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Development of the face
By
Dr Noura El Tahawy
Special Embryology
INTRODUCTION
Anatomical structures are more diverse in the
mouth than in any other region
The human face begins to form during the 4th
week of embryonic development
By the 6th week the external face is completed
Between the 6th and 8th weeks the development
of the palate subdivides nasal and oral cavities
This development continues into the 12th week
with completion of the soft palate
DEVELOPMENT OF FACE
bull Face develops from 3 prominences that surround the stomatodeum
1 One frontonasal process
2 Right and Left maxillary processes (from first pharyngeal arch)
bull 3- Rightamp left Mandibular processes (from the first pharyngeal arch)
bullN B Stomodeum is a depression bounded cranially by a bulging produced by the
brain and caudally by a bulging produced by the pericardial cavity
From each side of lower part of frontonasal process two mesodermal processes
appear called medialamp lateral nasal processes (they will give the nasal cavities in the
future
Maxillary
process
DEVELOPMENT OF FACE
Mandibular
process
Mandibular
process
Maxillary
process
Fronto-Nasal process
DEVELOPMENT OF FACE
8
bull Lateral view of an embryo at the end of the fourth week showing position of the pharyngeal
arches B Frontal view of a 45-week embryo showing the mandibular and maxillary
prominences The nasal placodes are visible on either side of the frontonasal prominence C
Scanning electron micrograph of a human embryo at a stage similar to that of B
Frontal aspect of the face A 5-week embryo B 6--week embryo The nasal prominences are gradually separated from the maxillary prominence by deep furrows
Development of face
DEVELOPMENT OF FACE
A Frontal aspect of the face A 7-week embryo Maxillary
prominences have fused with the medial nasal prominences
B 10- week embryo
DEVELOPMENT OF UPPER LIP
Each maxillary process grows medially and fuses first with the lateral nasal
process and then with medial nasal process
The medial and lateral nasal processes fuse with each other in the nasal pits (ext
nares) are cut off from stomatodaeum
The mesodermal basis of the lateral part of the lip is formed from the maxillary
process and the overlying skin is derived from the ectoderm covering this
process
The mesodermal basis of the median part of lip (philtrum) is formed from
frontonasal process
The skin of the entire upper lip is innervated by maxillary nerves
The muscles of the face along with the lips are derived from mesoderm of
second bronchial arch are supplied by the facial nerve
DEVELOPMENT OF LOWER LIP
The mandibular process of two sides grow towards each
other and fuse in the midline The fused mandibular
processes give rise to lower lipamp to lower jaw
DEVELOPMENT OF CHEEK
bull After the formation of the upper lip and lower lips the stomatodaeum becomes broader
bull In its lateral part it is bounded by the maxillary process from above and mandibular
process from below
bull Progressive fusion of both the processes form the cheek
FACIAL MUSCLES
Muscles of face
develop from 2nd
branchial arch and
are supplied by
facial nerve
DEVELOPMENT OF FACE
bull The cheek is formed by the fusion of posterior part of maxillary
and mandibular process
bull The nose is derived from the frontonasal process
bull The nasal cavity is formed by enlargement of the nasal pits
bull Paranasal sinuses appear as outgrowths from the nasal cavity
bull The palate is formed by fusion of 3 components ie right and left
palatal processes and the primitive palate
bull The oral cavity is derived party from the stomatodaeum
(ectoderm) and partly from the foregut(endoderm)
DEVELOPMENT OF FACE
bull The pharynx is derived from the foregut
bull Muscles of face develop from 2nd branchial arch and are supplied by
facial nerve
bull Eyes develop from three sources
- Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic n
-Surface ectoderm of the head - lens
- Mesoderm between these layers ndash eye muscle and vascular tissues
bull External ear develops from Ext Acoustic meatus middle ear develops
from tubotympanic recess that is derived from 1st pouch and internal ear
is derived from otic placode which is a thickening of surface ectoderm
DEVELOPMENT OF NOSE
DEVELOPMENT OF THE NOSE
bull The nasal cavities are separated from the mouth by the
development of palate The narrowing of the fronto-nasal process
and the enlargement of nasal cavities brings them closer together
bull The intervening tissues becomes much thinned to form the nasal
septum
bull The nasal pits now deepen to form the nasal sacs which expand
both dorsally and caudally The nasal sac has a ventral orifice that
opens on the face is called the Anterior nares
Structures Formed Prominence
- One in number
- Forms Forehead bridge of nose and medial and lateral nasal
prominences
Frontonasal
- One on each side Merge with the lateral nasal process then with the
medial nasal process to form
- Part of Cheeks Upper lip except the median part (Philtrum) Upper
Jaw except median part Definitive palate
Maxillary (Two)
-- Two arise from lower border of frontonasal process one on each side
medially - Merge with each other in the middle line to form
intermaxillary segment which will give
- Philtrum of upper lip Median part of upper jaw (carrying 4 incisors)
Primitive palate Primitive nasal septum crestamp tip of the nose
Two Medial nasal
(from frontonasal
Process)
-Two arise from lower border of frontonasal process one on each side
laterally Separated from the maxillary process by cleft where the
nasolacrimal duct lies - Give Alae of nose
Two Lateral nasal
(from frontonasal
process)
- One on each side below the maxillary processes Merge with its
fellow of other side to form - Whole Lower lip Whole lower jaw
Most of cheek
Mandibular (two)
Summary Structures Contributing to Formation of the Face
CORRELATION BETWEEN SENSORYamp MOTOR NERVE SUPPLY OF THE
FACE AND ITS DEVELOPMENT
25
The process and its
derivatives
Nerve supply
Frontonasal process Ophthalmic nerve from trigeminal (First
arch nerve)
Maxillary processes Maxillary nerve from trigeminal (First
arch nerve)
Mandibular
processes
Mandibular nerve from trigeminal
(First arch nerve)
The muscles of the face (Facial expression muscles) along with
the lips are derived from mesenchyme of second bronchial arch
Thus they are supplied by the facial nerve
SUMMARY DEVELOPMENT OF THE NOSE
Formed of proliferation of mesoderm ventral to forebrain 1- Frontonasal
process formation
-2 oval ectodermal thickenings on the surface of lateral parts of frontonasal process 2 Nasal placodes
-Mesoderm proliferation occurs around the nasal placodes
- Horse shoe- shaped
- On the sides of nasal placodes the proliferation forms the medial amp lateral nasal
prominences
- Nasal pits occur in the center of each of them
3 Lateralamp Medial
nasal prominences
-Results from fusion of medial nasal prominences
-It will give rise philtrum of upper lip primitive nasal septum amp median part of the
upper jaw (carrying 4 incisors) amp the primitive palate
3 Premaxilla
- Extension of the maxillary process below the nasal pit converts the pits into
primitive cavity
4 Nasal cavity
-Primitive septum formed by intermaxillary segment of frontonasal process
-Definitive septum formed by proliferation of mesoderm of the roof of stomodeum
-grows amp divides nasal cavity into Rt amp Lt halves
5 Nasal septum
-Nasolacrimal groove is formed between maxillary process amp latera nassal fold By 5
th week fusion of the two processes occurs
-Beneath the line of fusion solid cord of cells appear then canalized amp its cranial end
expanded to from the lacrimal sac
6 Nasolacrimal duct
27
Intermaxillary segment and maxillary processes B The intermaxillary segment giving rise to the philtrum of the upper lip the median part of the maxillary bone
with its four incisor teeth and the triangular primary palate
DEVELOPMENT OF THE PALATE
SUMMARY OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE PALATE
I Stage of formation of processes
1- Formation of Primitive or Primary Palate
bull By 5 th week Intermaxillary process of frontonasal process 1ry palate later becomes the premaxilla of hard palateIncisive fossa (the anterior triangular area bounded by the 4 incisor teeth)
2 Formation of Definitive (secondary) palate
bull Maxillary processes palatine processes 2ry palate meetingamp fusion with 1ry palate
II Stage of meetingamp fusion of the processes
bull Palatine processes grow mediallyamp fuse with each other in the midline amp fuse with the primitive palate Fusion of the premaxilla palatine processes of maxillaamp nasal septum begins at 8 th week
III- Stage of ossification to form Hard palate
bull The anterior frac34 of the palate ossify hard palate amp posterior frac14 the soft palate amp uvula
DEVELOPMENTAL
ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
DEVELOPMENT OF FACE
31
A Incomplete cleft lip B Bilateral cleft lip C Cleft lip cleft jaw and cleft palate D Isolated cleft palate E Oblique facial
cleft
32
Ventral view of the palate gum lip and nose A Normal B Unilateral cleft lip extending into the nose C Unilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw and
extending to the incisive foramen D Bilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw E
Isolated cleft palate F Cleft palate combined with unilateral anterior cleft lip
INCIDENCE
Cleft lip is common among males while cleft palate is more
common among females
Unilateral clefts - 80 of the incidence
Bilateral clefts - remaining 20
CLEFT LIP AND PALATE
CLEFT LIP AND PALATE -
Cleft palate - A congenital fissure in the roof of the mouth
resulting from incomplete fusion of the palate during
embryonic development
Cleft lip - A congenital deformity characterized by a vertical
cleft or pair of clefts in the upper lip with or without
involvement of the palate Defective fusion of the medial nasal
process with the maxillary process leads to cleft lip
GENETIC OR ENVIRONMENTAL
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE PALATE
(VEAUrsquoS CLASSIFICATION)
Most accepted
GROUP I- cleft of the soft palate only
GROUP II-Cleft of the hard and soft palate to the incisive foramen
GROUP III-Complete unilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and
the lip and alveolar ridge on one side
GROUP IV-Complete bilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and the
lip and alveolar ridge on both sides
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
1-Oblique facial cleft
- cleft extends from the upper lip to orbit
- Due to failure of fusion between maxillary process and lateral margin of
frontonasal process
2- Cleft upper lip ( hare lip) Involve upper lip cleft with or without cleft palate
(medial nasal process)
-Median hare lip partial or complete failure of fusion of the two medial nasal
processes to form the intermaxillary segment (absent phitrum)
- Unilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary process with intermaxillary
processes ( the medial nasal process) on one side
-Bilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary processes with intermaxillary
processes (the medial nasal processes) of both sides
3- Median cleft lower lip
- Due to failure of fusion between the 2 mandibular processes
4- Macrostomia (larg mouth)
Due to arrest of fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes to shift
the angle medially gtgtgt very big oral fissure
5- Microstomia
Due to excessive fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes
gtgtgtgtvery small oral fissure
6- Aganthia absent lower jaw
7- Micrganthia small lower jaw
8- Atresia of nasolacrimal duct failure of the canalization of the nasolacrimal
duct
9 Congenital anomalies of the nose
1Absent Nose No nasal processes are formed
2Single nostril Only one nasal Placode is formed
3Stenosis (Narrowing) of the nostril
4Deviation of the Nasal Septum
5Bifid nose if the medial nasal processes do not merge completely
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
bull Ear consists of 3 anatomical parts
- Internal ear
- Middle ear
- External ear
-External ear
External acoustic meatus-
Develops by deepening of the dorsal end of the 1st pharyngeal groove
bull Pinna or Auricle
Six mesenchymal hillocks ndash Auricular hillocks develop from the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arch
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
-Middle ear
Develops from the tubotympanic recess ie derived from the 1st pharyngeal pouch
Tympanic cavity- Distal portion of the tubotympanic recess expands
-Tympanic membrane Ectodermal lining from1 ST pharyngeal groove
-Mesodermal lining from 1st and 2nd arch
-Endodermal lining from tubotympanic recess
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
Ear ossicles
bull 1st bone to attain ultimate size
bull Maleus and Incus develop from the 1st arch
bull Stapes develop from 2nd arch
bull Ossification begins in the 16th week and continues up to the 25th week
-INTERNAL EAR
bull OTIC PLACODE
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
DEVELOPMENT OF EYE
bull Eyes develop from three sources
Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic
nerve
Surface ectoderm of the head- lens
Mesoderm between these layers - eye muscle and
vascular tissues
bull 1st indication of eye formation is optic sulcus
which is formed in the 4th week
DEVELOPMENT OF EYE
DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH
bull The teeth are formed in relation to the dental lamina An enlargement of
dental lamina for each tooth is formed which is called the enamel organ
Ameloblasts form the enamel odontoblasts form the dentine and the
mesenchyme that invaginates into enamel organ forms the pulp
bull The ant 23rd of the tongue is formed from the lingual swellings and the
tuberculum impar
bull The post13rd of the tongue is formed by cranial part of hypobranchial
eminence
bull The salivary glands develop as outgrowths of buccal epithelium
bull The palatine tonsil develops in relation to 2nd pharyngeal pouch
Anodontia
Oligodontia
Microdontiamacrodontia
Gemination Concrescence
FUSION
Fusion
Dilaceration
Supernumerary teeth
Amelogenesis imperfecta
SUPERNUMERARY Enviornmental enamel hypoplasia
DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF TEETH
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Congenitally missing teeth (most commonly
the upper laterals)
Presence of natal or neonatal teeth
Presence of supernumerary teeth
Ectopically erupting teeth
Anomalies of tooth morphology
Enamel hypoplasia
Microdontia
Fused teeth
Macrodontia
Mobile and early shedding of teeth due to poor
periodontal support
Posterior and anterior cross bite
Protruding premaxilla
Deep bite
Spacingcrowding
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Third week Development of ear
Formation of Stomatodaeum
Fourth week
Formation of Fronto-nasal process maxillary and mandibular
process
Development of cranial base
Formation of pharyngeal arches
Development of tongue
Fifth week Formation of Nasal placode Medial and lateral nasal process
Development of mandible
Sixth week Development of Nasal cavity
Development of Parotid and Submandibular salivary glands
Seventh week Formation of pre-maxilla
Eight week Formation of definitive palate
Development of Sublingual salivary glands
Tenth week Development of TMJ
Development of Maxillary sinus
Twelth week Development of Ethmoidal Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses
I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON
1 Development of the face
2 Development of the Palate
3 Development of the Nose
4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes
5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes
6 Innervation of the face from Embryological
background
II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS
1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal
prominence
2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face
originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells
3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the
development of the face
4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week
5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular
prominence
6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence
1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate
is formed from helliphellip process
III MCQ
1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at
A six weeks post-fertilization
B eight weeks post-fertilization
C ten weeks post-fertilization
D twelve weeks post-fertilization
2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the
A palatine processes
B palatine and frontonasal processes
C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes
D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular
processes
THANKS
INTRODUCTION
Anatomical structures are more diverse in the
mouth than in any other region
The human face begins to form during the 4th
week of embryonic development
By the 6th week the external face is completed
Between the 6th and 8th weeks the development
of the palate subdivides nasal and oral cavities
This development continues into the 12th week
with completion of the soft palate
DEVELOPMENT OF FACE
bull Face develops from 3 prominences that surround the stomatodeum
1 One frontonasal process
2 Right and Left maxillary processes (from first pharyngeal arch)
bull 3- Rightamp left Mandibular processes (from the first pharyngeal arch)
bullN B Stomodeum is a depression bounded cranially by a bulging produced by the
brain and caudally by a bulging produced by the pericardial cavity
From each side of lower part of frontonasal process two mesodermal processes
appear called medialamp lateral nasal processes (they will give the nasal cavities in the
future
Maxillary
process
DEVELOPMENT OF FACE
Mandibular
process
Mandibular
process
Maxillary
process
Fronto-Nasal process
DEVELOPMENT OF FACE
8
bull Lateral view of an embryo at the end of the fourth week showing position of the pharyngeal
arches B Frontal view of a 45-week embryo showing the mandibular and maxillary
prominences The nasal placodes are visible on either side of the frontonasal prominence C
Scanning electron micrograph of a human embryo at a stage similar to that of B
Frontal aspect of the face A 5-week embryo B 6--week embryo The nasal prominences are gradually separated from the maxillary prominence by deep furrows
Development of face
DEVELOPMENT OF FACE
A Frontal aspect of the face A 7-week embryo Maxillary
prominences have fused with the medial nasal prominences
B 10- week embryo
DEVELOPMENT OF UPPER LIP
Each maxillary process grows medially and fuses first with the lateral nasal
process and then with medial nasal process
The medial and lateral nasal processes fuse with each other in the nasal pits (ext
nares) are cut off from stomatodaeum
The mesodermal basis of the lateral part of the lip is formed from the maxillary
process and the overlying skin is derived from the ectoderm covering this
process
The mesodermal basis of the median part of lip (philtrum) is formed from
frontonasal process
The skin of the entire upper lip is innervated by maxillary nerves
The muscles of the face along with the lips are derived from mesoderm of
second bronchial arch are supplied by the facial nerve
DEVELOPMENT OF LOWER LIP
The mandibular process of two sides grow towards each
other and fuse in the midline The fused mandibular
processes give rise to lower lipamp to lower jaw
DEVELOPMENT OF CHEEK
bull After the formation of the upper lip and lower lips the stomatodaeum becomes broader
bull In its lateral part it is bounded by the maxillary process from above and mandibular
process from below
bull Progressive fusion of both the processes form the cheek
FACIAL MUSCLES
Muscles of face
develop from 2nd
branchial arch and
are supplied by
facial nerve
DEVELOPMENT OF FACE
bull The cheek is formed by the fusion of posterior part of maxillary
and mandibular process
bull The nose is derived from the frontonasal process
bull The nasal cavity is formed by enlargement of the nasal pits
bull Paranasal sinuses appear as outgrowths from the nasal cavity
bull The palate is formed by fusion of 3 components ie right and left
palatal processes and the primitive palate
bull The oral cavity is derived party from the stomatodaeum
(ectoderm) and partly from the foregut(endoderm)
DEVELOPMENT OF FACE
bull The pharynx is derived from the foregut
bull Muscles of face develop from 2nd branchial arch and are supplied by
facial nerve
bull Eyes develop from three sources
- Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic n
-Surface ectoderm of the head - lens
- Mesoderm between these layers ndash eye muscle and vascular tissues
bull External ear develops from Ext Acoustic meatus middle ear develops
from tubotympanic recess that is derived from 1st pouch and internal ear
is derived from otic placode which is a thickening of surface ectoderm
DEVELOPMENT OF NOSE
DEVELOPMENT OF THE NOSE
bull The nasal cavities are separated from the mouth by the
development of palate The narrowing of the fronto-nasal process
and the enlargement of nasal cavities brings them closer together
bull The intervening tissues becomes much thinned to form the nasal
septum
bull The nasal pits now deepen to form the nasal sacs which expand
both dorsally and caudally The nasal sac has a ventral orifice that
opens on the face is called the Anterior nares
Structures Formed Prominence
- One in number
- Forms Forehead bridge of nose and medial and lateral nasal
prominences
Frontonasal
- One on each side Merge with the lateral nasal process then with the
medial nasal process to form
- Part of Cheeks Upper lip except the median part (Philtrum) Upper
Jaw except median part Definitive palate
Maxillary (Two)
-- Two arise from lower border of frontonasal process one on each side
medially - Merge with each other in the middle line to form
intermaxillary segment which will give
- Philtrum of upper lip Median part of upper jaw (carrying 4 incisors)
Primitive palate Primitive nasal septum crestamp tip of the nose
Two Medial nasal
(from frontonasal
Process)
-Two arise from lower border of frontonasal process one on each side
laterally Separated from the maxillary process by cleft where the
nasolacrimal duct lies - Give Alae of nose
Two Lateral nasal
(from frontonasal
process)
- One on each side below the maxillary processes Merge with its
fellow of other side to form - Whole Lower lip Whole lower jaw
Most of cheek
Mandibular (two)
Summary Structures Contributing to Formation of the Face
CORRELATION BETWEEN SENSORYamp MOTOR NERVE SUPPLY OF THE
FACE AND ITS DEVELOPMENT
25
The process and its
derivatives
Nerve supply
Frontonasal process Ophthalmic nerve from trigeminal (First
arch nerve)
Maxillary processes Maxillary nerve from trigeminal (First
arch nerve)
Mandibular
processes
Mandibular nerve from trigeminal
(First arch nerve)
The muscles of the face (Facial expression muscles) along with
the lips are derived from mesenchyme of second bronchial arch
Thus they are supplied by the facial nerve
SUMMARY DEVELOPMENT OF THE NOSE
Formed of proliferation of mesoderm ventral to forebrain 1- Frontonasal
process formation
-2 oval ectodermal thickenings on the surface of lateral parts of frontonasal process 2 Nasal placodes
-Mesoderm proliferation occurs around the nasal placodes
- Horse shoe- shaped
- On the sides of nasal placodes the proliferation forms the medial amp lateral nasal
prominences
- Nasal pits occur in the center of each of them
3 Lateralamp Medial
nasal prominences
-Results from fusion of medial nasal prominences
-It will give rise philtrum of upper lip primitive nasal septum amp median part of the
upper jaw (carrying 4 incisors) amp the primitive palate
3 Premaxilla
- Extension of the maxillary process below the nasal pit converts the pits into
primitive cavity
4 Nasal cavity
-Primitive septum formed by intermaxillary segment of frontonasal process
-Definitive septum formed by proliferation of mesoderm of the roof of stomodeum
-grows amp divides nasal cavity into Rt amp Lt halves
5 Nasal septum
-Nasolacrimal groove is formed between maxillary process amp latera nassal fold By 5
th week fusion of the two processes occurs
-Beneath the line of fusion solid cord of cells appear then canalized amp its cranial end
expanded to from the lacrimal sac
6 Nasolacrimal duct
27
Intermaxillary segment and maxillary processes B The intermaxillary segment giving rise to the philtrum of the upper lip the median part of the maxillary bone
with its four incisor teeth and the triangular primary palate
DEVELOPMENT OF THE PALATE
SUMMARY OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE PALATE
I Stage of formation of processes
1- Formation of Primitive or Primary Palate
bull By 5 th week Intermaxillary process of frontonasal process 1ry palate later becomes the premaxilla of hard palateIncisive fossa (the anterior triangular area bounded by the 4 incisor teeth)
2 Formation of Definitive (secondary) palate
bull Maxillary processes palatine processes 2ry palate meetingamp fusion with 1ry palate
II Stage of meetingamp fusion of the processes
bull Palatine processes grow mediallyamp fuse with each other in the midline amp fuse with the primitive palate Fusion of the premaxilla palatine processes of maxillaamp nasal septum begins at 8 th week
III- Stage of ossification to form Hard palate
bull The anterior frac34 of the palate ossify hard palate amp posterior frac14 the soft palate amp uvula
DEVELOPMENTAL
ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
DEVELOPMENT OF FACE
31
A Incomplete cleft lip B Bilateral cleft lip C Cleft lip cleft jaw and cleft palate D Isolated cleft palate E Oblique facial
cleft
32
Ventral view of the palate gum lip and nose A Normal B Unilateral cleft lip extending into the nose C Unilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw and
extending to the incisive foramen D Bilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw E
Isolated cleft palate F Cleft palate combined with unilateral anterior cleft lip
INCIDENCE
Cleft lip is common among males while cleft palate is more
common among females
Unilateral clefts - 80 of the incidence
Bilateral clefts - remaining 20
CLEFT LIP AND PALATE
CLEFT LIP AND PALATE -
Cleft palate - A congenital fissure in the roof of the mouth
resulting from incomplete fusion of the palate during
embryonic development
Cleft lip - A congenital deformity characterized by a vertical
cleft or pair of clefts in the upper lip with or without
involvement of the palate Defective fusion of the medial nasal
process with the maxillary process leads to cleft lip
GENETIC OR ENVIRONMENTAL
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE PALATE
(VEAUrsquoS CLASSIFICATION)
Most accepted
GROUP I- cleft of the soft palate only
GROUP II-Cleft of the hard and soft palate to the incisive foramen
GROUP III-Complete unilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and
the lip and alveolar ridge on one side
GROUP IV-Complete bilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and the
lip and alveolar ridge on both sides
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
1-Oblique facial cleft
- cleft extends from the upper lip to orbit
- Due to failure of fusion between maxillary process and lateral margin of
frontonasal process
2- Cleft upper lip ( hare lip) Involve upper lip cleft with or without cleft palate
(medial nasal process)
-Median hare lip partial or complete failure of fusion of the two medial nasal
processes to form the intermaxillary segment (absent phitrum)
- Unilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary process with intermaxillary
processes ( the medial nasal process) on one side
-Bilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary processes with intermaxillary
processes (the medial nasal processes) of both sides
3- Median cleft lower lip
- Due to failure of fusion between the 2 mandibular processes
4- Macrostomia (larg mouth)
Due to arrest of fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes to shift
the angle medially gtgtgt very big oral fissure
5- Microstomia
Due to excessive fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes
gtgtgtgtvery small oral fissure
6- Aganthia absent lower jaw
7- Micrganthia small lower jaw
8- Atresia of nasolacrimal duct failure of the canalization of the nasolacrimal
duct
9 Congenital anomalies of the nose
1Absent Nose No nasal processes are formed
2Single nostril Only one nasal Placode is formed
3Stenosis (Narrowing) of the nostril
4Deviation of the Nasal Septum
5Bifid nose if the medial nasal processes do not merge completely
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
bull Ear consists of 3 anatomical parts
- Internal ear
- Middle ear
- External ear
-External ear
External acoustic meatus-
Develops by deepening of the dorsal end of the 1st pharyngeal groove
bull Pinna or Auricle
Six mesenchymal hillocks ndash Auricular hillocks develop from the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arch
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
-Middle ear
Develops from the tubotympanic recess ie derived from the 1st pharyngeal pouch
Tympanic cavity- Distal portion of the tubotympanic recess expands
-Tympanic membrane Ectodermal lining from1 ST pharyngeal groove
-Mesodermal lining from 1st and 2nd arch
-Endodermal lining from tubotympanic recess
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
Ear ossicles
bull 1st bone to attain ultimate size
bull Maleus and Incus develop from the 1st arch
bull Stapes develop from 2nd arch
bull Ossification begins in the 16th week and continues up to the 25th week
-INTERNAL EAR
bull OTIC PLACODE
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
DEVELOPMENT OF EYE
bull Eyes develop from three sources
Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic
nerve
Surface ectoderm of the head- lens
Mesoderm between these layers - eye muscle and
vascular tissues
bull 1st indication of eye formation is optic sulcus
which is formed in the 4th week
DEVELOPMENT OF EYE
DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH
bull The teeth are formed in relation to the dental lamina An enlargement of
dental lamina for each tooth is formed which is called the enamel organ
Ameloblasts form the enamel odontoblasts form the dentine and the
mesenchyme that invaginates into enamel organ forms the pulp
bull The ant 23rd of the tongue is formed from the lingual swellings and the
tuberculum impar
bull The post13rd of the tongue is formed by cranial part of hypobranchial
eminence
bull The salivary glands develop as outgrowths of buccal epithelium
bull The palatine tonsil develops in relation to 2nd pharyngeal pouch
Anodontia
Oligodontia
Microdontiamacrodontia
Gemination Concrescence
FUSION
Fusion
Dilaceration
Supernumerary teeth
Amelogenesis imperfecta
SUPERNUMERARY Enviornmental enamel hypoplasia
DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF TEETH
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Congenitally missing teeth (most commonly
the upper laterals)
Presence of natal or neonatal teeth
Presence of supernumerary teeth
Ectopically erupting teeth
Anomalies of tooth morphology
Enamel hypoplasia
Microdontia
Fused teeth
Macrodontia
Mobile and early shedding of teeth due to poor
periodontal support
Posterior and anterior cross bite
Protruding premaxilla
Deep bite
Spacingcrowding
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Third week Development of ear
Formation of Stomatodaeum
Fourth week
Formation of Fronto-nasal process maxillary and mandibular
process
Development of cranial base
Formation of pharyngeal arches
Development of tongue
Fifth week Formation of Nasal placode Medial and lateral nasal process
Development of mandible
Sixth week Development of Nasal cavity
Development of Parotid and Submandibular salivary glands
Seventh week Formation of pre-maxilla
Eight week Formation of definitive palate
Development of Sublingual salivary glands
Tenth week Development of TMJ
Development of Maxillary sinus
Twelth week Development of Ethmoidal Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses
I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON
1 Development of the face
2 Development of the Palate
3 Development of the Nose
4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes
5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes
6 Innervation of the face from Embryological
background
II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS
1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal
prominence
2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face
originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells
3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the
development of the face
4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week
5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular
prominence
6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence
1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate
is formed from helliphellip process
III MCQ
1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at
A six weeks post-fertilization
B eight weeks post-fertilization
C ten weeks post-fertilization
D twelve weeks post-fertilization
2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the
A palatine processes
B palatine and frontonasal processes
C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes
D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular
processes
THANKS
DEVELOPMENT OF FACE
bull Face develops from 3 prominences that surround the stomatodeum
1 One frontonasal process
2 Right and Left maxillary processes (from first pharyngeal arch)
bull 3- Rightamp left Mandibular processes (from the first pharyngeal arch)
bullN B Stomodeum is a depression bounded cranially by a bulging produced by the
brain and caudally by a bulging produced by the pericardial cavity
From each side of lower part of frontonasal process two mesodermal processes
appear called medialamp lateral nasal processes (they will give the nasal cavities in the
future
Maxillary
process
DEVELOPMENT OF FACE
Mandibular
process
Mandibular
process
Maxillary
process
Fronto-Nasal process
DEVELOPMENT OF FACE
8
bull Lateral view of an embryo at the end of the fourth week showing position of the pharyngeal
arches B Frontal view of a 45-week embryo showing the mandibular and maxillary
prominences The nasal placodes are visible on either side of the frontonasal prominence C
Scanning electron micrograph of a human embryo at a stage similar to that of B
Frontal aspect of the face A 5-week embryo B 6--week embryo The nasal prominences are gradually separated from the maxillary prominence by deep furrows
Development of face
DEVELOPMENT OF FACE
A Frontal aspect of the face A 7-week embryo Maxillary
prominences have fused with the medial nasal prominences
B 10- week embryo
DEVELOPMENT OF UPPER LIP
Each maxillary process grows medially and fuses first with the lateral nasal
process and then with medial nasal process
The medial and lateral nasal processes fuse with each other in the nasal pits (ext
nares) are cut off from stomatodaeum
The mesodermal basis of the lateral part of the lip is formed from the maxillary
process and the overlying skin is derived from the ectoderm covering this
process
The mesodermal basis of the median part of lip (philtrum) is formed from
frontonasal process
The skin of the entire upper lip is innervated by maxillary nerves
The muscles of the face along with the lips are derived from mesoderm of
second bronchial arch are supplied by the facial nerve
DEVELOPMENT OF LOWER LIP
The mandibular process of two sides grow towards each
other and fuse in the midline The fused mandibular
processes give rise to lower lipamp to lower jaw
DEVELOPMENT OF CHEEK
bull After the formation of the upper lip and lower lips the stomatodaeum becomes broader
bull In its lateral part it is bounded by the maxillary process from above and mandibular
process from below
bull Progressive fusion of both the processes form the cheek
FACIAL MUSCLES
Muscles of face
develop from 2nd
branchial arch and
are supplied by
facial nerve
DEVELOPMENT OF FACE
bull The cheek is formed by the fusion of posterior part of maxillary
and mandibular process
bull The nose is derived from the frontonasal process
bull The nasal cavity is formed by enlargement of the nasal pits
bull Paranasal sinuses appear as outgrowths from the nasal cavity
bull The palate is formed by fusion of 3 components ie right and left
palatal processes and the primitive palate
bull The oral cavity is derived party from the stomatodaeum
(ectoderm) and partly from the foregut(endoderm)
DEVELOPMENT OF FACE
bull The pharynx is derived from the foregut
bull Muscles of face develop from 2nd branchial arch and are supplied by
facial nerve
bull Eyes develop from three sources
- Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic n
-Surface ectoderm of the head - lens
- Mesoderm between these layers ndash eye muscle and vascular tissues
bull External ear develops from Ext Acoustic meatus middle ear develops
from tubotympanic recess that is derived from 1st pouch and internal ear
is derived from otic placode which is a thickening of surface ectoderm
DEVELOPMENT OF NOSE
DEVELOPMENT OF THE NOSE
bull The nasal cavities are separated from the mouth by the
development of palate The narrowing of the fronto-nasal process
and the enlargement of nasal cavities brings them closer together
bull The intervening tissues becomes much thinned to form the nasal
septum
bull The nasal pits now deepen to form the nasal sacs which expand
both dorsally and caudally The nasal sac has a ventral orifice that
opens on the face is called the Anterior nares
Structures Formed Prominence
- One in number
- Forms Forehead bridge of nose and medial and lateral nasal
prominences
Frontonasal
- One on each side Merge with the lateral nasal process then with the
medial nasal process to form
- Part of Cheeks Upper lip except the median part (Philtrum) Upper
Jaw except median part Definitive palate
Maxillary (Two)
-- Two arise from lower border of frontonasal process one on each side
medially - Merge with each other in the middle line to form
intermaxillary segment which will give
- Philtrum of upper lip Median part of upper jaw (carrying 4 incisors)
Primitive palate Primitive nasal septum crestamp tip of the nose
Two Medial nasal
(from frontonasal
Process)
-Two arise from lower border of frontonasal process one on each side
laterally Separated from the maxillary process by cleft where the
nasolacrimal duct lies - Give Alae of nose
Two Lateral nasal
(from frontonasal
process)
- One on each side below the maxillary processes Merge with its
fellow of other side to form - Whole Lower lip Whole lower jaw
Most of cheek
Mandibular (two)
Summary Structures Contributing to Formation of the Face
CORRELATION BETWEEN SENSORYamp MOTOR NERVE SUPPLY OF THE
FACE AND ITS DEVELOPMENT
25
The process and its
derivatives
Nerve supply
Frontonasal process Ophthalmic nerve from trigeminal (First
arch nerve)
Maxillary processes Maxillary nerve from trigeminal (First
arch nerve)
Mandibular
processes
Mandibular nerve from trigeminal
(First arch nerve)
The muscles of the face (Facial expression muscles) along with
the lips are derived from mesenchyme of second bronchial arch
Thus they are supplied by the facial nerve
SUMMARY DEVELOPMENT OF THE NOSE
Formed of proliferation of mesoderm ventral to forebrain 1- Frontonasal
process formation
-2 oval ectodermal thickenings on the surface of lateral parts of frontonasal process 2 Nasal placodes
-Mesoderm proliferation occurs around the nasal placodes
- Horse shoe- shaped
- On the sides of nasal placodes the proliferation forms the medial amp lateral nasal
prominences
- Nasal pits occur in the center of each of them
3 Lateralamp Medial
nasal prominences
-Results from fusion of medial nasal prominences
-It will give rise philtrum of upper lip primitive nasal septum amp median part of the
upper jaw (carrying 4 incisors) amp the primitive palate
3 Premaxilla
- Extension of the maxillary process below the nasal pit converts the pits into
primitive cavity
4 Nasal cavity
-Primitive septum formed by intermaxillary segment of frontonasal process
-Definitive septum formed by proliferation of mesoderm of the roof of stomodeum
-grows amp divides nasal cavity into Rt amp Lt halves
5 Nasal septum
-Nasolacrimal groove is formed between maxillary process amp latera nassal fold By 5
th week fusion of the two processes occurs
-Beneath the line of fusion solid cord of cells appear then canalized amp its cranial end
expanded to from the lacrimal sac
6 Nasolacrimal duct
27
Intermaxillary segment and maxillary processes B The intermaxillary segment giving rise to the philtrum of the upper lip the median part of the maxillary bone
with its four incisor teeth and the triangular primary palate
DEVELOPMENT OF THE PALATE
SUMMARY OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE PALATE
I Stage of formation of processes
1- Formation of Primitive or Primary Palate
bull By 5 th week Intermaxillary process of frontonasal process 1ry palate later becomes the premaxilla of hard palateIncisive fossa (the anterior triangular area bounded by the 4 incisor teeth)
2 Formation of Definitive (secondary) palate
bull Maxillary processes palatine processes 2ry palate meetingamp fusion with 1ry palate
II Stage of meetingamp fusion of the processes
bull Palatine processes grow mediallyamp fuse with each other in the midline amp fuse with the primitive palate Fusion of the premaxilla palatine processes of maxillaamp nasal septum begins at 8 th week
III- Stage of ossification to form Hard palate
bull The anterior frac34 of the palate ossify hard palate amp posterior frac14 the soft palate amp uvula
DEVELOPMENTAL
ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
DEVELOPMENT OF FACE
31
A Incomplete cleft lip B Bilateral cleft lip C Cleft lip cleft jaw and cleft palate D Isolated cleft palate E Oblique facial
cleft
32
Ventral view of the palate gum lip and nose A Normal B Unilateral cleft lip extending into the nose C Unilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw and
extending to the incisive foramen D Bilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw E
Isolated cleft palate F Cleft palate combined with unilateral anterior cleft lip
INCIDENCE
Cleft lip is common among males while cleft palate is more
common among females
Unilateral clefts - 80 of the incidence
Bilateral clefts - remaining 20
CLEFT LIP AND PALATE
CLEFT LIP AND PALATE -
Cleft palate - A congenital fissure in the roof of the mouth
resulting from incomplete fusion of the palate during
embryonic development
Cleft lip - A congenital deformity characterized by a vertical
cleft or pair of clefts in the upper lip with or without
involvement of the palate Defective fusion of the medial nasal
process with the maxillary process leads to cleft lip
GENETIC OR ENVIRONMENTAL
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE PALATE
(VEAUrsquoS CLASSIFICATION)
Most accepted
GROUP I- cleft of the soft palate only
GROUP II-Cleft of the hard and soft palate to the incisive foramen
GROUP III-Complete unilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and
the lip and alveolar ridge on one side
GROUP IV-Complete bilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and the
lip and alveolar ridge on both sides
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
1-Oblique facial cleft
- cleft extends from the upper lip to orbit
- Due to failure of fusion between maxillary process and lateral margin of
frontonasal process
2- Cleft upper lip ( hare lip) Involve upper lip cleft with or without cleft palate
(medial nasal process)
-Median hare lip partial or complete failure of fusion of the two medial nasal
processes to form the intermaxillary segment (absent phitrum)
- Unilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary process with intermaxillary
processes ( the medial nasal process) on one side
-Bilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary processes with intermaxillary
processes (the medial nasal processes) of both sides
3- Median cleft lower lip
- Due to failure of fusion between the 2 mandibular processes
4- Macrostomia (larg mouth)
Due to arrest of fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes to shift
the angle medially gtgtgt very big oral fissure
5- Microstomia
Due to excessive fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes
gtgtgtgtvery small oral fissure
6- Aganthia absent lower jaw
7- Micrganthia small lower jaw
8- Atresia of nasolacrimal duct failure of the canalization of the nasolacrimal
duct
9 Congenital anomalies of the nose
1Absent Nose No nasal processes are formed
2Single nostril Only one nasal Placode is formed
3Stenosis (Narrowing) of the nostril
4Deviation of the Nasal Septum
5Bifid nose if the medial nasal processes do not merge completely
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
bull Ear consists of 3 anatomical parts
- Internal ear
- Middle ear
- External ear
-External ear
External acoustic meatus-
Develops by deepening of the dorsal end of the 1st pharyngeal groove
bull Pinna or Auricle
Six mesenchymal hillocks ndash Auricular hillocks develop from the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arch
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
-Middle ear
Develops from the tubotympanic recess ie derived from the 1st pharyngeal pouch
Tympanic cavity- Distal portion of the tubotympanic recess expands
-Tympanic membrane Ectodermal lining from1 ST pharyngeal groove
-Mesodermal lining from 1st and 2nd arch
-Endodermal lining from tubotympanic recess
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
Ear ossicles
bull 1st bone to attain ultimate size
bull Maleus and Incus develop from the 1st arch
bull Stapes develop from 2nd arch
bull Ossification begins in the 16th week and continues up to the 25th week
-INTERNAL EAR
bull OTIC PLACODE
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
DEVELOPMENT OF EYE
bull Eyes develop from three sources
Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic
nerve
Surface ectoderm of the head- lens
Mesoderm between these layers - eye muscle and
vascular tissues
bull 1st indication of eye formation is optic sulcus
which is formed in the 4th week
DEVELOPMENT OF EYE
DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH
bull The teeth are formed in relation to the dental lamina An enlargement of
dental lamina for each tooth is formed which is called the enamel organ
Ameloblasts form the enamel odontoblasts form the dentine and the
mesenchyme that invaginates into enamel organ forms the pulp
bull The ant 23rd of the tongue is formed from the lingual swellings and the
tuberculum impar
bull The post13rd of the tongue is formed by cranial part of hypobranchial
eminence
bull The salivary glands develop as outgrowths of buccal epithelium
bull The palatine tonsil develops in relation to 2nd pharyngeal pouch
Anodontia
Oligodontia
Microdontiamacrodontia
Gemination Concrescence
FUSION
Fusion
Dilaceration
Supernumerary teeth
Amelogenesis imperfecta
SUPERNUMERARY Enviornmental enamel hypoplasia
DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF TEETH
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Congenitally missing teeth (most commonly
the upper laterals)
Presence of natal or neonatal teeth
Presence of supernumerary teeth
Ectopically erupting teeth
Anomalies of tooth morphology
Enamel hypoplasia
Microdontia
Fused teeth
Macrodontia
Mobile and early shedding of teeth due to poor
periodontal support
Posterior and anterior cross bite
Protruding premaxilla
Deep bite
Spacingcrowding
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Third week Development of ear
Formation of Stomatodaeum
Fourth week
Formation of Fronto-nasal process maxillary and mandibular
process
Development of cranial base
Formation of pharyngeal arches
Development of tongue
Fifth week Formation of Nasal placode Medial and lateral nasal process
Development of mandible
Sixth week Development of Nasal cavity
Development of Parotid and Submandibular salivary glands
Seventh week Formation of pre-maxilla
Eight week Formation of definitive palate
Development of Sublingual salivary glands
Tenth week Development of TMJ
Development of Maxillary sinus
Twelth week Development of Ethmoidal Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses
I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON
1 Development of the face
2 Development of the Palate
3 Development of the Nose
4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes
5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes
6 Innervation of the face from Embryological
background
II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS
1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal
prominence
2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face
originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells
3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the
development of the face
4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week
5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular
prominence
6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence
1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate
is formed from helliphellip process
III MCQ
1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at
A six weeks post-fertilization
B eight weeks post-fertilization
C ten weeks post-fertilization
D twelve weeks post-fertilization
2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the
A palatine processes
B palatine and frontonasal processes
C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes
D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular
processes
THANKS
Maxillary
process
DEVELOPMENT OF FACE
Mandibular
process
Mandibular
process
Maxillary
process
Fronto-Nasal process
DEVELOPMENT OF FACE
8
bull Lateral view of an embryo at the end of the fourth week showing position of the pharyngeal
arches B Frontal view of a 45-week embryo showing the mandibular and maxillary
prominences The nasal placodes are visible on either side of the frontonasal prominence C
Scanning electron micrograph of a human embryo at a stage similar to that of B
Frontal aspect of the face A 5-week embryo B 6--week embryo The nasal prominences are gradually separated from the maxillary prominence by deep furrows
Development of face
DEVELOPMENT OF FACE
A Frontal aspect of the face A 7-week embryo Maxillary
prominences have fused with the medial nasal prominences
B 10- week embryo
DEVELOPMENT OF UPPER LIP
Each maxillary process grows medially and fuses first with the lateral nasal
process and then with medial nasal process
The medial and lateral nasal processes fuse with each other in the nasal pits (ext
nares) are cut off from stomatodaeum
The mesodermal basis of the lateral part of the lip is formed from the maxillary
process and the overlying skin is derived from the ectoderm covering this
process
The mesodermal basis of the median part of lip (philtrum) is formed from
frontonasal process
The skin of the entire upper lip is innervated by maxillary nerves
The muscles of the face along with the lips are derived from mesoderm of
second bronchial arch are supplied by the facial nerve
DEVELOPMENT OF LOWER LIP
The mandibular process of two sides grow towards each
other and fuse in the midline The fused mandibular
processes give rise to lower lipamp to lower jaw
DEVELOPMENT OF CHEEK
bull After the formation of the upper lip and lower lips the stomatodaeum becomes broader
bull In its lateral part it is bounded by the maxillary process from above and mandibular
process from below
bull Progressive fusion of both the processes form the cheek
FACIAL MUSCLES
Muscles of face
develop from 2nd
branchial arch and
are supplied by
facial nerve
DEVELOPMENT OF FACE
bull The cheek is formed by the fusion of posterior part of maxillary
and mandibular process
bull The nose is derived from the frontonasal process
bull The nasal cavity is formed by enlargement of the nasal pits
bull Paranasal sinuses appear as outgrowths from the nasal cavity
bull The palate is formed by fusion of 3 components ie right and left
palatal processes and the primitive palate
bull The oral cavity is derived party from the stomatodaeum
(ectoderm) and partly from the foregut(endoderm)
DEVELOPMENT OF FACE
bull The pharynx is derived from the foregut
bull Muscles of face develop from 2nd branchial arch and are supplied by
facial nerve
bull Eyes develop from three sources
- Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic n
-Surface ectoderm of the head - lens
- Mesoderm between these layers ndash eye muscle and vascular tissues
bull External ear develops from Ext Acoustic meatus middle ear develops
from tubotympanic recess that is derived from 1st pouch and internal ear
is derived from otic placode which is a thickening of surface ectoderm
DEVELOPMENT OF NOSE
DEVELOPMENT OF THE NOSE
bull The nasal cavities are separated from the mouth by the
development of palate The narrowing of the fronto-nasal process
and the enlargement of nasal cavities brings them closer together
bull The intervening tissues becomes much thinned to form the nasal
septum
bull The nasal pits now deepen to form the nasal sacs which expand
both dorsally and caudally The nasal sac has a ventral orifice that
opens on the face is called the Anterior nares
Structures Formed Prominence
- One in number
- Forms Forehead bridge of nose and medial and lateral nasal
prominences
Frontonasal
- One on each side Merge with the lateral nasal process then with the
medial nasal process to form
- Part of Cheeks Upper lip except the median part (Philtrum) Upper
Jaw except median part Definitive palate
Maxillary (Two)
-- Two arise from lower border of frontonasal process one on each side
medially - Merge with each other in the middle line to form
intermaxillary segment which will give
- Philtrum of upper lip Median part of upper jaw (carrying 4 incisors)
Primitive palate Primitive nasal septum crestamp tip of the nose
Two Medial nasal
(from frontonasal
Process)
-Two arise from lower border of frontonasal process one on each side
laterally Separated from the maxillary process by cleft where the
nasolacrimal duct lies - Give Alae of nose
Two Lateral nasal
(from frontonasal
process)
- One on each side below the maxillary processes Merge with its
fellow of other side to form - Whole Lower lip Whole lower jaw
Most of cheek
Mandibular (two)
Summary Structures Contributing to Formation of the Face
CORRELATION BETWEEN SENSORYamp MOTOR NERVE SUPPLY OF THE
FACE AND ITS DEVELOPMENT
25
The process and its
derivatives
Nerve supply
Frontonasal process Ophthalmic nerve from trigeminal (First
arch nerve)
Maxillary processes Maxillary nerve from trigeminal (First
arch nerve)
Mandibular
processes
Mandibular nerve from trigeminal
(First arch nerve)
The muscles of the face (Facial expression muscles) along with
the lips are derived from mesenchyme of second bronchial arch
Thus they are supplied by the facial nerve
SUMMARY DEVELOPMENT OF THE NOSE
Formed of proliferation of mesoderm ventral to forebrain 1- Frontonasal
process formation
-2 oval ectodermal thickenings on the surface of lateral parts of frontonasal process 2 Nasal placodes
-Mesoderm proliferation occurs around the nasal placodes
- Horse shoe- shaped
- On the sides of nasal placodes the proliferation forms the medial amp lateral nasal
prominences
- Nasal pits occur in the center of each of them
3 Lateralamp Medial
nasal prominences
-Results from fusion of medial nasal prominences
-It will give rise philtrum of upper lip primitive nasal septum amp median part of the
upper jaw (carrying 4 incisors) amp the primitive palate
3 Premaxilla
- Extension of the maxillary process below the nasal pit converts the pits into
primitive cavity
4 Nasal cavity
-Primitive septum formed by intermaxillary segment of frontonasal process
-Definitive septum formed by proliferation of mesoderm of the roof of stomodeum
-grows amp divides nasal cavity into Rt amp Lt halves
5 Nasal septum
-Nasolacrimal groove is formed between maxillary process amp latera nassal fold By 5
th week fusion of the two processes occurs
-Beneath the line of fusion solid cord of cells appear then canalized amp its cranial end
expanded to from the lacrimal sac
6 Nasolacrimal duct
27
Intermaxillary segment and maxillary processes B The intermaxillary segment giving rise to the philtrum of the upper lip the median part of the maxillary bone
with its four incisor teeth and the triangular primary palate
DEVELOPMENT OF THE PALATE
SUMMARY OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE PALATE
I Stage of formation of processes
1- Formation of Primitive or Primary Palate
bull By 5 th week Intermaxillary process of frontonasal process 1ry palate later becomes the premaxilla of hard palateIncisive fossa (the anterior triangular area bounded by the 4 incisor teeth)
2 Formation of Definitive (secondary) palate
bull Maxillary processes palatine processes 2ry palate meetingamp fusion with 1ry palate
II Stage of meetingamp fusion of the processes
bull Palatine processes grow mediallyamp fuse with each other in the midline amp fuse with the primitive palate Fusion of the premaxilla palatine processes of maxillaamp nasal septum begins at 8 th week
III- Stage of ossification to form Hard palate
bull The anterior frac34 of the palate ossify hard palate amp posterior frac14 the soft palate amp uvula
DEVELOPMENTAL
ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
DEVELOPMENT OF FACE
31
A Incomplete cleft lip B Bilateral cleft lip C Cleft lip cleft jaw and cleft palate D Isolated cleft palate E Oblique facial
cleft
32
Ventral view of the palate gum lip and nose A Normal B Unilateral cleft lip extending into the nose C Unilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw and
extending to the incisive foramen D Bilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw E
Isolated cleft palate F Cleft palate combined with unilateral anterior cleft lip
INCIDENCE
Cleft lip is common among males while cleft palate is more
common among females
Unilateral clefts - 80 of the incidence
Bilateral clefts - remaining 20
CLEFT LIP AND PALATE
CLEFT LIP AND PALATE -
Cleft palate - A congenital fissure in the roof of the mouth
resulting from incomplete fusion of the palate during
embryonic development
Cleft lip - A congenital deformity characterized by a vertical
cleft or pair of clefts in the upper lip with or without
involvement of the palate Defective fusion of the medial nasal
process with the maxillary process leads to cleft lip
GENETIC OR ENVIRONMENTAL
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE PALATE
(VEAUrsquoS CLASSIFICATION)
Most accepted
GROUP I- cleft of the soft palate only
GROUP II-Cleft of the hard and soft palate to the incisive foramen
GROUP III-Complete unilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and
the lip and alveolar ridge on one side
GROUP IV-Complete bilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and the
lip and alveolar ridge on both sides
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
1-Oblique facial cleft
- cleft extends from the upper lip to orbit
- Due to failure of fusion between maxillary process and lateral margin of
frontonasal process
2- Cleft upper lip ( hare lip) Involve upper lip cleft with or without cleft palate
(medial nasal process)
-Median hare lip partial or complete failure of fusion of the two medial nasal
processes to form the intermaxillary segment (absent phitrum)
- Unilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary process with intermaxillary
processes ( the medial nasal process) on one side
-Bilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary processes with intermaxillary
processes (the medial nasal processes) of both sides
3- Median cleft lower lip
- Due to failure of fusion between the 2 mandibular processes
4- Macrostomia (larg mouth)
Due to arrest of fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes to shift
the angle medially gtgtgt very big oral fissure
5- Microstomia
Due to excessive fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes
gtgtgtgtvery small oral fissure
6- Aganthia absent lower jaw
7- Micrganthia small lower jaw
8- Atresia of nasolacrimal duct failure of the canalization of the nasolacrimal
duct
9 Congenital anomalies of the nose
1Absent Nose No nasal processes are formed
2Single nostril Only one nasal Placode is formed
3Stenosis (Narrowing) of the nostril
4Deviation of the Nasal Septum
5Bifid nose if the medial nasal processes do not merge completely
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
bull Ear consists of 3 anatomical parts
- Internal ear
- Middle ear
- External ear
-External ear
External acoustic meatus-
Develops by deepening of the dorsal end of the 1st pharyngeal groove
bull Pinna or Auricle
Six mesenchymal hillocks ndash Auricular hillocks develop from the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arch
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
-Middle ear
Develops from the tubotympanic recess ie derived from the 1st pharyngeal pouch
Tympanic cavity- Distal portion of the tubotympanic recess expands
-Tympanic membrane Ectodermal lining from1 ST pharyngeal groove
-Mesodermal lining from 1st and 2nd arch
-Endodermal lining from tubotympanic recess
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
Ear ossicles
bull 1st bone to attain ultimate size
bull Maleus and Incus develop from the 1st arch
bull Stapes develop from 2nd arch
bull Ossification begins in the 16th week and continues up to the 25th week
-INTERNAL EAR
bull OTIC PLACODE
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
DEVELOPMENT OF EYE
bull Eyes develop from three sources
Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic
nerve
Surface ectoderm of the head- lens
Mesoderm between these layers - eye muscle and
vascular tissues
bull 1st indication of eye formation is optic sulcus
which is formed in the 4th week
DEVELOPMENT OF EYE
DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH
bull The teeth are formed in relation to the dental lamina An enlargement of
dental lamina for each tooth is formed which is called the enamel organ
Ameloblasts form the enamel odontoblasts form the dentine and the
mesenchyme that invaginates into enamel organ forms the pulp
bull The ant 23rd of the tongue is formed from the lingual swellings and the
tuberculum impar
bull The post13rd of the tongue is formed by cranial part of hypobranchial
eminence
bull The salivary glands develop as outgrowths of buccal epithelium
bull The palatine tonsil develops in relation to 2nd pharyngeal pouch
Anodontia
Oligodontia
Microdontiamacrodontia
Gemination Concrescence
FUSION
Fusion
Dilaceration
Supernumerary teeth
Amelogenesis imperfecta
SUPERNUMERARY Enviornmental enamel hypoplasia
DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF TEETH
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Congenitally missing teeth (most commonly
the upper laterals)
Presence of natal or neonatal teeth
Presence of supernumerary teeth
Ectopically erupting teeth
Anomalies of tooth morphology
Enamel hypoplasia
Microdontia
Fused teeth
Macrodontia
Mobile and early shedding of teeth due to poor
periodontal support
Posterior and anterior cross bite
Protruding premaxilla
Deep bite
Spacingcrowding
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Third week Development of ear
Formation of Stomatodaeum
Fourth week
Formation of Fronto-nasal process maxillary and mandibular
process
Development of cranial base
Formation of pharyngeal arches
Development of tongue
Fifth week Formation of Nasal placode Medial and lateral nasal process
Development of mandible
Sixth week Development of Nasal cavity
Development of Parotid and Submandibular salivary glands
Seventh week Formation of pre-maxilla
Eight week Formation of definitive palate
Development of Sublingual salivary glands
Tenth week Development of TMJ
Development of Maxillary sinus
Twelth week Development of Ethmoidal Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses
I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON
1 Development of the face
2 Development of the Palate
3 Development of the Nose
4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes
5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes
6 Innervation of the face from Embryological
background
II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS
1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal
prominence
2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face
originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells
3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the
development of the face
4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week
5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular
prominence
6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence
1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate
is formed from helliphellip process
III MCQ
1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at
A six weeks post-fertilization
B eight weeks post-fertilization
C ten weeks post-fertilization
D twelve weeks post-fertilization
2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the
A palatine processes
B palatine and frontonasal processes
C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes
D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular
processes
THANKS
DEVELOPMENT OF FACE
8
bull Lateral view of an embryo at the end of the fourth week showing position of the pharyngeal
arches B Frontal view of a 45-week embryo showing the mandibular and maxillary
prominences The nasal placodes are visible on either side of the frontonasal prominence C
Scanning electron micrograph of a human embryo at a stage similar to that of B
Frontal aspect of the face A 5-week embryo B 6--week embryo The nasal prominences are gradually separated from the maxillary prominence by deep furrows
Development of face
DEVELOPMENT OF FACE
A Frontal aspect of the face A 7-week embryo Maxillary
prominences have fused with the medial nasal prominences
B 10- week embryo
DEVELOPMENT OF UPPER LIP
Each maxillary process grows medially and fuses first with the lateral nasal
process and then with medial nasal process
The medial and lateral nasal processes fuse with each other in the nasal pits (ext
nares) are cut off from stomatodaeum
The mesodermal basis of the lateral part of the lip is formed from the maxillary
process and the overlying skin is derived from the ectoderm covering this
process
The mesodermal basis of the median part of lip (philtrum) is formed from
frontonasal process
The skin of the entire upper lip is innervated by maxillary nerves
The muscles of the face along with the lips are derived from mesoderm of
second bronchial arch are supplied by the facial nerve
DEVELOPMENT OF LOWER LIP
The mandibular process of two sides grow towards each
other and fuse in the midline The fused mandibular
processes give rise to lower lipamp to lower jaw
DEVELOPMENT OF CHEEK
bull After the formation of the upper lip and lower lips the stomatodaeum becomes broader
bull In its lateral part it is bounded by the maxillary process from above and mandibular
process from below
bull Progressive fusion of both the processes form the cheek
FACIAL MUSCLES
Muscles of face
develop from 2nd
branchial arch and
are supplied by
facial nerve
DEVELOPMENT OF FACE
bull The cheek is formed by the fusion of posterior part of maxillary
and mandibular process
bull The nose is derived from the frontonasal process
bull The nasal cavity is formed by enlargement of the nasal pits
bull Paranasal sinuses appear as outgrowths from the nasal cavity
bull The palate is formed by fusion of 3 components ie right and left
palatal processes and the primitive palate
bull The oral cavity is derived party from the stomatodaeum
(ectoderm) and partly from the foregut(endoderm)
DEVELOPMENT OF FACE
bull The pharynx is derived from the foregut
bull Muscles of face develop from 2nd branchial arch and are supplied by
facial nerve
bull Eyes develop from three sources
- Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic n
-Surface ectoderm of the head - lens
- Mesoderm between these layers ndash eye muscle and vascular tissues
bull External ear develops from Ext Acoustic meatus middle ear develops
from tubotympanic recess that is derived from 1st pouch and internal ear
is derived from otic placode which is a thickening of surface ectoderm
DEVELOPMENT OF NOSE
DEVELOPMENT OF THE NOSE
bull The nasal cavities are separated from the mouth by the
development of palate The narrowing of the fronto-nasal process
and the enlargement of nasal cavities brings them closer together
bull The intervening tissues becomes much thinned to form the nasal
septum
bull The nasal pits now deepen to form the nasal sacs which expand
both dorsally and caudally The nasal sac has a ventral orifice that
opens on the face is called the Anterior nares
Structures Formed Prominence
- One in number
- Forms Forehead bridge of nose and medial and lateral nasal
prominences
Frontonasal
- One on each side Merge with the lateral nasal process then with the
medial nasal process to form
- Part of Cheeks Upper lip except the median part (Philtrum) Upper
Jaw except median part Definitive palate
Maxillary (Two)
-- Two arise from lower border of frontonasal process one on each side
medially - Merge with each other in the middle line to form
intermaxillary segment which will give
- Philtrum of upper lip Median part of upper jaw (carrying 4 incisors)
Primitive palate Primitive nasal septum crestamp tip of the nose
Two Medial nasal
(from frontonasal
Process)
-Two arise from lower border of frontonasal process one on each side
laterally Separated from the maxillary process by cleft where the
nasolacrimal duct lies - Give Alae of nose
Two Lateral nasal
(from frontonasal
process)
- One on each side below the maxillary processes Merge with its
fellow of other side to form - Whole Lower lip Whole lower jaw
Most of cheek
Mandibular (two)
Summary Structures Contributing to Formation of the Face
CORRELATION BETWEEN SENSORYamp MOTOR NERVE SUPPLY OF THE
FACE AND ITS DEVELOPMENT
25
The process and its
derivatives
Nerve supply
Frontonasal process Ophthalmic nerve from trigeminal (First
arch nerve)
Maxillary processes Maxillary nerve from trigeminal (First
arch nerve)
Mandibular
processes
Mandibular nerve from trigeminal
(First arch nerve)
The muscles of the face (Facial expression muscles) along with
the lips are derived from mesenchyme of second bronchial arch
Thus they are supplied by the facial nerve
SUMMARY DEVELOPMENT OF THE NOSE
Formed of proliferation of mesoderm ventral to forebrain 1- Frontonasal
process formation
-2 oval ectodermal thickenings on the surface of lateral parts of frontonasal process 2 Nasal placodes
-Mesoderm proliferation occurs around the nasal placodes
- Horse shoe- shaped
- On the sides of nasal placodes the proliferation forms the medial amp lateral nasal
prominences
- Nasal pits occur in the center of each of them
3 Lateralamp Medial
nasal prominences
-Results from fusion of medial nasal prominences
-It will give rise philtrum of upper lip primitive nasal septum amp median part of the
upper jaw (carrying 4 incisors) amp the primitive palate
3 Premaxilla
- Extension of the maxillary process below the nasal pit converts the pits into
primitive cavity
4 Nasal cavity
-Primitive septum formed by intermaxillary segment of frontonasal process
-Definitive septum formed by proliferation of mesoderm of the roof of stomodeum
-grows amp divides nasal cavity into Rt amp Lt halves
5 Nasal septum
-Nasolacrimal groove is formed between maxillary process amp latera nassal fold By 5
th week fusion of the two processes occurs
-Beneath the line of fusion solid cord of cells appear then canalized amp its cranial end
expanded to from the lacrimal sac
6 Nasolacrimal duct
27
Intermaxillary segment and maxillary processes B The intermaxillary segment giving rise to the philtrum of the upper lip the median part of the maxillary bone
with its four incisor teeth and the triangular primary palate
DEVELOPMENT OF THE PALATE
SUMMARY OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE PALATE
I Stage of formation of processes
1- Formation of Primitive or Primary Palate
bull By 5 th week Intermaxillary process of frontonasal process 1ry palate later becomes the premaxilla of hard palateIncisive fossa (the anterior triangular area bounded by the 4 incisor teeth)
2 Formation of Definitive (secondary) palate
bull Maxillary processes palatine processes 2ry palate meetingamp fusion with 1ry palate
II Stage of meetingamp fusion of the processes
bull Palatine processes grow mediallyamp fuse with each other in the midline amp fuse with the primitive palate Fusion of the premaxilla palatine processes of maxillaamp nasal septum begins at 8 th week
III- Stage of ossification to form Hard palate
bull The anterior frac34 of the palate ossify hard palate amp posterior frac14 the soft palate amp uvula
DEVELOPMENTAL
ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
DEVELOPMENT OF FACE
31
A Incomplete cleft lip B Bilateral cleft lip C Cleft lip cleft jaw and cleft palate D Isolated cleft palate E Oblique facial
cleft
32
Ventral view of the palate gum lip and nose A Normal B Unilateral cleft lip extending into the nose C Unilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw and
extending to the incisive foramen D Bilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw E
Isolated cleft palate F Cleft palate combined with unilateral anterior cleft lip
INCIDENCE
Cleft lip is common among males while cleft palate is more
common among females
Unilateral clefts - 80 of the incidence
Bilateral clefts - remaining 20
CLEFT LIP AND PALATE
CLEFT LIP AND PALATE -
Cleft palate - A congenital fissure in the roof of the mouth
resulting from incomplete fusion of the palate during
embryonic development
Cleft lip - A congenital deformity characterized by a vertical
cleft or pair of clefts in the upper lip with or without
involvement of the palate Defective fusion of the medial nasal
process with the maxillary process leads to cleft lip
GENETIC OR ENVIRONMENTAL
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE PALATE
(VEAUrsquoS CLASSIFICATION)
Most accepted
GROUP I- cleft of the soft palate only
GROUP II-Cleft of the hard and soft palate to the incisive foramen
GROUP III-Complete unilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and
the lip and alveolar ridge on one side
GROUP IV-Complete bilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and the
lip and alveolar ridge on both sides
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
1-Oblique facial cleft
- cleft extends from the upper lip to orbit
- Due to failure of fusion between maxillary process and lateral margin of
frontonasal process
2- Cleft upper lip ( hare lip) Involve upper lip cleft with or without cleft palate
(medial nasal process)
-Median hare lip partial or complete failure of fusion of the two medial nasal
processes to form the intermaxillary segment (absent phitrum)
- Unilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary process with intermaxillary
processes ( the medial nasal process) on one side
-Bilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary processes with intermaxillary
processes (the medial nasal processes) of both sides
3- Median cleft lower lip
- Due to failure of fusion between the 2 mandibular processes
4- Macrostomia (larg mouth)
Due to arrest of fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes to shift
the angle medially gtgtgt very big oral fissure
5- Microstomia
Due to excessive fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes
gtgtgtgtvery small oral fissure
6- Aganthia absent lower jaw
7- Micrganthia small lower jaw
8- Atresia of nasolacrimal duct failure of the canalization of the nasolacrimal
duct
9 Congenital anomalies of the nose
1Absent Nose No nasal processes are formed
2Single nostril Only one nasal Placode is formed
3Stenosis (Narrowing) of the nostril
4Deviation of the Nasal Septum
5Bifid nose if the medial nasal processes do not merge completely
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
bull Ear consists of 3 anatomical parts
- Internal ear
- Middle ear
- External ear
-External ear
External acoustic meatus-
Develops by deepening of the dorsal end of the 1st pharyngeal groove
bull Pinna or Auricle
Six mesenchymal hillocks ndash Auricular hillocks develop from the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arch
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
-Middle ear
Develops from the tubotympanic recess ie derived from the 1st pharyngeal pouch
Tympanic cavity- Distal portion of the tubotympanic recess expands
-Tympanic membrane Ectodermal lining from1 ST pharyngeal groove
-Mesodermal lining from 1st and 2nd arch
-Endodermal lining from tubotympanic recess
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
Ear ossicles
bull 1st bone to attain ultimate size
bull Maleus and Incus develop from the 1st arch
bull Stapes develop from 2nd arch
bull Ossification begins in the 16th week and continues up to the 25th week
-INTERNAL EAR
bull OTIC PLACODE
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
DEVELOPMENT OF EYE
bull Eyes develop from three sources
Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic
nerve
Surface ectoderm of the head- lens
Mesoderm between these layers - eye muscle and
vascular tissues
bull 1st indication of eye formation is optic sulcus
which is formed in the 4th week
DEVELOPMENT OF EYE
DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH
bull The teeth are formed in relation to the dental lamina An enlargement of
dental lamina for each tooth is formed which is called the enamel organ
Ameloblasts form the enamel odontoblasts form the dentine and the
mesenchyme that invaginates into enamel organ forms the pulp
bull The ant 23rd of the tongue is formed from the lingual swellings and the
tuberculum impar
bull The post13rd of the tongue is formed by cranial part of hypobranchial
eminence
bull The salivary glands develop as outgrowths of buccal epithelium
bull The palatine tonsil develops in relation to 2nd pharyngeal pouch
Anodontia
Oligodontia
Microdontiamacrodontia
Gemination Concrescence
FUSION
Fusion
Dilaceration
Supernumerary teeth
Amelogenesis imperfecta
SUPERNUMERARY Enviornmental enamel hypoplasia
DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF TEETH
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Congenitally missing teeth (most commonly
the upper laterals)
Presence of natal or neonatal teeth
Presence of supernumerary teeth
Ectopically erupting teeth
Anomalies of tooth morphology
Enamel hypoplasia
Microdontia
Fused teeth
Macrodontia
Mobile and early shedding of teeth due to poor
periodontal support
Posterior and anterior cross bite
Protruding premaxilla
Deep bite
Spacingcrowding
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Third week Development of ear
Formation of Stomatodaeum
Fourth week
Formation of Fronto-nasal process maxillary and mandibular
process
Development of cranial base
Formation of pharyngeal arches
Development of tongue
Fifth week Formation of Nasal placode Medial and lateral nasal process
Development of mandible
Sixth week Development of Nasal cavity
Development of Parotid and Submandibular salivary glands
Seventh week Formation of pre-maxilla
Eight week Formation of definitive palate
Development of Sublingual salivary glands
Tenth week Development of TMJ
Development of Maxillary sinus
Twelth week Development of Ethmoidal Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses
I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON
1 Development of the face
2 Development of the Palate
3 Development of the Nose
4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes
5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes
6 Innervation of the face from Embryological
background
II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS
1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal
prominence
2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face
originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells
3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the
development of the face
4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week
5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular
prominence
6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence
1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate
is formed from helliphellip process
III MCQ
1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at
A six weeks post-fertilization
B eight weeks post-fertilization
C ten weeks post-fertilization
D twelve weeks post-fertilization
2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the
A palatine processes
B palatine and frontonasal processes
C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes
D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular
processes
THANKS
8
bull Lateral view of an embryo at the end of the fourth week showing position of the pharyngeal
arches B Frontal view of a 45-week embryo showing the mandibular and maxillary
prominences The nasal placodes are visible on either side of the frontonasal prominence C
Scanning electron micrograph of a human embryo at a stage similar to that of B
Frontal aspect of the face A 5-week embryo B 6--week embryo The nasal prominences are gradually separated from the maxillary prominence by deep furrows
Development of face
DEVELOPMENT OF FACE
A Frontal aspect of the face A 7-week embryo Maxillary
prominences have fused with the medial nasal prominences
B 10- week embryo
DEVELOPMENT OF UPPER LIP
Each maxillary process grows medially and fuses first with the lateral nasal
process and then with medial nasal process
The medial and lateral nasal processes fuse with each other in the nasal pits (ext
nares) are cut off from stomatodaeum
The mesodermal basis of the lateral part of the lip is formed from the maxillary
process and the overlying skin is derived from the ectoderm covering this
process
The mesodermal basis of the median part of lip (philtrum) is formed from
frontonasal process
The skin of the entire upper lip is innervated by maxillary nerves
The muscles of the face along with the lips are derived from mesoderm of
second bronchial arch are supplied by the facial nerve
DEVELOPMENT OF LOWER LIP
The mandibular process of two sides grow towards each
other and fuse in the midline The fused mandibular
processes give rise to lower lipamp to lower jaw
DEVELOPMENT OF CHEEK
bull After the formation of the upper lip and lower lips the stomatodaeum becomes broader
bull In its lateral part it is bounded by the maxillary process from above and mandibular
process from below
bull Progressive fusion of both the processes form the cheek
FACIAL MUSCLES
Muscles of face
develop from 2nd
branchial arch and
are supplied by
facial nerve
DEVELOPMENT OF FACE
bull The cheek is formed by the fusion of posterior part of maxillary
and mandibular process
bull The nose is derived from the frontonasal process
bull The nasal cavity is formed by enlargement of the nasal pits
bull Paranasal sinuses appear as outgrowths from the nasal cavity
bull The palate is formed by fusion of 3 components ie right and left
palatal processes and the primitive palate
bull The oral cavity is derived party from the stomatodaeum
(ectoderm) and partly from the foregut(endoderm)
DEVELOPMENT OF FACE
bull The pharynx is derived from the foregut
bull Muscles of face develop from 2nd branchial arch and are supplied by
facial nerve
bull Eyes develop from three sources
- Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic n
-Surface ectoderm of the head - lens
- Mesoderm between these layers ndash eye muscle and vascular tissues
bull External ear develops from Ext Acoustic meatus middle ear develops
from tubotympanic recess that is derived from 1st pouch and internal ear
is derived from otic placode which is a thickening of surface ectoderm
DEVELOPMENT OF NOSE
DEVELOPMENT OF THE NOSE
bull The nasal cavities are separated from the mouth by the
development of palate The narrowing of the fronto-nasal process
and the enlargement of nasal cavities brings them closer together
bull The intervening tissues becomes much thinned to form the nasal
septum
bull The nasal pits now deepen to form the nasal sacs which expand
both dorsally and caudally The nasal sac has a ventral orifice that
opens on the face is called the Anterior nares
Structures Formed Prominence
- One in number
- Forms Forehead bridge of nose and medial and lateral nasal
prominences
Frontonasal
- One on each side Merge with the lateral nasal process then with the
medial nasal process to form
- Part of Cheeks Upper lip except the median part (Philtrum) Upper
Jaw except median part Definitive palate
Maxillary (Two)
-- Two arise from lower border of frontonasal process one on each side
medially - Merge with each other in the middle line to form
intermaxillary segment which will give
- Philtrum of upper lip Median part of upper jaw (carrying 4 incisors)
Primitive palate Primitive nasal septum crestamp tip of the nose
Two Medial nasal
(from frontonasal
Process)
-Two arise from lower border of frontonasal process one on each side
laterally Separated from the maxillary process by cleft where the
nasolacrimal duct lies - Give Alae of nose
Two Lateral nasal
(from frontonasal
process)
- One on each side below the maxillary processes Merge with its
fellow of other side to form - Whole Lower lip Whole lower jaw
Most of cheek
Mandibular (two)
Summary Structures Contributing to Formation of the Face
CORRELATION BETWEEN SENSORYamp MOTOR NERVE SUPPLY OF THE
FACE AND ITS DEVELOPMENT
25
The process and its
derivatives
Nerve supply
Frontonasal process Ophthalmic nerve from trigeminal (First
arch nerve)
Maxillary processes Maxillary nerve from trigeminal (First
arch nerve)
Mandibular
processes
Mandibular nerve from trigeminal
(First arch nerve)
The muscles of the face (Facial expression muscles) along with
the lips are derived from mesenchyme of second bronchial arch
Thus they are supplied by the facial nerve
SUMMARY DEVELOPMENT OF THE NOSE
Formed of proliferation of mesoderm ventral to forebrain 1- Frontonasal
process formation
-2 oval ectodermal thickenings on the surface of lateral parts of frontonasal process 2 Nasal placodes
-Mesoderm proliferation occurs around the nasal placodes
- Horse shoe- shaped
- On the sides of nasal placodes the proliferation forms the medial amp lateral nasal
prominences
- Nasal pits occur in the center of each of them
3 Lateralamp Medial
nasal prominences
-Results from fusion of medial nasal prominences
-It will give rise philtrum of upper lip primitive nasal septum amp median part of the
upper jaw (carrying 4 incisors) amp the primitive palate
3 Premaxilla
- Extension of the maxillary process below the nasal pit converts the pits into
primitive cavity
4 Nasal cavity
-Primitive septum formed by intermaxillary segment of frontonasal process
-Definitive septum formed by proliferation of mesoderm of the roof of stomodeum
-grows amp divides nasal cavity into Rt amp Lt halves
5 Nasal septum
-Nasolacrimal groove is formed between maxillary process amp latera nassal fold By 5
th week fusion of the two processes occurs
-Beneath the line of fusion solid cord of cells appear then canalized amp its cranial end
expanded to from the lacrimal sac
6 Nasolacrimal duct
27
Intermaxillary segment and maxillary processes B The intermaxillary segment giving rise to the philtrum of the upper lip the median part of the maxillary bone
with its four incisor teeth and the triangular primary palate
DEVELOPMENT OF THE PALATE
SUMMARY OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE PALATE
I Stage of formation of processes
1- Formation of Primitive or Primary Palate
bull By 5 th week Intermaxillary process of frontonasal process 1ry palate later becomes the premaxilla of hard palateIncisive fossa (the anterior triangular area bounded by the 4 incisor teeth)
2 Formation of Definitive (secondary) palate
bull Maxillary processes palatine processes 2ry palate meetingamp fusion with 1ry palate
II Stage of meetingamp fusion of the processes
bull Palatine processes grow mediallyamp fuse with each other in the midline amp fuse with the primitive palate Fusion of the premaxilla palatine processes of maxillaamp nasal septum begins at 8 th week
III- Stage of ossification to form Hard palate
bull The anterior frac34 of the palate ossify hard palate amp posterior frac14 the soft palate amp uvula
DEVELOPMENTAL
ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
DEVELOPMENT OF FACE
31
A Incomplete cleft lip B Bilateral cleft lip C Cleft lip cleft jaw and cleft palate D Isolated cleft palate E Oblique facial
cleft
32
Ventral view of the palate gum lip and nose A Normal B Unilateral cleft lip extending into the nose C Unilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw and
extending to the incisive foramen D Bilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw E
Isolated cleft palate F Cleft palate combined with unilateral anterior cleft lip
INCIDENCE
Cleft lip is common among males while cleft palate is more
common among females
Unilateral clefts - 80 of the incidence
Bilateral clefts - remaining 20
CLEFT LIP AND PALATE
CLEFT LIP AND PALATE -
Cleft palate - A congenital fissure in the roof of the mouth
resulting from incomplete fusion of the palate during
embryonic development
Cleft lip - A congenital deformity characterized by a vertical
cleft or pair of clefts in the upper lip with or without
involvement of the palate Defective fusion of the medial nasal
process with the maxillary process leads to cleft lip
GENETIC OR ENVIRONMENTAL
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE PALATE
(VEAUrsquoS CLASSIFICATION)
Most accepted
GROUP I- cleft of the soft palate only
GROUP II-Cleft of the hard and soft palate to the incisive foramen
GROUP III-Complete unilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and
the lip and alveolar ridge on one side
GROUP IV-Complete bilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and the
lip and alveolar ridge on both sides
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
1-Oblique facial cleft
- cleft extends from the upper lip to orbit
- Due to failure of fusion between maxillary process and lateral margin of
frontonasal process
2- Cleft upper lip ( hare lip) Involve upper lip cleft with or without cleft palate
(medial nasal process)
-Median hare lip partial or complete failure of fusion of the two medial nasal
processes to form the intermaxillary segment (absent phitrum)
- Unilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary process with intermaxillary
processes ( the medial nasal process) on one side
-Bilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary processes with intermaxillary
processes (the medial nasal processes) of both sides
3- Median cleft lower lip
- Due to failure of fusion between the 2 mandibular processes
4- Macrostomia (larg mouth)
Due to arrest of fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes to shift
the angle medially gtgtgt very big oral fissure
5- Microstomia
Due to excessive fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes
gtgtgtgtvery small oral fissure
6- Aganthia absent lower jaw
7- Micrganthia small lower jaw
8- Atresia of nasolacrimal duct failure of the canalization of the nasolacrimal
duct
9 Congenital anomalies of the nose
1Absent Nose No nasal processes are formed
2Single nostril Only one nasal Placode is formed
3Stenosis (Narrowing) of the nostril
4Deviation of the Nasal Septum
5Bifid nose if the medial nasal processes do not merge completely
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
bull Ear consists of 3 anatomical parts
- Internal ear
- Middle ear
- External ear
-External ear
External acoustic meatus-
Develops by deepening of the dorsal end of the 1st pharyngeal groove
bull Pinna or Auricle
Six mesenchymal hillocks ndash Auricular hillocks develop from the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arch
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
-Middle ear
Develops from the tubotympanic recess ie derived from the 1st pharyngeal pouch
Tympanic cavity- Distal portion of the tubotympanic recess expands
-Tympanic membrane Ectodermal lining from1 ST pharyngeal groove
-Mesodermal lining from 1st and 2nd arch
-Endodermal lining from tubotympanic recess
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
Ear ossicles
bull 1st bone to attain ultimate size
bull Maleus and Incus develop from the 1st arch
