2nd Semester Outlines

8/13/2019 2nd Semester Outlines

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Taken from http://www.gemair.com/~raischc/,This is a very long outline of the topics covered in the second Semester.

Chapter 21Reaction, Revolution, and Romanticism (1815-1850)[See 512, 5!", 5!#, 5!8$

%&'R&'* The forces of upheaval unleashed during the French revolutionary and Napoleonic wars were temporarily quieted in1815 as rulers sought to restore stability by reestablishing much of the old order to a Europe ravaged by war. ings! landed aristocrats! andbureaucratic elites regained their control over domestic governments! while internationally the forces of conservatismtried to maintain the newstatus +uo" some states even used military force to intervene in the internal affairs of other countries in their desire to crush revolutions.

#ut the $estern world had been changed! and it would not readily go bac% to the old system. New ideoloies! especially lieralismandnationalism! both products of the revolutionary upheaval initiated in France! had become too powerful to be contained. Not content with the statuquo! the forces of change gave rise first to the revolts and revolutions that periodically shoo% Europe in the 18&'s and 18('s and then to thewidespread revolutions of 18)8. *ome of the revolutions and revolutionaries were successful" most were not. +lthough the old order usuallyappeared to have prevailed! by 185' it was apparent that its days were numbered. This perception was reinforced by the changes wrought by the,ndustrial -evolution. Together the forces unleashed by the F- and the ,- made it impossible to turn bac%. Nevertheless! although these tworevolutions initiated what historians li%e to call the modern European world! remnants of the old persisted in the midst of the new.

,. The onservative /rder! 1815018('

+fter the defeat of Napoleon! European rulers moved to restore the old order

This was the goal of the great European powers2reat #ritain! +ustria! 3russia! and -ussia 4.uadruple /lliancewhen the met at theConress o &iennain *eptember 181) to arrange a final peace sett lement

+. + 3eace *ettlement after Napoleon

1. -estoration of ingdoms 6eader of the congress was the +ustrian foreign minister! 3rince lemens von etternich4177(0185! whoclaimed that he was guided at 9ienna by the principle o leitimac3...To %eep peace and stability in Europe! he said it was necessary to restore the legitimate monarchs who wouldpreserve traditional institutions

2. ontainment of France...another guiding principle of course! was one that had long been the center of Europeandiplomacy alance o po4er...ensuring that no one country could dominate Europe as France had tried to do underNapoleon

#. The onservative :omination; The Concert o 'urope

The peace arrangements of 1815 were the start of a conservative reaction that sought to contain the liberal and nationalistforces unleashed by the F-

e argued that government was a contract or partnership ?not only b@w those who are living! but b@w those whoare living! those who are dead! and those who are to be bornANo one generation has the right to destroy this partnership" each generation has the duty to preserve and transmit ito the neBt#ur%e did not favor the violent overthrow of a government by revolution! but he did not reCect the possibility ofchange...gradual not sudden

&. 3rinciples of Conservatism;

a. /bedience to political authority! organiDed religion was crucial to social order! hated revolutionaryupheavals! were unwilling to accept either the liberal demands for civil liberties and representative

governments or the nationalistic aspirations generated by the F-b. The community too% precedence over individual rights" society must be organiDed and ordered! and tradition

remained the best guide for orderc. *upported by hereditary monarchs! government bureaucracies! landowning aristocracies! and mainstream

churches 4both 3rotestant and -

(. From uadruple to .uintuple /lliance4 France

a. oncert of Europe; one method used by the great powers to maintain the status quo they had created wasthe Concert o 'urope! according to which 2#! -ussia! 3russia! +ustria! and later France! agreed to meetperiodically to discuss their interests and ensure the maintenance of peace in Europe

b. oncert of Europe failed; the uintuple +lliance adopted a principle o intervention that was based on theright of the great powers to send armies into countries where there were revolutions to restore legitimatemonarchs to their thrones
http://www.gemair.com/~raischc/http://www.gemair.com/~raischc/http://www.gemair.com/~raischc/


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#ritain refused to agree to this principle...it had never been the intention of the alliance to interfere inthe internal affairs of other statesThe other four ignored #ritain! and used military intervention to defeat revolutionary movements in *painand ,taly and to restore legitimate monarchs to their thrones/E bro%e down when the #ritish reCected the p of i and ultimately prevented the ontinental powersfrom intervening in the revolutions in 6atin +merica

). -evolt in 6atin +merica

6atin +merica remained in the hands of the *panish and 3ortuguese up until the early part of the 1th

century$hen the #ourbon monarchy in *pain was toppled by Napoleon! *panish authority in its colonial empire wea%ened

From roughly 181'018&5! nearly every country in 6+ achieved their independence! with the help of such ?liberatorsAas Simon olivarand 7ose de San artin

5. The ree6 Revolt! 18&1018(&

p of i could be used to support revolution if the great powers found it in their interests to do so

in 18&1! the 2ree%s revolted against their /ttoman Tur%ish masters! who had ruled them for over )'' years

