Reformation and religious wars

Reformation and Religious Reformation and Religious WarsWars

Protestantism and InquisitionProtestantism and Inquisition

Warm Up

•What problems was the Catholic Church facing before & during the Renaissance?

Northern Christian Northern Christian HumanismHumanism

• Turned to the Greeks and Romans for more information Turned to the Greeks and Romans for more information concerning religionconcerning religion

• Erasmus wanted to restore Christianity to simplicity and a Erasmus wanted to restore Christianity to simplicity and a return to biblical studyreturn to biblical study

• Thomas Moore used his studies to try to improve the stateThomas Moore used his studies to try to improve the state• In his book In his book Utopia, Utopia, More describes a society without More describes a society without

corruption or fame: people work only for what they needcorruption or fame: people work only for what they need

Causes of the ReformationCauses of the Reformation

• Papal LeadershipPapal Leadership

• Catholic WealthCatholic Wealth

• Indulgences and RelicsIndulgences and Relics

• Heresy vs. ReformHeresy vs. Reform

Papal LeadershipPapal Leadership

• Failure of Renaissance popes to provide Failure of Renaissance popes to provide leadershipleadership

• Corruption and secular power of PopesCorruption and secular power of Popes

• Pope’s primary concern was with raising Pope’s primary concern was with raising moneymoney– New churches (St. Peters Basilica)New churches (St. Peters Basilica)– Supporting the large Catholic bureaucracySupporting the large Catholic bureaucracy

St. Peters BasilicaSt. Peters Basilica

Rome from the Top of St. Rome from the Top of St. PetersPeters

Inside St. Inside St. Peters Peters BasilicaBasilica

Pluralism and AbsenteeismPluralism and Absenteeism

• One clergyman held more than one position (priest, One clergyman held more than one position (priest, monk, bishop, archbishop, cardinal, etc)monk, bishop, archbishop, cardinal, etc)– Needed more than one job obtained to increase revenueNeeded more than one job obtained to increase revenue– Positions often held by already rich noblesPositions often held by already rich nobles

• Sometimes the clergy ignored their positions and Sometimes the clergy ignored their positions and hired other, less qualified underlings to do job for hired other, less qualified underlings to do job for themthem

Indulgences and RelicsIndulgences and Relics

• Indulgences were basically passes into Indulgences were basically passes into heaven for one’s self or family memberheaven for one’s self or family member– No biblical basis; fundraising aloneNo biblical basis; fundraising alone

• Prince Fredrick of Saxony had 19,000 Prince Fredrick of Saxony had 19,000 relics whose combined might could relics whose combined might could relieve one of 2 million years in relieve one of 2 million years in purgatory simply by paying to visit purgatory simply by paying to visit themthem– Relics were fake more often than not, but Relics were fake more often than not, but

since the church backed them, they were since the church backed them, they were perceived as real.perceived as real.

Heresy vs. ReformHeresy vs. Reform

• People were searching for meaningful religious People were searching for meaningful religious expression and certainty of salvationexpression and certainty of salvation

• Many, especially among laymen, were looking for Many, especially among laymen, were looking for leadership, but found only power hungry clericsleadership, but found only power hungry clerics

• All Reformers were sure of the certainty and All Reformers were sure of the certainty and perfection of the Catholic Church, at first…perfection of the Catholic Church, at first…

• Any challenge to the canon, beliefs, and Any challenge to the canon, beliefs, and supremacy of the Catholic Church was seen as supremacy of the Catholic Church was seen as heresyheresy– they could not be wrong as God’s representatives on they could not be wrong as God’s representatives on

EarthEarth

Martin LutherMartin Luther

• Originally LawyerOriginally Lawyer• Became monk after near deathBecame monk after near deathexperienceexperience• Luther’s primary concern: What must I do to be Luther’s primary concern: What must I do to be

saved?saved?• Luther was a professor of theology in WittenburgLuther was a professor of theology in Wittenburg

– Came to a conclusion by teaching and studying the Came to a conclusion by teaching and studying the BibleBible

– Believed that man needed Believed that man needed faith alonefaith alone to be saved to be saved because Christ died for the salvation of mankindbecause Christ died for the salvation of mankind

– Catholics emphasized that certain actions on earth Catholics emphasized that certain actions on earth must also be completedmust also be completed

Luther was a Catholic Monk!Luther was a Catholic Monk!• He was not interested in starting a new religionHe was not interested in starting a new religion