bull Stapes develop from 2nd arch
bull Ossification begins in the 16th week and continues up to the 25th week
-INTERNAL EAR
bull OTIC PLACODE
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
DEVELOPMENT OF EYE
bull Eyes develop from three sources
Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic
nerve
Surface ectoderm of the head- lens
Mesoderm between these layers - eye muscle and
vascular tissues
bull 1st indication of eye formation is optic sulcus
which is formed in the 4th week
DEVELOPMENT OF EYE
DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH
bull The teeth are formed in relation to the dental lamina An enlargement of
dental lamina for each tooth is formed which is called the enamel organ
Ameloblasts form the enamel odontoblasts form the dentine and the
mesenchyme that invaginates into enamel organ forms the pulp
bull The ant 23rd of the tongue is formed from the lingual swellings and the
tuberculum impar
bull The post13rd of the tongue is formed by cranial part of hypobranchial
eminence
bull The salivary glands develop as outgrowths of buccal epithelium
bull The palatine tonsil develops in relation to 2nd pharyngeal pouch
Anodontia
Oligodontia
Microdontiamacrodontia
Gemination Concrescence
FUSION
Fusion
Dilaceration
Supernumerary teeth
Amelogenesis imperfecta
SUPERNUMERARY Enviornmental enamel hypoplasia
DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF TEETH
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Congenitally missing teeth (most commonly
the upper laterals)
Presence of natal or neonatal teeth
Presence of supernumerary teeth
Ectopically erupting teeth
Anomalies of tooth morphology
Enamel hypoplasia
Microdontia
Fused teeth
Macrodontia
Mobile and early shedding of teeth due to poor
periodontal support
Posterior and anterior cross bite
Protruding premaxilla
Deep bite
Spacingcrowding
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Third week Development of ear
Formation of Stomatodaeum
Fourth week
Formation of Fronto-nasal process maxillary and mandibular
process
Development of cranial base
Formation of pharyngeal arches
Development of tongue
Fifth week Formation of Nasal placode Medial and lateral nasal process
Development of mandible
Sixth week Development of Nasal cavity
Development of Parotid and Submandibular salivary glands
Seventh week Formation of pre-maxilla
Eight week Formation of definitive palate
Development of Sublingual salivary glands
Tenth week Development of TMJ
Development of Maxillary sinus
Twelth week Development of Ethmoidal Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses
I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON
1 Development of the face
2 Development of the Palate
3 Development of the Nose
4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes
5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes
6 Innervation of the face from Embryological
background
II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS
1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal
prominence
2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face
originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells
3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the
development of the face
4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week
5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular
prominence
6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence
1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate
is formed from helliphellip process
III MCQ
1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at
A six weeks post-fertilization
B eight weeks post-fertilization
C ten weeks post-fertilization
D twelve weeks post-fertilization
2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the
A palatine processes
B palatine and frontonasal processes
C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes
D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular
processes
THANKS
Frontal aspect of the face A 5-week embryo B 6--week embryo The nasal prominences are gradually separated from the maxillary prominence by deep furrows
Development of face
DEVELOPMENT OF FACE
A Frontal aspect of the face A 7-week embryo Maxillary
prominences have fused with the medial nasal prominences
B 10- week embryo
DEVELOPMENT OF UPPER LIP
Each maxillary process grows medially and fuses first with the lateral nasal
process and then with medial nasal process
The medial and lateral nasal processes fuse with each other in the nasal pits (ext
nares) are cut off from stomatodaeum
The mesodermal basis of the lateral part of the lip is formed from the maxillary
process and the overlying skin is derived from the ectoderm covering this
process
The mesodermal basis of the median part of lip (philtrum) is formed from
frontonasal process
The skin of the entire upper lip is innervated by maxillary nerves
The muscles of the face along with the lips are derived from mesoderm of
second bronchial arch are supplied by the facial nerve
DEVELOPMENT OF LOWER LIP
The mandibular process of two sides grow towards each
other and fuse in the midline The fused mandibular
processes give rise to lower lipamp to lower jaw
DEVELOPMENT OF CHEEK
bull After the formation of the upper lip and lower lips the stomatodaeum becomes broader
bull In its lateral part it is bounded by the maxillary process from above and mandibular
process from below
bull Progressive fusion of both the processes form the cheek
FACIAL MUSCLES
Muscles of face
develop from 2nd
branchial arch and
are supplied by
facial nerve
DEVELOPMENT OF FACE
bull The cheek is formed by the fusion of posterior part of maxillary
and mandibular process
bull The nose is derived from the frontonasal process
bull The nasal cavity is formed by enlargement of the nasal pits
bull Paranasal sinuses appear as outgrowths from the nasal cavity
bull The palate is formed by fusion of 3 components ie right and left
palatal processes and the primitive palate
bull The oral cavity is derived party from the stomatodaeum
(ectoderm) and partly from the foregut(endoderm)
DEVELOPMENT OF FACE
bull The pharynx is derived from the foregut
bull Muscles of face develop from 2nd branchial arch and are supplied by
facial nerve
bull Eyes develop from three sources
- Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic n
-Surface ectoderm of the head - lens
- Mesoderm between these layers ndash eye muscle and vascular tissues
bull External ear develops from Ext Acoustic meatus middle ear develops
from tubotympanic recess that is derived from 1st pouch and internal ear
is derived from otic placode which is a thickening of surface ectoderm
DEVELOPMENT OF NOSE
DEVELOPMENT OF THE NOSE
bull The nasal cavities are separated from the mouth by the
development of palate The narrowing of the fronto-nasal process
and the enlargement of nasal cavities brings them closer together
bull The intervening tissues becomes much thinned to form the nasal
septum
bull The nasal pits now deepen to form the nasal sacs which expand
both dorsally and caudally The nasal sac has a ventral orifice that
opens on the face is called the Anterior nares
Structures Formed Prominence
- One in number
- Forms Forehead bridge of nose and medial and lateral nasal
prominences
Frontonasal
- One on each side Merge with the lateral nasal process then with the
medial nasal process to form
- Part of Cheeks Upper lip except the median part (Philtrum) Upper
Jaw except median part Definitive palate
Maxillary (Two)
-- Two arise from lower border of frontonasal process one on each side
medially - Merge with each other in the middle line to form
intermaxillary segment which will give
- Philtrum of upper lip Median part of upper jaw (carrying 4 incisors)
Primitive palate Primitive nasal septum crestamp tip of the nose
Two Medial nasal
(from frontonasal
Process)
-Two arise from lower border of frontonasal process one on each side
laterally Separated from the maxillary process by cleft where the
nasolacrimal duct lies - Give Alae of nose
Two Lateral nasal
(from frontonasal
process)
- One on each side below the maxillary processes Merge with its
fellow of other side to form - Whole Lower lip Whole lower jaw
Most of cheek
Mandibular (two)
Summary Structures Contributing to Formation of the Face
CORRELATION BETWEEN SENSORYamp MOTOR NERVE SUPPLY OF THE
FACE AND ITS DEVELOPMENT
25
The process and its
derivatives
Nerve supply
Frontonasal process Ophthalmic nerve from trigeminal (First
arch nerve)
Maxillary processes Maxillary nerve from trigeminal (First
arch nerve)
Mandibular
processes
Mandibular nerve from trigeminal
(First arch nerve)
The muscles of the face (Facial expression muscles) along with
the lips are derived from mesenchyme of second bronchial arch
Thus they are supplied by the facial nerve
SUMMARY DEVELOPMENT OF THE NOSE
Formed of proliferation of mesoderm ventral to forebrain 1- Frontonasal
process formation
-2 oval ectodermal thickenings on the surface of lateral parts of frontonasal process 2 Nasal placodes
-Mesoderm proliferation occurs around the nasal placodes
- Horse shoe- shaped
- On the sides of nasal placodes the proliferation forms the medial amp lateral nasal
prominences
- Nasal pits occur in the center of each of them
3 Lateralamp Medial
nasal prominences
-Results from fusion of medial nasal prominences
-It will give rise philtrum of upper lip primitive nasal septum amp median part of the
upper jaw (carrying 4 incisors) amp the primitive palate
3 Premaxilla
- Extension of the maxillary process below the nasal pit converts the pits into
primitive cavity
4 Nasal cavity
-Primitive septum formed by intermaxillary segment of frontonasal process
-Definitive septum formed by proliferation of mesoderm of the roof of stomodeum
-grows amp divides nasal cavity into Rt amp Lt halves
5 Nasal septum
-Nasolacrimal groove is formed between maxillary process amp latera nassal fold By 5
th week fusion of the two processes occurs
-Beneath the line of fusion solid cord of cells appear then canalized amp its cranial end
expanded to from the lacrimal sac
6 Nasolacrimal duct
27
Intermaxillary segment and maxillary processes B The intermaxillary segment giving rise to the philtrum of the upper lip the median part of the maxillary bone
with its four incisor teeth and the triangular primary palate
DEVELOPMENT OF THE PALATE
SUMMARY OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE PALATE
I Stage of formation of processes
1- Formation of Primitive or Primary Palate
bull By 5 th week Intermaxillary process of frontonasal process 1ry palate later becomes the premaxilla of hard palateIncisive fossa (the anterior triangular area bounded by the 4 incisor teeth)
2 Formation of Definitive (secondary) palate
bull Maxillary processes palatine processes 2ry palate meetingamp fusion with 1ry palate
II Stage of meetingamp fusion of the processes
bull Palatine processes grow mediallyamp fuse with each other in the midline amp fuse with the primitive palate Fusion of the premaxilla palatine processes of maxillaamp nasal septum begins at 8 th week
III- Stage of ossification to form Hard palate
bull The anterior frac34 of the palate ossify hard palate amp posterior frac14 the soft palate amp uvula
DEVELOPMENTAL
ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
DEVELOPMENT OF FACE
31
A Incomplete cleft lip B Bilateral cleft lip C Cleft lip cleft jaw and cleft palate D Isolated cleft palate E Oblique facial
cleft
32
Ventral view of the palate gum lip and nose A Normal B Unilateral cleft lip extending into the nose C Unilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw and
extending to the incisive foramen D Bilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw E
Isolated cleft palate F Cleft palate combined with unilateral anterior cleft lip
INCIDENCE
Cleft lip is common among males while cleft palate is more
common among females
Unilateral clefts - 80 of the incidence
Bilateral clefts - remaining 20
CLEFT LIP AND PALATE
CLEFT LIP AND PALATE -
Cleft palate - A congenital fissure in the roof of the mouth
resulting from incomplete fusion of the palate during
embryonic development
Cleft lip - A congenital deformity characterized by a vertical
cleft or pair of clefts in the upper lip with or without
involvement of the palate Defective fusion of the medial nasal
process with the maxillary process leads to cleft lip
GENETIC OR ENVIRONMENTAL
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE PALATE
(VEAUrsquoS CLASSIFICATION)
Most accepted
GROUP I- cleft of the soft palate only
GROUP II-Cleft of the hard and soft palate to the incisive foramen
GROUP III-Complete unilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and
the lip and alveolar ridge on one side
GROUP IV-Complete bilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and the
lip and alveolar ridge on both sides
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
1-Oblique facial cleft
- cleft extends from the upper lip to orbit
- Due to failure of fusion between maxillary process and lateral margin of
frontonasal process
2- Cleft upper lip ( hare lip) Involve upper lip cleft with or without cleft palate
(medial nasal process)
-Median hare lip partial or complete failure of fusion of the two medial nasal
processes to form the intermaxillary segment (absent phitrum)
- Unilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary process with intermaxillary
processes ( the medial nasal process) on one side
-Bilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary processes with intermaxillary
processes (the medial nasal processes) of both sides
3- Median cleft lower lip
- Due to failure of fusion between the 2 mandibular processes
4- Macrostomia (larg mouth)
Due to arrest of fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes to shift
the angle medially gtgtgt very big oral fissure
5- Microstomia
Due to excessive fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes
gtgtgtgtvery small oral fissure
6- Aganthia absent lower jaw
7- Micrganthia small lower jaw
8- Atresia of nasolacrimal duct failure of the canalization of the nasolacrimal
duct
9 Congenital anomalies of the nose
1Absent Nose No nasal processes are formed
2Single nostril Only one nasal Placode is formed
3Stenosis (Narrowing) of the nostril
4Deviation of the Nasal Septum
5Bifid nose if the medial nasal processes do not merge completely
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
bull Ear consists of 3 anatomical parts
- Internal ear
- Middle ear
- External ear
-External ear
External acoustic meatus-
Develops by deepening of the dorsal end of the 1st pharyngeal groove
bull Pinna or Auricle
Six mesenchymal hillocks ndash Auricular hillocks develop from the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arch
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
-Middle ear
Develops from the tubotympanic recess ie derived from the 1st pharyngeal pouch
Tympanic cavity- Distal portion of the tubotympanic recess expands
-Tympanic membrane Ectodermal lining from1 ST pharyngeal groove
-Mesodermal lining from 1st and 2nd arch
-Endodermal lining from tubotympanic recess
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
Ear ossicles
bull 1st bone to attain ultimate size
bull Maleus and Incus develop from the 1st arch
bull Stapes develop from 2nd arch
bull Ossification begins in the 16th week and continues up to the 25th week
-INTERNAL EAR
bull OTIC PLACODE
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
DEVELOPMENT OF EYE
bull Eyes develop from three sources
Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic
nerve
Surface ectoderm of the head- lens
Mesoderm between these layers - eye muscle and
vascular tissues
bull 1st indication of eye formation is optic sulcus
which is formed in the 4th week
DEVELOPMENT OF EYE
DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH
bull The teeth are formed in relation to the dental lamina An enlargement of
dental lamina for each tooth is formed which is called the enamel organ
Ameloblasts form the enamel odontoblasts form the dentine and the
mesenchyme that invaginates into enamel organ forms the pulp
bull The ant 23rd of the tongue is formed from the lingual swellings and the
tuberculum impar
bull The post13rd of the tongue is formed by cranial part of hypobranchial
eminence
bull The salivary glands develop as outgrowths of buccal epithelium
bull The palatine tonsil develops in relation to 2nd pharyngeal pouch
Anodontia
Oligodontia
Microdontiamacrodontia
Gemination Concrescence
FUSION
Fusion
Dilaceration
Supernumerary teeth
Amelogenesis imperfecta
SUPERNUMERARY Enviornmental enamel hypoplasia
DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF TEETH
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Congenitally missing teeth (most commonly
the upper laterals)
Presence of natal or neonatal teeth
Presence of supernumerary teeth
Ectopically erupting teeth
Anomalies of tooth morphology
Enamel hypoplasia
Microdontia
Fused teeth
Macrodontia
Mobile and early shedding of teeth due to poor
periodontal support
Posterior and anterior cross bite
Protruding premaxilla
Deep bite
Spacingcrowding
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Third week Development of ear
Formation of Stomatodaeum
Fourth week
Formation of Fronto-nasal process maxillary and mandibular
process
Development of cranial base
Formation of pharyngeal arches
Development of tongue
Fifth week Formation of Nasal placode Medial and lateral nasal process
Development of mandible
Sixth week Development of Nasal cavity
Development of Parotid and Submandibular salivary glands
Seventh week Formation of pre-maxilla
Eight week Formation of definitive palate
Development of Sublingual salivary glands
Tenth week Development of TMJ
Development of Maxillary sinus
Twelth week Development of Ethmoidal Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses
I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON
1 Development of the face
2 Development of the Palate
3 Development of the Nose
4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes
5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes
6 Innervation of the face from Embryological
background
II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS
1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal
prominence
2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face
originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells
3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the
development of the face
4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week
5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular
prominence
6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence
1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate
is formed from helliphellip process
III MCQ
1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at
A six weeks post-fertilization
B eight weeks post-fertilization
C ten weeks post-fertilization
D twelve weeks post-fertilization
2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the
A palatine processes
B palatine and frontonasal processes
C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes
D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular
processes
THANKS
DEVELOPMENT OF FACE
A Frontal aspect of the face A 7-week embryo Maxillary
prominences have fused with the medial nasal prominences
B 10- week embryo
DEVELOPMENT OF UPPER LIP
Each maxillary process grows medially and fuses first with the lateral nasal
process and then with medial nasal process
The medial and lateral nasal processes fuse with each other in the nasal pits (ext
nares) are cut off from stomatodaeum
The mesodermal basis of the lateral part of the lip is formed from the maxillary
process and the overlying skin is derived from the ectoderm covering this
process
The mesodermal basis of the median part of lip (philtrum) is formed from
frontonasal process
The skin of the entire upper lip is innervated by maxillary nerves
The muscles of the face along with the lips are derived from mesoderm of
second bronchial arch are supplied by the facial nerve
DEVELOPMENT OF LOWER LIP
The mandibular process of two sides grow towards each
other and fuse in the midline The fused mandibular
processes give rise to lower lipamp to lower jaw
DEVELOPMENT OF CHEEK
bull After the formation of the upper lip and lower lips the stomatodaeum becomes broader
bull In its lateral part it is bounded by the maxillary process from above and mandibular
process from below
bull Progressive fusion of both the processes form the cheek
FACIAL MUSCLES
Muscles of face
develop from 2nd
branchial arch and
are supplied by
facial nerve
DEVELOPMENT OF FACE
bull The cheek is formed by the fusion of posterior part of maxillary
and mandibular process
bull The nose is derived from the frontonasal process
bull The nasal cavity is formed by enlargement of the nasal pits
bull Paranasal sinuses appear as outgrowths from the nasal cavity
bull The palate is formed by fusion of 3 components ie right and left
palatal processes and the primitive palate
bull The oral cavity is derived party from the stomatodaeum
(ectoderm) and partly from the foregut(endoderm)
DEVELOPMENT OF FACE
bull The pharynx is derived from the foregut
bull Muscles of face develop from 2nd branchial arch and are supplied by
facial nerve
bull Eyes develop from three sources
- Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic n
-Surface ectoderm of the head - lens
- Mesoderm between these layers ndash eye muscle and vascular tissues
bull External ear develops from Ext Acoustic meatus middle ear develops
from tubotympanic recess that is derived from 1st pouch and internal ear
is derived from otic placode which is a thickening of surface ectoderm
DEVELOPMENT OF NOSE
DEVELOPMENT OF THE NOSE
bull The nasal cavities are separated from the mouth by the
development of palate The narrowing of the fronto-nasal process
and the enlargement of nasal cavities brings them closer together
bull The intervening tissues becomes much thinned to form the nasal
septum
bull The nasal pits now deepen to form the nasal sacs which expand
both dorsally and caudally The nasal sac has a ventral orifice that
opens on the face is called the Anterior nares
Structures Formed Prominence
- One in number
- Forms Forehead bridge of nose and medial and lateral nasal
prominences
Frontonasal
- One on each side Merge with the lateral nasal process then with the
medial nasal process to form
- Part of Cheeks Upper lip except the median part (Philtrum) Upper
Jaw except median part Definitive palate
Maxillary (Two)
-- Two arise from lower border of frontonasal process one on each side
medially - Merge with each other in the middle line to form
intermaxillary segment which will give
- Philtrum of upper lip Median part of upper jaw (carrying 4 incisors)
Primitive palate Primitive nasal septum crestamp tip of the nose
Two Medial nasal
(from frontonasal
Process)
-Two arise from lower border of frontonasal process one on each side
laterally Separated from the maxillary process by cleft where the
nasolacrimal duct lies - Give Alae of nose
Two Lateral nasal
(from frontonasal
process)
- One on each side below the maxillary processes Merge with its
fellow of other side to form - Whole Lower lip Whole lower jaw
Most of cheek
Mandibular (two)
Summary Structures Contributing to Formation of the Face
CORRELATION BETWEEN SENSORYamp MOTOR NERVE SUPPLY OF THE
FACE AND ITS DEVELOPMENT
25
The process and its
derivatives
Nerve supply
Frontonasal process Ophthalmic nerve from trigeminal (First
arch nerve)
Maxillary processes Maxillary nerve from trigeminal (First
arch nerve)
Mandibular
processes
Mandibular nerve from trigeminal
(First arch nerve)
The muscles of the face (Facial expression muscles) along with
the lips are derived from mesenchyme of second bronchial arch
Thus they are supplied by the facial nerve
SUMMARY DEVELOPMENT OF THE NOSE
Formed of proliferation of mesoderm ventral to forebrain 1- Frontonasal
process formation
-2 oval ectodermal thickenings on the surface of lateral parts of frontonasal process 2 Nasal placodes
-Mesoderm proliferation occurs around the nasal placodes
- Horse shoe- shaped
- On the sides of nasal placodes the proliferation forms the medial amp lateral nasal
prominences
- Nasal pits occur in the center of each of them
3 Lateralamp Medial
nasal prominences
-Results from fusion of medial nasal prominences
-It will give rise philtrum of upper lip primitive nasal septum amp median part of the
upper jaw (carrying 4 incisors) amp the primitive palate
3 Premaxilla
- Extension of the maxillary process below the nasal pit converts the pits into
primitive cavity
4 Nasal cavity
-Primitive septum formed by intermaxillary segment of frontonasal process
-Definitive septum formed by proliferation of mesoderm of the roof of stomodeum
-grows amp divides nasal cavity into Rt amp Lt halves
5 Nasal septum
-Nasolacrimal groove is formed between maxillary process amp latera nassal fold By 5
th week fusion of the two processes occurs
-Beneath the line of fusion solid cord of cells appear then canalized amp its cranial end
expanded to from the lacrimal sac
6 Nasolacrimal duct
27
Intermaxillary segment and maxillary processes B The intermaxillary segment giving rise to the philtrum of the upper lip the median part of the maxillary bone
with its four incisor teeth and the triangular primary palate
DEVELOPMENT OF THE PALATE
SUMMARY OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE PALATE
I Stage of formation of processes
1- Formation of Primitive or Primary Palate
bull By 5 th week Intermaxillary process of frontonasal process 1ry palate later becomes the premaxilla of hard palateIncisive fossa (the anterior triangular area bounded by the 4 incisor teeth)
2 Formation of Definitive (secondary) palate
bull Maxillary processes palatine processes 2ry palate meetingamp fusion with 1ry palate
II Stage of meetingamp fusion of the processes
bull Palatine processes grow mediallyamp fuse with each other in the midline amp fuse with the primitive palate Fusion of the premaxilla palatine processes of maxillaamp nasal septum begins at 8 th week
III- Stage of ossification to form Hard palate
bull The anterior frac34 of the palate ossify hard palate amp posterior frac14 the soft palate amp uvula
DEVELOPMENTAL
ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
DEVELOPMENT OF FACE
31
A Incomplete cleft lip B Bilateral cleft lip C Cleft lip cleft jaw and cleft palate D Isolated cleft palate E Oblique facial
cleft
32
Ventral view of the palate gum lip and nose A Normal B Unilateral cleft lip extending into the nose C Unilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw and
extending to the incisive foramen D Bilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw E
Isolated cleft palate F Cleft palate combined with unilateral anterior cleft lip
INCIDENCE
Cleft lip is common among males while cleft palate is more
common among females
Unilateral clefts - 80 of the incidence
Bilateral clefts - remaining 20
CLEFT LIP AND PALATE
CLEFT LIP AND PALATE -
Cleft palate - A congenital fissure in the roof of the mouth
resulting from incomplete fusion of the palate during
embryonic development
Cleft lip - A congenital deformity characterized by a vertical
cleft or pair of clefts in the upper lip with or without
involvement of the palate Defective fusion of the medial nasal
process with the maxillary process leads to cleft lip
GENETIC OR ENVIRONMENTAL
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE PALATE
(VEAUrsquoS CLASSIFICATION)
Most accepted
GROUP I- cleft of the soft palate only
GROUP II-Cleft of the hard and soft palate to the incisive foramen
GROUP III-Complete unilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and
the lip and alveolar ridge on one side
GROUP IV-Complete bilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and the
lip and alveolar ridge on both sides
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
1-Oblique facial cleft
- cleft extends from the upper lip to orbit
- Due to failure of fusion between maxillary process and lateral margin of
frontonasal process
2- Cleft upper lip ( hare lip) Involve upper lip cleft with or without cleft palate
(medial nasal process)
-Median hare lip partial or complete failure of fusion of the two medial nasal
processes to form the intermaxillary segment (absent phitrum)
- Unilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary process with intermaxillary
processes ( the medial nasal process) on one side
-Bilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary processes with intermaxillary
processes (the medial nasal processes) of both sides
3- Median cleft lower lip
- Due to failure of fusion between the 2 mandibular processes
4- Macrostomia (larg mouth)
Due to arrest of fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes to shift
the angle medially gtgtgt very big oral fissure
5- Microstomia
Due to excessive fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes
gtgtgtgtvery small oral fissure
6- Aganthia absent lower jaw
7- Micrganthia small lower jaw
8- Atresia of nasolacrimal duct failure of the canalization of the nasolacrimal
duct
9 Congenital anomalies of the nose
1Absent Nose No nasal processes are formed
2Single nostril Only one nasal Placode is formed
3Stenosis (Narrowing) of the nostril
4Deviation of the Nasal Septum
5Bifid nose if the medial nasal processes do not merge completely
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
bull Ear consists of 3 anatomical parts
- Internal ear
- Middle ear
- External ear
-External ear
External acoustic meatus-
Develops by deepening of the dorsal end of the 1st pharyngeal groove
bull Pinna or Auricle
Six mesenchymal hillocks ndash Auricular hillocks develop from the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arch
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
-Middle ear
Develops from the tubotympanic recess ie derived from the 1st pharyngeal pouch
Tympanic cavity- Distal portion of the tubotympanic recess expands
-Tympanic membrane Ectodermal lining from1 ST pharyngeal groove
-Mesodermal lining from 1st and 2nd arch
-Endodermal lining from tubotympanic recess
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
Ear ossicles
bull 1st bone to attain ultimate size
bull Maleus and Incus develop from the 1st arch
bull Stapes develop from 2nd arch
bull Ossification begins in the 16th week and continues up to the 25th week
-INTERNAL EAR
bull OTIC PLACODE
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
DEVELOPMENT OF EYE
bull Eyes develop from three sources
Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic
nerve
Surface ectoderm of the head- lens
Mesoderm between these layers - eye muscle and
vascular tissues
bull 1st indication of eye formation is optic sulcus
which is formed in the 4th week
DEVELOPMENT OF EYE
DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH
bull The teeth are formed in relation to the dental lamina An enlargement of
dental lamina for each tooth is formed which is called the enamel organ
Ameloblasts form the enamel odontoblasts form the dentine and the
mesenchyme that invaginates into enamel organ forms the pulp
bull The ant 23rd of the tongue is formed from the lingual swellings and the
tuberculum impar
bull The post13rd of the tongue is formed by cranial part of hypobranchial
eminence
bull The salivary glands develop as outgrowths of buccal epithelium
bull The palatine tonsil develops in relation to 2nd pharyngeal pouch
Anodontia
Oligodontia
Microdontiamacrodontia
Gemination Concrescence
FUSION
Fusion
Dilaceration
Supernumerary teeth
Amelogenesis imperfecta
SUPERNUMERARY Enviornmental enamel hypoplasia
DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF TEETH
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Congenitally missing teeth (most commonly
the upper laterals)
Presence of natal or neonatal teeth
Presence of supernumerary teeth
Ectopically erupting teeth
Anomalies of tooth morphology
Enamel hypoplasia
Microdontia
Fused teeth
Macrodontia
Mobile and early shedding of teeth due to poor
periodontal support
Posterior and anterior cross bite
Protruding premaxilla
Deep bite
Spacingcrowding
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Third week Development of ear
Formation of Stomatodaeum
Fourth week
Formation of Fronto-nasal process maxillary and mandibular
process
Development of cranial base
Formation of pharyngeal arches
Development of tongue
Fifth week Formation of Nasal placode Medial and lateral nasal process
Development of mandible
Sixth week Development of Nasal cavity
Development of Parotid and Submandibular salivary glands
Seventh week Formation of pre-maxilla
Eight week Formation of definitive palate
Development of Sublingual salivary glands
Tenth week Development of TMJ
Development of Maxillary sinus
Twelth week Development of Ethmoidal Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses
I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON
1 Development of the face
2 Development of the Palate
3 Development of the Nose
4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes
5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes
6 Innervation of the face from Embryological
background
II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS
1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal
prominence
2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face
originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells
3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the
development of the face
4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week
5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular
prominence
6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence
1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate
is formed from helliphellip process
III MCQ
1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at
A six weeks post-fertilization
B eight weeks post-fertilization
C ten weeks post-fertilization
D twelve weeks post-fertilization
2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the
A palatine processes
B palatine and frontonasal processes
C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes
D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular
processes
THANKS
DEVELOPMENT OF UPPER LIP
Each maxillary process grows medially and fuses first with the lateral nasal
process and then with medial nasal process
The medial and lateral nasal processes fuse with each other in the nasal pits (ext
nares) are cut off from stomatodaeum
The mesodermal basis of the lateral part of the lip is formed from the maxillary
process and the overlying skin is derived from the ectoderm covering this
process
The mesodermal basis of the median part of lip (philtrum) is formed from
frontonasal process
The skin of the entire upper lip is innervated by maxillary nerves
The muscles of the face along with the lips are derived from mesoderm of
second bronchial arch are supplied by the facial nerve
DEVELOPMENT OF LOWER LIP
The mandibular process of two sides grow towards each
other and fuse in the midline The fused mandibular
processes give rise to lower lipamp to lower jaw
DEVELOPMENT OF CHEEK
bull After the formation of the upper lip and lower lips the stomatodaeum becomes broader
bull In its lateral part it is bounded by the maxillary process from above and mandibular
process from below
bull Progressive fusion of both the processes form the cheek
FACIAL MUSCLES
Muscles of face
develop from 2nd
branchial arch and
are supplied by
facial nerve
DEVELOPMENT OF FACE
bull The cheek is formed by the fusion of posterior part of maxillary
and mandibular process
bull The nose is derived from the frontonasal process
bull The nasal cavity is formed by enlargement of the nasal pits
bull Paranasal sinuses appear as outgrowths from the nasal cavity
bull The palate is formed by fusion of 3 components ie right and left
palatal processes and the primitive palate
bull The oral cavity is derived party from the stomatodaeum
(ectoderm) and partly from the foregut(endoderm)
DEVELOPMENT OF FACE
bull The pharynx is derived from the foregut
bull Muscles of face develop from 2nd branchial arch and are supplied by
facial nerve
bull Eyes develop from three sources
- Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic n
-Surface ectoderm of the head - lens
- Mesoderm between these layers ndash eye muscle and vascular tissues
bull External ear develops from Ext Acoustic meatus middle ear develops
from tubotympanic recess that is derived from 1st pouch and internal ear
is derived from otic placode which is a thickening of surface ectoderm
DEVELOPMENT OF NOSE
DEVELOPMENT OF THE NOSE
bull The nasal cavities are separated from the mouth by the
development of palate The narrowing of the fronto-nasal process
and the enlargement of nasal cavities brings them closer together
bull The intervening tissues becomes much thinned to form the nasal
septum
bull The nasal pits now deepen to form the nasal sacs which expand
both dorsally and caudally The nasal sac has a ventral orifice that
opens on the face is called the Anterior nares
Structures Formed Prominence
- One in number
- Forms Forehead bridge of nose and medial and lateral nasal
prominences
Frontonasal
- One on each side Merge with the lateral nasal process then with the
medial nasal process to form
- Part of Cheeks Upper lip except the median part (Philtrum) Upper
Jaw except median part Definitive palate
Maxillary (Two)
-- Two arise from lower border of frontonasal process one on each side
medially - Merge with each other in the middle line to form
intermaxillary segment which will give
- Philtrum of upper lip Median part of upper jaw (carrying 4 incisors)
Primitive palate Primitive nasal septum crestamp tip of the nose
Two Medial nasal
(from frontonasal
Process)
-Two arise from lower border of frontonasal process one on each side
laterally Separated from the maxillary process by cleft where the
nasolacrimal duct lies - Give Alae of nose
Two Lateral nasal
(from frontonasal
process)
- One on each side below the maxillary processes Merge with its
fellow of other side to form - Whole Lower lip Whole lower jaw
Most of cheek
Mandibular (two)
Summary Structures Contributing to Formation of the Face
CORRELATION BETWEEN SENSORYamp MOTOR NERVE SUPPLY OF THE
FACE AND ITS DEVELOPMENT
25
The process and its
derivatives
Nerve supply
Frontonasal process Ophthalmic nerve from trigeminal (First
arch nerve)
Maxillary processes Maxillary nerve from trigeminal (First
arch nerve)
Mandibular
processes
Mandibular nerve from trigeminal
(First arch nerve)
The muscles of the face (Facial expression muscles) along with
the lips are derived from mesenchyme of second bronchial arch
Thus they are supplied by the facial nerve
SUMMARY DEVELOPMENT OF THE NOSE
Formed of proliferation of mesoderm ventral to forebrain 1- Frontonasal
process formation
-2 oval ectodermal thickenings on the surface of lateral parts of frontonasal process 2 Nasal placodes
-Mesoderm proliferation occurs around the nasal placodes
- Horse shoe- shaped
- On the sides of nasal placodes the proliferation forms the medial amp lateral nasal
prominences
- Nasal pits occur in the center of each of them
3 Lateralamp Medial
nasal prominences
-Results from fusion of medial nasal prominences
-It will give rise philtrum of upper lip primitive nasal septum amp median part of the
upper jaw (carrying 4 incisors) amp the primitive palate
3 Premaxilla
- Extension of the maxillary process below the nasal pit converts the pits into
primitive cavity
4 Nasal cavity
-Primitive septum formed by intermaxillary segment of frontonasal process
-Definitive septum formed by proliferation of mesoderm of the roof of stomodeum
-grows amp divides nasal cavity into Rt amp Lt halves
5 Nasal septum
-Nasolacrimal groove is formed between maxillary process amp latera nassal fold By 5
th week fusion of the two processes occurs
-Beneath the line of fusion solid cord of cells appear then canalized amp its cranial end
expanded to from the lacrimal sac
6 Nasolacrimal duct
27
Intermaxillary segment and maxillary processes B The intermaxillary segment giving rise to the philtrum of the upper lip the median part of the maxillary bone
with its four incisor teeth and the triangular primary palate
DEVELOPMENT OF THE PALATE
SUMMARY OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE PALATE
I Stage of formation of processes
1- Formation of Primitive or Primary Palate
bull By 5 th week Intermaxillary process of frontonasal process 1ry palate later becomes the premaxilla of hard palateIncisive fossa (the anterior triangular area bounded by the 4 incisor teeth)
2 Formation of Definitive (secondary) palate
bull Maxillary processes palatine processes 2ry palate meetingamp fusion with 1ry palate
II Stage of meetingamp fusion of the processes
bull Palatine processes grow mediallyamp fuse with each other in the midline amp fuse with the primitive palate Fusion of the premaxilla palatine processes of maxillaamp nasal septum begins at 8 th week
III- Stage of ossification to form Hard palate
bull The anterior frac34 of the palate ossify hard palate amp posterior frac14 the soft palate amp uvula
DEVELOPMENTAL
ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
DEVELOPMENT OF FACE
31
A Incomplete cleft lip B Bilateral cleft lip C Cleft lip cleft jaw and cleft palate D Isolated cleft palate E Oblique facial
cleft
32
Ventral view of the palate gum lip and nose A Normal B Unilateral cleft lip extending into the nose C Unilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw and
extending to the incisive foramen D Bilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw E
Isolated cleft palate F Cleft palate combined with unilateral anterior cleft lip
INCIDENCE
Cleft lip is common among males while cleft palate is more
common among females
Unilateral clefts - 80 of the incidence
Bilateral clefts - remaining 20
CLEFT LIP AND PALATE
CLEFT LIP AND PALATE -
Cleft palate - A congenital fissure in the roof of the mouth
resulting from incomplete fusion of the palate during
embryonic development
Cleft lip - A congenital deformity characterized by a vertical
cleft or pair of clefts in the upper lip with or without
involvement of the palate Defective fusion of the medial nasal
process with the maxillary process leads to cleft lip
GENETIC OR ENVIRONMENTAL
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE PALATE
(VEAUrsquoS CLASSIFICATION)
Most accepted
GROUP I- cleft of the soft palate only
GROUP II-Cleft of the hard and soft palate to the incisive foramen
GROUP III-Complete unilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and
the lip and alveolar ridge on one side
GROUP IV-Complete bilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and the
lip and alveolar ridge on both sides
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
1-Oblique facial cleft
- cleft extends from the upper lip to orbit
- Due to failure of fusion between maxillary process and lateral margin of
frontonasal process
2- Cleft upper lip ( hare lip) Involve upper lip cleft with or without cleft palate
(medial nasal process)
-Median hare lip partial or complete failure of fusion of the two medial nasal
processes to form the intermaxillary segment (absent phitrum)
- Unilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary process with intermaxillary
processes ( the medial nasal process) on one side
-Bilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary processes with intermaxillary
processes (the medial nasal processes) of both sides
3- Median cleft lower lip
- Due to failure of fusion between the 2 mandibular processes
4- Macrostomia (larg mouth)
Due to arrest of fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes to shift
the angle medially gtgtgt very big oral fissure
5- Microstomia
Due to excessive fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes
gtgtgtgtvery small oral fissure
6- Aganthia absent lower jaw
7- Micrganthia small lower jaw
8- Atresia of nasolacrimal duct failure of the canalization of the nasolacrimal
duct
9 Congenital anomalies of the nose
1Absent Nose No nasal processes are formed
2Single nostril Only one nasal Placode is formed
3Stenosis (Narrowing) of the nostril
4Deviation of the Nasal Septum
5Bifid nose if the medial nasal processes do not merge completely
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
bull Ear consists of 3 anatomical parts
- Internal ear
- Middle ear
- External ear
-External ear
External acoustic meatus-
Develops by deepening of the dorsal end of the 1st pharyngeal groove
bull Pinna or Auricle
Six mesenchymal hillocks ndash Auricular hillocks develop from the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arch
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
-Middle ear
Develops from the tubotympanic recess ie derived from the 1st pharyngeal pouch
Tympanic cavity- Distal portion of the tubotympanic recess expands
-Tympanic membrane Ectodermal lining from1 ST pharyngeal groove
-Mesodermal lining from 1st and 2nd arch
-Endodermal lining from tubotympanic recess
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
Ear ossicles
bull 1st bone to attain ultimate size
bull Maleus and Incus develop from the 1st arch
bull Stapes develop from 2nd arch
bull Ossification begins in the 16th week and continues up to the 25th week
-INTERNAL EAR
bull OTIC PLACODE
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
DEVELOPMENT OF EYE
bull Eyes develop from three sources
Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic
nerve
Surface ectoderm of the head- lens
Mesoderm between these layers - eye muscle and
vascular tissues
bull 1st indication of eye formation is optic sulcus
which is formed in the 4th week
DEVELOPMENT OF EYE
DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH
bull The teeth are formed in relation to the dental lamina An enlargement of
dental lamina for each tooth is formed which is called the enamel organ
Ameloblasts form the enamel odontoblasts form the dentine and the
mesenchyme that invaginates into enamel organ forms the pulp
bull The ant 23rd of the tongue is formed from the lingual swellings and the
tuberculum impar
bull The post13rd of the tongue is formed by cranial part of hypobranchial
eminence
bull The salivary glands develop as outgrowths of buccal epithelium
bull The palatine tonsil develops in relation to 2nd pharyngeal pouch