+ revival of 2ree% national sentiment made this a popular cause...2reat #ritain! France! and -ussia aided 2reece intheir strugglein the 9reat3 o /drianople! the Tur%s agreed to allow -ussia! France! and #ritain to decide the fate of 2reece...in18('! they declared 2reece an independent %ingdom! and two years later! a new royal dynasty was establishedup until 18('! this was the only successful revolt in Europe because the great powers themselves supported it

. The onservative :ominion; The European *tates

domestically! conservative governments wor%ed to maintain the old order

1. -ule of the Tories in #ritain

2# governed largely by the aristocratic landowning classes that dominated both houses of 3arliament...within3arliament! there were two political factions! hisand 9ories...both groups comprised of members of the landedclasses! although the $higs were beginning to receive support from the new industrial middle class

&. The #ourbon -estoration in France

a. #ourbon monarchy restored in the person of :ouis ;&4181)018&)! who understood the necessity to acceptsome of the changes brought to France during the F- and Napoleonic eras...he died in 18&)! and wassucceeded by his brother! Charles ;

b. harles= attempt to restore the old regime as far as possible led to public outrage" by 18('! France was onthe brin% of another revolution

(. ,taly...after the ongress of 9ienna still largely dominated by the +ustrians! and all the states had eBtremelyreactionar3governments eager to smother any liberal or nationalist sentiment

). -epression of 6iberalism in entral Europe

a. 2ermany...the 9ienna settlement recogniDed the eBistence of (8 sovereign states 4called the ermanicConederation in what had once been the >-E...+ustria and 3russia were the two maCor powers" theonfederation had little real power! but served as an instrument to preserve the conservative status quo

b. The *tagnation of +ustria...a multinational state 411 ethnicities...forces of nationalism were strong! though


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+. 6iberalism

owed much to the Enlightenment and the +merican and French -evolutions

became more significant as the ,- progressed b@c the industrial middle class largely adopted the doctrine as its own

most fundamental belief is that people should be as free from restraint as possible! which is evident in both economicandpolitical lieralism

1. Economic liberalism 4a%a ?classical economicsA

a. 6aisseD0faire

the state should not interrupt the free play of natural economic forces! especially supply and demand

government should not interfere with the economic liberty of the individual and should restrict itself toonly ( primary functions

:efense of the country

3olice protection of individuals

onstruction and maintenance of public wor%s too eBpensive for individuals to underta%e

b. Economic liberty...if given this by the state! ultimately individuals would bring about the maBimum good forthe maBimum number and benefit the general welfare of society

&. 3olitical liberalisma. ommon set of beliefs

3rotection of civil liberties or the basic rights of all people 4equality before the law" freedoms ofassembly! speech! press" and the freedom from arbitrary arrest

Freedoms should be guaranteed by a written document

-eligious toleration! and a growing support for the separation of church and state

-ight of peaceful opposition to the government

reation of laws by a representative assembly elected by qualified voters

6imited surae4equal civil rights does not mean equal political rightsb. ,ts proponents

Tied to middle0class and especially industrial middle0class men who favored the eBtension of votingrights so they could share power with the landowning classes

6iberals had little desire to let the lower classes share that power...liberals were not democratsc. 7ohn Stuart illas %ey advocate of liberalism in the 1thcentury

On Liberty...all individuals should have an ?absolute freedom of opinion and sentiment on allsubCectsA that needed to be protected from both government censorship and the tyranny of themaCority

On the Subjection of Women...the ?legal subordination of one seB to anotherA is wrong...differencesb@w men and women have nothing to do with different natures! but simply social practices...with

equal education! women could achieve as much as men

#. Nationalism

the most powerful agent for change in the 1 thcentury

1. /rigins...arose out of an awareness of being part of a community that has common institutions! traditions! language! andcustoms

the community is the ?nationA! and the primary political loyalty of individuals would be to the nation rather than toa dynasty or a city0state or other political unitNationalism did not become a popular force for change until the F-...from then on! nationalists believed that each

nationality should have its own government 4idea of sel-determinationright to establish their own autonomy

&. -adical nature...nationalism threatened to upset the eBisting political order! both internationally and nationally! which

meant that nationalism was fundamentally radicalb@c many states li%e the +ustrian Empire were multinational! it is evident why conservatives tried so hard to repressthe radical threat of nationalism

a united 2erman or ,talian state also might upset the prevailing balance of power(. +lliance with 6iberalism...most liberals believed that freedom could be realiDed only by peoples who ruled

themselves...many nationalists believed that once each people obtained its own state! all nations could be lin%ed intoa broader community of all humanity

. Early Socialism

1. /rigins...in the first half of the 1thc.! the pitiful conditions found in the slums! mines! and factories of the ,- gave riseto another ideology for change %nown as socialismthe term eventually became associated with a


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&. ?GtopiansA...to later hilippe 418('018)8...moderate liberals appealed to the %ing=s cousin! 6ouis03hilippe to become theconstitutional %ing of France...he agreed...harles H fled to France

c. The ?bourgeois monarchA...political support for his rule came from the upper middle class...moderatereforms that favored the bourgeoisie

