixe-
qalaqi (XVI s.) da a.S. inCxurSi, adgili `namancvarze~ Tamaris cixe-qalaqis
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nangrevebs uCveneben. JinoTaSi JinanTaris saritualo keraa. kiwiaSi ki
leWe-qiaCis sakulto ubania. alertSi alaverdobis saritualo
dResaswauli tardeba. naCxuraSi moske (meZeve) RvTavebas cemdnen Tayvans.
Tabakonas mTa inCxurSi miCneuli iyo warmarTuli avsulTa meTauris –
rokapis da eSmakeulTa dResaswaulis – tabakonebis adgilsamyofelad. es
ritualebi eTnoturizmiT dainteresebulTa yuradRebasac miiqcevs.
martvilis raions ekuTvnis aseve dadianTa sazafxulo rezidencia
sofel salxinoSi. misi keTilmowyoba istoriuli adgilebiT
dainteresebul mnaxvelebs moizidavs. agreTve SeiZleba dadianebis
sajiriTo moednis gamoyeneba da aq ZvelqarTuli sacxenosno TamaSobebisa
da Sejibrebebis aRdgena.
senakSi arsebuli kulturuli memkvidreobis Zeglebis simravle
saSualebas iZleva gaaqtiurdes kulturuli turizmi. es Zeglebia Sxefis
cixe, ekis, misarionis, focxos mTavarangelozis, menjis mTavarangelozis,
Zveli senakis macxovris Sobis eklesiebi da TeklaTis dedaTa monasteri.
senakis yvelaze didi atraqcia1 – cixe-goji. es didi istoriis mqone
naqalaqari mravalmxrivi turistuli obieqtia: aq erTadaa Tavmoyrili Sua
saukuneebis arqiteqtura da antikuri periodis kultura. cixe-gojs
msoflio mniSvnelobis arqeologiuri Zeglia da mis gaTxrebSi ucxoeli
specialistebic monawileoben.
garda amisa, noqalaqevi sxva mxrivadac, mosaxerxebel adgilas
mdebareobs _ igi md. texurze sajomardo daSvebis bolo punqtia. raionis
landSafturi da biologiuri mravalferovneba, adgilobrivi da
gadamfreni frinvelebis saxeobaTa simravle, torfiani Waobebi da
daWaobebuli tye ekoturizmis ganviTarebis xelSemwyobi resursebia.
turizmis am saxeobis ganviTarebisTvis gansakuTrebiT xelsayreli
pirobebia Waladidis TemSi.
am Temis teritoriaze aseve SeiZleba samdinaro turebis organizeba.
mdored gamdinare rionze gaseirnebiT SesaZlebelia unikaluri garemosa
da iq arsebuli kulturuli tradiciebis gacnoba. turistebis
gadaadgileba mdinareze SesaZlebelia moxdes eleqtroZraviani an niCbiani
naviT. gansakuTrebul egzotikur xibls matebs mdinareze gadebuli borani,
1 atraqcia (ing. Attraction, mizidva) _ turistuli TvalsazrisiT mimzidveli obieqti.
181
romelic uZveles droSic damaxasiaTebeli satransporto saSualeba iyo.
mdinareze navebiT moZraobisas, vizitorebs SesaZlebloba eZlevaT
daakvirdnen wylisa da Waobis frinvelebs.
senakis raionSi arsebul mRvimeTagan gamoirCeva ekis TemSi unagiras
mTaze, menjis TemSi sawuleiskiros ubanSi da Sxefis ubanSi arsebuli
mRvimeebi. Tumca aq, speleoturebis mowyobamde, aRniSnuli mRvimeebi
moiTxovs Seswavlas da klasifikacias. md. texuri leZaZame-noqalaqevis
teritoriaze wyaljomardobis saSualebas iZleva. senakis centralur
nawilsa da TeklaTis TemSi mdebareobs ipodromebi, romelTa
keiTlmowyobac xels Seuwyobs sacxenosno turizmis ganviTarebas.
