Anatomy & Physiology Lecture Notes - Ch. 2 chemistry - part 3

Warm-Up1. What type of reaction – synthesis,

decomposition, or exchange – occurs when fats are digested in your small intestine?

2. Salts, acids, and bases are electrolytes. What is an electrolyte? (See Ch. 2)

3. Which ion is responsible for increased acidity?

Warm-Up1. What are monomers of carbohydrates

called?

2. Which monomer is blood sugar?

3. What is the animal form of stored carbohydrate called?

Warm-Up1. Describe the four levels of protein structure.

2. List and describe the two main types of proteins.

3. List 3 differences between DNA and RNA.

Chapter 2Part 3: Organic Compounds

Organic CompoundsAll contain C, H, OTypes:

CarbohydratesLipidsProteinsNucleic acids (DNA, RNA)ATP

PolymerPolymer: chainlike molecules made of repeating units called monomersmonomers

Organic molecules are made by dehydration dehydration synthesissynthesis

monomer monomer polymer polymer macromolecule macromolecule

Polymers are broken down (digested) by hydrolysishydrolysis

CarbohydratesStructure: contains C, H, O (C:H:O in 1:2:1 ratio)Function: main fuel for cells; some structureTypes:

MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides ( (monomersmonomers) ) – simple sugarsGlucose, galactose, fructose, deoxyribose

DisaccharidesDisaccharides – double sugarglucose + fructose sucroseEg. lactose, maltose

PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides – polymer (many sugars linked)Starch: storage carb in plantsGlycogen: storage carb in animal tissues (liver,

skeletal muscle)

LipidsStructure: contains C, H, O (much more CH than O)Function: store energy, cell membranes, hormonesTypes:

TriglyceridesTriglycerides: oils, fatsFatty acid + glycerolSaturated, unsaturatedunsaturated (mono- or poly-), trans,

omega-3omega-3PhospholipidsPhospholipids: lipid bilayer in cell membranesSteroidsSteroids: cholesterol, hormonesEicosanoidsEicosanoids: prostaglandins (blood clotting,

blood pressure, inflammation, labor)

ProteinsStructure: contains C, H, O, N (+ some S, P)

Monomer = amino acidamino acidFunctions:

Enzymes (lactase)Hormones (insulin)Transport (hemoglobin)Immunity (antibodies)Movement (muscles)Support (collagen)

Structural Levels of Proteins1.1. PrimaryPrimary:

Amino acid sequence forms polypeptide

20 different amino acids AA’s linked by peptide bondspeptide bonds

Structural Levels of Proteins2.2. SecondarySecondary:

Hydrogen bonds make spirals and sheets

Spirals = Alpha (Alpha ()-helix)-helix Sheets = Beta (Beta ()-pleated sheet)-pleated sheet

Structural Levels of Proteins3.3. TertiaryTertiary:

More folding to produce globular (compact, ball-like) molecule

Structural Levels of Proteins4.4. QuaternaryQuaternary:

2+ polypeptides

amino acids polypeptide protein

Two Types of ProteinsFibrous ProteinFibrous Protein

StructuralEg. collagen,

keratin

Globular ProteinGlobular ProteinFunctionalEg. antibodies,

enzymes

Protein DenaturationDenatureDenature = protein unfolds and loses 3D

shapeCauses: pH, temperatureChange in STRUCTURE change in FUNCTION!!!

Nucleic AcidsStructure: contains C, H, O, N, P

Monomer = nucleotidenucleotide (sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base)

Function: store hereditary informationTypes: DNA, RNA

Nucleotide

DNADNA RNARNA

DNADNA RNARNAInstructions for building

proteinsDouble-stranded

(double helix)Sugar: DeoxyriboseBases: A, G, C, Thymine

Complimentary: A-T, G-C

Carry info from DNA to ribosomes

Single-strandedSugar: RiboseBases: A, G, C, UracilmRNA, tRNA, rRNA

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)Structure: adenine base + ribose +3

phosphatesFunction: main energy compound of cells

ATP ADP + Pi + energyenergy

EnzymesBiological CatalystBiological Catalyst: speeds up chemical

reactions, but not used up or changedLowers activation energyactivation energy (E required to start

reaction)

EnzymesSubstrateSubstrate: what an enzyme acts onActive siteActive site: where substrate binds (very specific

shape to fit substrate)

EnzymesEnzymes are proteins affected by pHpH and

temperaturetemperature

Protein DenaturationDenatureDenature = protein unfolds and loses 3D

shapeCauses: pH, temperatureChange in STRUCTURE change in FUNCTION!!!