&. Nationalist sentiment fuels ( revolutions

a. #elgium...rose up against their :utch rulers! and convinced the maCor European powers to accept anindependent! neutral #elgium

b. 3oland...crushed by the -ussians

c. ,talian states...crushed by


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c. ad no way of compelling the 2erman rulers to accept the constitution they had drawn up

*ince 2erman liberals failed! leadership for unification would pass on to the 3russian militarymonarchy

d. +ustrian empire...see 5.1&e. ,talian states...see 5.1&

(. /utcomes

generally spea%ing! the failure of the revolutionaries to stay united soon led to the reestablishment of the old

regimes

in 18)8! nationalities everywhere had also revolted in the pursuit of self0government...little was achieved becausedivisions among nationalities proved utterly disastrous...instead of Coining together against the old empire! minoritiesfought each other

,9. ulture in an +ge of -eaction and -evolution; The


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+fter the largely unsuccessful -evolutions of 18)8! a new generation of conservative leaders came to power in Europe...foremost amongthem was Napoleon ,,, 4185&0187'

+. 6ouis Napoleon and the *econd Napoleonic Empire1. 3atience in $inning *upport of the 3eople

resorted to a coup detatafter the National +ssembly voted that he could not stand for re0election to thepresidencyrestored universal male suffrage! then as%ed the French people to restore the empire in a pleiscite! which they didwith a resounding 7Q affirmative response

&. Election as Emperor of the Second 'mpire

/n :ecember &! 185&! 6ouis Napoleon became Napoleon ,,,

#. 3olicies of the *econd Napoleonic Empire1. +uthoritarian

Napoleon ,,, controlled the armed forces! police! civil service" only he could introduce legislation and declare war&. 2overnment ,ntervention in the Economy and EBpansion of ,ndustrial 2rowth

*ubsidies for construction of railroads! harbors! roads! and canals(. -ebuilding 3aris by aron von Aausmann

Narrow streets and old city walls of 3aris replaced with broad boulevards! spacious buildings! public squares! anunderground sewage system! a new water supply! and gaslights" many lower class sections tore down 4had to move toneighboring villages#road streets made it difficult for revolutionaries to erect barricades

). D:ieralE 'mpire...as opposition to some of his policies mounted! Napoleon ,,, loosened his grip a bit and liberaliDedthe empire6egaliDed trade unions and granted them the right to stri%e" legislative branch given more control

These concessions initially strengthened his regime! but the disastrous Franco03russian $ar would be his ?$aterlooAand lead to the Third -epublic

. Foreign 3olicy; The Crimean ar4185)0185J K*ee 5.1JL

1. ?'astern .uestionA$hat should be done with the disintegrating /ttoman Empire...potential balance of power issues in the #al%ans

&. -ussian right to protection of hristian shrines in 3alestine denied by /ttomans spar%ed the war-ussia vs the /ttomans

Fearful of -ussian gains 4?ardanelles! 2reat #ritain and France declare war -ussia and attac%ed them on therimean peninsula in the #lac% *ea+ustria refused to help -ussia! leaving them without ?friendsA among the great powers after the war 4+ustriabelieved -ussia would remember their ?ingratitudeA

(. /utcomes

-ussians lose! and have to accept the neutrality of the #lac% *ea by the Treaty of 3aris

Not as many soldiers die due to efforts of


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Iust as in the -evolutions in 18(' and 18)8! #ritain avoided the strife that plagued the ontinent by ma%ing both social andpolitical reforms that enabled the country to remain stable and prosperous1. .ueen &ictoria418(701'1...pious complacency" moral respectability and propriety 4see notes on h &( and the ?cult

of domesticityA and other middle0class values&. enIamin ?israeli4Conservative and the -eform of 18J7

more than doubled the number of potential voters

led to 6iberal victory in the elections of 18J8(. illiam ladstoneand the :ieral 3arty

,9. ,ndustrialiDation and the


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development of anesthesia also helped surgeons5. New medical schools...the Iohns >op%ins model 418( would be emulated worldwideJ. $omen in


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process to elect own candidates and have them pass legislation to help wor%ing classes 4importance ofeBpanding suffrage...radualism

b. The :ivisiveness of Nationalism...E*,* #@$ 6,#E-+6,*< +N: */,+6,*ousing...government intervention and codes

(. -edesigning the ities...at times at the eBpense of lower class housing

. The *ocial *tructure of


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#. 3ersistence of the /ld /rder in entral and Eastern Europe

. 2ermany; #ismarc%=s onservatism...2erman parliament dominated by the army 4considered themselves loyal to theemperor and #ismarc% 4not responsible to the 3arliament! but the emperor...ultur6amp4?struggle for civiliDationAdistrustful of -oman atholic loyalty to new 2erman state...tried to minimiDe socialist gains by spearheading themost progressive social securit3 s3stemthe world had ever seen 4sic%ness! accident! and disability benefits as well asold0age pensions...financed by compulsory contributions from wor%ers! employers! and the state

&. +ustria0>ungary...problem of minorities continued to plague +>(. +bsolutism in -ussia...autocratic rule the norm...revolution fomenting

Chapter 2!* /n /e o odernit3 and /nBiet3, 18J!-1J1!