kurorti menji kolxeTis dablobze, dabali antiklinuri serebis
Serwymis adgilze, zRvis donidan 20-30 m simaRleze mdebareobs. aq didi
xania Seqmnilia saabazano da sabados hidromineraluri meurneoba
(burRilebi, milsadenebi). menjis mineraluri wyali 1875 wlidan
gamoiyeneba. kurorti kurnavs Semdeg daavadebebs: gul-sisxlZarRvTa
sistemis daavadebebis sisxlis mimoqcevis I xarisxis darRvevebs; saxsrebis
qronikul daavadebebs (revmatuli, infeqciuri, endokrinuli, podagruli),
agreTve sxvadasxva xasiaTis artralagiebs; periferiuli nervuli sistemis
daavadebebs; nervuli sistemis funqcionalur daavadebebs (nevrozebi,
msubuqi da saSualo xasiaTis nevrasTeniebi); kunTebis, myesebis anTebas da
sxvadasxva warmoSobis kunTebis tkivils; nivTierebaTa cvlis darRvevas;
qronikul gineokologiur daavadebebs (saSvilosnos, sakvercxeebis,
falopiuri milebis anTeba da sxva); kanis zogierT qronikul daavadebebs
(egzema da sxv.).
walenjixa reliefuri mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva – aq
warmodgenilia rogorc dablobi, ise maRali mTebi da reliefis
myinvaruli formebi. amitom aq mogzauroba bunebrivi saocrebebisa da
lamazi xedebis moyvarulebisTvis did siamovnebasTanaa dakavSirebuli.
samTo turizmisTvis mimzidveli adgilebia – mTa WiTagvara (zRvis donidan
3226 m.) da lakumuraSidudis (zRvis donidan 3111 m) myinvarebi. tba
tobavarCxili, Waniswylis xeoba, kodoris qedisa da egrisis qedis samxreTi
ganStoebebi – oxaCquesa da yviras kirqviani masivebi (zRvis donidan 2200-
2237 m) eko- da salaSqro turizmisTvis karg potencials iZleva. aq
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sakmarisi resursebia samonadireo turizmisTvis. Znelad misadgomi mTebi
da Wiuxebi gareul nadir-frinvelTa saukeTeso sabinadro adgilebs
warmoadgens. gansakuTrebuli silamazisa da interesis adgilebia:
mTaWiTagvara, tba tobavarCxili, mdinare nagxurwyalis CanCqeri, mdinare
maganas xeoba da kanioni, yviras kirqviani nawili, moqanave lodi
`quacancalia~, oxaCques kirqviani nawili, mdinare okalmaxes vokluzi,
jvaris wyalsacavi, inzras CanCqeri, Waniswylis xeoba, kurorti squri.
walenjixis erT-erT mTavar mimarTulebad SeiZleba iqces samkurnalo
turizmi. am raionis mTavari kurortia squri – zRvis donidan 400-500 m-ze,
mdinare Waniswylis xeobaSi, sadac notio subtropikuli klimati, zomieri
temperatura, dabali atmosferuli wneva da Jangbadis siuxvea, rac
ganpirobebulia mTisa da zRvis Sezavebuli haeriT. squrSi zamTari icis
rbili, mcireTovliani. squris wyali miekuTvneba sulfatur-qloridul,
natrium-kaliumiani tipis wyals. mas rogorc dasalevad, ise abazanebis
misaRebadac iyeneben. abazanebi qronikuli revmatizmiT, infeqciuri
arTritebiT daavadebulebs eniSnebaT. squris wyali dadebiTad moqmedebs
gastritis, dabali da maRali simJavis, kuWisa da Tormetgoja nawlavis
qronikul-wylulovani daavadebebis, kolitebis da enterokolitebis,
qolecistitis da sxva daavadebebis dros.
xobis raionSi mdebare urTis mTa speleo- da aRmoCeniTi turizmis
ganviTarebis saSualebas iZleva. urTis mTaze Zalian bevria Zabrebi,
vertikaluri Saxtebi, romlebic xSirad horizontalur mRvimeebSi gadadis.
mRvimeebiT gansakuTrebiT cnobilia xamisqurisa da xeTis midamoebi.
sofel xeTaSi, urTis mTis samxreT-aRmosavleTi ferdobis ZirSi
mdebareobs karstuli tba papanwyvire, misi sigrZe 80 metria, sigane 50
metri. masSi sxvadasxva jiSis Tevzebi da niJarianebi binadroben, romelTa
Soris yvelaze saocaria mtknari wylis memargalite.
xobis raioni kolxeTis erovnul parks esazRvreba. parki Setanilia
saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis Waobebis siaSi, rogorc saukeTeso
dasasvenebeli adgili mobudari, mozamTre da migrirebadi
frinvelebisaTvis.