Anodontia
Oligodontia
Microdontiamacrodontia
Gemination Concrescence
FUSION
Fusion
Dilaceration
Supernumerary teeth
Amelogenesis imperfecta
SUPERNUMERARY Enviornmental enamel hypoplasia
DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF TEETH
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Congenitally missing teeth (most commonly
the upper laterals)
Presence of natal or neonatal teeth
Presence of supernumerary teeth
Ectopically erupting teeth
Anomalies of tooth morphology
Enamel hypoplasia
Microdontia
Fused teeth
Macrodontia
Mobile and early shedding of teeth due to poor
periodontal support
Posterior and anterior cross bite
Protruding premaxilla
Deep bite
Spacingcrowding
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Third week Development of ear
Formation of Stomatodaeum
Fourth week
Formation of Fronto-nasal process maxillary and mandibular
process
Development of cranial base
Formation of pharyngeal arches
Development of tongue
Fifth week Formation of Nasal placode Medial and lateral nasal process
Development of mandible
Sixth week Development of Nasal cavity
Development of Parotid and Submandibular salivary glands
Seventh week Formation of pre-maxilla
Eight week Formation of definitive palate
Development of Sublingual salivary glands
Tenth week Development of TMJ
Development of Maxillary sinus
Twelth week Development of Ethmoidal Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses
I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON
1 Development of the face
2 Development of the Palate
3 Development of the Nose
4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes
5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes
6 Innervation of the face from Embryological
background
II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS
1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal
prominence
2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face
originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells
3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the
development of the face
4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week
5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular
prominence
6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence
1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate
is formed from helliphellip process
III MCQ
1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at
A six weeks post-fertilization
B eight weeks post-fertilization
C ten weeks post-fertilization
D twelve weeks post-fertilization
2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the
A palatine processes
B palatine and frontonasal processes
C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes
D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular
processes
THANKS
DEVELOPMENT OF LOWER LIP
The mandibular process of two sides grow towards each
other and fuse in the midline The fused mandibular
processes give rise to lower lipamp to lower jaw
DEVELOPMENT OF CHEEK
bull After the formation of the upper lip and lower lips the stomatodaeum becomes broader
bull In its lateral part it is bounded by the maxillary process from above and mandibular
process from below
bull Progressive fusion of both the processes form the cheek
FACIAL MUSCLES
Muscles of face
develop from 2nd
branchial arch and
are supplied by
facial nerve
DEVELOPMENT OF FACE
bull The cheek is formed by the fusion of posterior part of maxillary
and mandibular process
bull The nose is derived from the frontonasal process
bull The nasal cavity is formed by enlargement of the nasal pits
bull Paranasal sinuses appear as outgrowths from the nasal cavity
bull The palate is formed by fusion of 3 components ie right and left
palatal processes and the primitive palate
bull The oral cavity is derived party from the stomatodaeum
(ectoderm) and partly from the foregut(endoderm)
DEVELOPMENT OF FACE
bull The pharynx is derived from the foregut
bull Muscles of face develop from 2nd branchial arch and are supplied by
facial nerve
bull Eyes develop from three sources
- Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic n
-Surface ectoderm of the head - lens
- Mesoderm between these layers ndash eye muscle and vascular tissues
bull External ear develops from Ext Acoustic meatus middle ear develops
from tubotympanic recess that is derived from 1st pouch and internal ear
is derived from otic placode which is a thickening of surface ectoderm
DEVELOPMENT OF NOSE
DEVELOPMENT OF THE NOSE
bull The nasal cavities are separated from the mouth by the
development of palate The narrowing of the fronto-nasal process
and the enlargement of nasal cavities brings them closer together
bull The intervening tissues becomes much thinned to form the nasal
septum
bull The nasal pits now deepen to form the nasal sacs which expand
both dorsally and caudally The nasal sac has a ventral orifice that
opens on the face is called the Anterior nares
Structures Formed Prominence
- One in number
- Forms Forehead bridge of nose and medial and lateral nasal
prominences
Frontonasal
- One on each side Merge with the lateral nasal process then with the
medial nasal process to form
- Part of Cheeks Upper lip except the median part (Philtrum) Upper
Jaw except median part Definitive palate
Maxillary (Two)
-- Two arise from lower border of frontonasal process one on each side
medially - Merge with each other in the middle line to form
intermaxillary segment which will give
- Philtrum of upper lip Median part of upper jaw (carrying 4 incisors)
Primitive palate Primitive nasal septum crestamp tip of the nose
Two Medial nasal
(from frontonasal
Process)
-Two arise from lower border of frontonasal process one on each side
laterally Separated from the maxillary process by cleft where the
nasolacrimal duct lies - Give Alae of nose
Two Lateral nasal
(from frontonasal
process)
- One on each side below the maxillary processes Merge with its
fellow of other side to form - Whole Lower lip Whole lower jaw
Most of cheek
Mandibular (two)
Summary Structures Contributing to Formation of the Face
CORRELATION BETWEEN SENSORYamp MOTOR NERVE SUPPLY OF THE
FACE AND ITS DEVELOPMENT
25
The process and its
derivatives
Nerve supply
Frontonasal process Ophthalmic nerve from trigeminal (First
arch nerve)
Maxillary processes Maxillary nerve from trigeminal (First
arch nerve)
Mandibular
processes
Mandibular nerve from trigeminal
(First arch nerve)
The muscles of the face (Facial expression muscles) along with
the lips are derived from mesenchyme of second bronchial arch
Thus they are supplied by the facial nerve
SUMMARY DEVELOPMENT OF THE NOSE
Formed of proliferation of mesoderm ventral to forebrain 1- Frontonasal
process formation
-2 oval ectodermal thickenings on the surface of lateral parts of frontonasal process 2 Nasal placodes
-Mesoderm proliferation occurs around the nasal placodes
- Horse shoe- shaped
- On the sides of nasal placodes the proliferation forms the medial amp lateral nasal
prominences
- Nasal pits occur in the center of each of them
3 Lateralamp Medial
nasal prominences
-Results from fusion of medial nasal prominences
-It will give rise philtrum of upper lip primitive nasal septum amp median part of the
upper jaw (carrying 4 incisors) amp the primitive palate
3 Premaxilla
- Extension of the maxillary process below the nasal pit converts the pits into
primitive cavity
4 Nasal cavity
-Primitive septum formed by intermaxillary segment of frontonasal process
-Definitive septum formed by proliferation of mesoderm of the roof of stomodeum
-grows amp divides nasal cavity into Rt amp Lt halves
5 Nasal septum
-Nasolacrimal groove is formed between maxillary process amp latera nassal fold By 5
th week fusion of the two processes occurs
-Beneath the line of fusion solid cord of cells appear then canalized amp its cranial end
expanded to from the lacrimal sac
6 Nasolacrimal duct
27
Intermaxillary segment and maxillary processes B The intermaxillary segment giving rise to the philtrum of the upper lip the median part of the maxillary bone
with its four incisor teeth and the triangular primary palate
DEVELOPMENT OF THE PALATE
SUMMARY OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE PALATE
I Stage of formation of processes
1- Formation of Primitive or Primary Palate
bull By 5 th week Intermaxillary process of frontonasal process 1ry palate later becomes the premaxilla of hard palateIncisive fossa (the anterior triangular area bounded by the 4 incisor teeth)
2 Formation of Definitive (secondary) palate
bull Maxillary processes palatine processes 2ry palate meetingamp fusion with 1ry palate
II Stage of meetingamp fusion of the processes
bull Palatine processes grow mediallyamp fuse with each other in the midline amp fuse with the primitive palate Fusion of the premaxilla palatine processes of maxillaamp nasal septum begins at 8 th week
III- Stage of ossification to form Hard palate
bull The anterior frac34 of the palate ossify hard palate amp posterior frac14 the soft palate amp uvula
DEVELOPMENTAL
ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
DEVELOPMENT OF FACE
31
A Incomplete cleft lip B Bilateral cleft lip C Cleft lip cleft jaw and cleft palate D Isolated cleft palate E Oblique facial
cleft
32
Ventral view of the palate gum lip and nose A Normal B Unilateral cleft lip extending into the nose C Unilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw and
extending to the incisive foramen D Bilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw E
Isolated cleft palate F Cleft palate combined with unilateral anterior cleft lip
INCIDENCE
Cleft lip is common among males while cleft palate is more
common among females
Unilateral clefts - 80 of the incidence
Bilateral clefts - remaining 20
CLEFT LIP AND PALATE
CLEFT LIP AND PALATE -
Cleft palate - A congenital fissure in the roof of the mouth
resulting from incomplete fusion of the palate during
embryonic development
Cleft lip - A congenital deformity characterized by a vertical
cleft or pair of clefts in the upper lip with or without
involvement of the palate Defective fusion of the medial nasal
process with the maxillary process leads to cleft lip
GENETIC OR ENVIRONMENTAL
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE PALATE
(VEAUrsquoS CLASSIFICATION)
Most accepted
GROUP I- cleft of the soft palate only
GROUP II-Cleft of the hard and soft palate to the incisive foramen
GROUP III-Complete unilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and
the lip and alveolar ridge on one side
GROUP IV-Complete bilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and the
lip and alveolar ridge on both sides
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
1-Oblique facial cleft
- cleft extends from the upper lip to orbit
- Due to failure of fusion between maxillary process and lateral margin of
frontonasal process
2- Cleft upper lip ( hare lip) Involve upper lip cleft with or without cleft palate
(medial nasal process)
-Median hare lip partial or complete failure of fusion of the two medial nasal
processes to form the intermaxillary segment (absent phitrum)
- Unilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary process with intermaxillary
processes ( the medial nasal process) on one side
-Bilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary processes with intermaxillary
processes (the medial nasal processes) of both sides
3- Median cleft lower lip
- Due to failure of fusion between the 2 mandibular processes
4- Macrostomia (larg mouth)
Due to arrest of fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes to shift
the angle medially gtgtgt very big oral fissure
5- Microstomia
Due to excessive fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes
gtgtgtgtvery small oral fissure
6- Aganthia absent lower jaw
7- Micrganthia small lower jaw
8- Atresia of nasolacrimal duct failure of the canalization of the nasolacrimal
duct
9 Congenital anomalies of the nose
1Absent Nose No nasal processes are formed
2Single nostril Only one nasal Placode is formed
3Stenosis (Narrowing) of the nostril
4Deviation of the Nasal Septum
5Bifid nose if the medial nasal processes do not merge completely
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
bull Ear consists of 3 anatomical parts
- Internal ear
- Middle ear
- External ear
-External ear
External acoustic meatus-
Develops by deepening of the dorsal end of the 1st pharyngeal groove
bull Pinna or Auricle
Six mesenchymal hillocks ndash Auricular hillocks develop from the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arch
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
-Middle ear
Develops from the tubotympanic recess ie derived from the 1st pharyngeal pouch
Tympanic cavity- Distal portion of the tubotympanic recess expands
-Tympanic membrane Ectodermal lining from1 ST pharyngeal groove
-Mesodermal lining from 1st and 2nd arch
-Endodermal lining from tubotympanic recess
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
Ear ossicles
bull 1st bone to attain ultimate size
bull Maleus and Incus develop from the 1st arch
bull Stapes develop from 2nd arch
bull Ossification begins in the 16th week and continues up to the 25th week
-INTERNAL EAR
bull OTIC PLACODE
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
DEVELOPMENT OF EYE
bull Eyes develop from three sources
Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic
nerve
Surface ectoderm of the head- lens
Mesoderm between these layers - eye muscle and
vascular tissues
bull 1st indication of eye formation is optic sulcus
which is formed in the 4th week
DEVELOPMENT OF EYE
DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH
bull The teeth are formed in relation to the dental lamina An enlargement of
dental lamina for each tooth is formed which is called the enamel organ
Ameloblasts form the enamel odontoblasts form the dentine and the
mesenchyme that invaginates into enamel organ forms the pulp
bull The ant 23rd of the tongue is formed from the lingual swellings and the
tuberculum impar
bull The post13rd of the tongue is formed by cranial part of hypobranchial
eminence
bull The salivary glands develop as outgrowths of buccal epithelium
bull The palatine tonsil develops in relation to 2nd pharyngeal pouch
Anodontia
Oligodontia
Microdontiamacrodontia
Gemination Concrescence
FUSION
Fusion
Dilaceration
Supernumerary teeth
Amelogenesis imperfecta
SUPERNUMERARY Enviornmental enamel hypoplasia
DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF TEETH
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Congenitally missing teeth (most commonly
the upper laterals)
Presence of natal or neonatal teeth
Presence of supernumerary teeth
Ectopically erupting teeth
Anomalies of tooth morphology
Enamel hypoplasia
Microdontia
Fused teeth
Macrodontia
Mobile and early shedding of teeth due to poor
periodontal support
Posterior and anterior cross bite
Protruding premaxilla
Deep bite
Spacingcrowding
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Third week Development of ear
Formation of Stomatodaeum
Fourth week
Formation of Fronto-nasal process maxillary and mandibular
process
Development of cranial base
Formation of pharyngeal arches
Development of tongue
Fifth week Formation of Nasal placode Medial and lateral nasal process
Development of mandible
Sixth week Development of Nasal cavity
Development of Parotid and Submandibular salivary glands
Seventh week Formation of pre-maxilla
Eight week Formation of definitive palate
Development of Sublingual salivary glands
Tenth week Development of TMJ
Development of Maxillary sinus
Twelth week Development of Ethmoidal Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses
I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON
1 Development of the face
2 Development of the Palate
3 Development of the Nose
4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes
5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes
6 Innervation of the face from Embryological
background
II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS
1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal
prominence
2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face
originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells
3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the
development of the face
4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week
5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular
prominence
6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence
1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate
is formed from helliphellip process
III MCQ
1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at
A six weeks post-fertilization
B eight weeks post-fertilization
C ten weeks post-fertilization
D twelve weeks post-fertilization
2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the
A palatine processes
B palatine and frontonasal processes
C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes
D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular
processes
THANKS
DEVELOPMENT OF CHEEK
bull After the formation of the upper lip and lower lips the stomatodaeum becomes broader
bull In its lateral part it is bounded by the maxillary process from above and mandibular
process from below
bull Progressive fusion of both the processes form the cheek
FACIAL MUSCLES
Muscles of face
develop from 2nd
branchial arch and
are supplied by
facial nerve
DEVELOPMENT OF FACE
bull The cheek is formed by the fusion of posterior part of maxillary
and mandibular process
bull The nose is derived from the frontonasal process
bull The nasal cavity is formed by enlargement of the nasal pits
bull Paranasal sinuses appear as outgrowths from the nasal cavity
bull The palate is formed by fusion of 3 components ie right and left
palatal processes and the primitive palate
bull The oral cavity is derived party from the stomatodaeum
(ectoderm) and partly from the foregut(endoderm)
DEVELOPMENT OF FACE
bull The pharynx is derived from the foregut
bull Muscles of face develop from 2nd branchial arch and are supplied by
facial nerve
bull Eyes develop from three sources
- Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic n
-Surface ectoderm of the head - lens
- Mesoderm between these layers ndash eye muscle and vascular tissues
bull External ear develops from Ext Acoustic meatus middle ear develops
from tubotympanic recess that is derived from 1st pouch and internal ear
is derived from otic placode which is a thickening of surface ectoderm
DEVELOPMENT OF NOSE
DEVELOPMENT OF THE NOSE
bull The nasal cavities are separated from the mouth by the
development of palate The narrowing of the fronto-nasal process
and the enlargement of nasal cavities brings them closer together
bull The intervening tissues becomes much thinned to form the nasal
septum
bull The nasal pits now deepen to form the nasal sacs which expand
both dorsally and caudally The nasal sac has a ventral orifice that
opens on the face is called the Anterior nares
Structures Formed Prominence
- One in number
- Forms Forehead bridge of nose and medial and lateral nasal
prominences
Frontonasal
- One on each side Merge with the lateral nasal process then with the
medial nasal process to form
- Part of Cheeks Upper lip except the median part (Philtrum) Upper
Jaw except median part Definitive palate
Maxillary (Two)
-- Two arise from lower border of frontonasal process one on each side
medially - Merge with each other in the middle line to form
intermaxillary segment which will give
- Philtrum of upper lip Median part of upper jaw (carrying 4 incisors)
Primitive palate Primitive nasal septum crestamp tip of the nose
Two Medial nasal
(from frontonasal
Process)
-Two arise from lower border of frontonasal process one on each side
laterally Separated from the maxillary process by cleft where the
nasolacrimal duct lies - Give Alae of nose
Two Lateral nasal
(from frontonasal
process)
- One on each side below the maxillary processes Merge with its
fellow of other side to form - Whole Lower lip Whole lower jaw
Most of cheek
Mandibular (two)
Summary Structures Contributing to Formation of the Face
CORRELATION BETWEEN SENSORYamp MOTOR NERVE SUPPLY OF THE
FACE AND ITS DEVELOPMENT
25
The process and its
derivatives
Nerve supply
Frontonasal process Ophthalmic nerve from trigeminal (First
arch nerve)
Maxillary processes Maxillary nerve from trigeminal (First
arch nerve)
Mandibular
processes
Mandibular nerve from trigeminal
(First arch nerve)
The muscles of the face (Facial expression muscles) along with
the lips are derived from mesenchyme of second bronchial arch
Thus they are supplied by the facial nerve
SUMMARY DEVELOPMENT OF THE NOSE
Formed of proliferation of mesoderm ventral to forebrain 1- Frontonasal
process formation
-2 oval ectodermal thickenings on the surface of lateral parts of frontonasal process 2 Nasal placodes
-Mesoderm proliferation occurs around the nasal placodes
- Horse shoe- shaped
- On the sides of nasal placodes the proliferation forms the medial amp lateral nasal
prominences
- Nasal pits occur in the center of each of them
3 Lateralamp Medial
nasal prominences
-Results from fusion of medial nasal prominences
-It will give rise philtrum of upper lip primitive nasal septum amp median part of the
upper jaw (carrying 4 incisors) amp the primitive palate
3 Premaxilla
- Extension of the maxillary process below the nasal pit converts the pits into
primitive cavity
4 Nasal cavity
-Primitive septum formed by intermaxillary segment of frontonasal process
-Definitive septum formed by proliferation of mesoderm of the roof of stomodeum
-grows amp divides nasal cavity into Rt amp Lt halves
5 Nasal septum
-Nasolacrimal groove is formed between maxillary process amp latera nassal fold By 5
th week fusion of the two processes occurs
-Beneath the line of fusion solid cord of cells appear then canalized amp its cranial end
expanded to from the lacrimal sac
6 Nasolacrimal duct
27
Intermaxillary segment and maxillary processes B The intermaxillary segment giving rise to the philtrum of the upper lip the median part of the maxillary bone
with its four incisor teeth and the triangular primary palate
DEVELOPMENT OF THE PALATE
SUMMARY OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE PALATE
I Stage of formation of processes
1- Formation of Primitive or Primary Palate
bull By 5 th week Intermaxillary process of frontonasal process 1ry palate later becomes the premaxilla of hard palateIncisive fossa (the anterior triangular area bounded by the 4 incisor teeth)
2 Formation of Definitive (secondary) palate
bull Maxillary processes palatine processes 2ry palate meetingamp fusion with 1ry palate
II Stage of meetingamp fusion of the processes
bull Palatine processes grow mediallyamp fuse with each other in the midline amp fuse with the primitive palate Fusion of the premaxilla palatine processes of maxillaamp nasal septum begins at 8 th week
III- Stage of ossification to form Hard palate
bull The anterior frac34 of the palate ossify hard palate amp posterior frac14 the soft palate amp uvula
DEVELOPMENTAL
ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
DEVELOPMENT OF FACE
31
A Incomplete cleft lip B Bilateral cleft lip C Cleft lip cleft jaw and cleft palate D Isolated cleft palate E Oblique facial
cleft
32
Ventral view of the palate gum lip and nose A Normal B Unilateral cleft lip extending into the nose C Unilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw and
extending to the incisive foramen D Bilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw E
Isolated cleft palate F Cleft palate combined with unilateral anterior cleft lip
INCIDENCE
Cleft lip is common among males while cleft palate is more
common among females
Unilateral clefts - 80 of the incidence
Bilateral clefts - remaining 20
CLEFT LIP AND PALATE
CLEFT LIP AND PALATE -
Cleft palate - A congenital fissure in the roof of the mouth
resulting from incomplete fusion of the palate during
embryonic development
Cleft lip - A congenital deformity characterized by a vertical
cleft or pair of clefts in the upper lip with or without
involvement of the palate Defective fusion of the medial nasal
process with the maxillary process leads to cleft lip
GENETIC OR ENVIRONMENTAL
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE PALATE
(VEAUrsquoS CLASSIFICATION)
Most accepted
GROUP I- cleft of the soft palate only
GROUP II-Cleft of the hard and soft palate to the incisive foramen
GROUP III-Complete unilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and
the lip and alveolar ridge on one side
GROUP IV-Complete bilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and the
lip and alveolar ridge on both sides
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
1-Oblique facial cleft
- cleft extends from the upper lip to orbit
- Due to failure of fusion between maxillary process and lateral margin of
frontonasal process
2- Cleft upper lip ( hare lip) Involve upper lip cleft with or without cleft palate
(medial nasal process)
-Median hare lip partial or complete failure of fusion of the two medial nasal
processes to form the intermaxillary segment (absent phitrum)
- Unilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary process with intermaxillary
processes ( the medial nasal process) on one side
-Bilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary processes with intermaxillary
processes (the medial nasal processes) of both sides
3- Median cleft lower lip
- Due to failure of fusion between the 2 mandibular processes
4- Macrostomia (larg mouth)
Due to arrest of fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes to shift
the angle medially gtgtgt very big oral fissure
5- Microstomia
Due to excessive fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes
gtgtgtgtvery small oral fissure
6- Aganthia absent lower jaw
7- Micrganthia small lower jaw
8- Atresia of nasolacrimal duct failure of the canalization of the nasolacrimal
duct
9 Congenital anomalies of the nose
1Absent Nose No nasal processes are formed
2Single nostril Only one nasal Placode is formed
3Stenosis (Narrowing) of the nostril
4Deviation of the Nasal Septum
5Bifid nose if the medial nasal processes do not merge completely
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
bull Ear consists of 3 anatomical parts
- Internal ear
- Middle ear
- External ear
-External ear
External acoustic meatus-
Develops by deepening of the dorsal end of the 1st pharyngeal groove
bull Pinna or Auricle
Six mesenchymal hillocks ndash Auricular hillocks develop from the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arch
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
-Middle ear
Develops from the tubotympanic recess ie derived from the 1st pharyngeal pouch
Tympanic cavity- Distal portion of the tubotympanic recess expands
-Tympanic membrane Ectodermal lining from1 ST pharyngeal groove
-Mesodermal lining from 1st and 2nd arch
-Endodermal lining from tubotympanic recess
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
Ear ossicles
bull 1st bone to attain ultimate size
bull Maleus and Incus develop from the 1st arch
bull Stapes develop from 2nd arch
bull Ossification begins in the 16th week and continues up to the 25th week
-INTERNAL EAR
bull OTIC PLACODE
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
DEVELOPMENT OF EYE
bull Eyes develop from three sources
Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic
nerve
Surface ectoderm of the head- lens
Mesoderm between these layers - eye muscle and
vascular tissues
bull 1st indication of eye formation is optic sulcus
which is formed in the 4th week
DEVELOPMENT OF EYE
DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH
bull The teeth are formed in relation to the dental lamina An enlargement of
dental lamina for each tooth is formed which is called the enamel organ
Ameloblasts form the enamel odontoblasts form the dentine and the
mesenchyme that invaginates into enamel organ forms the pulp
bull The ant 23rd of the tongue is formed from the lingual swellings and the
tuberculum impar
bull The post13rd of the tongue is formed by cranial part of hypobranchial
eminence
bull The salivary glands develop as outgrowths of buccal epithelium
bull The palatine tonsil develops in relation to 2nd pharyngeal pouch
Anodontia
Oligodontia
Microdontiamacrodontia
Gemination Concrescence
FUSION
Fusion
Dilaceration
Supernumerary teeth
Amelogenesis imperfecta
SUPERNUMERARY Enviornmental enamel hypoplasia
DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF TEETH
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Congenitally missing teeth (most commonly
the upper laterals)
Presence of natal or neonatal teeth
Presence of supernumerary teeth
Ectopically erupting teeth
Anomalies of tooth morphology
Enamel hypoplasia
Microdontia
Fused teeth
Macrodontia
Mobile and early shedding of teeth due to poor
periodontal support
Posterior and anterior cross bite
Protruding premaxilla
Deep bite
Spacingcrowding
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Third week Development of ear
Formation of Stomatodaeum
Fourth week
Formation of Fronto-nasal process maxillary and mandibular
process
Development of cranial base
Formation of pharyngeal arches
Development of tongue
Fifth week Formation of Nasal placode Medial and lateral nasal process
Development of mandible
Sixth week Development of Nasal cavity
Development of Parotid and Submandibular salivary glands
Seventh week Formation of pre-maxilla
Eight week Formation of definitive palate
Development of Sublingual salivary glands
Tenth week Development of TMJ
Development of Maxillary sinus
Twelth week Development of Ethmoidal Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses
I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON
1 Development of the face
2 Development of the Palate
3 Development of the Nose
4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes
5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes
6 Innervation of the face from Embryological
background
II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS
1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal
prominence
2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face
originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells
3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the
development of the face
4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week
5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular
prominence
6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence
1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate
is formed from helliphellip process
III MCQ
1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at
A six weeks post-fertilization
B eight weeks post-fertilization
C ten weeks post-fertilization
D twelve weeks post-fertilization
2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the
A palatine processes
B palatine and frontonasal processes
C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes
D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular
processes
THANKS
FACIAL MUSCLES
Muscles of face
develop from 2nd
branchial arch and
are supplied by
facial nerve
DEVELOPMENT OF FACE
bull The cheek is formed by the fusion of posterior part of maxillary
and mandibular process
bull The nose is derived from the frontonasal process
bull The nasal cavity is formed by enlargement of the nasal pits
bull Paranasal sinuses appear as outgrowths from the nasal cavity
bull The palate is formed by fusion of 3 components ie right and left
palatal processes and the primitive palate
bull The oral cavity is derived party from the stomatodaeum
(ectoderm) and partly from the foregut(endoderm)
DEVELOPMENT OF FACE
bull The pharynx is derived from the foregut
bull Muscles of face develop from 2nd branchial arch and are supplied by
facial nerve
bull Eyes develop from three sources
- Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic n
-Surface ectoderm of the head - lens
- Mesoderm between these layers ndash eye muscle and vascular tissues
bull External ear develops from Ext Acoustic meatus middle ear develops
from tubotympanic recess that is derived from 1st pouch and internal ear
is derived from otic placode which is a thickening of surface ectoderm
DEVELOPMENT OF NOSE
DEVELOPMENT OF THE NOSE
bull The nasal cavities are separated from the mouth by the
development of palate The narrowing of the fronto-nasal process
and the enlargement of nasal cavities brings them closer together
bull The intervening tissues becomes much thinned to form the nasal
septum
bull The nasal pits now deepen to form the nasal sacs which expand
both dorsally and caudally The nasal sac has a ventral orifice that
opens on the face is called the Anterior nares
Structures Formed Prominence
- One in number
- Forms Forehead bridge of nose and medial and lateral nasal
prominences
Frontonasal
- One on each side Merge with the lateral nasal process then with the
medial nasal process to form
- Part of Cheeks Upper lip except the median part (Philtrum) Upper
Jaw except median part Definitive palate
Maxillary (Two)
-- Two arise from lower border of frontonasal process one on each side
medially - Merge with each other in the middle line to form
intermaxillary segment which will give
- Philtrum of upper lip Median part of upper jaw (carrying 4 incisors)
Primitive palate Primitive nasal septum crestamp tip of the nose
Two Medial nasal
(from frontonasal
Process)
-Two arise from lower border of frontonasal process one on each side
laterally Separated from the maxillary process by cleft where the
nasolacrimal duct lies - Give Alae of nose
Two Lateral nasal
(from frontonasal
process)
- One on each side below the maxillary processes Merge with its
fellow of other side to form - Whole Lower lip Whole lower jaw
Most of cheek
Mandibular (two)
Summary Structures Contributing to Formation of the Face
CORRELATION BETWEEN SENSORYamp MOTOR NERVE SUPPLY OF THE
FACE AND ITS DEVELOPMENT
25
The process and its
derivatives
Nerve supply
Frontonasal process Ophthalmic nerve from trigeminal (First
arch nerve)
Maxillary processes Maxillary nerve from trigeminal (First
arch nerve)
Mandibular
processes
Mandibular nerve from trigeminal
(First arch nerve)
The muscles of the face (Facial expression muscles) along with
the lips are derived from mesenchyme of second bronchial arch
Thus they are supplied by the facial nerve
SUMMARY DEVELOPMENT OF THE NOSE
Formed of proliferation of mesoderm ventral to forebrain 1- Frontonasal
process formation
-2 oval ectodermal thickenings on the surface of lateral parts of frontonasal process 2 Nasal placodes
-Mesoderm proliferation occurs around the nasal placodes
- Horse shoe- shaped
- On the sides of nasal placodes the proliferation forms the medial amp lateral nasal
prominences
- Nasal pits occur in the center of each of them
3 Lateralamp Medial
nasal prominences
-Results from fusion of medial nasal prominences
-It will give rise philtrum of upper lip primitive nasal septum amp median part of the
upper jaw (carrying 4 incisors) amp the primitive palate
3 Premaxilla
- Extension of the maxillary process below the nasal pit converts the pits into
primitive cavity
4 Nasal cavity
-Primitive septum formed by intermaxillary segment of frontonasal process
-Definitive septum formed by proliferation of mesoderm of the roof of stomodeum
-grows amp divides nasal cavity into Rt amp Lt halves
5 Nasal septum
-Nasolacrimal groove is formed between maxillary process amp latera nassal fold By 5
th week fusion of the two processes occurs
-Beneath the line of fusion solid cord of cells appear then canalized amp its cranial end
expanded to from the lacrimal sac
6 Nasolacrimal duct
27
Intermaxillary segment and maxillary processes B The intermaxillary segment giving rise to the philtrum of the upper lip the median part of the maxillary bone
with its four incisor teeth and the triangular primary palate
DEVELOPMENT OF THE PALATE
SUMMARY OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE PALATE
I Stage of formation of processes
1- Formation of Primitive or Primary Palate
bull By 5 th week Intermaxillary process of frontonasal process 1ry palate later becomes the premaxilla of hard palateIncisive fossa (the anterior triangular area bounded by the 4 incisor teeth)
2 Formation of Definitive (secondary) palate
bull Maxillary processes palatine processes 2ry palate meetingamp fusion with 1ry palate
II Stage of meetingamp fusion of the processes
bull Palatine processes grow mediallyamp fuse with each other in the midline amp fuse with the primitive palate Fusion of the premaxilla palatine processes of maxillaamp nasal septum begins at 8 th week
III- Stage of ossification to form Hard palate
bull The anterior frac34 of the palate ossify hard palate amp posterior frac14 the soft palate amp uvula
DEVELOPMENTAL
ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
DEVELOPMENT OF FACE
31
A Incomplete cleft lip B Bilateral cleft lip C Cleft lip cleft jaw and cleft palate D Isolated cleft palate E Oblique facial
cleft
32
Ventral view of the palate gum lip and nose A Normal B Unilateral cleft lip extending into the nose C Unilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw and
extending to the incisive foramen D Bilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw E
Isolated cleft palate F Cleft palate combined with unilateral anterior cleft lip
INCIDENCE
Cleft lip is common among males while cleft palate is more
common among females
Unilateral clefts - 80 of the incidence
Bilateral clefts - remaining 20
CLEFT LIP AND PALATE
CLEFT LIP AND PALATE -
Cleft palate - A congenital fissure in the roof of the mouth
resulting from incomplete fusion of the palate during
embryonic development
Cleft lip - A congenital deformity characterized by a vertical
cleft or pair of clefts in the upper lip with or without
involvement of the palate Defective fusion of the medial nasal
process with the maxillary process leads to cleft lip
GENETIC OR ENVIRONMENTAL
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE PALATE
(VEAUrsquoS CLASSIFICATION)
Most accepted
GROUP I- cleft of the soft palate only
GROUP II-Cleft of the hard and soft palate to the incisive foramen
GROUP III-Complete unilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and
the lip and alveolar ridge on one side
GROUP IV-Complete bilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and the
lip and alveolar ridge on both sides
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
1-Oblique facial cleft
- cleft extends from the upper lip to orbit
- Due to failure of fusion between maxillary process and lateral margin of
frontonasal process
2- Cleft upper lip ( hare lip) Involve upper lip cleft with or without cleft palate
(medial nasal process)
-Median hare lip partial or complete failure of fusion of the two medial nasal
processes to form the intermaxillary segment (absent phitrum)
- Unilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary process with intermaxillary
processes ( the medial nasal process) on one side
-Bilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary processes with intermaxillary
processes (the medial nasal processes) of both sides
3- Median cleft lower lip
- Due to failure of fusion between the 2 mandibular processes
4- Macrostomia (larg mouth)
Due to arrest of fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes to shift
the angle medially gtgtgt very big oral fissure
5- Microstomia
Due to excessive fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes
gtgtgtgtvery small oral fissure
6- Aganthia absent lower jaw
7- Micrganthia small lower jaw
8- Atresia of nasolacrimal duct failure of the canalization of the nasolacrimal
duct
9 Congenital anomalies of the nose
1Absent Nose No nasal processes are formed
2Single nostril Only one nasal Placode is formed
3Stenosis (Narrowing) of the nostril
4Deviation of the Nasal Septum
5Bifid nose if the medial nasal processes do not merge completely
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
bull Ear consists of 3 anatomical parts
- Internal ear
- Middle ear
- External ear
-External ear
External acoustic meatus-
Develops by deepening of the dorsal end of the 1st pharyngeal groove
bull Pinna or Auricle
Six mesenchymal hillocks ndash Auricular hillocks develop from the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arch
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
-Middle ear
Develops from the tubotympanic recess ie derived from the 1st pharyngeal pouch
Tympanic cavity- Distal portion of the tubotympanic recess expands
-Tympanic membrane Ectodermal lining from1 ST pharyngeal groove
-Mesodermal lining from 1st and 2nd arch
-Endodermal lining from tubotympanic recess
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
Ear ossicles
bull 1st bone to attain ultimate size
bull Maleus and Incus develop from the 1st arch
bull Stapes develop from 2nd arch
bull Ossification begins in the 16th week and continues up to the 25th week
-INTERNAL EAR
bull OTIC PLACODE
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
DEVELOPMENT OF EYE
bull Eyes develop from three sources
Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic
nerve
Surface ectoderm of the head- lens
Mesoderm between these layers - eye muscle and
vascular tissues
bull 1st indication of eye formation is optic sulcus
which is formed in the 4th week
DEVELOPMENT OF EYE
DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH
bull The teeth are formed in relation to the dental lamina An enlargement of
dental lamina for each tooth is formed which is called the enamel organ
Ameloblasts form the enamel odontoblasts form the dentine and the
mesenchyme that invaginates into enamel organ forms the pulp
bull The ant 23rd of the tongue is formed from the lingual swellings and the
tuberculum impar
bull The post13rd of the tongue is formed by cranial part of hypobranchial
eminence
bull The salivary glands develop as outgrowths of buccal epithelium
bull The palatine tonsil develops in relation to 2nd pharyngeal pouch
Anodontia
Oligodontia
Microdontiamacrodontia
Gemination Concrescence
FUSION
Fusion
Dilaceration
Supernumerary teeth
Amelogenesis imperfecta
SUPERNUMERARY Enviornmental enamel hypoplasia
DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF TEETH
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Congenitally missing teeth (most commonly
the upper laterals)
Presence of natal or neonatal teeth
Presence of supernumerary teeth
Ectopically erupting teeth
Anomalies of tooth morphology
Enamel hypoplasia
Microdontia
Fused teeth
Macrodontia
Mobile and early shedding of teeth due to poor
periodontal support
Posterior and anterior cross bite
Protruding premaxilla
Deep bite
Spacingcrowding
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Third week Development of ear
Formation of Stomatodaeum
Fourth week
Formation of Fronto-nasal process maxillary and mandibular
process
Development of cranial base
Formation of pharyngeal arches
Development of tongue
Fifth week Formation of Nasal placode Medial and lateral nasal process
Development of mandible
Sixth week Development of Nasal cavity
Development of Parotid and Submandibular salivary glands
Seventh week Formation of pre-maxilla
Eight week Formation of definitive palate
Development of Sublingual salivary glands
Tenth week Development of TMJ
Development of Maxillary sinus
Twelth week Development of Ethmoidal Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses
I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON
1 Development of the face
2 Development of the Palate
3 Development of the Nose
4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes
5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes
6 Innervation of the face from Embryological
background
II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS
1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal
prominence
2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face
originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells
3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the
development of the face
4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week
5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular
prominence
6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence
1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate
is formed from helliphellip process
III MCQ
1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at
A six weeks post-fertilization
B eight weeks post-fertilization
C ten weeks post-fertilization
D twelve weeks post-fertilization
2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the
A palatine processes
B palatine and frontonasal processes
C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes
D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular
processes
THANKS
DEVELOPMENT OF FACE
bull The cheek is formed by the fusion of posterior part of maxillary
and mandibular process
bull The nose is derived from the frontonasal process
bull The nasal cavity is formed by enlargement of the nasal pits
bull Paranasal sinuses appear as outgrowths from the nasal cavity
bull The palate is formed by fusion of 3 components ie right and left
palatal processes and the primitive palate
bull The oral cavity is derived party from the stomatodaeum
(ectoderm) and partly from the foregut(endoderm)
DEVELOPMENT OF FACE
bull The pharynx is derived from the foregut
bull Muscles of face develop from 2nd branchial arch and are supplied by
facial nerve
bull Eyes develop from three sources
- Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic n
-Surface ectoderm of the head - lens
- Mesoderm between these layers ndash eye muscle and vascular tissues
bull External ear develops from Ext Acoustic meatus middle ear develops
from tubotympanic recess that is derived from 1st pouch and internal ear
is derived from otic placode which is a thickening of surface ectoderm
DEVELOPMENT OF NOSE
DEVELOPMENT OF THE NOSE
bull The nasal cavities are separated from the mouth by the
development of palate The narrowing of the fronto-nasal process
and the enlargement of nasal cavities brings them closer together
bull The intervening tissues becomes much thinned to form the nasal
septum
bull The nasal pits now deepen to form the nasal sacs which expand
both dorsally and caudally The nasal sac has a ventral orifice that
opens on the face is called the Anterior nares