/verview;#efore 11)! most Europeans continued to believe in the values and ideals that had been generated by the *cientific -evolution and the

Enlightenment. -eason! science! and progress were still important words in the European vocabulary. The ability of human beings to improvethemselves and achieve a better society seemed to be well demonstrated by a rising standard of living! urban improvements! and mass education.*uch products of modern technology as electric lights! phonographs! and automobiles reinforced the popular prestige of science and the belief in theability of the human mind to comprehend the universe through the use of reason.

Near the end of the 1thcentury! however! a dramatic transformation in the realm of ideas and culture challenged many of theseassumptions. + new view of the physical universe! an appeal to the irrational! alternative views of human nature! and radical innovative forms ofliterary and artistic eBpression shattered old beliefs and opened the way to a modern consciousness. These changes served to provo%e a sense ofconfusion and anBiety before 11) that would become even more pronounced after the war.

,. Toward the


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c. The inner life of humans as a battleground b@w the id 4center of the unconscious drives and ruled by thepleasure principle! eo4seat of reason and coordinator of the inner life...ruled by the reality principle!and the supereo4locus of conscience and represented the inhibitions and moral values that society ingeneral and parents in particular imposed upon people

d. Ego and superego restrain the unconscious id and repressed or %ept out of consciousness what they wantedto according to Freud! the most important repressions were seBual %edipus compleB4'lectracompleB

$. 3sychoanalysis as a dialogue b@w psychotherapist and patient in which therapist probed deeply into memory in order toretrace the chain of repressionall the way bac% to its childhood origins by ma%ing the conscious mind aware of theunconscious and its repressed contents! the patient=s psychic conflict was resolved

). /ther Freudian buDDwords; oral stae, anal stae, liido, denial, ierre-/uuste Renoir, Camille >issarro, erthe orisot, ar3 Cassat

b. >ost-mpressionism ...still an emphasis on light and color! but 3, artists shifted from paintingobCective reality to subCective reality 4personal statements of what reality is and! in so doing!began to withdraw from the artist=s traditional tas% of depicting the eBternal world...>aulCeFanne, &incent van oh, >aul auin, eores Seurat, 9oulouse-:autrec

c. $hy reCect visual realism in artM new psychology and physics questioned what reality really was!impact of photography 4this artistic medium mirrored reality perfectly! individual consciousness

became the source of meaning 4the artist coul! now create their own realityd. Cuism...used geometric shapes as visual stimuli to re0create reality in the viewers mind...>alo

>icasso4remember his )uernicaOe. /stract 'Bpressionism...art should directly spea% to the soul...to do so! it must avoid any

reference to visual reality and concentrate on color...&asil3 andins63, >aul lee4.


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1. $omen sought improvements by focusing on specific goals repeal marriage laws that made divorce difficult and propertylaws that gave husbands almost complete control over the property of their wives...greater access to education and maledominated professions...surae movement%ey leader was the radical 'mmeline >an6hurst4suffrage not achieved onwide scale until after $$,...peace movement...Ane4 4omenA 4sought new freedom outside the household and new rolesother than those of wives and mothers...aria ontessori4doctor and education reformer

#. Iews within the European Nation0*tate 4see 5.&5

1. 3ersecution for centuries 4confined to hettos" greater freedom by the mid01thcentury...?re3us /air4'mile Holasaved the day with 7/ccuse! reminiscent of 9oltaire fighting for a convicted 3rotestant in the alais +ffair evidence

of anti-Semitismin France...revival of racism and eBtreme nationalism produced an new right0wing politics aimed atIews culminated in the >olocaust

&. HionismIewish nationalism...led by 9heodor AerFland his influential boo% The 'ewish Statecalled for a Iewishstate in 3alestine

C. The Transformation of 6iberalism by the end of the 1thcentury! liberal governments often followed policies that underminedthe basic tenets of liberalism...for instance in #ritain! the 6iberals and onservative 3arty challenged by the new :aour >art34comprised of trade union wor%ers and Fabian *ocialists Kadhered to #ernstein=s evolutionary socialismL...to halt the influence of6abour party! 6iberals and onservatives abandoned classical principles of laisseD0faire and voted for a series of social reforms

,9. The X@e4 mperialism= 4see ,mperialism +ctivity notes" 5.&'

#eginning in the 188's! European states engaged in an intense scramble for overseas territory...this revival of imperialism! or the ?newimperialismA led Europeans to carve up +sia and +frica

+. auses of the New ,mperialism 4compare to old imperialism=s ( 2sSmotives were economic! political! religious! eBploratory! and

ideological in nature

1. ,ndustrial -evolution strengthens the $est&. Newly industrialiDed nations see% new mar%ets and raw materials 4remember 6enin=s Im+erialism% the #ighest Stage of

Worl! "a+italism(. European nations compete for power and prestige4. Europeans feel duty to spread western culture hite ans urden5. *ocial :arwinism