Sesabamisad, Wuriis Waobi mSvenieri adgilia frinvelebze
dakvirvebisaTvis, mdinareebi _ sportuli TevzaobisTvis, xolo Wuriisa da
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nabadis Waobebi – ekoturizmis moyvarulTaTvis, md. xobiswylis SesarTavi,
md. munCiis da Cxaias sanaxebi, papanwyvires tba, Savi zRvis sanapiro. krTisa
da biis mTebis sanaxebidan ki xelisguliviT moCans kolxeTis dablobi,
Savi zRva, kavkasionis qedi.
xobSi arsebuli saintereso da mniSvnelovani istoriuli Zeglebi
saSualebs iZleva aq kulturuli da religiuri turizmis ganviTarebisTvis
– xobis monasteri, xeTis mTavarangelozTa eklesia, wm. sofios eklesia
sof. pirvel maisSi, jegeTis wm. giorgis kompleqsi, zemo biis
mTavarangelozTa eklesia, xeTis cixe, Zveli xibulis jimxa, zenis jixa da
sxv.
abaSis raionSi ramdenime cnobili istoriuli Zeglia, maT Soris
gamorCeulia – sefieTis mTavarangelozisa da tyviris macxovris eklesia.
aqvea metad sayuradRebo antikuri xanis naqalaqarebi – namarnus tipis
arqeologiuri Zeglebi, Zeglebi sofel guleikaris dixaguZubasa da sof.
keTilarSi.
zugdidis raionSi SesaZlebelia sasoflo da kulturuli turebis
mowyoba. macxovriskari, botanikuri baRi, dadianebis muzeumi, ruxis cixe
da aq arsebuli germanul tyveTa panTeoni, anakliis cixe, Waqvinjis cixe,
CiJiskaris cixe (korcxeli), nalima-koki, caigis eklesia, korcxelis dedaTa
monasteri, caiSis warmarTuli panTeoni, ergetis dixa-guZubebi da araerTi
saxl-muzeumi - zugdidis raionis kulturuli Zeglebis CamonaTvalia,
romelic istoriuli turebis sanaxaobaTa siaSi Sedis.
Cxorowyus metad saintereso orografiuli pirobebi aqvs, aq, mcire
teritoriaze Zalian didi simaRliTi sxvaobebia _ raionis umdablesi
wertili 64 metrzea maqsimaluri ki _ 3226 mmetrze. es metad xelsayrel
pirobas qmnis samTo turizmis ganviTarebisTvis. raionis bunebriv-
turistul resursebs Soris gamoiyofa: xobiswylis kanioni, alpuri tbebi,
mdidari floriT da fauniT endemuri jiSebiT; safexosno da sacxenosno
dabali, saSualo da maRali sirTulis monakveTebi.
migariis kirqvul masivze 2004 w. speleologiuri eqspediciis Sedegad
32 axali mRvimea aRmoCenili. es mRvimeebi SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas
eqstremaluri speleoturizmis ganviTarebisTvis.
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aqaur mdinareebze SesaZlebelia sajomardo daSvebis mowyoba.
amisaTvis yvelaze xelsayrelia md. xobiswyali Tavis 45 km-iani kanioniT
da SenakadebiT, sadac aseve gvalaSaras da Runjis kanionebi gvxvdeba.
xobiswyali Sav zRvas uerTdeba, rac met interess matebs wyaljomardobis
moyvarulTaTvis. amisTvis gamosadegia xobiswylis dinebis umetesi nawili.
kanionisebur xeobaSi ramdenime navmisadgomis mowyobac SeiZleba.
kulturuli turizmi Cxorowyus raionSi warmodgenilia Semdegi
ZeglebiT: IV-V saukunis xomakirdes jixebis kompleqsi, IX-XI saukunis
ocindales wminda giorgis eklesia sof. TaiaSi IX-X saukunis leaxales
wminda giorgis eklesia sof. axuTSi, kuxaleiSvilebis tipuri oda sof.