Structures Formed Prominence
- One in number
- Forms Forehead bridge of nose and medial and lateral nasal
prominences
Frontonasal
- One on each side Merge with the lateral nasal process then with the
medial nasal process to form
- Part of Cheeks Upper lip except the median part (Philtrum) Upper
Jaw except median part Definitive palate
Maxillary (Two)
-- Two arise from lower border of frontonasal process one on each side
medially - Merge with each other in the middle line to form
intermaxillary segment which will give
- Philtrum of upper lip Median part of upper jaw (carrying 4 incisors)
Primitive palate Primitive nasal septum crestamp tip of the nose
Two Medial nasal
(from frontonasal
Process)
-Two arise from lower border of frontonasal process one on each side
laterally Separated from the maxillary process by cleft where the
nasolacrimal duct lies - Give Alae of nose
Two Lateral nasal
(from frontonasal
process)
- One on each side below the maxillary processes Merge with its
fellow of other side to form - Whole Lower lip Whole lower jaw
Most of cheek
Mandibular (two)
Summary Structures Contributing to Formation of the Face
CORRELATION BETWEEN SENSORYamp MOTOR NERVE SUPPLY OF THE
FACE AND ITS DEVELOPMENT
25
The process and its
derivatives
Nerve supply
Frontonasal process Ophthalmic nerve from trigeminal (First
arch nerve)
Maxillary processes Maxillary nerve from trigeminal (First
arch nerve)
Mandibular
processes
Mandibular nerve from trigeminal
(First arch nerve)
The muscles of the face (Facial expression muscles) along with
the lips are derived from mesenchyme of second bronchial arch
Thus they are supplied by the facial nerve
SUMMARY DEVELOPMENT OF THE NOSE
Formed of proliferation of mesoderm ventral to forebrain 1- Frontonasal
process formation
-2 oval ectodermal thickenings on the surface of lateral parts of frontonasal process 2 Nasal placodes
-Mesoderm proliferation occurs around the nasal placodes
- Horse shoe- shaped
- On the sides of nasal placodes the proliferation forms the medial amp lateral nasal
prominences
- Nasal pits occur in the center of each of them
3 Lateralamp Medial
nasal prominences
-Results from fusion of medial nasal prominences
-It will give rise philtrum of upper lip primitive nasal septum amp median part of the
upper jaw (carrying 4 incisors) amp the primitive palate
3 Premaxilla
- Extension of the maxillary process below the nasal pit converts the pits into
primitive cavity
4 Nasal cavity
-Primitive septum formed by intermaxillary segment of frontonasal process
-Definitive septum formed by proliferation of mesoderm of the roof of stomodeum
-grows amp divides nasal cavity into Rt amp Lt halves
5 Nasal septum
-Nasolacrimal groove is formed between maxillary process amp latera nassal fold By 5
th week fusion of the two processes occurs
-Beneath the line of fusion solid cord of cells appear then canalized amp its cranial end
expanded to from the lacrimal sac
6 Nasolacrimal duct
27
Intermaxillary segment and maxillary processes B The intermaxillary segment giving rise to the philtrum of the upper lip the median part of the maxillary bone
with its four incisor teeth and the triangular primary palate
DEVELOPMENT OF THE PALATE
SUMMARY OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE PALATE
I Stage of formation of processes
1- Formation of Primitive or Primary Palate
bull By 5 th week Intermaxillary process of frontonasal process 1ry palate later becomes the premaxilla of hard palateIncisive fossa (the anterior triangular area bounded by the 4 incisor teeth)
2 Formation of Definitive (secondary) palate
bull Maxillary processes palatine processes 2ry palate meetingamp fusion with 1ry palate
II Stage of meetingamp fusion of the processes
bull Palatine processes grow mediallyamp fuse with each other in the midline amp fuse with the primitive palate Fusion of the premaxilla palatine processes of maxillaamp nasal septum begins at 8 th week
III- Stage of ossification to form Hard palate
bull The anterior frac34 of the palate ossify hard palate amp posterior frac14 the soft palate amp uvula
DEVELOPMENTAL
ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
DEVELOPMENT OF FACE
31
A Incomplete cleft lip B Bilateral cleft lip C Cleft lip cleft jaw and cleft palate D Isolated cleft palate E Oblique facial
cleft
32
Ventral view of the palate gum lip and nose A Normal B Unilateral cleft lip extending into the nose C Unilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw and
extending to the incisive foramen D Bilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw E
Isolated cleft palate F Cleft palate combined with unilateral anterior cleft lip
INCIDENCE
Cleft lip is common among males while cleft palate is more
common among females
Unilateral clefts - 80 of the incidence
Bilateral clefts - remaining 20
CLEFT LIP AND PALATE
CLEFT LIP AND PALATE -
Cleft palate - A congenital fissure in the roof of the mouth
resulting from incomplete fusion of the palate during
embryonic development
Cleft lip - A congenital deformity characterized by a vertical
cleft or pair of clefts in the upper lip with or without
involvement of the palate Defective fusion of the medial nasal
process with the maxillary process leads to cleft lip
GENETIC OR ENVIRONMENTAL
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE PALATE
(VEAUrsquoS CLASSIFICATION)
Most accepted
GROUP I- cleft of the soft palate only
GROUP II-Cleft of the hard and soft palate to the incisive foramen
GROUP III-Complete unilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and
the lip and alveolar ridge on one side
GROUP IV-Complete bilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and the
lip and alveolar ridge on both sides
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
1-Oblique facial cleft
- cleft extends from the upper lip to orbit
- Due to failure of fusion between maxillary process and lateral margin of
frontonasal process
2- Cleft upper lip ( hare lip) Involve upper lip cleft with or without cleft palate
(medial nasal process)
-Median hare lip partial or complete failure of fusion of the two medial nasal
processes to form the intermaxillary segment (absent phitrum)
- Unilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary process with intermaxillary
processes ( the medial nasal process) on one side
-Bilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary processes with intermaxillary
processes (the medial nasal processes) of both sides
3- Median cleft lower lip
- Due to failure of fusion between the 2 mandibular processes
4- Macrostomia (larg mouth)
Due to arrest of fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes to shift
the angle medially gtgtgt very big oral fissure
5- Microstomia
Due to excessive fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes
gtgtgtgtvery small oral fissure
6- Aganthia absent lower jaw
7- Micrganthia small lower jaw
8- Atresia of nasolacrimal duct failure of the canalization of the nasolacrimal
duct
9 Congenital anomalies of the nose
1Absent Nose No nasal processes are formed
2Single nostril Only one nasal Placode is formed
3Stenosis (Narrowing) of the nostril
4Deviation of the Nasal Septum
5Bifid nose if the medial nasal processes do not merge completely
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
bull Ear consists of 3 anatomical parts
- Internal ear
- Middle ear
- External ear
-External ear
External acoustic meatus-
Develops by deepening of the dorsal end of the 1st pharyngeal groove
bull Pinna or Auricle
Six mesenchymal hillocks ndash Auricular hillocks develop from the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arch
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
-Middle ear
Develops from the tubotympanic recess ie derived from the 1st pharyngeal pouch
Tympanic cavity- Distal portion of the tubotympanic recess expands
-Tympanic membrane Ectodermal lining from1 ST pharyngeal groove
-Mesodermal lining from 1st and 2nd arch
-Endodermal lining from tubotympanic recess
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
Ear ossicles
bull 1st bone to attain ultimate size
bull Maleus and Incus develop from the 1st arch
bull Stapes develop from 2nd arch
bull Ossification begins in the 16th week and continues up to the 25th week
-INTERNAL EAR
bull OTIC PLACODE
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
DEVELOPMENT OF EYE
bull Eyes develop from three sources
Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic
nerve
Surface ectoderm of the head- lens
Mesoderm between these layers - eye muscle and
vascular tissues
bull 1st indication of eye formation is optic sulcus
which is formed in the 4th week
DEVELOPMENT OF EYE
DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH
bull The teeth are formed in relation to the dental lamina An enlargement of
dental lamina for each tooth is formed which is called the enamel organ
Ameloblasts form the enamel odontoblasts form the dentine and the
mesenchyme that invaginates into enamel organ forms the pulp
bull The ant 23rd of the tongue is formed from the lingual swellings and the
tuberculum impar
bull The post13rd of the tongue is formed by cranial part of hypobranchial
eminence
bull The salivary glands develop as outgrowths of buccal epithelium
bull The palatine tonsil develops in relation to 2nd pharyngeal pouch
Anodontia
Oligodontia
Microdontiamacrodontia
Gemination Concrescence
FUSION
Fusion
Dilaceration
Supernumerary teeth
Amelogenesis imperfecta
SUPERNUMERARY Enviornmental enamel hypoplasia
DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF TEETH
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Congenitally missing teeth (most commonly
the upper laterals)
Presence of natal or neonatal teeth
Presence of supernumerary teeth
Ectopically erupting teeth
Anomalies of tooth morphology
Enamel hypoplasia
Microdontia
Fused teeth
Macrodontia
Mobile and early shedding of teeth due to poor
periodontal support
Posterior and anterior cross bite
Protruding premaxilla
Deep bite
Spacingcrowding
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Third week Development of ear
Formation of Stomatodaeum
Fourth week
Formation of Fronto-nasal process maxillary and mandibular
process
Development of cranial base
Formation of pharyngeal arches
Development of tongue
Fifth week Formation of Nasal placode Medial and lateral nasal process
Development of mandible
Sixth week Development of Nasal cavity
Development of Parotid and Submandibular salivary glands
Seventh week Formation of pre-maxilla
Eight week Formation of definitive palate
Development of Sublingual salivary glands
Tenth week Development of TMJ
Development of Maxillary sinus
Twelth week Development of Ethmoidal Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses
I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON
1 Development of the face
2 Development of the Palate
3 Development of the Nose
4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes
5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes
6 Innervation of the face from Embryological
background
II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS
1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal
prominence
2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face
originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells
3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the
development of the face
4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week
5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular
prominence
6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence
1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate
is formed from helliphellip process
III MCQ
1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at
A six weeks post-fertilization
B eight weeks post-fertilization
C ten weeks post-fertilization
D twelve weeks post-fertilization
2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the
A palatine processes
B palatine and frontonasal processes
C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes
D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular
processes
THANKS
DEVELOPMENT OF FACE
bull The pharynx is derived from the foregut
bull Muscles of face develop from 2nd branchial arch and are supplied by
facial nerve
bull Eyes develop from three sources
- Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic n
-Surface ectoderm of the head - lens
- Mesoderm between these layers ndash eye muscle and vascular tissues
bull External ear develops from Ext Acoustic meatus middle ear develops
from tubotympanic recess that is derived from 1st pouch and internal ear
is derived from otic placode which is a thickening of surface ectoderm
DEVELOPMENT OF NOSE
DEVELOPMENT OF THE NOSE
bull The nasal cavities are separated from the mouth by the
development of palate The narrowing of the fronto-nasal process
and the enlargement of nasal cavities brings them closer together
bull The intervening tissues becomes much thinned to form the nasal
septum
bull The nasal pits now deepen to form the nasal sacs which expand
both dorsally and caudally The nasal sac has a ventral orifice that
opens on the face is called the Anterior nares
Structures Formed Prominence
- One in number
- Forms Forehead bridge of nose and medial and lateral nasal
prominences
Frontonasal
- One on each side Merge with the lateral nasal process then with the
medial nasal process to form
- Part of Cheeks Upper lip except the median part (Philtrum) Upper
Jaw except median part Definitive palate
Maxillary (Two)
-- Two arise from lower border of frontonasal process one on each side
medially - Merge with each other in the middle line to form
intermaxillary segment which will give
- Philtrum of upper lip Median part of upper jaw (carrying 4 incisors)
Primitive palate Primitive nasal septum crestamp tip of the nose
Two Medial nasal
(from frontonasal
Process)
-Two arise from lower border of frontonasal process one on each side
laterally Separated from the maxillary process by cleft where the
nasolacrimal duct lies - Give Alae of nose
Two Lateral nasal
(from frontonasal
process)
- One on each side below the maxillary processes Merge with its
fellow of other side to form - Whole Lower lip Whole lower jaw
Most of cheek
Mandibular (two)
Summary Structures Contributing to Formation of the Face
CORRELATION BETWEEN SENSORYamp MOTOR NERVE SUPPLY OF THE
FACE AND ITS DEVELOPMENT
25
The process and its
derivatives
Nerve supply
Frontonasal process Ophthalmic nerve from trigeminal (First
arch nerve)
Maxillary processes Maxillary nerve from trigeminal (First
arch nerve)
Mandibular
processes
Mandibular nerve from trigeminal
(First arch nerve)
The muscles of the face (Facial expression muscles) along with
the lips are derived from mesenchyme of second bronchial arch
Thus they are supplied by the facial nerve
SUMMARY DEVELOPMENT OF THE NOSE
Formed of proliferation of mesoderm ventral to forebrain 1- Frontonasal
process formation
-2 oval ectodermal thickenings on the surface of lateral parts of frontonasal process 2 Nasal placodes
-Mesoderm proliferation occurs around the nasal placodes
- Horse shoe- shaped
- On the sides of nasal placodes the proliferation forms the medial amp lateral nasal
prominences
- Nasal pits occur in the center of each of them
3 Lateralamp Medial
nasal prominences
-Results from fusion of medial nasal prominences
-It will give rise philtrum of upper lip primitive nasal septum amp median part of the
upper jaw (carrying 4 incisors) amp the primitive palate
3 Premaxilla
- Extension of the maxillary process below the nasal pit converts the pits into
primitive cavity
4 Nasal cavity
-Primitive septum formed by intermaxillary segment of frontonasal process
-Definitive septum formed by proliferation of mesoderm of the roof of stomodeum
-grows amp divides nasal cavity into Rt amp Lt halves
5 Nasal septum
-Nasolacrimal groove is formed between maxillary process amp latera nassal fold By 5
th week fusion of the two processes occurs
-Beneath the line of fusion solid cord of cells appear then canalized amp its cranial end
expanded to from the lacrimal sac
6 Nasolacrimal duct
27
Intermaxillary segment and maxillary processes B The intermaxillary segment giving rise to the philtrum of the upper lip the median part of the maxillary bone
with its four incisor teeth and the triangular primary palate
DEVELOPMENT OF THE PALATE
SUMMARY OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE PALATE
I Stage of formation of processes
1- Formation of Primitive or Primary Palate
bull By 5 th week Intermaxillary process of frontonasal process 1ry palate later becomes the premaxilla of hard palateIncisive fossa (the anterior triangular area bounded by the 4 incisor teeth)
2 Formation of Definitive (secondary) palate
bull Maxillary processes palatine processes 2ry palate meetingamp fusion with 1ry palate
II Stage of meetingamp fusion of the processes
bull Palatine processes grow mediallyamp fuse with each other in the midline amp fuse with the primitive palate Fusion of the premaxilla palatine processes of maxillaamp nasal septum begins at 8 th week
III- Stage of ossification to form Hard palate
bull The anterior frac34 of the palate ossify hard palate amp posterior frac14 the soft palate amp uvula
DEVELOPMENTAL
ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
DEVELOPMENT OF FACE
31
A Incomplete cleft lip B Bilateral cleft lip C Cleft lip cleft jaw and cleft palate D Isolated cleft palate E Oblique facial
cleft
32
Ventral view of the palate gum lip and nose A Normal B Unilateral cleft lip extending into the nose C Unilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw and
extending to the incisive foramen D Bilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw E
Isolated cleft palate F Cleft palate combined with unilateral anterior cleft lip
INCIDENCE
Cleft lip is common among males while cleft palate is more
common among females
Unilateral clefts - 80 of the incidence
Bilateral clefts - remaining 20
CLEFT LIP AND PALATE
CLEFT LIP AND PALATE -
Cleft palate - A congenital fissure in the roof of the mouth
resulting from incomplete fusion of the palate during
embryonic development
Cleft lip - A congenital deformity characterized by a vertical
cleft or pair of clefts in the upper lip with or without
involvement of the palate Defective fusion of the medial nasal
process with the maxillary process leads to cleft lip
GENETIC OR ENVIRONMENTAL
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE PALATE
(VEAUrsquoS CLASSIFICATION)
Most accepted
GROUP I- cleft of the soft palate only
GROUP II-Cleft of the hard and soft palate to the incisive foramen
GROUP III-Complete unilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and
the lip and alveolar ridge on one side
GROUP IV-Complete bilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and the
lip and alveolar ridge on both sides
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
1-Oblique facial cleft
- cleft extends from the upper lip to orbit
- Due to failure of fusion between maxillary process and lateral margin of
frontonasal process
2- Cleft upper lip ( hare lip) Involve upper lip cleft with or without cleft palate
(medial nasal process)
-Median hare lip partial or complete failure of fusion of the two medial nasal
processes to form the intermaxillary segment (absent phitrum)
- Unilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary process with intermaxillary
processes ( the medial nasal process) on one side
-Bilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary processes with intermaxillary
processes (the medial nasal processes) of both sides
3- Median cleft lower lip
- Due to failure of fusion between the 2 mandibular processes
4- Macrostomia (larg mouth)
Due to arrest of fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes to shift
the angle medially gtgtgt very big oral fissure
5- Microstomia
Due to excessive fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes
gtgtgtgtvery small oral fissure
6- Aganthia absent lower jaw
7- Micrganthia small lower jaw
8- Atresia of nasolacrimal duct failure of the canalization of the nasolacrimal
duct
9 Congenital anomalies of the nose
1Absent Nose No nasal processes are formed
2Single nostril Only one nasal Placode is formed
3Stenosis (Narrowing) of the nostril
4Deviation of the Nasal Septum
5Bifid nose if the medial nasal processes do not merge completely
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
bull Ear consists of 3 anatomical parts
- Internal ear
- Middle ear
- External ear
-External ear
External acoustic meatus-
Develops by deepening of the dorsal end of the 1st pharyngeal groove
bull Pinna or Auricle
Six mesenchymal hillocks ndash Auricular hillocks develop from the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arch
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
-Middle ear
Develops from the tubotympanic recess ie derived from the 1st pharyngeal pouch
Tympanic cavity- Distal portion of the tubotympanic recess expands
-Tympanic membrane Ectodermal lining from1 ST pharyngeal groove
-Mesodermal lining from 1st and 2nd arch
-Endodermal lining from tubotympanic recess
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
Ear ossicles
bull 1st bone to attain ultimate size
bull Maleus and Incus develop from the 1st arch
bull Stapes develop from 2nd arch
bull Ossification begins in the 16th week and continues up to the 25th week
-INTERNAL EAR
bull OTIC PLACODE
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
DEVELOPMENT OF EYE
bull Eyes develop from three sources
Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic
nerve
Surface ectoderm of the head- lens
Mesoderm between these layers - eye muscle and
vascular tissues
bull 1st indication of eye formation is optic sulcus
which is formed in the 4th week
DEVELOPMENT OF EYE
DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH
bull The teeth are formed in relation to the dental lamina An enlargement of
dental lamina for each tooth is formed which is called the enamel organ
Ameloblasts form the enamel odontoblasts form the dentine and the
mesenchyme that invaginates into enamel organ forms the pulp
bull The ant 23rd of the tongue is formed from the lingual swellings and the
tuberculum impar
bull The post13rd of the tongue is formed by cranial part of hypobranchial
eminence
bull The salivary glands develop as outgrowths of buccal epithelium
bull The palatine tonsil develops in relation to 2nd pharyngeal pouch
Anodontia
Oligodontia
Microdontiamacrodontia
Gemination Concrescence
FUSION
Fusion
Dilaceration
Supernumerary teeth
Amelogenesis imperfecta
SUPERNUMERARY Enviornmental enamel hypoplasia
DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF TEETH
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Congenitally missing teeth (most commonly
the upper laterals)
Presence of natal or neonatal teeth
Presence of supernumerary teeth
Ectopically erupting teeth
Anomalies of tooth morphology
Enamel hypoplasia
Microdontia
Fused teeth
Macrodontia
Mobile and early shedding of teeth due to poor
periodontal support
Posterior and anterior cross bite
Protruding premaxilla
Deep bite
Spacingcrowding
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Third week Development of ear
Formation of Stomatodaeum
Fourth week
Formation of Fronto-nasal process maxillary and mandibular
process
Development of cranial base
Formation of pharyngeal arches
Development of tongue
Fifth week Formation of Nasal placode Medial and lateral nasal process
Development of mandible
Sixth week Development of Nasal cavity
Development of Parotid and Submandibular salivary glands
Seventh week Formation of pre-maxilla
Eight week Formation of definitive palate
Development of Sublingual salivary glands
Tenth week Development of TMJ
Development of Maxillary sinus
Twelth week Development of Ethmoidal Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses
I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON
1 Development of the face
2 Development of the Palate
3 Development of the Nose
4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes
5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes
6 Innervation of the face from Embryological
background
II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS
1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal
prominence
2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face
originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells
3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the
development of the face
4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week
5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular
prominence
6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence
1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate
is formed from helliphellip process
III MCQ
1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at
A six weeks post-fertilization
B eight weeks post-fertilization
C ten weeks post-fertilization
D twelve weeks post-fertilization
2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the
A palatine processes
B palatine and frontonasal processes
C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes
D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular
processes
THANKS
DEVELOPMENT OF NOSE
DEVELOPMENT OF THE NOSE
bull The nasal cavities are separated from the mouth by the
development of palate The narrowing of the fronto-nasal process
and the enlargement of nasal cavities brings them closer together
bull The intervening tissues becomes much thinned to form the nasal
septum
bull The nasal pits now deepen to form the nasal sacs which expand
both dorsally and caudally The nasal sac has a ventral orifice that
opens on the face is called the Anterior nares
Structures Formed Prominence
- One in number
- Forms Forehead bridge of nose and medial and lateral nasal
prominences
Frontonasal
- One on each side Merge with the lateral nasal process then with the
medial nasal process to form
- Part of Cheeks Upper lip except the median part (Philtrum) Upper
Jaw except median part Definitive palate
Maxillary (Two)
-- Two arise from lower border of frontonasal process one on each side
medially - Merge with each other in the middle line to form
intermaxillary segment which will give
- Philtrum of upper lip Median part of upper jaw (carrying 4 incisors)
Primitive palate Primitive nasal septum crestamp tip of the nose
Two Medial nasal
(from frontonasal
Process)
-Two arise from lower border of frontonasal process one on each side
laterally Separated from the maxillary process by cleft where the
nasolacrimal duct lies - Give Alae of nose
Two Lateral nasal
(from frontonasal
process)
- One on each side below the maxillary processes Merge with its
fellow of other side to form - Whole Lower lip Whole lower jaw
Most of cheek
Mandibular (two)
Summary Structures Contributing to Formation of the Face
CORRELATION BETWEEN SENSORYamp MOTOR NERVE SUPPLY OF THE
FACE AND ITS DEVELOPMENT
25
The process and its
derivatives
Nerve supply
Frontonasal process Ophthalmic nerve from trigeminal (First
arch nerve)
Maxillary processes Maxillary nerve from trigeminal (First
arch nerve)
Mandibular
processes
Mandibular nerve from trigeminal
(First arch nerve)
The muscles of the face (Facial expression muscles) along with
the lips are derived from mesenchyme of second bronchial arch
Thus they are supplied by the facial nerve
SUMMARY DEVELOPMENT OF THE NOSE
Formed of proliferation of mesoderm ventral to forebrain 1- Frontonasal
process formation
-2 oval ectodermal thickenings on the surface of lateral parts of frontonasal process 2 Nasal placodes
-Mesoderm proliferation occurs around the nasal placodes
- Horse shoe- shaped
- On the sides of nasal placodes the proliferation forms the medial amp lateral nasal
prominences
- Nasal pits occur in the center of each of them
3 Lateralamp Medial
nasal prominences
-Results from fusion of medial nasal prominences
-It will give rise philtrum of upper lip primitive nasal septum amp median part of the
upper jaw (carrying 4 incisors) amp the primitive palate
3 Premaxilla
- Extension of the maxillary process below the nasal pit converts the pits into
primitive cavity
4 Nasal cavity
-Primitive septum formed by intermaxillary segment of frontonasal process
-Definitive septum formed by proliferation of mesoderm of the roof of stomodeum
-grows amp divides nasal cavity into Rt amp Lt halves
5 Nasal septum
-Nasolacrimal groove is formed between maxillary process amp latera nassal fold By 5
th week fusion of the two processes occurs
-Beneath the line of fusion solid cord of cells appear then canalized amp its cranial end
expanded to from the lacrimal sac
6 Nasolacrimal duct
27
Intermaxillary segment and maxillary processes B The intermaxillary segment giving rise to the philtrum of the upper lip the median part of the maxillary bone
with its four incisor teeth and the triangular primary palate
DEVELOPMENT OF THE PALATE
SUMMARY OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE PALATE
I Stage of formation of processes
1- Formation of Primitive or Primary Palate
bull By 5 th week Intermaxillary process of frontonasal process 1ry palate later becomes the premaxilla of hard palateIncisive fossa (the anterior triangular area bounded by the 4 incisor teeth)
2 Formation of Definitive (secondary) palate
bull Maxillary processes palatine processes 2ry palate meetingamp fusion with 1ry palate
II Stage of meetingamp fusion of the processes
bull Palatine processes grow mediallyamp fuse with each other in the midline amp fuse with the primitive palate Fusion of the premaxilla palatine processes of maxillaamp nasal septum begins at 8 th week
III- Stage of ossification to form Hard palate
bull The anterior frac34 of the palate ossify hard palate amp posterior frac14 the soft palate amp uvula
DEVELOPMENTAL
ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
DEVELOPMENT OF FACE
31
A Incomplete cleft lip B Bilateral cleft lip C Cleft lip cleft jaw and cleft palate D Isolated cleft palate E Oblique facial
cleft
32
Ventral view of the palate gum lip and nose A Normal B Unilateral cleft lip extending into the nose C Unilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw and
extending to the incisive foramen D Bilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw E
Isolated cleft palate F Cleft palate combined with unilateral anterior cleft lip
INCIDENCE
Cleft lip is common among males while cleft palate is more
common among females
Unilateral clefts - 80 of the incidence
Bilateral clefts - remaining 20
CLEFT LIP AND PALATE
CLEFT LIP AND PALATE -
Cleft palate - A congenital fissure in the roof of the mouth
resulting from incomplete fusion of the palate during
embryonic development
Cleft lip - A congenital deformity characterized by a vertical
cleft or pair of clefts in the upper lip with or without
involvement of the palate Defective fusion of the medial nasal
process with the maxillary process leads to cleft lip
GENETIC OR ENVIRONMENTAL
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE PALATE
(VEAUrsquoS CLASSIFICATION)
Most accepted
GROUP I- cleft of the soft palate only
GROUP II-Cleft of the hard and soft palate to the incisive foramen
GROUP III-Complete unilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and
the lip and alveolar ridge on one side
GROUP IV-Complete bilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and the
lip and alveolar ridge on both sides
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
1-Oblique facial cleft
- cleft extends from the upper lip to orbit
- Due to failure of fusion between maxillary process and lateral margin of
frontonasal process
2- Cleft upper lip ( hare lip) Involve upper lip cleft with or without cleft palate
(medial nasal process)
-Median hare lip partial or complete failure of fusion of the two medial nasal
processes to form the intermaxillary segment (absent phitrum)
- Unilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary process with intermaxillary
processes ( the medial nasal process) on one side
-Bilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary processes with intermaxillary
processes (the medial nasal processes) of both sides
3- Median cleft lower lip
- Due to failure of fusion between the 2 mandibular processes
4- Macrostomia (larg mouth)
Due to arrest of fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes to shift
the angle medially gtgtgt very big oral fissure
5- Microstomia
Due to excessive fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes
gtgtgtgtvery small oral fissure
6- Aganthia absent lower jaw
7- Micrganthia small lower jaw
8- Atresia of nasolacrimal duct failure of the canalization of the nasolacrimal
duct
9 Congenital anomalies of the nose
1Absent Nose No nasal processes are formed
2Single nostril Only one nasal Placode is formed
3Stenosis (Narrowing) of the nostril
4Deviation of the Nasal Septum
5Bifid nose if the medial nasal processes do not merge completely
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
bull Ear consists of 3 anatomical parts
- Internal ear
- Middle ear
- External ear
-External ear
External acoustic meatus-
Develops by deepening of the dorsal end of the 1st pharyngeal groove
bull Pinna or Auricle
Six mesenchymal hillocks ndash Auricular hillocks develop from the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arch
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
-Middle ear
Develops from the tubotympanic recess ie derived from the 1st pharyngeal pouch
Tympanic cavity- Distal portion of the tubotympanic recess expands
-Tympanic membrane Ectodermal lining from1 ST pharyngeal groove
-Mesodermal lining from 1st and 2nd arch
-Endodermal lining from tubotympanic recess
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
Ear ossicles
bull 1st bone to attain ultimate size
bull Maleus and Incus develop from the 1st arch
bull Stapes develop from 2nd arch
bull Ossification begins in the 16th week and continues up to the 25th week
-INTERNAL EAR
bull OTIC PLACODE
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
DEVELOPMENT OF EYE
bull Eyes develop from three sources
Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic
nerve
Surface ectoderm of the head- lens
Mesoderm between these layers - eye muscle and
vascular tissues
bull 1st indication of eye formation is optic sulcus
which is formed in the 4th week
DEVELOPMENT OF EYE
DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH
bull The teeth are formed in relation to the dental lamina An enlargement of
dental lamina for each tooth is formed which is called the enamel organ
Ameloblasts form the enamel odontoblasts form the dentine and the
mesenchyme that invaginates into enamel organ forms the pulp
bull The ant 23rd of the tongue is formed from the lingual swellings and the
tuberculum impar
bull The post13rd of the tongue is formed by cranial part of hypobranchial
eminence
bull The salivary glands develop as outgrowths of buccal epithelium
bull The palatine tonsil develops in relation to 2nd pharyngeal pouch
Anodontia
Oligodontia
Microdontiamacrodontia
Gemination Concrescence
FUSION
Fusion
Dilaceration
Supernumerary teeth
Amelogenesis imperfecta
SUPERNUMERARY Enviornmental enamel hypoplasia
DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF TEETH
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Congenitally missing teeth (most commonly
the upper laterals)
Presence of natal or neonatal teeth
Presence of supernumerary teeth
Ectopically erupting teeth
Anomalies of tooth morphology
Enamel hypoplasia
Microdontia
Fused teeth
Macrodontia
Mobile and early shedding of teeth due to poor
periodontal support
Posterior and anterior cross bite
Protruding premaxilla
Deep bite
Spacingcrowding
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Third week Development of ear
Formation of Stomatodaeum
Fourth week
Formation of Fronto-nasal process maxillary and mandibular
process
Development of cranial base
Formation of pharyngeal arches
Development of tongue
Fifth week Formation of Nasal placode Medial and lateral nasal process
Development of mandible
Sixth week Development of Nasal cavity
Development of Parotid and Submandibular salivary glands
Seventh week Formation of pre-maxilla
Eight week Formation of definitive palate
Development of Sublingual salivary glands
Tenth week Development of TMJ
Development of Maxillary sinus
Twelth week Development of Ethmoidal Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses
I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON
1 Development of the face
2 Development of the Palate
3 Development of the Nose
4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes
5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes
6 Innervation of the face from Embryological
background
II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS
1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal
prominence
2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face
originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells
3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the
development of the face
4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week
5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular
prominence
6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence
1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate
is formed from helliphellip process
III MCQ
1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at
A six weeks post-fertilization
B eight weeks post-fertilization
C ten weeks post-fertilization
D twelve weeks post-fertilization
2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the
A palatine processes
B palatine and frontonasal processes
C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes
D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular
processes
THANKS
DEVELOPMENT OF THE NOSE
bull The nasal cavities are separated from the mouth by the
development of palate The narrowing of the fronto-nasal process
and the enlargement of nasal cavities brings them closer together
bull The intervening tissues becomes much thinned to form the nasal
septum
bull The nasal pits now deepen to form the nasal sacs which expand
both dorsally and caudally The nasal sac has a ventral orifice that
opens on the face is called the Anterior nares
Structures Formed Prominence
- One in number
- Forms Forehead bridge of nose and medial and lateral nasal
prominences
Frontonasal
- One on each side Merge with the lateral nasal process then with the
medial nasal process to form
- Part of Cheeks Upper lip except the median part (Philtrum) Upper
Jaw except median part Definitive palate
Maxillary (Two)
-- Two arise from lower border of frontonasal process one on each side
medially - Merge with each other in the middle line to form
intermaxillary segment which will give
- Philtrum of upper lip Median part of upper jaw (carrying 4 incisors)
Primitive palate Primitive nasal septum crestamp tip of the nose
Two Medial nasal
(from frontonasal
Process)
-Two arise from lower border of frontonasal process one on each side
laterally Separated from the maxillary process by cleft where the
nasolacrimal duct lies - Give Alae of nose
Two Lateral nasal
(from frontonasal
process)
- One on each side below the maxillary processes Merge with its
fellow of other side to form - Whole Lower lip Whole lower jaw
Most of cheek
Mandibular (two)
Summary Structures Contributing to Formation of the Face
CORRELATION BETWEEN SENSORYamp MOTOR NERVE SUPPLY OF THE
FACE AND ITS DEVELOPMENT
25
The process and its
derivatives
Nerve supply
Frontonasal process Ophthalmic nerve from trigeminal (First
arch nerve)
Maxillary processes Maxillary nerve from trigeminal (First
arch nerve)
Mandibular
processes
Mandibular nerve from trigeminal
(First arch nerve)
The muscles of the face (Facial expression muscles) along with
the lips are derived from mesenchyme of second bronchial arch
Thus they are supplied by the facial nerve
SUMMARY DEVELOPMENT OF THE NOSE
Formed of proliferation of mesoderm ventral to forebrain 1- Frontonasal
process formation
-2 oval ectodermal thickenings on the surface of lateral parts of frontonasal process 2 Nasal placodes
-Mesoderm proliferation occurs around the nasal placodes
- Horse shoe- shaped
- On the sides of nasal placodes the proliferation forms the medial amp lateral nasal
prominences
- Nasal pits occur in the center of each of them
3 Lateralamp Medial
nasal prominences
-Results from fusion of medial nasal prominences
-It will give rise philtrum of upper lip primitive nasal septum amp median part of the
upper jaw (carrying 4 incisors) amp the primitive palate
3 Premaxilla
- Extension of the maxillary process below the nasal pit converts the pits into
primitive cavity
4 Nasal cavity
-Primitive septum formed by intermaxillary segment of frontonasal process
-Definitive septum formed by proliferation of mesoderm of the roof of stomodeum
-grows amp divides nasal cavity into Rt amp Lt halves
5 Nasal septum
-Nasolacrimal groove is formed between maxillary process amp latera nassal fold By 5
th week fusion of the two processes occurs
-Beneath the line of fusion solid cord of cells appear then canalized amp its cranial end
expanded to from the lacrimal sac
6 Nasolacrimal duct
27
Intermaxillary segment and maxillary processes B The intermaxillary segment giving rise to the philtrum of the upper lip the median part of the maxillary bone
with its four incisor teeth and the triangular primary palate
DEVELOPMENT OF THE PALATE
SUMMARY OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE PALATE
I Stage of formation of processes
1- Formation of Primitive or Primary Palate
bull By 5 th week Intermaxillary process of frontonasal process 1ry palate later becomes the premaxilla of hard palateIncisive fossa (the anterior triangular area bounded by the 4 incisor teeth)
2 Formation of Definitive (secondary) palate
bull Maxillary processes palatine processes 2ry palate meetingamp fusion with 1ry palate
II Stage of meetingamp fusion of the processes
bull Palatine processes grow mediallyamp fuse with each other in the midline amp fuse with the primitive palate Fusion of the premaxilla palatine processes of maxillaamp nasal septum begins at 8 th week
III- Stage of ossification to form Hard palate
bull The anterior frac34 of the palate ossify hard palate amp posterior frac14 the soft palate amp uvula
DEVELOPMENTAL
ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
DEVELOPMENT OF FACE
31
A Incomplete cleft lip B Bilateral cleft lip C Cleft lip cleft jaw and cleft palate D Isolated cleft palate E Oblique facial
cleft
32
Ventral view of the palate gum lip and nose A Normal B Unilateral cleft lip extending into the nose C Unilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw and
extending to the incisive foramen D Bilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw E
Isolated cleft palate F Cleft palate combined with unilateral anterior cleft lip
INCIDENCE
Cleft lip is common among males while cleft palate is more
common among females
Unilateral clefts - 80 of the incidence
Bilateral clefts - remaining 20
CLEFT LIP AND PALATE
CLEFT LIP AND PALATE -
Cleft palate - A congenital fissure in the roof of the mouth
resulting from incomplete fusion of the palate during
embryonic development
Cleft lip - A congenital deformity characterized by a vertical
cleft or pair of clefts in the upper lip with or without
involvement of the palate Defective fusion of the medial nasal
process with the maxillary process leads to cleft lip
GENETIC OR ENVIRONMENTAL
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE PALATE
(VEAUrsquoS CLASSIFICATION)
Most accepted
GROUP I- cleft of the soft palate only
GROUP II-Cleft of the hard and soft palate to the incisive foramen
GROUP III-Complete unilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and
the lip and alveolar ridge on one side
GROUP IV-Complete bilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and the
lip and alveolar ridge on both sides
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
1-Oblique facial cleft
- cleft extends from the upper lip to orbit
- Due to failure of fusion between maxillary process and lateral margin of
frontonasal process
2- Cleft upper lip ( hare lip) Involve upper lip cleft with or without cleft palate
(medial nasal process)
-Median hare lip partial or complete failure of fusion of the two medial nasal
processes to form the intermaxillary segment (absent phitrum)
- Unilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary process with intermaxillary
processes ( the medial nasal process) on one side
-Bilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary processes with intermaxillary
processes (the medial nasal processes) of both sides
3- Median cleft lower lip
- Due to failure of fusion between the 2 mandibular processes
4- Macrostomia (larg mouth)
Due to arrest of fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes to shift
the angle medially gtgtgt very big oral fissure
5- Microstomia
Due to excessive fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes
gtgtgtgtvery small oral fissure
6- Aganthia absent lower jaw
7- Micrganthia small lower jaw
8- Atresia of nasolacrimal duct failure of the canalization of the nasolacrimal
duct
9 Congenital anomalies of the nose
1Absent Nose No nasal processes are formed
2Single nostril Only one nasal Placode is formed
3Stenosis (Narrowing) of the nostril
4Deviation of the Nasal Septum
5Bifid nose if the medial nasal processes do not merge completely
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
bull Ear consists of 3 anatomical parts
- Internal ear
- Middle ear
- External ear
-External ear
External acoustic meatus-
Develops by deepening of the dorsal end of the 1st pharyngeal groove
bull Pinna or Auricle
Six mesenchymal hillocks ndash Auricular hillocks develop from the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arch
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
-Middle ear
Develops from the tubotympanic recess ie derived from the 1st pharyngeal pouch
Tympanic cavity- Distal portion of the tubotympanic recess expands
-Tympanic membrane Ectodermal lining from1 ST pharyngeal groove
-Mesodermal lining from 1st and 2nd arch
-Endodermal lining from tubotympanic recess
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
Ear ossicles
bull 1st bone to attain ultimate size
bull Maleus and Incus develop from the 1st arch