#. ,mmediate Effects

1. Europeans claim and conquer large empires in +frica and +sia&. ,ndigenous empires attempt reforms to meet imperialist challenge(. 6ocal people resist European domination 4oBer Reellionin hina). Iapan moderniDes along western lines

. 6ong0Term Effects

1. New global economy emerges&. Traditional cultures and economies disrupted around the world(. $estern culture spreads around the globe). -esistance to imperial rule evolves into nationalist movements 4will succeed! but only after $$,,5. European competition for empire contributes to outbrea% of $$, and $$,,

,9. ,nternational -ivalry and the oming of $ar

#efore 11)! Europeans had eBperience almost 5' years of peace. There had been wars 4including wars of conquest in the non0$esternworld! but none had involved the 2reat 3owers

+. The ismarc6ian S3stem o /lliances4read 5.&( carefully for conteBt of $$,O

1. + unified 2ermany had upset the balance of power...by %eeping the peace! #ismarc% understood he couldpreserve the new 2erman state

&. XEastern uestion= still a thorn in Europe=s flesh...subCect people in the al6anscalling for independencefrom /ttomansa. -ussia v +ustria both have differing interests in the #al%ans 4led to the failure of the Three

Emperors= 6eague 4(0way alliance w@ 2ermanyb. #ulgaria created by Treaty of *an *tefano in 1878 4#al%an states of *erbia and


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9riple 'ntente; -ussia! France! and 2reat #ritain

(. rises in the #al%ans 41'8011(...read 45.&( one more time...alliances harden! suspicions increase!tensions simmer...a potentially X2reat $ar= only needs a spar%O

hapter &5; The 2reat $ar

,. auses of the 2reat $ar 4


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+. Nationalism in the al6ans

1. 3eople with diverse ethnic bac%grounds! languages! and religions

2. +s /ttoman Empire receded! new nations were born 42reece! *erbia! rincipshot the +rchdu%e and his wife 4fateful wrong turn" both died instantly" 3rincip wasarrested and later died in prison from tuberculosis

. +ustria0>ungary=s Gltimatum

1. 2ermany gave ?lan6 chec6A of military support to +ustria0>ungary no matter what happened with the *erbians

&. +ustria0>ungary=s severe ultimatumto *erbia

(. *erbia refuses to let +ustria0>ungary=s officials run an investigation in *erbia 4tantamount to relinquishing its ownsovereignty %nowing that it had the full support of -ussia

). +ustria0>ungary declared war on *erbia on Iuly &8! 11)

:. The +lliance *ystem 6eads to $ar

1. -ussia supported *erbia and 2ermany supported +ustria0>ungary

&. $ithin one wee%! almost all of Europe plunged into war;

a. 2ermany declares war on -ussia and France

b. #ritain declares war on 2ermany after the 2ermans decided to attac% France through the flat coastal plainsof #elgium! as opposed to through the rugged terrain of the Franco02erman border 4violation of #elgianneutrality

,,,. +lliances and Fronts of the $ar K*ee J.'( and J.'5L

+. The +lliances

. 9riple 'ntente; #ritain! France! and -ussia /llies

&. Central >o4ers; 2ermany! +ustria0>ungary! #ulgaria! /ttoman Empire

#. The estern lanon the $estern Front and then turn to fight -ussia

&. ,nstead! battle lines formed in northeastern France and changed little 4war of attrition

11J #attle of 9erdun J8'!''' casualties

11J #attle of the *omme 1!'''!''' casualties

15


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117 2erman retreat bac% to the heavily fortified >indenburg line! entry of G*+ into the war in +pril! and the-ussian -evolution in November

118 +llied naval bloc%ade the entral 3owers created dramatic shortages of food and raw materials in2ermany and +ustria

. The 'astern


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:. asualties of


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. $omen=s $ages

1. 3aid less than men for same wor%

&. ,ndustrial and civil wor% provided better pay and wor%ing hours than traditional Cobs

:. $omen=s hanging -ole

1. $omen discovered the benefits of financial autonomy and greater mobility

&. *ome refused to return to domestic service

(. $omen won right to vote throughout Europe" growth of feminism 4eBpectation for change in their position and status isociety

9,,,. The >aris >eace Conerence [See "0!$

The victorious allies met in 3aris on Ianuary 18! 11! to begin negotiating terms of peace

+. 3eace of Iustice

1. 6eaders of +llied and entral 3owers met at the >alace o &ersailles

&. :irected by the #ig Four;

#ritish 3rime


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The worldwide revolution that


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outlawed! indoctrination of the young 4oung Fascists! ?women into the homeASolic3KNE3LSa modified version of the old capitalist system introduced in the *oviet Gnion by 6enin in1&1 to revive the economy after the ravages of the civil war and 4ar communismSpeasants could sell produce and %eep theprofits" small businesses could operate under private ownership

'. *truggle in >olituroafter 6enin=s death b@w supporters of :eon 9rots63and 7oseph Stalin" *talin as general secretary ableto galvaniDe mass support" Trots%y fled to itler wanted to test his new weapons the bombing of the city of 2uernica! which had nomilitary value resulted in the deaths of 1J'' civilians! and led >alo >icassoto paint his massive painting (uernica! one of themasterpieces of the &'thc.