axuTSi, `utus oSayaru~ sof. lesiWineSi, Cxorowyus muzeumi 11700
eqsponatiT. sakurorto turizmi CxorowyuSi warmodgenilia kurort
muxuriTa da mineraluri wyliT lugelaTi. lugela gamoiyeneba yvela im
daavadebaTa samkurnalod, romlebic qlorkalciumis naklebobiTaa
gamowveuli.
foTis turizmi warmodgenilia kolxeTis erovnuli parkiT. esaa
saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis mqone Warbteniani daculi teritoria. es
adgilebi cnobilia, rogorc wylis frinvelTa didi sabinadro. aq
berdvoCingis (frinvelebze dakvirvebis) ganviTarebis didi saSualebebic
aris.
parkis teritoriaze gvxvdeba Taviseburi landSafturi mozaika da
biologiuri mravalferovneba _ notio da Tbili klimati, reliqturi da
endemuri mcenareuli saxeobebi, adgilobrivi da gadamfreni frinvelebis
saxeobaTa simravle, torfiani Waobebi, daWaobebuli tyeebi, zRvis sanapiro
diunebi, daklaknil kalapotiani mdinareebi da tbebi, Savi zRvis sanapiro
akvatoria da sxv. parkis administracias SemuSavebuli aqvs mravalferovani
marSrutebi gaTvlili sxvadasxva interesis mqone turistisTvis.
sazRvao-sanaosno turizmis ganviTarebis myar safuZvels warmoadgens
kolxeTis dacul teritoriebTan mosazRvre Savi zRvis sanapiro akvatoria,
qobuleTidan anakliamde. vizitorebs saSualeba eZlevaT zRvaze
gaseirnebasTan erTad sanapiro zolis landSaftebic moinaxulon.
185
samegrelos turistuli centrebia: senaki, zugdidi da foTi. am
centrebidan advilia moZraoba mTels regionSi da mezobel regionebsa da
raionebSic. aqedan samogzaurod sakmarisia 1-2 dRe regionis mniSvnelovani
nawilis mosavlelad da gasacnobad.
samegrelos turistuli potencialis analizi gviCvenebs, rom regionis
turizmis perspeqtivebi umeteswilad, dakavSirebulia kulturuli,
religiuri, bunebaSi mogzaurobasTan dakavSirebuli mimarTulebebis da
samTo turizmis ganviTarebasTan. garkveuli perspeqtiva dakavSirebulia
mdidari speleologiuri resursebis Seswavlasa da gamoyenebasTan,.
adgilobrivi sasoflo garemo, eTnografiuli da kulturul;i
Taviseburebebi aucileblad daainteresebs sasoflo da agroturizmis
moyvarulebs. ganviTarebis axali formebi unda dainergos samegrelos
cnobil kurortebze. am mxriv, gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa samkurnalo-
gamajansaRebeli centrebi: malTayva, menji, caiSi, noqalaqevi, muxuri da
lebarde.
kiTxvebi codnis Semowmebisa da ganxilvisaTvis
1. CamoTvaleT TqvenTvis cnobili balneologiuri resursebi
saqarTveloSi.
2. romeli kurortis plaJebs aqvT magnituri qviSebi?
3. ra asakisaa dmanisis “homo ereqtusis” (hominidis) naSTebi?
4. romeli cxovelebis naSTebia nanaxi “homo ereqtusTan” erTad?
5. romeli pikuri sezonebia damaxasiaTebeli saqarTvelos Sida
turizmisTvis? saerTaSoriso saTavgadasavlo turizmisTvis?
6. sad mdebareobs wminda mociqulTa sworis mataTas dakrZalvis
adgili?
7. romelma mecnierma Semoitana Cais kultura saqarTveloSi?
8. romeli regionis da ra saxis kurortebia gonio, kvariaTi da sarfi?
186
9. saqarTvelos romeli kuTxis xalxuri tradiciebi da ritualebia:
kalanda, alilo, aguna, nadi, CiCilakis gadalocva.
10. saqarTvelos romeli regionisaTvisaa yvelaze Sesaferi Rvinis
turizmi?
11. romeli daavadebis samkurnalod gamoiyeneba abasTumani?