bull Stapes develop from 2nd arch
bull Ossification begins in the 16th week and continues up to the 25th week
-INTERNAL EAR
bull OTIC PLACODE
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
DEVELOPMENT OF EYE
bull Eyes develop from three sources
Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic
nerve
Surface ectoderm of the head- lens
Mesoderm between these layers - eye muscle and
vascular tissues
bull 1st indication of eye formation is optic sulcus
which is formed in the 4th week
DEVELOPMENT OF EYE
DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH
bull The teeth are formed in relation to the dental lamina An enlargement of
dental lamina for each tooth is formed which is called the enamel organ
Ameloblasts form the enamel odontoblasts form the dentine and the
mesenchyme that invaginates into enamel organ forms the pulp
bull The ant 23rd of the tongue is formed from the lingual swellings and the
tuberculum impar
bull The post13rd of the tongue is formed by cranial part of hypobranchial
eminence
bull The salivary glands develop as outgrowths of buccal epithelium
bull The palatine tonsil develops in relation to 2nd pharyngeal pouch
Anodontia
Oligodontia
Microdontiamacrodontia
Gemination Concrescence
FUSION
Fusion
Dilaceration
Supernumerary teeth
Amelogenesis imperfecta
SUPERNUMERARY Enviornmental enamel hypoplasia
DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF TEETH
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Congenitally missing teeth (most commonly
the upper laterals)
Presence of natal or neonatal teeth
Presence of supernumerary teeth
Ectopically erupting teeth
Anomalies of tooth morphology
Enamel hypoplasia
Microdontia
Fused teeth
Macrodontia
Mobile and early shedding of teeth due to poor
periodontal support
Posterior and anterior cross bite
Protruding premaxilla
Deep bite
Spacingcrowding
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Third week Development of ear
Formation of Stomatodaeum
Fourth week
Formation of Fronto-nasal process maxillary and mandibular
process
Development of cranial base
Formation of pharyngeal arches
Development of tongue
Fifth week Formation of Nasal placode Medial and lateral nasal process
Development of mandible
Sixth week Development of Nasal cavity
Development of Parotid and Submandibular salivary glands
Seventh week Formation of pre-maxilla
Eight week Formation of definitive palate
Development of Sublingual salivary glands
Tenth week Development of TMJ
Development of Maxillary sinus
Twelth week Development of Ethmoidal Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses
I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON
1 Development of the face
2 Development of the Palate
3 Development of the Nose
4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes
5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes
6 Innervation of the face from Embryological
background
II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS
1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal
prominence
2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face
originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells
3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the
development of the face
4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week
5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular
prominence
6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence
1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate
is formed from helliphellip process
III MCQ
1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at
A six weeks post-fertilization
B eight weeks post-fertilization
C ten weeks post-fertilization
D twelve weeks post-fertilization
2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the
A palatine processes
B palatine and frontonasal processes
C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes
D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular
processes
THANKS
Structures Formed Prominence
- One in number
- Forms Forehead bridge of nose and medial and lateral nasal
prominences
Frontonasal
- One on each side Merge with the lateral nasal process then with the
medial nasal process to form
- Part of Cheeks Upper lip except the median part (Philtrum) Upper
Jaw except median part Definitive palate
Maxillary (Two)
-- Two arise from lower border of frontonasal process one on each side
medially - Merge with each other in the middle line to form
intermaxillary segment which will give
- Philtrum of upper lip Median part of upper jaw (carrying 4 incisors)
Primitive palate Primitive nasal septum crestamp tip of the nose
Two Medial nasal
(from frontonasal
Process)
-Two arise from lower border of frontonasal process one on each side
laterally Separated from the maxillary process by cleft where the
nasolacrimal duct lies - Give Alae of nose
Two Lateral nasal
(from frontonasal
process)
- One on each side below the maxillary processes Merge with its
fellow of other side to form - Whole Lower lip Whole lower jaw
Most of cheek
Mandibular (two)
Summary Structures Contributing to Formation of the Face
CORRELATION BETWEEN SENSORYamp MOTOR NERVE SUPPLY OF THE
FACE AND ITS DEVELOPMENT
25
The process and its
derivatives
Nerve supply
Frontonasal process Ophthalmic nerve from trigeminal (First
arch nerve)
Maxillary processes Maxillary nerve from trigeminal (First
arch nerve)
Mandibular
processes
Mandibular nerve from trigeminal
(First arch nerve)
The muscles of the face (Facial expression muscles) along with
the lips are derived from mesenchyme of second bronchial arch
Thus they are supplied by the facial nerve
SUMMARY DEVELOPMENT OF THE NOSE
Formed of proliferation of mesoderm ventral to forebrain 1- Frontonasal
process formation
-2 oval ectodermal thickenings on the surface of lateral parts of frontonasal process 2 Nasal placodes
-Mesoderm proliferation occurs around the nasal placodes
- Horse shoe- shaped
- On the sides of nasal placodes the proliferation forms the medial amp lateral nasal
prominences
- Nasal pits occur in the center of each of them
3 Lateralamp Medial
nasal prominences
-Results from fusion of medial nasal prominences
-It will give rise philtrum of upper lip primitive nasal septum amp median part of the
upper jaw (carrying 4 incisors) amp the primitive palate
3 Premaxilla
- Extension of the maxillary process below the nasal pit converts the pits into
primitive cavity
4 Nasal cavity
-Primitive septum formed by intermaxillary segment of frontonasal process
-Definitive septum formed by proliferation of mesoderm of the roof of stomodeum
-grows amp divides nasal cavity into Rt amp Lt halves
5 Nasal septum
-Nasolacrimal groove is formed between maxillary process amp latera nassal fold By 5
th week fusion of the two processes occurs
-Beneath the line of fusion solid cord of cells appear then canalized amp its cranial end
expanded to from the lacrimal sac
6 Nasolacrimal duct
27
Intermaxillary segment and maxillary processes B The intermaxillary segment giving rise to the philtrum of the upper lip the median part of the maxillary bone
with its four incisor teeth and the triangular primary palate
DEVELOPMENT OF THE PALATE
SUMMARY OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE PALATE
I Stage of formation of processes
1- Formation of Primitive or Primary Palate
bull By 5 th week Intermaxillary process of frontonasal process 1ry palate later becomes the premaxilla of hard palateIncisive fossa (the anterior triangular area bounded by the 4 incisor teeth)
2 Formation of Definitive (secondary) palate
bull Maxillary processes palatine processes 2ry palate meetingamp fusion with 1ry palate
II Stage of meetingamp fusion of the processes
bull Palatine processes grow mediallyamp fuse with each other in the midline amp fuse with the primitive palate Fusion of the premaxilla palatine processes of maxillaamp nasal septum begins at 8 th week
III- Stage of ossification to form Hard palate
bull The anterior frac34 of the palate ossify hard palate amp posterior frac14 the soft palate amp uvula
DEVELOPMENTAL
ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
DEVELOPMENT OF FACE
31
A Incomplete cleft lip B Bilateral cleft lip C Cleft lip cleft jaw and cleft palate D Isolated cleft palate E Oblique facial
cleft
32
Ventral view of the palate gum lip and nose A Normal B Unilateral cleft lip extending into the nose C Unilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw and
extending to the incisive foramen D Bilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw E
Isolated cleft palate F Cleft palate combined with unilateral anterior cleft lip
INCIDENCE
Cleft lip is common among males while cleft palate is more
common among females
Unilateral clefts - 80 of the incidence
Bilateral clefts - remaining 20
CLEFT LIP AND PALATE
CLEFT LIP AND PALATE -
Cleft palate - A congenital fissure in the roof of the mouth
resulting from incomplete fusion of the palate during
embryonic development
Cleft lip - A congenital deformity characterized by a vertical
cleft or pair of clefts in the upper lip with or without
involvement of the palate Defective fusion of the medial nasal
process with the maxillary process leads to cleft lip
GENETIC OR ENVIRONMENTAL
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE PALATE
(VEAUrsquoS CLASSIFICATION)
Most accepted
GROUP I- cleft of the soft palate only
GROUP II-Cleft of the hard and soft palate to the incisive foramen
GROUP III-Complete unilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and
the lip and alveolar ridge on one side
GROUP IV-Complete bilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and the
lip and alveolar ridge on both sides
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
1-Oblique facial cleft
- cleft extends from the upper lip to orbit
- Due to failure of fusion between maxillary process and lateral margin of
frontonasal process
2- Cleft upper lip ( hare lip) Involve upper lip cleft with or without cleft palate
(medial nasal process)
-Median hare lip partial or complete failure of fusion of the two medial nasal
processes to form the intermaxillary segment (absent phitrum)
- Unilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary process with intermaxillary
processes ( the medial nasal process) on one side
-Bilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary processes with intermaxillary
processes (the medial nasal processes) of both sides
3- Median cleft lower lip
- Due to failure of fusion between the 2 mandibular processes
4- Macrostomia (larg mouth)
Due to arrest of fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes to shift
the angle medially gtgtgt very big oral fissure
5- Microstomia
Due to excessive fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes
gtgtgtgtvery small oral fissure
6- Aganthia absent lower jaw
7- Micrganthia small lower jaw
8- Atresia of nasolacrimal duct failure of the canalization of the nasolacrimal
duct
9 Congenital anomalies of the nose
1Absent Nose No nasal processes are formed
2Single nostril Only one nasal Placode is formed
3Stenosis (Narrowing) of the nostril
4Deviation of the Nasal Septum
5Bifid nose if the medial nasal processes do not merge completely
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
bull Ear consists of 3 anatomical parts
- Internal ear
- Middle ear
- External ear
-External ear
External acoustic meatus-
Develops by deepening of the dorsal end of the 1st pharyngeal groove
bull Pinna or Auricle
Six mesenchymal hillocks ndash Auricular hillocks develop from the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arch
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
-Middle ear
Develops from the tubotympanic recess ie derived from the 1st pharyngeal pouch
Tympanic cavity- Distal portion of the tubotympanic recess expands
-Tympanic membrane Ectodermal lining from1 ST pharyngeal groove
-Mesodermal lining from 1st and 2nd arch
-Endodermal lining from tubotympanic recess
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
Ear ossicles
bull 1st bone to attain ultimate size
bull Maleus and Incus develop from the 1st arch
bull Stapes develop from 2nd arch
bull Ossification begins in the 16th week and continues up to the 25th week
-INTERNAL EAR
bull OTIC PLACODE
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
DEVELOPMENT OF EYE
bull Eyes develop from three sources
Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic
nerve
Surface ectoderm of the head- lens
Mesoderm between these layers - eye muscle and
vascular tissues
bull 1st indication of eye formation is optic sulcus
which is formed in the 4th week
DEVELOPMENT OF EYE
DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH
bull The teeth are formed in relation to the dental lamina An enlargement of
dental lamina for each tooth is formed which is called the enamel organ
Ameloblasts form the enamel odontoblasts form the dentine and the
mesenchyme that invaginates into enamel organ forms the pulp
bull The ant 23rd of the tongue is formed from the lingual swellings and the
tuberculum impar
bull The post13rd of the tongue is formed by cranial part of hypobranchial
eminence
bull The salivary glands develop as outgrowths of buccal epithelium
bull The palatine tonsil develops in relation to 2nd pharyngeal pouch
Anodontia
Oligodontia
Microdontiamacrodontia
Gemination Concrescence
FUSION
Fusion
Dilaceration
Supernumerary teeth
Amelogenesis imperfecta
SUPERNUMERARY Enviornmental enamel hypoplasia
DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF TEETH
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Congenitally missing teeth (most commonly
the upper laterals)
Presence of natal or neonatal teeth
Presence of supernumerary teeth
Ectopically erupting teeth
Anomalies of tooth morphology
Enamel hypoplasia
Microdontia
Fused teeth
Macrodontia
Mobile and early shedding of teeth due to poor
periodontal support
Posterior and anterior cross bite
Protruding premaxilla
Deep bite
Spacingcrowding
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Third week Development of ear
Formation of Stomatodaeum
Fourth week
Formation of Fronto-nasal process maxillary and mandibular
process
Development of cranial base
Formation of pharyngeal arches
Development of tongue
Fifth week Formation of Nasal placode Medial and lateral nasal process
Development of mandible
Sixth week Development of Nasal cavity
Development of Parotid and Submandibular salivary glands
Seventh week Formation of pre-maxilla
Eight week Formation of definitive palate
Development of Sublingual salivary glands
Tenth week Development of TMJ
Development of Maxillary sinus
Twelth week Development of Ethmoidal Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses
I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON
1 Development of the face
2 Development of the Palate
3 Development of the Nose
4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes
5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes
6 Innervation of the face from Embryological
background
II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS
1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal
prominence
2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face
originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells
3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the
development of the face
4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week
5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular
prominence
6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence
1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate
is formed from helliphellip process
III MCQ
1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at
A six weeks post-fertilization
B eight weeks post-fertilization
C ten weeks post-fertilization
D twelve weeks post-fertilization
2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the
A palatine processes
B palatine and frontonasal processes
C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes
D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular
processes
THANKS
CORRELATION BETWEEN SENSORYamp MOTOR NERVE SUPPLY OF THE
FACE AND ITS DEVELOPMENT
25
The process and its
derivatives
Nerve supply
Frontonasal process Ophthalmic nerve from trigeminal (First
arch nerve)
Maxillary processes Maxillary nerve from trigeminal (First
arch nerve)
Mandibular
processes
Mandibular nerve from trigeminal
(First arch nerve)
The muscles of the face (Facial expression muscles) along with
the lips are derived from mesenchyme of second bronchial arch
Thus they are supplied by the facial nerve
SUMMARY DEVELOPMENT OF THE NOSE
Formed of proliferation of mesoderm ventral to forebrain 1- Frontonasal
process formation
-2 oval ectodermal thickenings on the surface of lateral parts of frontonasal process 2 Nasal placodes
-Mesoderm proliferation occurs around the nasal placodes
- Horse shoe- shaped
- On the sides of nasal placodes the proliferation forms the medial amp lateral nasal
prominences
- Nasal pits occur in the center of each of them
3 Lateralamp Medial
nasal prominences
-Results from fusion of medial nasal prominences
-It will give rise philtrum of upper lip primitive nasal septum amp median part of the
upper jaw (carrying 4 incisors) amp the primitive palate
3 Premaxilla
- Extension of the maxillary process below the nasal pit converts the pits into
primitive cavity
4 Nasal cavity
-Primitive septum formed by intermaxillary segment of frontonasal process
-Definitive septum formed by proliferation of mesoderm of the roof of stomodeum
-grows amp divides nasal cavity into Rt amp Lt halves
5 Nasal septum
-Nasolacrimal groove is formed between maxillary process amp latera nassal fold By 5
th week fusion of the two processes occurs
-Beneath the line of fusion solid cord of cells appear then canalized amp its cranial end
expanded to from the lacrimal sac
6 Nasolacrimal duct
27
Intermaxillary segment and maxillary processes B The intermaxillary segment giving rise to the philtrum of the upper lip the median part of the maxillary bone
with its four incisor teeth and the triangular primary palate
DEVELOPMENT OF THE PALATE
SUMMARY OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE PALATE
I Stage of formation of processes
1- Formation of Primitive or Primary Palate
bull By 5 th week Intermaxillary process of frontonasal process 1ry palate later becomes the premaxilla of hard palateIncisive fossa (the anterior triangular area bounded by the 4 incisor teeth)
2 Formation of Definitive (secondary) palate
bull Maxillary processes palatine processes 2ry palate meetingamp fusion with 1ry palate
II Stage of meetingamp fusion of the processes
bull Palatine processes grow mediallyamp fuse with each other in the midline amp fuse with the primitive palate Fusion of the premaxilla palatine processes of maxillaamp nasal septum begins at 8 th week
III- Stage of ossification to form Hard palate
bull The anterior frac34 of the palate ossify hard palate amp posterior frac14 the soft palate amp uvula
DEVELOPMENTAL
ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
DEVELOPMENT OF FACE
31
A Incomplete cleft lip B Bilateral cleft lip C Cleft lip cleft jaw and cleft palate D Isolated cleft palate E Oblique facial
cleft
32
Ventral view of the palate gum lip and nose A Normal B Unilateral cleft lip extending into the nose C Unilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw and
extending to the incisive foramen D Bilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw E
Isolated cleft palate F Cleft palate combined with unilateral anterior cleft lip
INCIDENCE
Cleft lip is common among males while cleft palate is more
common among females
Unilateral clefts - 80 of the incidence
Bilateral clefts - remaining 20
CLEFT LIP AND PALATE
CLEFT LIP AND PALATE -
Cleft palate - A congenital fissure in the roof of the mouth
resulting from incomplete fusion of the palate during
embryonic development
Cleft lip - A congenital deformity characterized by a vertical
cleft or pair of clefts in the upper lip with or without
involvement of the palate Defective fusion of the medial nasal
process with the maxillary process leads to cleft lip
GENETIC OR ENVIRONMENTAL
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE PALATE
(VEAUrsquoS CLASSIFICATION)
Most accepted
GROUP I- cleft of the soft palate only
GROUP II-Cleft of the hard and soft palate to the incisive foramen
GROUP III-Complete unilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and
the lip and alveolar ridge on one side
GROUP IV-Complete bilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and the
lip and alveolar ridge on both sides
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
1-Oblique facial cleft
- cleft extends from the upper lip to orbit
- Due to failure of fusion between maxillary process and lateral margin of
frontonasal process
2- Cleft upper lip ( hare lip) Involve upper lip cleft with or without cleft palate
(medial nasal process)
-Median hare lip partial or complete failure of fusion of the two medial nasal
processes to form the intermaxillary segment (absent phitrum)
- Unilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary process with intermaxillary
processes ( the medial nasal process) on one side
-Bilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary processes with intermaxillary
processes (the medial nasal processes) of both sides
3- Median cleft lower lip
- Due to failure of fusion between the 2 mandibular processes
4- Macrostomia (larg mouth)
Due to arrest of fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes to shift
the angle medially gtgtgt very big oral fissure
5- Microstomia
Due to excessive fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes
gtgtgtgtvery small oral fissure
6- Aganthia absent lower jaw
7- Micrganthia small lower jaw
8- Atresia of nasolacrimal duct failure of the canalization of the nasolacrimal
duct
9 Congenital anomalies of the nose
1Absent Nose No nasal processes are formed
2Single nostril Only one nasal Placode is formed
3Stenosis (Narrowing) of the nostril
4Deviation of the Nasal Septum
5Bifid nose if the medial nasal processes do not merge completely
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
bull Ear consists of 3 anatomical parts
- Internal ear
- Middle ear
- External ear
-External ear
External acoustic meatus-
Develops by deepening of the dorsal end of the 1st pharyngeal groove
bull Pinna or Auricle
Six mesenchymal hillocks ndash Auricular hillocks develop from the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arch
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
-Middle ear
Develops from the tubotympanic recess ie derived from the 1st pharyngeal pouch
Tympanic cavity- Distal portion of the tubotympanic recess expands
-Tympanic membrane Ectodermal lining from1 ST pharyngeal groove
-Mesodermal lining from 1st and 2nd arch
-Endodermal lining from tubotympanic recess
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
Ear ossicles
bull 1st bone to attain ultimate size
bull Maleus and Incus develop from the 1st arch
bull Stapes develop from 2nd arch
bull Ossification begins in the 16th week and continues up to the 25th week
-INTERNAL EAR
bull OTIC PLACODE
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
DEVELOPMENT OF EYE
bull Eyes develop from three sources
Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic
nerve
Surface ectoderm of the head- lens
Mesoderm between these layers - eye muscle and
vascular tissues
bull 1st indication of eye formation is optic sulcus
which is formed in the 4th week
DEVELOPMENT OF EYE
DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH
bull The teeth are formed in relation to the dental lamina An enlargement of
dental lamina for each tooth is formed which is called the enamel organ
Ameloblasts form the enamel odontoblasts form the dentine and the
mesenchyme that invaginates into enamel organ forms the pulp
bull The ant 23rd of the tongue is formed from the lingual swellings and the
tuberculum impar
bull The post13rd of the tongue is formed by cranial part of hypobranchial
eminence
bull The salivary glands develop as outgrowths of buccal epithelium
bull The palatine tonsil develops in relation to 2nd pharyngeal pouch
Anodontia
Oligodontia
Microdontiamacrodontia
Gemination Concrescence
FUSION
Fusion
Dilaceration
Supernumerary teeth
Amelogenesis imperfecta
SUPERNUMERARY Enviornmental enamel hypoplasia
DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF TEETH
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Congenitally missing teeth (most commonly
the upper laterals)
Presence of natal or neonatal teeth
Presence of supernumerary teeth
Ectopically erupting teeth
Anomalies of tooth morphology
Enamel hypoplasia
Microdontia
Fused teeth
Macrodontia
Mobile and early shedding of teeth due to poor
periodontal support
Posterior and anterior cross bite
Protruding premaxilla
Deep bite
Spacingcrowding
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Third week Development of ear
Formation of Stomatodaeum
Fourth week
Formation of Fronto-nasal process maxillary and mandibular
process
Development of cranial base
Formation of pharyngeal arches
Development of tongue
Fifth week Formation of Nasal placode Medial and lateral nasal process
Development of mandible
Sixth week Development of Nasal cavity
Development of Parotid and Submandibular salivary glands
Seventh week Formation of pre-maxilla
Eight week Formation of definitive palate
Development of Sublingual salivary glands
Tenth week Development of TMJ
Development of Maxillary sinus
Twelth week Development of Ethmoidal Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses
I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON
1 Development of the face
2 Development of the Palate
3 Development of the Nose
4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes
5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes
6 Innervation of the face from Embryological
background
II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS
1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal
prominence
2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face
originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells
3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the
development of the face
4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week
5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular
prominence
6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence
1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate
is formed from helliphellip process
III MCQ
1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at
A six weeks post-fertilization
B eight weeks post-fertilization
C ten weeks post-fertilization
D twelve weeks post-fertilization
2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the
A palatine processes
B palatine and frontonasal processes
C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes
D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular
processes
THANKS
SUMMARY DEVELOPMENT OF THE NOSE
Formed of proliferation of mesoderm ventral to forebrain 1- Frontonasal
process formation
-2 oval ectodermal thickenings on the surface of lateral parts of frontonasal process 2 Nasal placodes
-Mesoderm proliferation occurs around the nasal placodes
- Horse shoe- shaped
- On the sides of nasal placodes the proliferation forms the medial amp lateral nasal
prominences
- Nasal pits occur in the center of each of them
3 Lateralamp Medial
nasal prominences
-Results from fusion of medial nasal prominences
-It will give rise philtrum of upper lip primitive nasal septum amp median part of the
upper jaw (carrying 4 incisors) amp the primitive palate
3 Premaxilla
- Extension of the maxillary process below the nasal pit converts the pits into
primitive cavity
4 Nasal cavity
-Primitive septum formed by intermaxillary segment of frontonasal process
-Definitive septum formed by proliferation of mesoderm of the roof of stomodeum
-grows amp divides nasal cavity into Rt amp Lt halves
5 Nasal septum
-Nasolacrimal groove is formed between maxillary process amp latera nassal fold By 5
th week fusion of the two processes occurs
-Beneath the line of fusion solid cord of cells appear then canalized amp its cranial end
expanded to from the lacrimal sac
6 Nasolacrimal duct
27
Intermaxillary segment and maxillary processes B The intermaxillary segment giving rise to the philtrum of the upper lip the median part of the maxillary bone
with its four incisor teeth and the triangular primary palate
DEVELOPMENT OF THE PALATE
SUMMARY OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE PALATE
I Stage of formation of processes
1- Formation of Primitive or Primary Palate
bull By 5 th week Intermaxillary process of frontonasal process 1ry palate later becomes the premaxilla of hard palateIncisive fossa (the anterior triangular area bounded by the 4 incisor teeth)
2 Formation of Definitive (secondary) palate
bull Maxillary processes palatine processes 2ry palate meetingamp fusion with 1ry palate
II Stage of meetingamp fusion of the processes
bull Palatine processes grow mediallyamp fuse with each other in the midline amp fuse with the primitive palate Fusion of the premaxilla palatine processes of maxillaamp nasal septum begins at 8 th week
III- Stage of ossification to form Hard palate
bull The anterior frac34 of the palate ossify hard palate amp posterior frac14 the soft palate amp uvula
DEVELOPMENTAL
ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
DEVELOPMENT OF FACE
31
A Incomplete cleft lip B Bilateral cleft lip C Cleft lip cleft jaw and cleft palate D Isolated cleft palate E Oblique facial
cleft
32
Ventral view of the palate gum lip and nose A Normal B Unilateral cleft lip extending into the nose C Unilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw and
extending to the incisive foramen D Bilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw E
Isolated cleft palate F Cleft palate combined with unilateral anterior cleft lip
INCIDENCE
Cleft lip is common among males while cleft palate is more
common among females
Unilateral clefts - 80 of the incidence
Bilateral clefts - remaining 20
CLEFT LIP AND PALATE
CLEFT LIP AND PALATE -
Cleft palate - A congenital fissure in the roof of the mouth
resulting from incomplete fusion of the palate during
embryonic development
Cleft lip - A congenital deformity characterized by a vertical
cleft or pair of clefts in the upper lip with or without
involvement of the palate Defective fusion of the medial nasal
process with the maxillary process leads to cleft lip
GENETIC OR ENVIRONMENTAL
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE PALATE
(VEAUrsquoS CLASSIFICATION)
Most accepted
GROUP I- cleft of the soft palate only
GROUP II-Cleft of the hard and soft palate to the incisive foramen
GROUP III-Complete unilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and
the lip and alveolar ridge on one side
GROUP IV-Complete bilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and the
lip and alveolar ridge on both sides
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
1-Oblique facial cleft
- cleft extends from the upper lip to orbit
- Due to failure of fusion between maxillary process and lateral margin of
frontonasal process
2- Cleft upper lip ( hare lip) Involve upper lip cleft with or without cleft palate
(medial nasal process)
-Median hare lip partial or complete failure of fusion of the two medial nasal
processes to form the intermaxillary segment (absent phitrum)
- Unilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary process with intermaxillary
processes ( the medial nasal process) on one side
-Bilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary processes with intermaxillary
processes (the medial nasal processes) of both sides
3- Median cleft lower lip
- Due to failure of fusion between the 2 mandibular processes
4- Macrostomia (larg mouth)
Due to arrest of fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes to shift
the angle medially gtgtgt very big oral fissure
5- Microstomia
Due to excessive fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes
gtgtgtgtvery small oral fissure
6- Aganthia absent lower jaw
7- Micrganthia small lower jaw
8- Atresia of nasolacrimal duct failure of the canalization of the nasolacrimal
duct
9 Congenital anomalies of the nose
1Absent Nose No nasal processes are formed
2Single nostril Only one nasal Placode is formed
3Stenosis (Narrowing) of the nostril
4Deviation of the Nasal Septum
5Bifid nose if the medial nasal processes do not merge completely
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
bull Ear consists of 3 anatomical parts
- Internal ear
- Middle ear
- External ear
-External ear
External acoustic meatus-
Develops by deepening of the dorsal end of the 1st pharyngeal groove
bull Pinna or Auricle
Six mesenchymal hillocks ndash Auricular hillocks develop from the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arch
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
-Middle ear
Develops from the tubotympanic recess ie derived from the 1st pharyngeal pouch
Tympanic cavity- Distal portion of the tubotympanic recess expands
-Tympanic membrane Ectodermal lining from1 ST pharyngeal groove
-Mesodermal lining from 1st and 2nd arch
-Endodermal lining from tubotympanic recess
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
Ear ossicles
bull 1st bone to attain ultimate size
bull Maleus and Incus develop from the 1st arch
bull Stapes develop from 2nd arch
bull Ossification begins in the 16th week and continues up to the 25th week
-INTERNAL EAR
bull OTIC PLACODE
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
DEVELOPMENT OF EYE
bull Eyes develop from three sources
Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic
nerve
Surface ectoderm of the head- lens
Mesoderm between these layers - eye muscle and
vascular tissues
bull 1st indication of eye formation is optic sulcus
which is formed in the 4th week
DEVELOPMENT OF EYE
DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH
bull The teeth are formed in relation to the dental lamina An enlargement of
dental lamina for each tooth is formed which is called the enamel organ
Ameloblasts form the enamel odontoblasts form the dentine and the
mesenchyme that invaginates into enamel organ forms the pulp
bull The ant 23rd of the tongue is formed from the lingual swellings and the
tuberculum impar
bull The post13rd of the tongue is formed by cranial part of hypobranchial
eminence
bull The salivary glands develop as outgrowths of buccal epithelium
bull The palatine tonsil develops in relation to 2nd pharyngeal pouch
Anodontia
Oligodontia
Microdontiamacrodontia
Gemination Concrescence
FUSION
Fusion
Dilaceration
Supernumerary teeth
Amelogenesis imperfecta
SUPERNUMERARY Enviornmental enamel hypoplasia
DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF TEETH
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Congenitally missing teeth (most commonly
the upper laterals)
Presence of natal or neonatal teeth
Presence of supernumerary teeth
Ectopically erupting teeth
Anomalies of tooth morphology
Enamel hypoplasia
Microdontia
Fused teeth
Macrodontia
Mobile and early shedding of teeth due to poor
periodontal support
Posterior and anterior cross bite
Protruding premaxilla
Deep bite
Spacingcrowding
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Third week Development of ear
Formation of Stomatodaeum
Fourth week
Formation of Fronto-nasal process maxillary and mandibular
process
Development of cranial base
Formation of pharyngeal arches
Development of tongue
Fifth week Formation of Nasal placode Medial and lateral nasal process
Development of mandible
Sixth week Development of Nasal cavity
Development of Parotid and Submandibular salivary glands
Seventh week Formation of pre-maxilla
Eight week Formation of definitive palate
Development of Sublingual salivary glands
Tenth week Development of TMJ
Development of Maxillary sinus
Twelth week Development of Ethmoidal Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses
I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON
1 Development of the face
2 Development of the Palate
3 Development of the Nose
4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes
5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes
6 Innervation of the face from Embryological
background
II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS
1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal
prominence
2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face
originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells
3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the
development of the face
4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week
5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular
prominence
6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence
1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate
is formed from helliphellip process
III MCQ
1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at
A six weeks post-fertilization
B eight weeks post-fertilization
C ten weeks post-fertilization
D twelve weeks post-fertilization
2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the
A palatine processes
B palatine and frontonasal processes
C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes
D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular
processes
THANKS
27
Intermaxillary segment and maxillary processes B The intermaxillary segment giving rise to the philtrum of the upper lip the median part of the maxillary bone
with its four incisor teeth and the triangular primary palate
DEVELOPMENT OF THE PALATE
SUMMARY OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE PALATE
I Stage of formation of processes
1- Formation of Primitive or Primary Palate
bull By 5 th week Intermaxillary process of frontonasal process 1ry palate later becomes the premaxilla of hard palateIncisive fossa (the anterior triangular area bounded by the 4 incisor teeth)
2 Formation of Definitive (secondary) palate
bull Maxillary processes palatine processes 2ry palate meetingamp fusion with 1ry palate
II Stage of meetingamp fusion of the processes
bull Palatine processes grow mediallyamp fuse with each other in the midline amp fuse with the primitive palate Fusion of the premaxilla palatine processes of maxillaamp nasal septum begins at 8 th week
III- Stage of ossification to form Hard palate
bull The anterior frac34 of the palate ossify hard palate amp posterior frac14 the soft palate amp uvula
DEVELOPMENTAL
ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
DEVELOPMENT OF FACE
31
A Incomplete cleft lip B Bilateral cleft lip C Cleft lip cleft jaw and cleft palate D Isolated cleft palate E Oblique facial
cleft
32
Ventral view of the palate gum lip and nose A Normal B Unilateral cleft lip extending into the nose C Unilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw and
extending to the incisive foramen D Bilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw E
Isolated cleft palate F Cleft palate combined with unilateral anterior cleft lip
INCIDENCE
Cleft lip is common among males while cleft palate is more
common among females
Unilateral clefts - 80 of the incidence
Bilateral clefts - remaining 20
CLEFT LIP AND PALATE
CLEFT LIP AND PALATE -
Cleft palate - A congenital fissure in the roof of the mouth
resulting from incomplete fusion of the palate during
embryonic development
Cleft lip - A congenital deformity characterized by a vertical
cleft or pair of clefts in the upper lip with or without
involvement of the palate Defective fusion of the medial nasal
process with the maxillary process leads to cleft lip
GENETIC OR ENVIRONMENTAL
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE PALATE
(VEAUrsquoS CLASSIFICATION)
Most accepted
GROUP I- cleft of the soft palate only
GROUP II-Cleft of the hard and soft palate to the incisive foramen
GROUP III-Complete unilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and
the lip and alveolar ridge on one side
GROUP IV-Complete bilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and the
lip and alveolar ridge on both sides
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
1-Oblique facial cleft
- cleft extends from the upper lip to orbit
- Due to failure of fusion between maxillary process and lateral margin of
frontonasal process
2- Cleft upper lip ( hare lip) Involve upper lip cleft with or without cleft palate
(medial nasal process)
-Median hare lip partial or complete failure of fusion of the two medial nasal
processes to form the intermaxillary segment (absent phitrum)
- Unilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary process with intermaxillary
processes ( the medial nasal process) on one side
-Bilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary processes with intermaxillary
processes (the medial nasal processes) of both sides
3- Median cleft lower lip
- Due to failure of fusion between the 2 mandibular processes
4- Macrostomia (larg mouth)
Due to arrest of fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes to shift
the angle medially gtgtgt very big oral fissure
5- Microstomia
Due to excessive fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes
gtgtgtgtvery small oral fissure
6- Aganthia absent lower jaw
7- Micrganthia small lower jaw
8- Atresia of nasolacrimal duct failure of the canalization of the nasolacrimal
duct
9 Congenital anomalies of the nose
1Absent Nose No nasal processes are formed
2Single nostril Only one nasal Placode is formed
3Stenosis (Narrowing) of the nostril
4Deviation of the Nasal Septum
5Bifid nose if the medial nasal processes do not merge completely
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
bull Ear consists of 3 anatomical parts
- Internal ear
- Middle ear
- External ear
-External ear
External acoustic meatus-
Develops by deepening of the dorsal end of the 1st pharyngeal groove
bull Pinna or Auricle
Six mesenchymal hillocks ndash Auricular hillocks develop from the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arch
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
-Middle ear
Develops from the tubotympanic recess ie derived from the 1st pharyngeal pouch
Tympanic cavity- Distal portion of the tubotympanic recess expands
-Tympanic membrane Ectodermal lining from1 ST pharyngeal groove
-Mesodermal lining from 1st and 2nd arch
-Endodermal lining from tubotympanic recess
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
Ear ossicles
bull 1st bone to attain ultimate size
bull Maleus and Incus develop from the 1st arch
bull Stapes develop from 2nd arch
bull Ossification begins in the 16th week and continues up to the 25th week
-INTERNAL EAR
bull OTIC PLACODE
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
DEVELOPMENT OF EYE
bull Eyes develop from three sources
Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic
nerve
Surface ectoderm of the head- lens
Mesoderm between these layers - eye muscle and
vascular tissues
bull 1st indication of eye formation is optic sulcus
which is formed in the 4th week
DEVELOPMENT OF EYE
DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH
bull The teeth are formed in relation to the dental lamina An enlargement of
dental lamina for each tooth is formed which is called the enamel organ
Ameloblasts form the enamel odontoblasts form the dentine and the
mesenchyme that invaginates into enamel organ forms the pulp
bull The ant 23rd of the tongue is formed from the lingual swellings and the
tuberculum impar
bull The post13rd of the tongue is formed by cranial part of hypobranchial
eminence
bull The salivary glands develop as outgrowths of buccal epithelium
bull The palatine tonsil develops in relation to 2nd pharyngeal pouch
Anodontia
Oligodontia
Microdontiamacrodontia
Gemination Concrescence
FUSION
Fusion
Dilaceration
Supernumerary teeth
Amelogenesis imperfecta
SUPERNUMERARY Enviornmental enamel hypoplasia
DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF TEETH
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Congenitally missing teeth (most commonly
the upper laterals)
Presence of natal or neonatal teeth
Presence of supernumerary teeth
Ectopically erupting teeth
Anomalies of tooth morphology
Enamel hypoplasia
Microdontia
Fused teeth
Macrodontia
Mobile and early shedding of teeth due to poor
periodontal support
Posterior and anterior cross bite
Protruding premaxilla
Deep bite
Spacingcrowding
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Third week Development of ear
Formation of Stomatodaeum
Fourth week
Formation of Fronto-nasal process maxillary and mandibular
process
Development of cranial base
Formation of pharyngeal arches
Development of tongue
Fifth week Formation of Nasal placode Medial and lateral nasal process
Development of mandible
Sixth week Development of Nasal cavity
Development of Parotid and Submandibular salivary glands
Seventh week Formation of pre-maxilla
Eight week Formation of definitive palate
Development of Sublingual salivary glands
Tenth week Development of TMJ
Development of Maxillary sinus
Twelth week Development of Ethmoidal Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses
I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON
1 Development of the face
2 Development of the Palate
3 Development of the Nose
4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes
5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes
6 Innervation of the face from Embryological
background
II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS
1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal
prominence
2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face
originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells
3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the
development of the face
4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week
5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular
prominence
6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence
1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate
is formed from helliphellip process
III MCQ
1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at
A six weeks post-fertilization
B eight weeks post-fertilization
C ten weeks post-fertilization
D twelve weeks post-fertilization
2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the
A palatine processes
B palatine and frontonasal processes
C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes
D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular
processes
THANKS
SUMMARY OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE PALATE
I Stage of formation of processes
1- Formation of Primitive or Primary Palate
bull By 5 th week Intermaxillary process of frontonasal process 1ry palate later becomes the premaxilla of hard palateIncisive fossa (the anterior triangular area bounded by the 4 incisor teeth)
2 Formation of Definitive (secondary) palate
bull Maxillary processes palatine processes 2ry palate meetingamp fusion with 1ry palate
II Stage of meetingamp fusion of the processes
bull Palatine processes grow mediallyamp fuse with each other in the midline amp fuse with the primitive palate Fusion of the premaxilla palatine processes of maxillaamp nasal septum begins at 8 th week
III- Stage of ossification to form Hard palate
bull The anterior frac34 of the palate ossify hard palate amp posterior frac14 the soft palate amp uvula
DEVELOPMENTAL
ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
DEVELOPMENT OF FACE
31
A Incomplete cleft lip B Bilateral cleft lip C Cleft lip cleft jaw and cleft palate D Isolated cleft palate E Oblique facial
cleft
32
Ventral view of the palate gum lip and nose A Normal B Unilateral cleft lip extending into the nose C Unilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw and
extending to the incisive foramen D Bilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw E
Isolated cleft palate F Cleft palate combined with unilateral anterior cleft lip
INCIDENCE
Cleft lip is common among males while cleft palate is more
common among females
Unilateral clefts - 80 of the incidence
Bilateral clefts - remaining 20
CLEFT LIP AND PALATE
CLEFT LIP AND PALATE -
Cleft palate - A congenital fissure in the roof of the mouth
resulting from incomplete fusion of the palate during
embryonic development
Cleft lip - A congenital deformity characterized by a vertical
cleft or pair of clefts in the upper lip with or without
involvement of the palate Defective fusion of the medial nasal
process with the maxillary process leads to cleft lip
GENETIC OR ENVIRONMENTAL
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE PALATE
(VEAUrsquoS CLASSIFICATION)
Most accepted
GROUP I- cleft of the soft palate only
GROUP II-Cleft of the hard and soft palate to the incisive foramen
GROUP III-Complete unilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and
the lip and alveolar ridge on one side
GROUP IV-Complete bilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and the
lip and alveolar ridge on both sides
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
1-Oblique facial cleft
- cleft extends from the upper lip to orbit
- Due to failure of fusion between maxillary process and lateral margin of
frontonasal process
2- Cleft upper lip ( hare lip) Involve upper lip cleft with or without cleft palate
(medial nasal process)
-Median hare lip partial or complete failure of fusion of the two medial nasal
processes to form the intermaxillary segment (absent phitrum)
- Unilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary process with intermaxillary
processes ( the medial nasal process) on one side
-Bilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary processes with intermaxillary
processes (the medial nasal processes) of both sides
3- Median cleft lower lip
- Due to failure of fusion between the 2 mandibular processes
4- Macrostomia (larg mouth)
Due to arrest of fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes to shift
the angle medially gtgtgt very big oral fissure
5- Microstomia
Due to excessive fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes
gtgtgtgtvery small oral fissure
6- Aganthia absent lower jaw
7- Micrganthia small lower jaw
8- Atresia of nasolacrimal duct failure of the canalization of the nasolacrimal
duct
9 Congenital anomalies of the nose
1Absent Nose No nasal processes are formed
2Single nostril Only one nasal Placode is formed
3Stenosis (Narrowing) of the nostril
4Deviation of the Nasal Septum
5Bifid nose if the medial nasal processes do not merge completely
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
bull Ear consists of 3 anatomical parts
- Internal ear
- Middle ear
- External ear
-External ear
External acoustic meatus-
Develops by deepening of the dorsal end of the 1st pharyngeal groove
bull Pinna or Auricle
Six mesenchymal hillocks ndash Auricular hillocks develop from the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arch
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
-Middle ear
Develops from the tubotympanic recess ie derived from the 1st pharyngeal pouch
Tympanic cavity- Distal portion of the tubotympanic recess expands
-Tympanic membrane Ectodermal lining from1 ST pharyngeal groove
-Mesodermal lining from 1st and 2nd arch
-Endodermal lining from tubotympanic recess
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
Ear ossicles
bull 1st bone to attain ultimate size
bull Maleus and Incus develop from the 1st arch
bull Stapes develop from 2nd arch
bull Ossification begins in the 16th week and continues up to the 25th week
-INTERNAL EAR
bull OTIC PLACODE
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
DEVELOPMENT OF EYE
bull Eyes develop from three sources
Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic
nerve
Surface ectoderm of the head- lens
Mesoderm between these layers - eye muscle and
vascular tissues
bull 1st indication of eye formation is optic sulcus
which is formed in the 4th week
DEVELOPMENT OF EYE
DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH
bull The teeth are formed in relation to the dental lamina An enlargement of
dental lamina for each tooth is formed which is called the enamel organ
Ameloblasts form the enamel odontoblasts form the dentine and the
mesenchyme that invaginates into enamel organ forms the pulp
bull The ant 23rd of the tongue is formed from the lingual swellings and the
tuberculum impar
bull The post13rd of the tongue is formed by cranial part of hypobranchial
eminence
bull The salivary glands develop as outgrowths of buccal epithelium
bull The palatine tonsil develops in relation to 2nd pharyngeal pouch
Anodontia
Oligodontia
Microdontiamacrodontia
Gemination Concrescence
FUSION
Fusion
Dilaceration
Supernumerary teeth
Amelogenesis imperfecta
SUPERNUMERARY Enviornmental enamel hypoplasia
DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF TEETH
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Congenitally missing teeth (most commonly
the upper laterals)
Presence of natal or neonatal teeth
Presence of supernumerary teeth
Ectopically erupting teeth
Anomalies of tooth morphology
Enamel hypoplasia
Microdontia
Fused teeth
Macrodontia
Mobile and early shedding of teeth due to poor
periodontal support
Posterior and anterior cross bite
Protruding premaxilla
Deep bite
Spacingcrowding
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Third week Development of ear
Formation of Stomatodaeum
Fourth week
Formation of Fronto-nasal process maxillary and mandibular
process
Development of cranial base
Formation of pharyngeal arches
Development of tongue
Fifth week Formation of Nasal placode Medial and lateral nasal process
Development of mandible
Sixth week Development of Nasal cavity
Development of Parotid and Submandibular salivary glands
Seventh week Formation of pre-maxilla
Eight week Formation of definitive palate
Development of Sublingual salivary glands
Tenth week Development of TMJ
Development of Maxillary sinus
Twelth week Development of Ethmoidal Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses
I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON
1 Development of the face
2 Development of the Palate
3 Development of the Nose
4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes
5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes
6 Innervation of the face from Embryological
background
II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS
1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal
prominence
2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face
originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells
3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the
development of the face
4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week
5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular
prominence
6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence
1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate
is formed from helliphellip process
III MCQ
1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at
A six weeks post-fertilization
B eight weeks post-fertilization
C ten weeks post-fertilization
D twelve weeks post-fertilization
2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the
A palatine processes
B palatine and frontonasal processes
C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes
D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular
processes
THANKS
DEVELOPMENTAL
ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
DEVELOPMENT OF FACE
31
A Incomplete cleft lip B Bilateral cleft lip C Cleft lip cleft jaw and cleft palate D Isolated cleft palate E Oblique facial
cleft
32
Ventral view of the palate gum lip and nose A Normal B Unilateral cleft lip extending into the nose C Unilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw and
extending to the incisive foramen D Bilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw E
Isolated cleft palate F Cleft palate combined with unilateral anterior cleft lip
INCIDENCE
Cleft lip is common among males while cleft palate is more
common among females
Unilateral clefts - 80 of the incidence
Bilateral clefts - remaining 20
CLEFT LIP AND PALATE
CLEFT LIP AND PALATE -
Cleft palate - A congenital fissure in the roof of the mouth
resulting from incomplete fusion of the palate during
embryonic development
Cleft lip - A congenital deformity characterized by a vertical
cleft or pair of clefts in the upper lip with or without
involvement of the palate Defective fusion of the medial nasal
process with the maxillary process leads to cleft lip
GENETIC OR ENVIRONMENTAL
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE PALATE
(VEAUrsquoS CLASSIFICATION)
Most accepted
GROUP I- cleft of the soft palate only
GROUP II-Cleft of the hard and soft palate to the incisive foramen
GROUP III-Complete unilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and
the lip and alveolar ridge on one side
GROUP IV-Complete bilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and the
lip and alveolar ridge on both sides
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
1-Oblique facial cleft
- cleft extends from the upper lip to orbit
- Due to failure of fusion between maxillary process and lateral margin of
frontonasal process
2- Cleft upper lip ( hare lip) Involve upper lip cleft with or without cleft palate
(medial nasal process)
-Median hare lip partial or complete failure of fusion of the two medial nasal
processes to form the intermaxillary segment (absent phitrum)
- Unilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary process with intermaxillary
processes ( the medial nasal process) on one side
-Bilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary processes with intermaxillary
processes (the medial nasal processes) of both sides
3- Median cleft lower lip
- Due to failure of fusion between the 2 mandibular processes
4- Macrostomia (larg mouth)
Due to arrest of fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes to shift
the angle medially gtgtgt very big oral fissure
5- Microstomia
Due to excessive fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes
gtgtgtgtvery small oral fissure
6- Aganthia absent lower jaw
7- Micrganthia small lower jaw
8- Atresia of nasolacrimal duct failure of the canalization of the nasolacrimal
duct
9 Congenital anomalies of the nose
1Absent Nose No nasal processes are formed
2Single nostril Only one nasal Placode is formed
3Stenosis (Narrowing) of the nostril
4Deviation of the Nasal Septum
5Bifid nose if the medial nasal processes do not merge completely
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
bull Ear consists of 3 anatomical parts
- Internal ear
- Middle ear
- External ear
-External ear
External acoustic meatus-
Develops by deepening of the dorsal end of the 1st pharyngeal groove
bull Pinna or Auricle
Six mesenchymal hillocks ndash Auricular hillocks develop from the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arch
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
-Middle ear
Develops from the tubotympanic recess ie derived from the 1st pharyngeal pouch
Tympanic cavity- Distal portion of the tubotympanic recess expands
-Tympanic membrane Ectodermal lining from1 ST pharyngeal groove
-Mesodermal lining from 1st and 2nd arch
-Endodermal lining from tubotympanic recess
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
Ear ossicles
bull 1st bone to attain ultimate size
bull Maleus and Incus develop from the 1st arch
bull Stapes develop from 2nd arch
bull Ossification begins in the 16th week and continues up to the 25th week
-INTERNAL EAR
bull OTIC PLACODE
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
DEVELOPMENT OF EYE
bull Eyes develop from three sources
Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic
nerve
Surface ectoderm of the head- lens
Mesoderm between these layers - eye muscle and
vascular tissues
bull 1st indication of eye formation is optic sulcus
which is formed in the 4th week
DEVELOPMENT OF EYE
DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH
bull The teeth are formed in relation to the dental lamina An enlargement of
dental lamina for each tooth is formed which is called the enamel organ
Ameloblasts form the enamel odontoblasts form the dentine and the
mesenchyme that invaginates into enamel organ forms the pulp
bull The ant 23rd of the tongue is formed from the lingual swellings and the
tuberculum impar
bull The post13rd of the tongue is formed by cranial part of hypobranchial
eminence
bull The salivary glands develop as outgrowths of buccal epithelium
bull The palatine tonsil develops in relation to 2nd pharyngeal pouch
Anodontia
Oligodontia
Microdontiamacrodontia
Gemination Concrescence
FUSION
Fusion
Dilaceration
Supernumerary teeth
Amelogenesis imperfecta
SUPERNUMERARY Enviornmental enamel hypoplasia
DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF TEETH
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Congenitally missing teeth (most commonly
the upper laterals)
Presence of natal or neonatal teeth
Presence of supernumerary teeth
Ectopically erupting teeth
Anomalies of tooth morphology
Enamel hypoplasia
Microdontia
Fused teeth
Macrodontia
Mobile and early shedding of teeth due to poor
periodontal support
Posterior and anterior cross bite
Protruding premaxilla
Deep bite
Spacingcrowding
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Third week Development of ear
Formation of Stomatodaeum
Fourth week
Formation of Fronto-nasal process maxillary and mandibular
process
Development of cranial base
Formation of pharyngeal arches
Development of tongue
Fifth week Formation of Nasal placode Medial and lateral nasal process
Development of mandible
Sixth week Development of Nasal cavity
Development of Parotid and Submandibular salivary glands
Seventh week Formation of pre-maxilla
Eight week Formation of definitive palate
Development of Sublingual salivary glands
Tenth week Development of TMJ
Development of Maxillary sinus
Twelth week Development of Ethmoidal Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses
I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON
1 Development of the face
2 Development of the Palate
3 Development of the Nose
4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes
5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes
6 Innervation of the face from Embryological
background
II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS
1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal
prominence
2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face
originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells
3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the
development of the face
4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week
5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular
prominence
6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence
1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate
is formed from helliphellip process
III MCQ
1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at
A six weeks post-fertilization
B eight weeks post-fertilization
C ten weeks post-fertilization
D twelve weeks post-fertilization
2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the
A palatine processes
B palatine and frontonasal processes
C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes
D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular
processes
THANKS
DEVELOPMENT OF FACE
31
A Incomplete cleft lip B Bilateral cleft lip C Cleft lip cleft jaw and cleft palate D Isolated cleft palate E Oblique facial
cleft
32
Ventral view of the palate gum lip and nose A Normal B Unilateral cleft lip extending into the nose C Unilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw and
extending to the incisive foramen D Bilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw E
Isolated cleft palate F Cleft palate combined with unilateral anterior cleft lip
INCIDENCE
Cleft lip is common among males while cleft palate is more
common among females
Unilateral clefts - 80 of the incidence
Bilateral clefts - remaining 20
CLEFT LIP AND PALATE
CLEFT LIP AND PALATE -
Cleft palate - A congenital fissure in the roof of the mouth
resulting from incomplete fusion of the palate during
embryonic development
Cleft lip - A congenital deformity characterized by a vertical
cleft or pair of clefts in the upper lip with or without
involvement of the palate Defective fusion of the medial nasal
process with the maxillary process leads to cleft lip
GENETIC OR ENVIRONMENTAL
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE PALATE
(VEAUrsquoS CLASSIFICATION)
Most accepted
GROUP I- cleft of the soft palate only
GROUP II-Cleft of the hard and soft palate to the incisive foramen
GROUP III-Complete unilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and
the lip and alveolar ridge on one side
GROUP IV-Complete bilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and the
lip and alveolar ridge on both sides
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
1-Oblique facial cleft
- cleft extends from the upper lip to orbit
- Due to failure of fusion between maxillary process and lateral margin of
frontonasal process
2- Cleft upper lip ( hare lip) Involve upper lip cleft with or without cleft palate
(medial nasal process)
-Median hare lip partial or complete failure of fusion of the two medial nasal
processes to form the intermaxillary segment (absent phitrum)
- Unilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary process with intermaxillary
processes ( the medial nasal process) on one side
-Bilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary processes with intermaxillary
processes (the medial nasal processes) of both sides
3- Median cleft lower lip
- Due to failure of fusion between the 2 mandibular processes
4- Macrostomia (larg mouth)
Due to arrest of fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes to shift
the angle medially gtgtgt very big oral fissure
5- Microstomia
Due to excessive fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes
gtgtgtgtvery small oral fissure
6- Aganthia absent lower jaw
7- Micrganthia small lower jaw
8- Atresia of nasolacrimal duct failure of the canalization of the nasolacrimal
duct
9 Congenital anomalies of the nose
1Absent Nose No nasal processes are formed
2Single nostril Only one nasal Placode is formed
3Stenosis (Narrowing) of the nostril
4Deviation of the Nasal Septum
5Bifid nose if the medial nasal processes do not merge completely
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
bull Ear consists of 3 anatomical parts
- Internal ear
- Middle ear
- External ear
-External ear
External acoustic meatus-
Develops by deepening of the dorsal end of the 1st pharyngeal groove
bull Pinna or Auricle
Six mesenchymal hillocks ndash Auricular hillocks develop from the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arch
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
-Middle ear
Develops from the tubotympanic recess ie derived from the 1st pharyngeal pouch
Tympanic cavity- Distal portion of the tubotympanic recess expands
-Tympanic membrane Ectodermal lining from1 ST pharyngeal groove
-Mesodermal lining from 1st and 2nd arch
-Endodermal lining from tubotympanic recess
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
Ear ossicles
bull 1st bone to attain ultimate size
bull Maleus and Incus develop from the 1st arch
bull Stapes develop from 2nd arch
bull Ossification begins in the 16th week and continues up to the 25th week
-INTERNAL EAR
bull OTIC PLACODE
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
DEVELOPMENT OF EYE
bull Eyes develop from three sources
Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic
nerve
Surface ectoderm of the head- lens
Mesoderm between these layers - eye muscle and
vascular tissues
bull 1st indication of eye formation is optic sulcus
which is formed in the 4th week
DEVELOPMENT OF EYE
DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH
bull The teeth are formed in relation to the dental lamina An enlargement of
dental lamina for each tooth is formed which is called the enamel organ
Ameloblasts form the enamel odontoblasts form the dentine and the
mesenchyme that invaginates into enamel organ forms the pulp
bull The ant 23rd of the tongue is formed from the lingual swellings and the
tuberculum impar
bull The post13rd of the tongue is formed by cranial part of hypobranchial
eminence
bull The salivary glands develop as outgrowths of buccal epithelium
bull The palatine tonsil develops in relation to 2nd pharyngeal pouch
Anodontia
Oligodontia
Microdontiamacrodontia
Gemination Concrescence
FUSION
Fusion
Dilaceration
Supernumerary teeth
Amelogenesis imperfecta
SUPERNUMERARY Enviornmental enamel hypoplasia
DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF TEETH
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Congenitally missing teeth (most commonly
the upper laterals)
Presence of natal or neonatal teeth
Presence of supernumerary teeth
Ectopically erupting teeth
Anomalies of tooth morphology
Enamel hypoplasia
Microdontia
Fused teeth
Macrodontia
Mobile and early shedding of teeth due to poor
periodontal support
Posterior and anterior cross bite
Protruding premaxilla
Deep bite
Spacingcrowding
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Third week Development of ear
Formation of Stomatodaeum
Fourth week
Formation of Fronto-nasal process maxillary and mandibular
process
Development of cranial base
Formation of pharyngeal arches
Development of tongue
Fifth week Formation of Nasal placode Medial and lateral nasal process
Development of mandible
Sixth week Development of Nasal cavity
Development of Parotid and Submandibular salivary glands
Seventh week Formation of pre-maxilla
Eight week Formation of definitive palate
Development of Sublingual salivary glands
Tenth week Development of TMJ
Development of Maxillary sinus
Twelth week Development of Ethmoidal Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses
I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON
1 Development of the face
2 Development of the Palate
3 Development of the Nose
4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes
5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes
6 Innervation of the face from Embryological
background
II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS
1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal
prominence
2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face
originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells
3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the
development of the face
4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week
5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular
prominence
6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence
1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate
is formed from helliphellip process
III MCQ
1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at
A six weeks post-fertilization
B eight weeks post-fertilization
C ten weeks post-fertilization
D twelve weeks post-fertilization
2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the
A palatine processes
B palatine and frontonasal processes
C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes
D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular
processes
THANKS
31
A Incomplete cleft lip B Bilateral cleft lip C Cleft lip cleft jaw and cleft palate D Isolated cleft palate E Oblique facial
cleft
32
Ventral view of the palate gum lip and nose A Normal B Unilateral cleft lip extending into the nose C Unilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw and
extending to the incisive foramen D Bilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw E
Isolated cleft palate F Cleft palate combined with unilateral anterior cleft lip
INCIDENCE
Cleft lip is common among males while cleft palate is more
common among females
Unilateral clefts - 80 of the incidence
Bilateral clefts - remaining 20
CLEFT LIP AND PALATE
CLEFT LIP AND PALATE -
Cleft palate - A congenital fissure in the roof of the mouth
resulting from incomplete fusion of the palate during
embryonic development
Cleft lip - A congenital deformity characterized by a vertical
cleft or pair of clefts in the upper lip with or without
involvement of the palate Defective fusion of the medial nasal
process with the maxillary process leads to cleft lip
GENETIC OR ENVIRONMENTAL
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE PALATE
(VEAUrsquoS CLASSIFICATION)
Most accepted
GROUP I- cleft of the soft palate only
GROUP II-Cleft of the hard and soft palate to the incisive foramen
GROUP III-Complete unilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and
the lip and alveolar ridge on one side
GROUP IV-Complete bilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and the
lip and alveolar ridge on both sides
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
1-Oblique facial cleft
- cleft extends from the upper lip to orbit
- Due to failure of fusion between maxillary process and lateral margin of
frontonasal process
2- Cleft upper lip ( hare lip) Involve upper lip cleft with or without cleft palate
(medial nasal process)
-Median hare lip partial or complete failure of fusion of the two medial nasal
processes to form the intermaxillary segment (absent phitrum)
- Unilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary process with intermaxillary
processes ( the medial nasal process) on one side
-Bilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary processes with intermaxillary
processes (the medial nasal processes) of both sides
3- Median cleft lower lip
- Due to failure of fusion between the 2 mandibular processes
4- Macrostomia (larg mouth)
Due to arrest of fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes to shift
the angle medially gtgtgt very big oral fissure
5- Microstomia
Due to excessive fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes
gtgtgtgtvery small oral fissure
6- Aganthia absent lower jaw
7- Micrganthia small lower jaw
8- Atresia of nasolacrimal duct failure of the canalization of the nasolacrimal
duct
9 Congenital anomalies of the nose
1Absent Nose No nasal processes are formed
2Single nostril Only one nasal Placode is formed
3Stenosis (Narrowing) of the nostril
4Deviation of the Nasal Septum
5Bifid nose if the medial nasal processes do not merge completely
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
bull Ear consists of 3 anatomical parts
- Internal ear
- Middle ear
- External ear
-External ear
External acoustic meatus-
Develops by deepening of the dorsal end of the 1st pharyngeal groove
bull Pinna or Auricle
Six mesenchymal hillocks ndash Auricular hillocks develop from the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arch
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
-Middle ear
Develops from the tubotympanic recess ie derived from the 1st pharyngeal pouch
Tympanic cavity- Distal portion of the tubotympanic recess expands
-Tympanic membrane Ectodermal lining from1 ST pharyngeal groove
-Mesodermal lining from 1st and 2nd arch
-Endodermal lining from tubotympanic recess
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
Ear ossicles
bull 1st bone to attain ultimate size
bull Maleus and Incus develop from the 1st arch
bull Stapes develop from 2nd arch
bull Ossification begins in the 16th week and continues up to the 25th week
-INTERNAL EAR
bull OTIC PLACODE
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
DEVELOPMENT OF EYE
bull Eyes develop from three sources
Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic
nerve
Surface ectoderm of the head- lens
Mesoderm between these layers - eye muscle and
vascular tissues
bull 1st indication of eye formation is optic sulcus
which is formed in the 4th week
DEVELOPMENT OF EYE
DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH
bull The teeth are formed in relation to the dental lamina An enlargement of
dental lamina for each tooth is formed which is called the enamel organ
Ameloblasts form the enamel odontoblasts form the dentine and the
mesenchyme that invaginates into enamel organ forms the pulp
bull The ant 23rd of the tongue is formed from the lingual swellings and the
tuberculum impar
bull The post13rd of the tongue is formed by cranial part of hypobranchial
eminence
bull The salivary glands develop as outgrowths of buccal epithelium
bull The palatine tonsil develops in relation to 2nd pharyngeal pouch
Anodontia
Oligodontia
Microdontiamacrodontia
Gemination Concrescence
FUSION
Fusion
Dilaceration
Supernumerary teeth
Amelogenesis imperfecta
SUPERNUMERARY Enviornmental enamel hypoplasia
DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF TEETH
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Congenitally missing teeth (most commonly
the upper laterals)
Presence of natal or neonatal teeth
Presence of supernumerary teeth
Ectopically erupting teeth
Anomalies of tooth morphology
Enamel hypoplasia
Microdontia
Fused teeth
Macrodontia
Mobile and early shedding of teeth due to poor
periodontal support
Posterior and anterior cross bite
Protruding premaxilla
Deep bite
Spacingcrowding
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Third week Development of ear
Formation of Stomatodaeum
Fourth week
Formation of Fronto-nasal process maxillary and mandibular
process
Development of cranial base
Formation of pharyngeal arches
Development of tongue
Fifth week Formation of Nasal placode Medial and lateral nasal process
Development of mandible
Sixth week Development of Nasal cavity
Development of Parotid and Submandibular salivary glands
Seventh week Formation of pre-maxilla
Eight week Formation of definitive palate
Development of Sublingual salivary glands
Tenth week Development of TMJ
Development of Maxillary sinus
Twelth week Development of Ethmoidal Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses
I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON
1 Development of the face
2 Development of the Palate
3 Development of the Nose
4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes
5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes
6 Innervation of the face from Embryological
background
II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS
1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal
prominence
2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face
originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells
3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the
development of the face
4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week
5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular
prominence
6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence
1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate
is formed from helliphellip process
III MCQ
1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at
A six weeks post-fertilization
B eight weeks post-fertilization
C ten weeks post-fertilization
D twelve weeks post-fertilization
2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the
A palatine processes
B palatine and frontonasal processes
C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes
D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular
processes
THANKS
32
Ventral view of the palate gum lip and nose A Normal B Unilateral cleft lip extending into the nose C Unilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw and
extending to the incisive foramen D Bilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw E
Isolated cleft palate F Cleft palate combined with unilateral anterior cleft lip
INCIDENCE
Cleft lip is common among males while cleft palate is more
common among females
Unilateral clefts - 80 of the incidence
Bilateral clefts - remaining 20
CLEFT LIP AND PALATE
CLEFT LIP AND PALATE -
Cleft palate - A congenital fissure in the roof of the mouth
resulting from incomplete fusion of the palate during
embryonic development
Cleft lip - A congenital deformity characterized by a vertical
cleft or pair of clefts in the upper lip with or without
involvement of the palate Defective fusion of the medial nasal
process with the maxillary process leads to cleft lip
GENETIC OR ENVIRONMENTAL
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE PALATE
(VEAUrsquoS CLASSIFICATION)
Most accepted
GROUP I- cleft of the soft palate only
GROUP II-Cleft of the hard and soft palate to the incisive foramen
GROUP III-Complete unilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and
the lip and alveolar ridge on one side
GROUP IV-Complete bilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and the
lip and alveolar ridge on both sides
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
1-Oblique facial cleft
- cleft extends from the upper lip to orbit
- Due to failure of fusion between maxillary process and lateral margin of
frontonasal process
2- Cleft upper lip ( hare lip) Involve upper lip cleft with or without cleft palate
(medial nasal process)
-Median hare lip partial or complete failure of fusion of the two medial nasal
processes to form the intermaxillary segment (absent phitrum)
- Unilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary process with intermaxillary
processes ( the medial nasal process) on one side
-Bilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary processes with intermaxillary
processes (the medial nasal processes) of both sides
3- Median cleft lower lip
- Due to failure of fusion between the 2 mandibular processes
4- Macrostomia (larg mouth)
Due to arrest of fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes to shift
the angle medially gtgtgt very big oral fissure
5- Microstomia
Due to excessive fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes
gtgtgtgtvery small oral fissure
6- Aganthia absent lower jaw
7- Micrganthia small lower jaw
8- Atresia of nasolacrimal duct failure of the canalization of the nasolacrimal
duct
9 Congenital anomalies of the nose
1Absent Nose No nasal processes are formed
2Single nostril Only one nasal Placode is formed
3Stenosis (Narrowing) of the nostril
4Deviation of the Nasal Septum
5Bifid nose if the medial nasal processes do not merge completely
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
bull Ear consists of 3 anatomical parts
- Internal ear
- Middle ear
- External ear
-External ear
External acoustic meatus-
Develops by deepening of the dorsal end of the 1st pharyngeal groove
bull Pinna or Auricle
Six mesenchymal hillocks ndash Auricular hillocks develop from the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arch
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
-Middle ear
Develops from the tubotympanic recess ie derived from the 1st pharyngeal pouch
Tympanic cavity- Distal portion of the tubotympanic recess expands
-Tympanic membrane Ectodermal lining from1 ST pharyngeal groove
-Mesodermal lining from 1st and 2nd arch
-Endodermal lining from tubotympanic recess
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
Ear ossicles
bull 1st bone to attain ultimate size
bull Maleus and Incus develop from the 1st arch
bull Stapes develop from 2nd arch
bull Ossification begins in the 16th week and continues up to the 25th week
-INTERNAL EAR
bull OTIC PLACODE
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
DEVELOPMENT OF EYE
bull Eyes develop from three sources
Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic
nerve
Surface ectoderm of the head- lens
Mesoderm between these layers - eye muscle and
vascular tissues
bull 1st indication of eye formation is optic sulcus
which is formed in the 4th week
DEVELOPMENT OF EYE
DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH
bull The teeth are formed in relation to the dental lamina An enlargement of
dental lamina for each tooth is formed which is called the enamel organ
Ameloblasts form the enamel odontoblasts form the dentine and the
mesenchyme that invaginates into enamel organ forms the pulp
bull The ant 23rd of the tongue is formed from the lingual swellings and the
tuberculum impar
bull The post13rd of the tongue is formed by cranial part of hypobranchial
eminence
bull The salivary glands develop as outgrowths of buccal epithelium
bull The palatine tonsil develops in relation to 2nd pharyngeal pouch
Anodontia
Oligodontia
Microdontiamacrodontia
Gemination Concrescence
FUSION
Fusion
Dilaceration
Supernumerary teeth
Amelogenesis imperfecta
SUPERNUMERARY Enviornmental enamel hypoplasia
DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF TEETH
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Congenitally missing teeth (most commonly
the upper laterals)
Presence of natal or neonatal teeth
Presence of supernumerary teeth
Ectopically erupting teeth
Anomalies of tooth morphology
Enamel hypoplasia
Microdontia
Fused teeth
Macrodontia
Mobile and early shedding of teeth due to poor
periodontal support
Posterior and anterior cross bite
Protruding premaxilla
Deep bite
Spacingcrowding
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Third week Development of ear
Formation of Stomatodaeum
Fourth week
Formation of Fronto-nasal process maxillary and mandibular
process
Development of cranial base
Formation of pharyngeal arches
Development of tongue
Fifth week Formation of Nasal placode Medial and lateral nasal process
Development of mandible
Sixth week Development of Nasal cavity
Development of Parotid and Submandibular salivary glands
Seventh week Formation of pre-maxilla
Eight week Formation of definitive palate
Development of Sublingual salivary glands
Tenth week Development of TMJ
Development of Maxillary sinus
Twelth week Development of Ethmoidal Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses
I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON
1 Development of the face
2 Development of the Palate
3 Development of the Nose
4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes
5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes
6 Innervation of the face from Embryological
background
II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS
1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal
prominence
2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face
originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells
3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the
development of the face
4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week
5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular
prominence
6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence
1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate
is formed from helliphellip process
III MCQ
1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at
A six weeks post-fertilization
B eight weeks post-fertilization
C ten weeks post-fertilization
D twelve weeks post-fertilization
2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the
A palatine processes
B palatine and frontonasal processes
C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes
D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular
processes
THANKS
INCIDENCE
Cleft lip is common among males while cleft palate is more
common among females
Unilateral clefts - 80 of the incidence
Bilateral clefts - remaining 20
CLEFT LIP AND PALATE
CLEFT LIP AND PALATE -
Cleft palate - A congenital fissure in the roof of the mouth
resulting from incomplete fusion of the palate during
embryonic development
Cleft lip - A congenital deformity characterized by a vertical
cleft or pair of clefts in the upper lip with or without
involvement of the palate Defective fusion of the medial nasal
process with the maxillary process leads to cleft lip
GENETIC OR ENVIRONMENTAL
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE PALATE
(VEAUrsquoS CLASSIFICATION)
Most accepted
GROUP I- cleft of the soft palate only
GROUP II-Cleft of the hard and soft palate to the incisive foramen
GROUP III-Complete unilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and
the lip and alveolar ridge on one side
GROUP IV-Complete bilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and the
lip and alveolar ridge on both sides
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
1-Oblique facial cleft
- cleft extends from the upper lip to orbit
- Due to failure of fusion between maxillary process and lateral margin of
frontonasal process
2- Cleft upper lip ( hare lip) Involve upper lip cleft with or without cleft palate
(medial nasal process)
-Median hare lip partial or complete failure of fusion of the two medial nasal
processes to form the intermaxillary segment (absent phitrum)
- Unilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary process with intermaxillary
processes ( the medial nasal process) on one side
-Bilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary processes with intermaxillary
processes (the medial nasal processes) of both sides
3- Median cleft lower lip
- Due to failure of fusion between the 2 mandibular processes
4- Macrostomia (larg mouth)
Due to arrest of fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes to shift
the angle medially gtgtgt very big oral fissure
5- Microstomia
Due to excessive fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes
gtgtgtgtvery small oral fissure
6- Aganthia absent lower jaw
7- Micrganthia small lower jaw
8- Atresia of nasolacrimal duct failure of the canalization of the nasolacrimal
duct
9 Congenital anomalies of the nose
1Absent Nose No nasal processes are formed
2Single nostril Only one nasal Placode is formed
3Stenosis (Narrowing) of the nostril
4Deviation of the Nasal Septum
5Bifid nose if the medial nasal processes do not merge completely
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
bull Ear consists of 3 anatomical parts
- Internal ear
- Middle ear
- External ear
-External ear
External acoustic meatus-
Develops by deepening of the dorsal end of the 1st pharyngeal groove
bull Pinna or Auricle
Six mesenchymal hillocks ndash Auricular hillocks develop from the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arch
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
-Middle ear
Develops from the tubotympanic recess ie derived from the 1st pharyngeal pouch
Tympanic cavity- Distal portion of the tubotympanic recess expands
-Tympanic membrane Ectodermal lining from1 ST pharyngeal groove
-Mesodermal lining from 1st and 2nd arch
-Endodermal lining from tubotympanic recess
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
Ear ossicles
bull 1st bone to attain ultimate size
bull Maleus and Incus develop from the 1st arch
bull Stapes develop from 2nd arch
bull Ossification begins in the 16th week and continues up to the 25th week
-INTERNAL EAR
bull OTIC PLACODE
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
DEVELOPMENT OF EYE
bull Eyes develop from three sources
Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic
nerve
Surface ectoderm of the head- lens
Mesoderm between these layers - eye muscle and
vascular tissues
bull 1st indication of eye formation is optic sulcus
which is formed in the 4th week
DEVELOPMENT OF EYE
DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH
bull The teeth are formed in relation to the dental lamina An enlargement of
dental lamina for each tooth is formed which is called the enamel organ
Ameloblasts form the enamel odontoblasts form the dentine and the
mesenchyme that invaginates into enamel organ forms the pulp
bull The ant 23rd of the tongue is formed from the lingual swellings and the
tuberculum impar
bull The post13rd of the tongue is formed by cranial part of hypobranchial
eminence
bull The salivary glands develop as outgrowths of buccal epithelium
bull The palatine tonsil develops in relation to 2nd pharyngeal pouch
Anodontia
Oligodontia
Microdontiamacrodontia
Gemination Concrescence
FUSION
Fusion
Dilaceration
Supernumerary teeth
Amelogenesis imperfecta
SUPERNUMERARY Enviornmental enamel hypoplasia
DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF TEETH
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Congenitally missing teeth (most commonly
the upper laterals)
Presence of natal or neonatal teeth
Presence of supernumerary teeth
Ectopically erupting teeth
Anomalies of tooth morphology
Enamel hypoplasia
Microdontia
Fused teeth
Macrodontia
Mobile and early shedding of teeth due to poor
periodontal support
Posterior and anterior cross bite
Protruding premaxilla
Deep bite
Spacingcrowding
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Third week Development of ear
Formation of Stomatodaeum
Fourth week
Formation of Fronto-nasal process maxillary and mandibular
process
Development of cranial base
Formation of pharyngeal arches
Development of tongue
Fifth week Formation of Nasal placode Medial and lateral nasal process
Development of mandible
Sixth week Development of Nasal cavity
Development of Parotid and Submandibular salivary glands
Seventh week Formation of pre-maxilla