9,,. EBpansionist


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/tonal usicS+rnold *chonberg

DStream o consciousnessEIames Ioyce! 9irginia $oolf! $illiam Faul%ner

Chapter 2#9he ?eepenin o the 'uropean Crisis* orld ar (1J=J-1J!5)4*ee J.'8! J.'! J.1'! J.11! J.1(! and J.1)

,. 3relude to $ar 41((01(

/nly twenty years after the Xwar to end all wars=! Europe plunged bac% into the nightmare of total war. The efforts of collectivesecuritythe 6eague of Nations! attempts at disarmament! pacts and treatiesall proved meaningless in view of the growth of NaDi

2ermany.

&. The -ole of >itler...'ebensraum...believed a nation=s power depended upon the amount and %ind of land it occupied...2ermanyneeded more land to support a larger population and be a great power ultimate priDe is -ussia

'. The ??iplomatic RevolutionA 41((01(J K*ee map pg 81L...violated several provisions of the 9reat3 o &ersailles...France andEngland did not want war and most li%ely also felt the peace had been too harsh" also! some #ritish statesmen believed the NaDiswere bulwar% against *oviet communismappeasement...diplomatic victories for >itler included 2erman military rearmament4creation of the 'uftwaffeand military draft! +nglo02erman Naval 3act 42erman navy could be (5Q of #rits! sent troops intothe demilitariDed -hineland with no repercussions

. The 3ath to $ar 41(701(. >itler anneBed +ustria 4the#nschluss in itler demanded Sudetenland4N$

Dech Xawarded= this at the unich Conerencecontrary to hamberlain=s views! ?peace or our timeA had notbeen achieved...by itler then demanded return of:anDig...signed @on-/ression >actwith *oviet Gnion in +ug 1( 4wouldn=t fight each other and would divide 3olandbetween them...invaded 3oland in *ept 1(

2. France and 2# had vowed to declare war on 2ermany if 3olish invasion $$,,

,,. The ourse of $orld $ar ,, Ksee maps! pages 8&) and 8&5L

+. 9ictory and *talemate...NaDis util iDed litF6riestyle of warfare send in >anFerdivisions! supported by 6uftwaffe stri%es!which would be followed up with regular infantry units to hold the newly conquered territory...France had built up fortificationsalong the ainot :ine...after stunning and swift victories over 3oland! :enmar%! Norway! #elgium! and Netherlands! the2ermans invaded France through 6uBembourg and the +rdennes forest...by Iune 1)'! the French surrendered 4same railroad caras the one the 2ermans had signed the armistice in $$,...great personal victory for >itler but (('!''' #ritish soldiers saved atthe ?miracle of ?un6ir6A

#. &ich3 Reimeset up in France part of France not occupied by the 2ermans" authoritarian regime under Aenri >etain 4NaDiXpuppet= state"


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,,,. The NaDi New /rder

+. The Aolocaust 4see map on pg 8(5...the NaDis tried to solve the ?7e4ish prolemA through different methods...at first!emigration...then! the ome Front

+. The oiliFationof 3eoples li%e $$,! the total 4arof $$,, led to planned economies! government intervention! women inthe wor%force 4?Rosie the RiveterA! rationing! propaganda! and imprisonment of its own people 4+merican internment camps ofIapanese0+mericans

#. 9he iroshima and Nagasa%i 4& cities that had been left untouched byincendiary bombing raids so the Iapanese could see the full effect of the atom bombs 7ust arM

9. The +ftermath of the $ar; The Emergence of the old $ar Ksee map page 8)(L

The total victory of the -llies in Worl! War II was not followe! by a real +eace% but by the beginnings of a new conflict ,nown as theCold )arthat !ominate! /uro+ean an! worl! +olitics until the en! of the 6789s1 The origins of the "ol! War stemme! from themilitary% +olitical% an! i!eological !ifferences% es+ecially between the Soviet nion an! the nite! States% that became a++arent at the

-llie! war conferences hel! in the last years of the war1 -lthough -llie! lea!ers were mostly +reoccu+ie! with how to en! the war% theyalso were strongly motivate! by !iffering% an! often conflicting% visions of +ostwar /uro+e1

+. $artime onferences. 9ehran Conerence4Nov 1)( hurchill! *talin! -oosevelt +llies will invade the continent through France" will

meet up with the *oviets in 2ermany! which meant the -ussians would liberate 4and dominate Eastern Europe" agreedto a partition of 2ermany

2. Galta Conerence4Feb 1)5 approved the :eclaration of a 6iberated Europe 4not followed by *oviets" approvedestablishment of the Knited @ations" *oviets promised to help +mericans against Iapan" 2ermany would be divided upinto ) occupation Dones 4same for city of #erlin

$. >otsdam Conerence4Iuly 1)5 contentious conference" maCor disagreement over free elections in Eastern Europe4according to *talin! ?a freely elected gov=t in any of these East European countries would be anti0*oviet and that wecannot allowA" Truman got word the G* had a wor%ing atom bomb 4*talin %new this b@c of spies...Truman tried to fleB+merican strength by using it against IapaneseM" Truman committed +merican troops to Europe for an indefiniteamount of time