12. turizmis romeli saxeobis obieqtebia imereTSi: saTaflia, yumisTavi,
TeTra, wyaltubo, sawurblia, sawveTela, facrisTavi?
13. romeli saerTaSoriso organizacia icavs mcxeTas, rogorc msoflio
kulturyli memkvidreobi mniSvnelovan obieqts?
14. turizmis romeli mimarTuleba SegviZlia miviCnioT prioritetulad
qvemo svaneTSi?
15. sad aris cixe-goji da ra tipis turistuli obieqtia igi?
187
literatura da eleqtronuli wyaroebi
1. maisuraZe d., xomeriki g., xuciSvili T. saqarTveloSi
speleoturizmis ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi da qarTuli
geografiis amocanebi// «Кавказский географический журнал», # 9, Tbilisi, 2008.
2. metreveli m. turizmisa da stumarmaspinZlobis safuZvlebi. Tbilisi, 2008.
3. rafiel danibegaSvilis mogzaurobani indoeTSi, birmasa da aziis sxva qveynebSi (1795-1827). moskovi, “progresi”, 1969. (rusul, inglisur da indur (hindi) enebze).
4. saqarTvelos geografia. nawili I: fizikuri geografia. Tbilisi, “mecniereba”, 2000.
5. saqarTvelos geografia. nawili II: socialur-ekonomikuri geografia. Tbilisi, “mecniereba”, 2003.
6. saqarTvelos statistikuri weliwdeuli 2007. saq. statistikis departamentis krebuli. Tbilisi 2008.
7. qarTveli mogzaurebi, geografebi da bunebis mkvlevarni. enciklopediuri cnobari. Tbilisi, “ganaTleba”, 2003.
8. xelaSvili s. turizmis marketingi. Tbilisi. 1992. 9. Goeldner C.R., Ritchie B.J.R. Tourism: Principles, Practice, Philosophiess.John Wiley
& Sons Inc. 2006. 10. Lickorish L.J., Jenkins C.L. Introduction to Tourism. Butterworth-Heinemann, 1997. 11. Middleton V.T.C. Marketing in Travel and Tourism, sec. ed. Butterworth-Heinemann,
1994. 12. Mill R.C., Morrison A.M. The Tourism System: An Introductory Text. Third Edition.
Kendal/Hunt, 2002. 13. Tourism Highlights. 2007 Edition. UNWTO. 14. Александрова А.Ю. и др. География туризма. М.: «Кнорус», 2008. 15. Биржаков. М. Б. Введение в туризм. М., 2005. 16. Вавилова Е.В. Основы международного туризма. М.: «Гардарики», 2005. 17. Все страны мира. Энциклопедический справочник. М.: «Вече», 2002. 18. Даркевич В.П. Аргонавты средневековья. М.: «Наука», 1976. 19. Котлер Ф., Боуэн Дж., Мейкенз Дж. Маркетинг. Гостеприимство и туризм. М.:
ЮНИТИ: 2005. 20. Самойленко А.А. География туризма Ростов. н\Д: «Феникс», 2006. 21. http://www.statistics.ge/publication.php?plang=2&pf. 22. http://www.parliament.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=272&info_id=17627. 23. http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_four_basic_types_of_tourism. 24. http://www.unwto.org/facts/eng/highlights.htm. 25. http://www.unwto.org/facts/eng/indicators.htm. 26. http://www.unwto.org/facts/eng/economy.htm. 27. http://www.unwto.org/facts/eng/publication.htm. 28. http://www.unwto.org/facts/eng/methodological.htm.
188
Sinaarsi
winasityvaoba -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3
Sesavali ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4
Tavi I. mogzauroba ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6
Tavi II. turizmis ganviTarebis istoria ----------------------------------------------------- 18
Tavi III. turizmis arsi, ZiriTadi cnebebi, terminebi, struqtura ----------- 37
Tavi IV. msoflios turistuli regionebi -------------------------------------------------- 51
Tavi V. turizmis tipebi (saxeobebi, mimarTulebebi) --------------------------------- 65
Tavi VI. turizmis industria ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 88
Tavi VII. turizmis marketingis safuZvlebi ---------------------------------------------- 122
Tavi VIII. saqarTvelos turizmi ----------------------------------------------------------------- 137
literatura -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 187
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