• He wanted to help fix the problems that he saw in He wanted to help fix the problems that he saw in the Catholic Churchthe Catholic Church

• Cast out as a heretic for challenging beliefs over Cast out as a heretic for challenging beliefs over indulgencesindulgences

• Religion spread in part due to backing by German Religion spread in part due to backing by German princes such as Saxony’s Prince Fredrickprinces such as Saxony’s Prince Fredrick

• Lutheranism appealed to German princesLutheranism appealed to German princes– Catholic landCatholic land– No control from outside sourcesNo control from outside sources

• Lutheranism also spread to Northern Europe as Lutheranism also spread to Northern Europe as wellwell

Luther’s Focus on ReformLuther’s Focus on Reform

• All religious practices (including All religious practices (including sacraments) must be biblically basedsacraments) must be biblically based

• All religious laws must be biblically All religious laws must be biblically basedbased

• Salvation through faith aloneSalvation through faith alone

• Priesthood is there for guidance, not Priesthood is there for guidance, not dictatorshipdictatorship

• Church should not concern itself with Church should not concern itself with amassing wealthamassing wealth

Other Protestant Other Protestant MovementsMovements

• ZwinglianismZwinglianism

• AnabaptistsAnabaptists

• AnglicanismAnglicanism

• CalvinismCalvinism

ZwinglianismZwinglianism• Ulrich Zwingli was a Swiss

born son of a wealthy peasant• He set the ground works for

Calvin• He started preaching the

Gospel in 1518• Began the disputation, or town

hall, method for deciding religious matters– Generally favored Protestants

• Ideology:– Looked to the State for leadership– Forbade any images or music;

took away from scripture– Abolished monasteries,

pilgrimages, saints, celibacy, and the pope’s authority

• Unable to ally with Luther b/c of differences over communion

AnabaptismAnabaptism• The most radical form of Protestantism

– usually favored by peasants and artisans

– Conglomeration of different groups with similar beliefs

• Ideology:– Adult vs. Infant baptism: no choice– All believers equal: democracy– Ministers appointed by vote– Simple Christian living of early

Christians– Complete separation of church and

state– Most are pacifists

• In 1530s, violent millenarian Anabaptists take control of Munster in Westphalia

• John of Leiden (right) took control of the now communal city as its king– Prince of Westphalia massacred

Anabaptists with a large army

Today, Anabaptists are known as the Amish and the Mennonites

Anabaptist Leaders Anabaptist Leaders ExecutedExecuted

CalvinismCalvinism• John Calvin (1509-1564) was

a scholar of humanism and law before conversion to Protestantism

• Originally from Paris, he eventually migrated to Geneva, Switzerland

• Ideology:• Salvation through faith alone• Absolute sovereignty of God• Predestination

– The “elect” vs “probate”

• Militant international Protestant

• Importance of Scripture and 2 sacraments

• Jesus present in spirit during communion

•Future Calvinists:•Puritans•Presbyterians

Religious WarsReligious Wars•Very little unity between Protestant churches

•They become separated and easily defeatable•Schmalkaldic Wars

•Charles V vs. Lutheran Princes•Survives due to alliance with French Catholic Henry II

•Peace of Augsburg•Zwinglian’s influence creates war between Catholics and Protestants

•Zwinglian’s forces defeated; Z killed, cut up and burned

•Anabaptists create widespread revolution, leaders executed•Calvin’s Geneva seeks purity leading to severe punishments for “sinners”

French Wars of ReligionFrench Wars of Religion

• Period lasting between 1562 and 1598Period lasting between 1562 and 1598• Huguenots vs. Ultra-CatholicsHuguenots vs. Ultra-Catholics• Henry of Navarre vs. Duke of GuiseHenry of Navarre vs. Duke of Guise• Huguenots were 10% of population but 50% of Huguenots were 10% of population but 50% of

the noblesthe nobles• Well organized and well fundedWell organized and well funded• Third group called Third group called politiquespolitiques or people more or people more

interested in the state than religioninterested in the state than religion• Catherine de Medici ruled France as regent for Catherine de Medici ruled France as regent for

unstable sons of King Henry II (died in an unstable sons of King Henry II (died in an accident)accident)

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, 1572

War of the Three Henrys (1574-1589)