'. The origins of the Cold arideological conflict b@w the *oviet Gnion and the G* after $$,, ?ron CurtainA. ,mmediate Effects of $$,,

:evastation and loss of life in Europe and +sia

>orror of the >olocaust

/verthrow of fascism

Founding of Gnited Nations

:emilitariDation of 2ermany and Iapan

-ise of G*+ and G**- as superpowers 4/' %< 'KR%>' A/? '@?'? 1!J2-1J!5

*oviet control of Eastern Europe

:. 6ong0Term Effects old $ar! :ivided 2ermany! Formation of @/9%and arsa4 >actmilitary alliances! development ofnuclear capability! rise of nationalismin colonial territories

Chapter 28Cold ar and a @e4 estern orld (1J!5-1J#0)

,. The :evelopment of the old $ar

Even before $$,, had ended! the two maCor +llied powersthe G* and the *Ghad begun to disagree on the nature of the postwarEuropean world. Gnity had been maintained during the war b@c of the urgent need to defeat the +Bis powers! but once theywere defeated! the differences b@w the +mericans and the *oviets again surged to the forefront...

+. onfrontation of the *uperpowers

1. auses...intense combination for political and military supremacy had long been a feature of $esternciviliDation...heirs of that European tradition of power politics Kin a sense all modern politics originates with


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2. ungary only anotherwar could reverse this situation! something the ?$estA was unwilling to do

!. 2reece and the Truman :octrine...Ksee J.&7L...ommunists and anti0ommunist forces clashed in 2reece...fearfu

of the spread of communism! Truman enunciated the 9ruman ?octrinethe G* would provide R to countriesthat claimed they were threatened by ommunist eBpansion

c. $estern Europe and the arshall >lanKsee J.(JL...on the heels of Truman :octrine came the


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a. 9itoand ugoslavia...moved toward the establishment of an independent ommunist state in ugoslaviabased on olocaust survivors andtheir relatives in order to ma%e some restitution for the crimes of the NaDi era

(. 2reat #ritain and the $elfare *tate

the end of $$,, left #ritain with massive economic problems

a. Clement /tleeand Economic NationaliDation...+tlee=s 6abour 3arty defeated hurchill=s onservative 3arty!promising far0reaching reforms! particularly in the area of social welfare! and in a country with a tremendousshortage of consumer goods and housing! its platform was quite appealing created the #ritish welfarestate! which would become the model for most European states after the war Ksee J.)(L...+tlee=s programincluded nationaliDation of the #an% of England! the coal and steel industries! public transportation! andpublic utilities such as gas and electricity" also! national medical insurance plan established

!. 6oss of *uperpower *tatus...cost of the welfare state at home forced the #ritish to reduce eBpenses abroad

dismantling of the #ritish Empire and reduction of military aid to such countries as 2reece and Tur%ey

:. $estern Europe=s


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fueled by scientific advances and rapid economic growth! led many to view it as a Xnew society.A ,n the 1J's! a wave of protests roc%edthis new society as blac%s demanded civil rights! young people marched for an end to the war in 9ietnam and a ban on nuclear weapons!and women argued for equal rights with men

+. The *tructure of European *ociety

1. Further KraniFation...still more and more people moving from rural to urban areas! which meant that the number ofindividuals in agriculture declined middle classes greatly augmented with new group of managers and technicians! as

large companies and gov=t agencies employed numbers of white0collar supervisory and administrative personnel

&. -ising ,ncomes and


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,n the midst of the transformation from old $ar to post0old $ar! other changes also shaped a new $estern world. New artistic andintellectual currents! the growth of science and technology! a religious revival! new threats from terrorists! the realiDation of environmentaproblems! the surge of a women=s liberation movementall these spo%e of a vibrant! ever0changing! and yet challenging new world.

,. From old $ar to 3ost0old $ar; Toward a New $orld /rderM

#y the 17's! +merican0*oviet relations had entered a new phase %nown as d\tente! which was mar%ed by a reduction of tensions b@wthe two superpowers...symbol of detente was the / 9reat3 o 1J#2! which limited their antiballistic missile systems" Aelsin6i/reements o 1J#5recogniDed the borders in central eastern Europe that had been established since $$,, 4tantamount torecogniDing *oviet sphere of influence in Eastern Europe and committed the signatories to recogniDe and protect the human rights of their

citiDens

&. 7imm3 Carters>uman -ights and Ronald Reaan=s ?Star arsA...*oviet invasion of +fghanistan in 17 4underta%en to restorea pro0*oviet regime hardened relations b@w superpowers... boycotted 18' *ummer /lympics in E-E $+* +2-/$,N2 3E-E3T,/N T>+T T>E */9,ET **TE< $+* /N T>E 9E-2E /F /66+3*E

