2nd Semester Grammar book

GRAMMAR BOOK

Nikki

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Imperfect………………………………………………………………………………………………...Slide 3

Preterite……………………………………………………………………………………………. …..Slide 4 car, gar, zar………………………………………………………………. ……………….Slide 5

Spock……………………………………………………………………………………… Slide 6

Cucaracha………………………………………………………………………………… Slide 7

Snake y snakey……………………………………………………………………………Slide 8

Modal…………………………………………………………………………………. …………….…..Slide 9

Adverbs………………………………………………………………………………………... ………..Slide 10

Progressive Present Tense…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Slide 11

Progressive Past Tense……………………………………………………………………….. ………Slide 12

Future ……………………………………………………………………………………………………Slide 13 Irregulars………………………………………………………………………………....Slide 14

Conditional………………………………………………………………………………..Slide 15

Superlatives…………………………………………………………………………………………..….Slide 16

Formal Commands…………………………………………………………………………………..….Slide 17

Prepositions………………………………………………………………………………………………Slide 18

Demonstratives Adjective…………………………………………………………………………………………………..Slide 19

Demonstratives Pronoun………..…………………………………………………………………………………………..Slide 20

Yo hablaba comía escribía

Tú hablabas comías escribías

Él/ella/Ud. hablaba comía escribía

Nosotros hablábamos comíamos escribíamos

Vosotros hablabais comíais escribíais

Ellos/ellas/uds. hablaban comían escribían

REGULAR HABLAR COMER ESCRIBIR

*USES*-ongoing action(was/were)

-repeated action(used to)

-no definite beginning or end

-time/date/age/feelings/description

-interrupted activity(cuando)

Preteriteused for past actions that have been already completed

AR ER

0 e

0 aste

0 o

0 amos

0 aron

0 i

0 iste

0 io

0 imos

0 ieron

CAR, GAR, ZARS – IRREGULAR PRETERITES

Tocar Jugar Comenzar

Yo Toqué Jugué Comencé

Tú Tocaste Jugaste Comenzaste

Ud Tocó Jugó Comenzó

Nos Tocamos Jugamos Comenzamos

Uds Tocaron Jugaron Comenzaron

SPOCK VERBS

irir-to go ser-to be

hice

fuimos

fuiste fuisteís

fue fueron

dar-to give ver-to see

d/v-i

d/v-iste

d/v-io

d/v-imos

d/v- isteís

d/v- ieron

hacer-to make or do

fui

hiciste

hizo

hicimos

hicisteís

hicieron

CUCARACHA VERBS

Andar / anduv-

Estar / estuv –

Poder / pud-

Poner / pus-

Querer / quis-

Saber / sup-

Tener / tuv-

Vener / vin-

Conducir / conduj-

Producir / produj-

Traducir / traduj-

Decir / dij-

Traer / traj-

• e

•iste

•o

•imos

•isteis

•ieron

SNAKE Ye i

venir, servir, pedir

o udormir, morir

Irregular preterite that changes in the

third person

SNAKEY

o yoir

e yleer, creer

Irregular preterite that changes in the third

person buy adding a ‘y’

Ir + a + infinitive going to do something

Deber + infinitve should do something

Tener que + infinitve to have to do something

MODAL VERBS

Poder + infinitive are able to do something

Querer + infinitive want to do something

ADVERBS

Adjective

• Claro

• Constante

• Dificil

Feminine Form

• Clara

• Constante

• Dificil

Adverb

• Claramente

• Constantemente

• Dificilmente

When two adverbs modify the

same verb, only the 2nd

adjective uses the –mente.

EX:

Javier lee rapida y claramente

Irregulars

• Mucho

• Bien

• Ya

• Muy

• Mal

• Tan

• Bastante

• Siempre

PROGRESSIVE PRESENT TENSE

-IR

Verbs

Present

Participle

vivir viviendo

pedir pidiendo

abrir abriendo

salir saliendo

The General Rule

1. Conjugate Estar

2. Change the –ar verbs to –ando

OR

Change the –ir/-er verbs to -iendo

-ER

Verbs

Present

Participle

correr corriendo

tener teniendo

beber bebiendo

comer comiendo

-AR

Verbs

Present

Participle

comprar comprando

esperar esperando

enseñar enseñando

estudiar estudiando

PROGRESSIVE PAST TENSE

Take the verb in the infinitive form… trabajar comer partir

2Drop the infinitive ending… trabaj- com- part-

3Add the verb ESTAR (to be) and past progressive ending…

Yo estaba I was trabajando comiendo partiendo

Tú estabas You were (informal) trabajando comiendo partiendo

Usted

Él – Ellaestaba

You were (formal)

s-he wastrabajando comiendo partiendo

Nosotros estábamos We were trabajando comiendo partiendo

Ellos estaban They were trabajando comiendo partiendo

EL FUTURO Pronoun + infinitive form of verb + ending

Yo + infinitivo + é

-ar, -er, and –ir verbs all have the same ending

Yo estudiaré

Tú estudiarás

Ella estudiará

Nos estudiaremos

Vos estudiaréis

Ellos estudiarán

-é -emos

-ás -éis

-á -án

EL FUTURO IRREGULARS

decir- dir

hacer- har

poner- pondre

salir- saldr

tener- tend

valer- valdr

venir- vendr

poder- podr

querer- quer

saber- sabr

caber- cabr

haber- habr

Yo diréTú sabrásEl tendrá

Nos valdremosEllos podrán

CONDITIONAL

The conditional tense is used to express probability in the

future tense.

To conjugate regular -ar, -er and -ir verbs in the

conditional, simply add one of the following to the

infinitive:

-ía -íamos

-ías -íais

-ía -ían

SUPERLATIVES

The Most

el más…

los “ “

la “ “

las “”

The Least

el menos…

los “ “

la “ “

las “ “

When you want to say that something has the most or the

least of a certain quality.

To use a noun with the superlative form, put it after the

article

example: Luis es el chico más alto.

Luis is the tallest boy

When you use an idea or concept, use the neuter article lo

… or …

**Be sure

the

adjectives

matches the

noun in both

gender and

number

**

Irregulars: el/la mejor(best) el/la poer(worst)el/la

meyor(oldest) el/la menor(youngest)

COMMANDS

Los Mandatos Formales (Ud)

-arverbs

put in yoform

change ending to -e

-erverbs

put in yoform

change ending to -a

-irverbs

put in yoform

change ending to -a

Tener- tenga

Venir- vengo

Dar-de

Ir- vaya

Ser- seya

Hacer- haga

Estar- este

Saber- sepa

Irregulars

DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES

Adjectives whose function is to point at something.

English- this, that, these, those

Spanish- three sets

They are typically placed before the noun they modify.

Singular Masculine

• este (this)• ese (that)• aquel (that)

Plural Masculine

• estos (these)• esos (those)• aquellos (those)

Singular Feminine

• esta (these)• esa (that)• aquella (that)

Plural Feminine

• estas (those)• esas (that)• aquellas (those)

Me gusto este perro. (I like this dog)Voy a comprar ese coche. (I’m going to buy that car)

Me gustan aquellas casas. (I like those houses)Prefiero estas computadoras. (I prefer those computers)

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS

Acts as the equivalent of ‘this’, ‘that’, ‘these’, and ‘those’

They stand for nouns rather than modifying them

Singular Masculine•éste (this)•ése (that)

•aquél (that)

Plural Masculine•éstos (these)•ésos (those)

•aquéllos (those)

Singular Feminine•ésta (this)•ésa (that)

•aquélla (that)

Plural Feminine•éstas (these)•ésas (those)

•aquéllas (those)