• Ultra-Catholics: Henry of Guise• Henry III, King of France (son

of Henry II): Politiques– Lost influence due to massacre

• Henry of Navarre– Turned Catholic to escape Paris

in St. Bart’s Massacre, but turned back Calvinist

• Henry of Guise and Henry III assassinate each other

• Henry of Navarre gains throne by re-re-converting back to Catholicism

• Continuing warfare leads to the passing of the Edict of Nantes in 1589, ending the war

Cardinal Richelieu• After the death of Henry IV,

his son, Louis XIII is too young to rule

• Cardinal Richelieu assumes power as regent

• Disarms and takes local power from Huguenots promised in the Edict of Nantes

• Eliminates feudal castles, creates the French Academy, and strengthens the French monarchy

• Creates spy network to root out plots and crush conspiracies, further increasing the central power of the state

AnglicanisAnglicanismm

•King Henry VIII wanted the right to remarry when his wife, Catherine, could not produce a male heir•Pope Clement VII would normally have done so, but was dependent on Charles V, nephew of Catherine•With the Act of Supremacy, Henry removed all papal authority from England•Created the Anglican Church with the King at the head•The humanist, Thomas More, disagreed with the king’s actions and was beheaded•There was almost no ideological change from the Catholic Church

Anglicanism After HenryAnglicanism After Henry•After Henry’s death, three of his children would reign, the sickly Edward VI, Mary, and Elizabeth.•Mary, Henry VIII’s first daughter, tries to convert England back to Catholicism•Mary would try to reinstitute Catholicism, in England

• People resist leading to burnings, murders, and vodka drinks

•Also after Henry’s death, the parliament of England reformed the church to follow with other Reformation churches•The Anglican church always retained the grandeur of Catholicism

Catholic ReformationCatholic Reformation

• Council of TrentCouncil of Trent– Revival of the OldRevival of the Old

• Renewed PapacyRenewed Papacy

• JesuitsJesuits

• Inquisition: Malleus MalificarumInquisition: Malleus Malificarum

Council of Council of TrentTrent

• In 1542, a general council was called to discuss religious differences

• Met intermittently between 1542 and 1563 because of political strife– Not well attended

• Nonetheless made important decisions– Only the Church can

interpret scripture– Salvation requires works

and faith– 7 Sacraments– Belief in

transubstantiation, indulgences, and saints upheld

Catholic Reforms in Trent

•Priests must be officially trained at a seminary in one’s diocese

• Illegal to forcefully push indulgences•Scripture and the Bible placed on equal

footing•Latin upheld as the churches language•Eliminated pluralism and absenteeism•Gave bishops authority to enforce local

rules of the church

JesuitsJesuits• Started by St. Ignatius of Loyola

• Supported the ultimate authority of the pope in all religious matters– Responsible for reasserting the authority

of popes over councils at the Council of Trent

• Militantly supportive of the Catholic Church– Engaged in “conflict for God”

• Responsible for going out amongst the “heathens” and Protestants to covert them to Catholicism

• Believed education of Catholics was key to creating a strong base for the Church– St. Francis Xavier one of the many

missionaries, went to Asia to achieve converts in India, China, and Japan

Other Monastic Orders Other Monastic Orders ReformedReformed

•Franciscans returned to poverty and simplicity of St. Francis•Carmelite order formed by Teresa of Avilia as a mystic society to explore union between God and men (or more specifically women•St. Vincent de Paul: an order specifically started to help the poor

Renewed PapacyRenewed Papacy• The ineffectual Pope Leo X

led to Pope Clement VII who unsuccessfully fought against Henry VIII of England

• The next pope, Paul III (1534-49) was a turning point for the Church

• He created the Roman Inquisition to root out Protestant sympathizers and corrupt bishops and Cardinals

• Accompanied Inquisition with focus on spiritual self-improvement and sanctity of the Church

Inquisition: Spanish, Roman, Inquisition: Spanish, Roman, or Christian?or Christian?

Inquisition MethodsInquisition Methods

Mannerism and Late Renaissance• The political atmosphere

in Italy changed with the takeover of Florence by the Medici

• The religious atmosphere of Europe changed with the onset of the Protestantism

• Art became disturbed and emotional

Jacopo Pontormo, Entombment (1528)

Bologna, Rape of the Sabine Woman (1583)

Titian, Rape of Europa (1559)

• Pieter Bruegel continued with some of the disturbing images just as the Italians, Triumph of Death (1561)

Reformation SpreadsReformation Spreads