1. i6hail orachev; 1erestroikaand (lasnost...came to power after brief leadership of uri +ndropov and onstantinhernen%o...from the start! he preached the needs for radical reforms...a. 1erestroika...cornerstone of 2=s radical reforms...this ?restructuringA called for a reordering of economic

policy called for the beginning of a mar%et economy w@ limited free enterprise and some private propertyb. (lasnost...2. understood that the economic sphere was intimately tied to the social and political

spheres...this ?opennessA allowed for *oviet citiDens and officials to discuss openly the strengths andwea%nesses of the *G Prav!astarted to print the Xtruth=! banned arts allowed

c. /ther changes under 2...two0candidate elections introduced! dissidents li%e +ndrei *a%harov were released!new *oviet parliament was created 4competitive elections! legaliDation of other political parties! created anew state presidency 4separation of state from ommunist party 2. became the first president of the *G

&. Nationalist


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#. ollapse of the ommunist /rder in Eastern Europe:iscontent always simmered beneath the surface of the *oviet bloc! and after 2orbachev made it clear that his gov=t wouldnot intervene militarily! the ommunist regimes fell quic%ly in the revolutions of 18

. :ech alesa=s Solidarit3in >oland...labor party that mounted tremendous threat to communist gov=t...$alesaarrested in 181! *olidarity outlawed! and 3oland was under martial la4...by 188! martial law had not solved 3oland=sserious economic problems 3olish regime allowed free parliamentary elections...in 1'! $alesa chosen as newpresident...free mar%et reforms led to severe unemployment and popular discontent...$alesa defeated by acommunist in 15! but his successor continued 3oland=s move toward an increasingly prosperous free mar%et economy

2. &aclav Aavelin CFechoslova6ia...oppressive Dech gov=t collapsed in 18 after nationwide protests...the dissidentplaywright 9aclav >avel elected president...ethnic tensions flared Dechs and *lova%s disagreed over the ma%eup of

the new state agreed to peaceful division of the country Dech -epublic and *lova%ia

(. @icolae Ceausescuand Romania...see J.&(

. The Reuniication of erman3Gntil 18! the eBistence of $. 2ermany and E. 2ermany remained the most powerful symbol of a divided post0war Europe

1. ommunist :isarray...E. 2ermany! as a faithful *oviet satellite! had nationaliDed its industry and collectiviDed itsagriculture...eBodus of mostly s%illed laborers to $est #erlin led to the creation of the #erlin $all in 1J1...'richAonec6erruled E. 2ermany with an iron fist 4made use of his secret police! the *tasi...by Nov 18! the ommunistgov=t was in complete disarray...

2. erDegovina!


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,. ,taly...politics in the post0$$,, era have been plagued by corruption...over 5' gov=ts since $$,,

,,,. New :irections and New 3roblems in $estern *ociety

&. The omens ovementKsee J.)&L...women need to average &.1 children to ensure a natural replacement of a country=spopulation in many European countries! the population stopped growing in the 1J's and the trend has continued since thenK,taly has a rate of 1.&! the lowest in the worldL...at the same time! the number of women in the wor%force continues to...women were also entering new employment areas! once the eBclusive domain of men law! gov=t! business! and educationKwhole process aided by access to education! something women had clamored for since the late iFanML...women sought and gained a measure of control over their own bodies by insisting that they had the rightto both contraception and abortion...female professors also tried to change the curriculum of the universities field of4omens studies...women were prominent in the anti-nuclear movementKwhich recalls a poignant line from >oward=s End! inwhich aul Sartreand /lert Camus...human AeBistence precedes essenceA...though the world might be absurd! it could not be absurdunless individuals chose to view it as such people must ta%e full responsibility for what they are! and this can only be done

through their involvement in life only through a person=s acts can one determine his or her values an ethical system ofaction Kfor instance! *artre was a %ey player in the anti0nuclear movement in France! and a powerful voice for +lgerianindependenceL

. -evival of -eligion...theologians tried to reinterpret traditional hristian teachings with modern eBistence...revival ofatholicism after &atican Council ! which liberaliDed a number of atholic practices 4for instance! mass said in 6atin no longerrequired and under the popular pope! 7ohn >aul

:. *cience and Technology...before $$,,! theoretical science and technology were largely separated...pure science was underta%enby university professors who were far removed from the practical technological concerns of technicians and engineers...butduring $$,,! university scientists were recruited to wor% for their gov=ts and develop new weapons and practical instruments ofwar radar! self0propelled roc%ets! Cet airplanes! the computer 4+lan Turing! the atomic bomb...by 1J5! almost Z of all

scientific research funds in the G* came from the gov=t Amilitar3-industrial compleBA

E. EBplosion of 3opular ulture

the history of popular culture in a deep sense is the history of the economic system that supports it! for this systemmanufactures! distributes! and sells the images that people consume as popular culture...ol6 culture is somethin people ma6e4hereas popular culture is somethin people u3

1 /mericaniFationof the $orld...through movies! music KCaDD! blues! r b! rap! and roc% and rollL! advertising! andtelevision K0aywatchphenomenon]

&. Television and radio...in Europe! these mass entertainment media have largely been controlled by the state

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Documents

2nd Semester Outlines