Eight week Formation of definitive palate
Development of Sublingual salivary glands
Tenth week Development of TMJ
Development of Maxillary sinus
Twelth week Development of Ethmoidal Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses
I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON
1 Development of the face
2 Development of the Palate
3 Development of the Nose
4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes
5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes
6 Innervation of the face from Embryological
background
II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS
1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal
prominence
2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face
originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells
3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the
development of the face
4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week
5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular
prominence
6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence
1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate
is formed from helliphellip process
III MCQ
1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at
A six weeks post-fertilization
B eight weeks post-fertilization
C ten weeks post-fertilization
D twelve weeks post-fertilization
2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the
A palatine processes
B palatine and frontonasal processes
C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes
D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular
processes
THANKS
CLEFT LIP AND PALATE
CLEFT LIP AND PALATE -
Cleft palate - A congenital fissure in the roof of the mouth
resulting from incomplete fusion of the palate during
embryonic development
Cleft lip - A congenital deformity characterized by a vertical
cleft or pair of clefts in the upper lip with or without
involvement of the palate Defective fusion of the medial nasal
process with the maxillary process leads to cleft lip
GENETIC OR ENVIRONMENTAL
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE PALATE
(VEAUrsquoS CLASSIFICATION)
Most accepted
GROUP I- cleft of the soft palate only
GROUP II-Cleft of the hard and soft palate to the incisive foramen
GROUP III-Complete unilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and
the lip and alveolar ridge on one side
GROUP IV-Complete bilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and the
lip and alveolar ridge on both sides
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
1-Oblique facial cleft
- cleft extends from the upper lip to orbit
- Due to failure of fusion between maxillary process and lateral margin of
frontonasal process
2- Cleft upper lip ( hare lip) Involve upper lip cleft with or without cleft palate
(medial nasal process)
-Median hare lip partial or complete failure of fusion of the two medial nasal
processes to form the intermaxillary segment (absent phitrum)
- Unilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary process with intermaxillary
processes ( the medial nasal process) on one side
-Bilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary processes with intermaxillary
processes (the medial nasal processes) of both sides
3- Median cleft lower lip
- Due to failure of fusion between the 2 mandibular processes
4- Macrostomia (larg mouth)
Due to arrest of fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes to shift
the angle medially gtgtgt very big oral fissure
5- Microstomia
Due to excessive fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes
gtgtgtgtvery small oral fissure
6- Aganthia absent lower jaw
7- Micrganthia small lower jaw
8- Atresia of nasolacrimal duct failure of the canalization of the nasolacrimal
duct
9 Congenital anomalies of the nose
1Absent Nose No nasal processes are formed
2Single nostril Only one nasal Placode is formed
3Stenosis (Narrowing) of the nostril
4Deviation of the Nasal Septum
5Bifid nose if the medial nasal processes do not merge completely
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
bull Ear consists of 3 anatomical parts
- Internal ear
- Middle ear
- External ear
-External ear
External acoustic meatus-
Develops by deepening of the dorsal end of the 1st pharyngeal groove
bull Pinna or Auricle
Six mesenchymal hillocks ndash Auricular hillocks develop from the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arch
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
-Middle ear
Develops from the tubotympanic recess ie derived from the 1st pharyngeal pouch
Tympanic cavity- Distal portion of the tubotympanic recess expands
-Tympanic membrane Ectodermal lining from1 ST pharyngeal groove
-Mesodermal lining from 1st and 2nd arch
-Endodermal lining from tubotympanic recess
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
Ear ossicles
bull 1st bone to attain ultimate size
bull Maleus and Incus develop from the 1st arch
bull Stapes develop from 2nd arch
bull Ossification begins in the 16th week and continues up to the 25th week
-INTERNAL EAR
bull OTIC PLACODE
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
DEVELOPMENT OF EYE
bull Eyes develop from three sources
Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic
nerve
Surface ectoderm of the head- lens
Mesoderm between these layers - eye muscle and
vascular tissues
bull 1st indication of eye formation is optic sulcus
which is formed in the 4th week
DEVELOPMENT OF EYE
DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH
bull The teeth are formed in relation to the dental lamina An enlargement of
dental lamina for each tooth is formed which is called the enamel organ
Ameloblasts form the enamel odontoblasts form the dentine and the
mesenchyme that invaginates into enamel organ forms the pulp
bull The ant 23rd of the tongue is formed from the lingual swellings and the
tuberculum impar
bull The post13rd of the tongue is formed by cranial part of hypobranchial
eminence
bull The salivary glands develop as outgrowths of buccal epithelium
bull The palatine tonsil develops in relation to 2nd pharyngeal pouch
Anodontia
Oligodontia
Microdontiamacrodontia
Gemination Concrescence
FUSION
Fusion
Dilaceration
Supernumerary teeth
Amelogenesis imperfecta
SUPERNUMERARY Enviornmental enamel hypoplasia
DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF TEETH
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Congenitally missing teeth (most commonly
the upper laterals)
Presence of natal or neonatal teeth
Presence of supernumerary teeth
Ectopically erupting teeth
Anomalies of tooth morphology
Enamel hypoplasia
Microdontia
Fused teeth
Macrodontia
Mobile and early shedding of teeth due to poor
periodontal support
Posterior and anterior cross bite
Protruding premaxilla
Deep bite
Spacingcrowding
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Third week Development of ear
Formation of Stomatodaeum
Fourth week
Formation of Fronto-nasal process maxillary and mandibular
process
Development of cranial base
Formation of pharyngeal arches
Development of tongue
Fifth week Formation of Nasal placode Medial and lateral nasal process
Development of mandible
Sixth week Development of Nasal cavity
Development of Parotid and Submandibular salivary glands
Seventh week Formation of pre-maxilla
Eight week Formation of definitive palate
Development of Sublingual salivary glands
Tenth week Development of TMJ
Development of Maxillary sinus
Twelth week Development of Ethmoidal Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses
I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON
1 Development of the face
2 Development of the Palate
3 Development of the Nose
4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes
5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes
6 Innervation of the face from Embryological
background
II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS
1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal
prominence
2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face
originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells
3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the
development of the face
4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week
5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular
prominence
6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence
1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate
is formed from helliphellip process
III MCQ
1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at
A six weeks post-fertilization
B eight weeks post-fertilization
C ten weeks post-fertilization
D twelve weeks post-fertilization
2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the
A palatine processes
B palatine and frontonasal processes
C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes
D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular
processes
THANKS
CLEFT LIP AND PALATE -
Cleft palate - A congenital fissure in the roof of the mouth
resulting from incomplete fusion of the palate during
embryonic development
Cleft lip - A congenital deformity characterized by a vertical
cleft or pair of clefts in the upper lip with or without
involvement of the palate Defective fusion of the medial nasal
process with the maxillary process leads to cleft lip
GENETIC OR ENVIRONMENTAL
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE PALATE
(VEAUrsquoS CLASSIFICATION)
Most accepted
GROUP I- cleft of the soft palate only
GROUP II-Cleft of the hard and soft palate to the incisive foramen
GROUP III-Complete unilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and
the lip and alveolar ridge on one side
GROUP IV-Complete bilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and the
lip and alveolar ridge on both sides
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
1-Oblique facial cleft
- cleft extends from the upper lip to orbit
- Due to failure of fusion between maxillary process and lateral margin of
frontonasal process
2- Cleft upper lip ( hare lip) Involve upper lip cleft with or without cleft palate
(medial nasal process)
-Median hare lip partial or complete failure of fusion of the two medial nasal
processes to form the intermaxillary segment (absent phitrum)
- Unilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary process with intermaxillary
processes ( the medial nasal process) on one side
-Bilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary processes with intermaxillary
processes (the medial nasal processes) of both sides
3- Median cleft lower lip
- Due to failure of fusion between the 2 mandibular processes
4- Macrostomia (larg mouth)
Due to arrest of fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes to shift
the angle medially gtgtgt very big oral fissure
5- Microstomia
Due to excessive fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes
gtgtgtgtvery small oral fissure
6- Aganthia absent lower jaw
7- Micrganthia small lower jaw
8- Atresia of nasolacrimal duct failure of the canalization of the nasolacrimal
duct
9 Congenital anomalies of the nose
1Absent Nose No nasal processes are formed
2Single nostril Only one nasal Placode is formed
3Stenosis (Narrowing) of the nostril
4Deviation of the Nasal Septum
5Bifid nose if the medial nasal processes do not merge completely
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
bull Ear consists of 3 anatomical parts
- Internal ear
- Middle ear
- External ear
-External ear
External acoustic meatus-
Develops by deepening of the dorsal end of the 1st pharyngeal groove
bull Pinna or Auricle
Six mesenchymal hillocks ndash Auricular hillocks develop from the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arch
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
-Middle ear
Develops from the tubotympanic recess ie derived from the 1st pharyngeal pouch
Tympanic cavity- Distal portion of the tubotympanic recess expands
-Tympanic membrane Ectodermal lining from1 ST pharyngeal groove
-Mesodermal lining from 1st and 2nd arch
-Endodermal lining from tubotympanic recess
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
Ear ossicles
bull 1st bone to attain ultimate size
bull Maleus and Incus develop from the 1st arch
bull Stapes develop from 2nd arch
bull Ossification begins in the 16th week and continues up to the 25th week
-INTERNAL EAR
bull OTIC PLACODE
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
DEVELOPMENT OF EYE
bull Eyes develop from three sources
Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic
nerve
Surface ectoderm of the head- lens
Mesoderm between these layers - eye muscle and
vascular tissues
bull 1st indication of eye formation is optic sulcus
which is formed in the 4th week
DEVELOPMENT OF EYE
DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH
bull The teeth are formed in relation to the dental lamina An enlargement of
dental lamina for each tooth is formed which is called the enamel organ
Ameloblasts form the enamel odontoblasts form the dentine and the
mesenchyme that invaginates into enamel organ forms the pulp
bull The ant 23rd of the tongue is formed from the lingual swellings and the
tuberculum impar
bull The post13rd of the tongue is formed by cranial part of hypobranchial
eminence
bull The salivary glands develop as outgrowths of buccal epithelium
bull The palatine tonsil develops in relation to 2nd pharyngeal pouch
Anodontia
Oligodontia
Microdontiamacrodontia
Gemination Concrescence
FUSION
Fusion
Dilaceration
Supernumerary teeth
Amelogenesis imperfecta
SUPERNUMERARY Enviornmental enamel hypoplasia
DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF TEETH
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Congenitally missing teeth (most commonly
the upper laterals)
Presence of natal or neonatal teeth
Presence of supernumerary teeth
Ectopically erupting teeth
Anomalies of tooth morphology
Enamel hypoplasia
Microdontia
Fused teeth
Macrodontia
Mobile and early shedding of teeth due to poor
periodontal support
Posterior and anterior cross bite
Protruding premaxilla
Deep bite
Spacingcrowding
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Third week Development of ear
Formation of Stomatodaeum
Fourth week
Formation of Fronto-nasal process maxillary and mandibular
process
Development of cranial base
Formation of pharyngeal arches
Development of tongue
Fifth week Formation of Nasal placode Medial and lateral nasal process
Development of mandible
Sixth week Development of Nasal cavity
Development of Parotid and Submandibular salivary glands
Seventh week Formation of pre-maxilla
Eight week Formation of definitive palate
Development of Sublingual salivary glands
Tenth week Development of TMJ
Development of Maxillary sinus
Twelth week Development of Ethmoidal Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses
I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON
1 Development of the face
2 Development of the Palate
3 Development of the Nose
4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes
5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes
6 Innervation of the face from Embryological
background
II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS
1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal
prominence
2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face
originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells
3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the
development of the face
4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week
5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular
prominence
6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence
1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate
is formed from helliphellip process
III MCQ
1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at
A six weeks post-fertilization
B eight weeks post-fertilization
C ten weeks post-fertilization
D twelve weeks post-fertilization
2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the
A palatine processes
B palatine and frontonasal processes
C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes
D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular
processes
THANKS
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE PALATE
(VEAUrsquoS CLASSIFICATION)
Most accepted
GROUP I- cleft of the soft palate only
GROUP II-Cleft of the hard and soft palate to the incisive foramen
GROUP III-Complete unilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and
the lip and alveolar ridge on one side
GROUP IV-Complete bilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and the
lip and alveolar ridge on both sides
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
1-Oblique facial cleft
- cleft extends from the upper lip to orbit
- Due to failure of fusion between maxillary process and lateral margin of
frontonasal process
2- Cleft upper lip ( hare lip) Involve upper lip cleft with or without cleft palate
(medial nasal process)
-Median hare lip partial or complete failure of fusion of the two medial nasal
processes to form the intermaxillary segment (absent phitrum)
- Unilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary process with intermaxillary
processes ( the medial nasal process) on one side
-Bilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary processes with intermaxillary
processes (the medial nasal processes) of both sides
3- Median cleft lower lip
- Due to failure of fusion between the 2 mandibular processes
4- Macrostomia (larg mouth)
Due to arrest of fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes to shift
the angle medially gtgtgt very big oral fissure
5- Microstomia
Due to excessive fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes
gtgtgtgtvery small oral fissure
6- Aganthia absent lower jaw
7- Micrganthia small lower jaw
8- Atresia of nasolacrimal duct failure of the canalization of the nasolacrimal
duct
9 Congenital anomalies of the nose
1Absent Nose No nasal processes are formed
2Single nostril Only one nasal Placode is formed
3Stenosis (Narrowing) of the nostril
4Deviation of the Nasal Septum
5Bifid nose if the medial nasal processes do not merge completely
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
bull Ear consists of 3 anatomical parts
- Internal ear
- Middle ear
- External ear
-External ear
External acoustic meatus-
Develops by deepening of the dorsal end of the 1st pharyngeal groove
bull Pinna or Auricle
Six mesenchymal hillocks ndash Auricular hillocks develop from the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arch
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
-Middle ear
Develops from the tubotympanic recess ie derived from the 1st pharyngeal pouch
Tympanic cavity- Distal portion of the tubotympanic recess expands
-Tympanic membrane Ectodermal lining from1 ST pharyngeal groove
-Mesodermal lining from 1st and 2nd arch
-Endodermal lining from tubotympanic recess
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
Ear ossicles
bull 1st bone to attain ultimate size
bull Maleus and Incus develop from the 1st arch
bull Stapes develop from 2nd arch
bull Ossification begins in the 16th week and continues up to the 25th week
-INTERNAL EAR
bull OTIC PLACODE
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
DEVELOPMENT OF EYE
bull Eyes develop from three sources
Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic
nerve
Surface ectoderm of the head- lens
Mesoderm between these layers - eye muscle and
vascular tissues
bull 1st indication of eye formation is optic sulcus
which is formed in the 4th week
DEVELOPMENT OF EYE
DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH
bull The teeth are formed in relation to the dental lamina An enlargement of
dental lamina for each tooth is formed which is called the enamel organ
Ameloblasts form the enamel odontoblasts form the dentine and the
mesenchyme that invaginates into enamel organ forms the pulp
bull The ant 23rd of the tongue is formed from the lingual swellings and the
tuberculum impar
bull The post13rd of the tongue is formed by cranial part of hypobranchial
eminence
bull The salivary glands develop as outgrowths of buccal epithelium
bull The palatine tonsil develops in relation to 2nd pharyngeal pouch
Anodontia
Oligodontia
Microdontiamacrodontia
Gemination Concrescence
FUSION
Fusion
Dilaceration
Supernumerary teeth
Amelogenesis imperfecta
SUPERNUMERARY Enviornmental enamel hypoplasia
DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF TEETH
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Congenitally missing teeth (most commonly
the upper laterals)
Presence of natal or neonatal teeth
Presence of supernumerary teeth
Ectopically erupting teeth
Anomalies of tooth morphology
Enamel hypoplasia
Microdontia
Fused teeth
Macrodontia
Mobile and early shedding of teeth due to poor
periodontal support
Posterior and anterior cross bite
Protruding premaxilla
Deep bite
Spacingcrowding
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Third week Development of ear
Formation of Stomatodaeum
Fourth week
Formation of Fronto-nasal process maxillary and mandibular
process
Development of cranial base
Formation of pharyngeal arches
Development of tongue
Fifth week Formation of Nasal placode Medial and lateral nasal process
Development of mandible
Sixth week Development of Nasal cavity
Development of Parotid and Submandibular salivary glands
Seventh week Formation of pre-maxilla
Eight week Formation of definitive palate
Development of Sublingual salivary glands
Tenth week Development of TMJ
Development of Maxillary sinus
Twelth week Development of Ethmoidal Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses
I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON
1 Development of the face
2 Development of the Palate
3 Development of the Nose
4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes
5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes
6 Innervation of the face from Embryological
background
II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS
1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal
prominence
2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face
originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells
3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the
development of the face
4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week
5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular
prominence
6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence
1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate
is formed from helliphellip process
III MCQ
1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at
A six weeks post-fertilization
B eight weeks post-fertilization
C ten weeks post-fertilization
D twelve weeks post-fertilization
2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the
A palatine processes
B palatine and frontonasal processes
C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes
D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular
processes
THANKS
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
1-Oblique facial cleft
- cleft extends from the upper lip to orbit
- Due to failure of fusion between maxillary process and lateral margin of
frontonasal process
2- Cleft upper lip ( hare lip) Involve upper lip cleft with or without cleft palate
(medial nasal process)
-Median hare lip partial or complete failure of fusion of the two medial nasal
processes to form the intermaxillary segment (absent phitrum)
- Unilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary process with intermaxillary
processes ( the medial nasal process) on one side
-Bilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary processes with intermaxillary
processes (the medial nasal processes) of both sides
3- Median cleft lower lip
- Due to failure of fusion between the 2 mandibular processes
4- Macrostomia (larg mouth)
Due to arrest of fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes to shift
the angle medially gtgtgt very big oral fissure
5- Microstomia
Due to excessive fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes
gtgtgtgtvery small oral fissure
6- Aganthia absent lower jaw
7- Micrganthia small lower jaw
8- Atresia of nasolacrimal duct failure of the canalization of the nasolacrimal
duct
9 Congenital anomalies of the nose
1Absent Nose No nasal processes are formed
2Single nostril Only one nasal Placode is formed
3Stenosis (Narrowing) of the nostril
4Deviation of the Nasal Septum
5Bifid nose if the medial nasal processes do not merge completely
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
bull Ear consists of 3 anatomical parts
- Internal ear
- Middle ear
- External ear
-External ear
External acoustic meatus-
Develops by deepening of the dorsal end of the 1st pharyngeal groove
bull Pinna or Auricle
Six mesenchymal hillocks ndash Auricular hillocks develop from the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arch
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
-Middle ear
Develops from the tubotympanic recess ie derived from the 1st pharyngeal pouch
Tympanic cavity- Distal portion of the tubotympanic recess expands
-Tympanic membrane Ectodermal lining from1 ST pharyngeal groove
-Mesodermal lining from 1st and 2nd arch
-Endodermal lining from tubotympanic recess
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
Ear ossicles
bull 1st bone to attain ultimate size
bull Maleus and Incus develop from the 1st arch
bull Stapes develop from 2nd arch
bull Ossification begins in the 16th week and continues up to the 25th week
-INTERNAL EAR
bull OTIC PLACODE
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
DEVELOPMENT OF EYE
bull Eyes develop from three sources
Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic
nerve
Surface ectoderm of the head- lens
Mesoderm between these layers - eye muscle and
vascular tissues
bull 1st indication of eye formation is optic sulcus
which is formed in the 4th week
DEVELOPMENT OF EYE
DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH
bull The teeth are formed in relation to the dental lamina An enlargement of
dental lamina for each tooth is formed which is called the enamel organ
Ameloblasts form the enamel odontoblasts form the dentine and the
mesenchyme that invaginates into enamel organ forms the pulp
bull The ant 23rd of the tongue is formed from the lingual swellings and the
tuberculum impar
bull The post13rd of the tongue is formed by cranial part of hypobranchial
eminence
bull The salivary glands develop as outgrowths of buccal epithelium
bull The palatine tonsil develops in relation to 2nd pharyngeal pouch
Anodontia
Oligodontia
Microdontiamacrodontia
Gemination Concrescence
FUSION
Fusion
Dilaceration
Supernumerary teeth
Amelogenesis imperfecta
SUPERNUMERARY Enviornmental enamel hypoplasia
DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF TEETH
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Congenitally missing teeth (most commonly
the upper laterals)
Presence of natal or neonatal teeth
Presence of supernumerary teeth
Ectopically erupting teeth
Anomalies of tooth morphology
Enamel hypoplasia
Microdontia
Fused teeth
Macrodontia
Mobile and early shedding of teeth due to poor
periodontal support
Posterior and anterior cross bite
Protruding premaxilla
Deep bite
Spacingcrowding
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Third week Development of ear
Formation of Stomatodaeum
Fourth week
Formation of Fronto-nasal process maxillary and mandibular
process
Development of cranial base
Formation of pharyngeal arches
Development of tongue
Fifth week Formation of Nasal placode Medial and lateral nasal process
Development of mandible
Sixth week Development of Nasal cavity
Development of Parotid and Submandibular salivary glands
Seventh week Formation of pre-maxilla
Eight week Formation of definitive palate
Development of Sublingual salivary glands
Tenth week Development of TMJ
Development of Maxillary sinus
Twelth week Development of Ethmoidal Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses
I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON
1 Development of the face
2 Development of the Palate
3 Development of the Nose
4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes
5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes
6 Innervation of the face from Embryological
background
II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS
1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal
prominence
2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face
originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells
3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the
development of the face
4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week
5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular
prominence
6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence
1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate
is formed from helliphellip process
III MCQ
1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at
A six weeks post-fertilization
B eight weeks post-fertilization
C ten weeks post-fertilization
D twelve weeks post-fertilization
2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the
A palatine processes
B palatine and frontonasal processes
C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes
D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular
processes
THANKS
4- Macrostomia (larg mouth)
Due to arrest of fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes to shift
the angle medially gtgtgt very big oral fissure
5- Microstomia
Due to excessive fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes
gtgtgtgtvery small oral fissure
6- Aganthia absent lower jaw
7- Micrganthia small lower jaw
8- Atresia of nasolacrimal duct failure of the canalization of the nasolacrimal
duct
9 Congenital anomalies of the nose
1Absent Nose No nasal processes are formed
2Single nostril Only one nasal Placode is formed
3Stenosis (Narrowing) of the nostril
4Deviation of the Nasal Septum
5Bifid nose if the medial nasal processes do not merge completely
SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
bull Ear consists of 3 anatomical parts
- Internal ear
- Middle ear
- External ear
-External ear
External acoustic meatus-
Develops by deepening of the dorsal end of the 1st pharyngeal groove
bull Pinna or Auricle
Six mesenchymal hillocks ndash Auricular hillocks develop from the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arch
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
-Middle ear
Develops from the tubotympanic recess ie derived from the 1st pharyngeal pouch
Tympanic cavity- Distal portion of the tubotympanic recess expands
-Tympanic membrane Ectodermal lining from1 ST pharyngeal groove
-Mesodermal lining from 1st and 2nd arch
-Endodermal lining from tubotympanic recess
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
Ear ossicles
bull 1st bone to attain ultimate size
bull Maleus and Incus develop from the 1st arch
bull Stapes develop from 2nd arch
bull Ossification begins in the 16th week and continues up to the 25th week
-INTERNAL EAR
bull OTIC PLACODE
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
DEVELOPMENT OF EYE
bull Eyes develop from three sources
Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic
nerve
Surface ectoderm of the head- lens
Mesoderm between these layers - eye muscle and
vascular tissues
bull 1st indication of eye formation is optic sulcus
which is formed in the 4th week
DEVELOPMENT OF EYE
DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH
bull The teeth are formed in relation to the dental lamina An enlargement of
dental lamina for each tooth is formed which is called the enamel organ
Ameloblasts form the enamel odontoblasts form the dentine and the
mesenchyme that invaginates into enamel organ forms the pulp
bull The ant 23rd of the tongue is formed from the lingual swellings and the
tuberculum impar
bull The post13rd of the tongue is formed by cranial part of hypobranchial
eminence
bull The salivary glands develop as outgrowths of buccal epithelium
bull The palatine tonsil develops in relation to 2nd pharyngeal pouch
Anodontia
Oligodontia
Microdontiamacrodontia
Gemination Concrescence
FUSION
Fusion
Dilaceration
Supernumerary teeth
Amelogenesis imperfecta
SUPERNUMERARY Enviornmental enamel hypoplasia
DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF TEETH
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Congenitally missing teeth (most commonly
the upper laterals)
Presence of natal or neonatal teeth
Presence of supernumerary teeth
Ectopically erupting teeth
Anomalies of tooth morphology
Enamel hypoplasia
Microdontia
Fused teeth
Macrodontia
Mobile and early shedding of teeth due to poor
periodontal support
Posterior and anterior cross bite
Protruding premaxilla
Deep bite
Spacingcrowding
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Third week Development of ear
Formation of Stomatodaeum
Fourth week
Formation of Fronto-nasal process maxillary and mandibular
process
Development of cranial base
Formation of pharyngeal arches
Development of tongue
Fifth week Formation of Nasal placode Medial and lateral nasal process
Development of mandible
Sixth week Development of Nasal cavity
Development of Parotid and Submandibular salivary glands
Seventh week Formation of pre-maxilla
Eight week Formation of definitive palate
Development of Sublingual salivary glands
Tenth week Development of TMJ
Development of Maxillary sinus
Twelth week Development of Ethmoidal Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses
I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON
1 Development of the face
2 Development of the Palate
3 Development of the Nose
4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes
5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes
6 Innervation of the face from Embryological
background
II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS
1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal
prominence
2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face
originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells
3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the
development of the face
4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week
5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular
prominence
6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence
1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate
is formed from helliphellip process
III MCQ
1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at
A six weeks post-fertilization
B eight weeks post-fertilization
C ten weeks post-fertilization
D twelve weeks post-fertilization
2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the
A palatine processes
B palatine and frontonasal processes
C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes
D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular
processes
THANKS
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
bull Ear consists of 3 anatomical parts
- Internal ear
- Middle ear
- External ear
-External ear
External acoustic meatus-
Develops by deepening of the dorsal end of the 1st pharyngeal groove
bull Pinna or Auricle
Six mesenchymal hillocks ndash Auricular hillocks develop from the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arch
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
-Middle ear
Develops from the tubotympanic recess ie derived from the 1st pharyngeal pouch
Tympanic cavity- Distal portion of the tubotympanic recess expands
-Tympanic membrane Ectodermal lining from1 ST pharyngeal groove
-Mesodermal lining from 1st and 2nd arch
-Endodermal lining from tubotympanic recess
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
Ear ossicles
bull 1st bone to attain ultimate size
bull Maleus and Incus develop from the 1st arch
bull Stapes develop from 2nd arch
bull Ossification begins in the 16th week and continues up to the 25th week
-INTERNAL EAR
bull OTIC PLACODE
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
DEVELOPMENT OF EYE
bull Eyes develop from three sources
Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic
nerve
Surface ectoderm of the head- lens
Mesoderm between these layers - eye muscle and
vascular tissues
bull 1st indication of eye formation is optic sulcus
which is formed in the 4th week
DEVELOPMENT OF EYE
DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH
bull The teeth are formed in relation to the dental lamina An enlargement of
dental lamina for each tooth is formed which is called the enamel organ
Ameloblasts form the enamel odontoblasts form the dentine and the
mesenchyme that invaginates into enamel organ forms the pulp
bull The ant 23rd of the tongue is formed from the lingual swellings and the
tuberculum impar
bull The post13rd of the tongue is formed by cranial part of hypobranchial
eminence
bull The salivary glands develop as outgrowths of buccal epithelium
bull The palatine tonsil develops in relation to 2nd pharyngeal pouch
Anodontia
Oligodontia
Microdontiamacrodontia
Gemination Concrescence
FUSION
Fusion
Dilaceration
Supernumerary teeth
Amelogenesis imperfecta
SUPERNUMERARY Enviornmental enamel hypoplasia
DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF TEETH
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Congenitally missing teeth (most commonly
the upper laterals)
Presence of natal or neonatal teeth
Presence of supernumerary teeth
Ectopically erupting teeth
Anomalies of tooth morphology
Enamel hypoplasia
Microdontia
Fused teeth
Macrodontia
Mobile and early shedding of teeth due to poor
periodontal support
Posterior and anterior cross bite
Protruding premaxilla
Deep bite
Spacingcrowding
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Third week Development of ear
Formation of Stomatodaeum
Fourth week
Formation of Fronto-nasal process maxillary and mandibular
process
Development of cranial base
Formation of pharyngeal arches
Development of tongue
Fifth week Formation of Nasal placode Medial and lateral nasal process
Development of mandible
Sixth week Development of Nasal cavity
Development of Parotid and Submandibular salivary glands
Seventh week Formation of pre-maxilla
Eight week Formation of definitive palate
Development of Sublingual salivary glands
Tenth week Development of TMJ
Development of Maxillary sinus
Twelth week Development of Ethmoidal Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses
I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON
1 Development of the face
2 Development of the Palate
3 Development of the Nose
4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes
5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes
6 Innervation of the face from Embryological
background
II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS
1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal
prominence
2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face
originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells
3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the
development of the face
4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week
5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular
prominence
6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence
1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate
is formed from helliphellip process
III MCQ
1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at
A six weeks post-fertilization
B eight weeks post-fertilization
C ten weeks post-fertilization
D twelve weeks post-fertilization
2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the
A palatine processes
B palatine and frontonasal processes
C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes
D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular
processes
THANKS
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
-Middle ear
Develops from the tubotympanic recess ie derived from the 1st pharyngeal pouch
Tympanic cavity- Distal portion of the tubotympanic recess expands
-Tympanic membrane Ectodermal lining from1 ST pharyngeal groove
-Mesodermal lining from 1st and 2nd arch
-Endodermal lining from tubotympanic recess
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
Ear ossicles
bull 1st bone to attain ultimate size
bull Maleus and Incus develop from the 1st arch
bull Stapes develop from 2nd arch
bull Ossification begins in the 16th week and continues up to the 25th week
-INTERNAL EAR
bull OTIC PLACODE
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
DEVELOPMENT OF EYE
bull Eyes develop from three sources
Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic
nerve
Surface ectoderm of the head- lens
Mesoderm between these layers - eye muscle and
vascular tissues
bull 1st indication of eye formation is optic sulcus
which is formed in the 4th week
DEVELOPMENT OF EYE
DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH
bull The teeth are formed in relation to the dental lamina An enlargement of
dental lamina for each tooth is formed which is called the enamel organ
Ameloblasts form the enamel odontoblasts form the dentine and the
mesenchyme that invaginates into enamel organ forms the pulp
bull The ant 23rd of the tongue is formed from the lingual swellings and the
tuberculum impar
bull The post13rd of the tongue is formed by cranial part of hypobranchial
eminence
bull The salivary glands develop as outgrowths of buccal epithelium
bull The palatine tonsil develops in relation to 2nd pharyngeal pouch
Anodontia
Oligodontia
Microdontiamacrodontia
Gemination Concrescence
FUSION
Fusion
Dilaceration
Supernumerary teeth
Amelogenesis imperfecta
SUPERNUMERARY Enviornmental enamel hypoplasia
DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF TEETH
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Congenitally missing teeth (most commonly
the upper laterals)
Presence of natal or neonatal teeth
Presence of supernumerary teeth
Ectopically erupting teeth
Anomalies of tooth morphology
Enamel hypoplasia
Microdontia
Fused teeth
Macrodontia
Mobile and early shedding of teeth due to poor
periodontal support
Posterior and anterior cross bite
Protruding premaxilla
Deep bite
Spacingcrowding
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Third week Development of ear
Formation of Stomatodaeum
Fourth week
Formation of Fronto-nasal process maxillary and mandibular
process
Development of cranial base
Formation of pharyngeal arches
Development of tongue
Fifth week Formation of Nasal placode Medial and lateral nasal process
Development of mandible
Sixth week Development of Nasal cavity
Development of Parotid and Submandibular salivary glands
Seventh week Formation of pre-maxilla
Eight week Formation of definitive palate
Development of Sublingual salivary glands
Tenth week Development of TMJ
Development of Maxillary sinus
Twelth week Development of Ethmoidal Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses
I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON
1 Development of the face
2 Development of the Palate
3 Development of the Nose
4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes
5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes
6 Innervation of the face from Embryological
background
II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS
1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal
prominence
2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face
originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells
3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the
development of the face
4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week
5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular
prominence
6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence
1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate
is formed from helliphellip process
III MCQ
1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at
A six weeks post-fertilization
B eight weeks post-fertilization
C ten weeks post-fertilization
D twelve weeks post-fertilization
2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the
A palatine processes
B palatine and frontonasal processes
C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes
D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular
processes
THANKS
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
Ear ossicles
bull 1st bone to attain ultimate size
bull Maleus and Incus develop from the 1st arch
bull Stapes develop from 2nd arch
bull Ossification begins in the 16th week and continues up to the 25th week
-INTERNAL EAR
bull OTIC PLACODE
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
DEVELOPMENT OF EYE
bull Eyes develop from three sources
Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic
nerve
Surface ectoderm of the head- lens
Mesoderm between these layers - eye muscle and
vascular tissues
bull 1st indication of eye formation is optic sulcus
which is formed in the 4th week
DEVELOPMENT OF EYE
DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH
bull The teeth are formed in relation to the dental lamina An enlargement of
dental lamina for each tooth is formed which is called the enamel organ
Ameloblasts form the enamel odontoblasts form the dentine and the
mesenchyme that invaginates into enamel organ forms the pulp
bull The ant 23rd of the tongue is formed from the lingual swellings and the
tuberculum impar
bull The post13rd of the tongue is formed by cranial part of hypobranchial
eminence
bull The salivary glands develop as outgrowths of buccal epithelium
bull The palatine tonsil develops in relation to 2nd pharyngeal pouch
Anodontia
Oligodontia
Microdontiamacrodontia
Gemination Concrescence
FUSION
Fusion
Dilaceration
Supernumerary teeth
Amelogenesis imperfecta
SUPERNUMERARY Enviornmental enamel hypoplasia
DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF TEETH
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Congenitally missing teeth (most commonly
the upper laterals)
Presence of natal or neonatal teeth
Presence of supernumerary teeth
Ectopically erupting teeth
Anomalies of tooth morphology
Enamel hypoplasia
Microdontia
Fused teeth
Macrodontia
Mobile and early shedding of teeth due to poor
periodontal support
Posterior and anterior cross bite
Protruding premaxilla
Deep bite
Spacingcrowding
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Third week Development of ear
Formation of Stomatodaeum
Fourth week
Formation of Fronto-nasal process maxillary and mandibular
process
Development of cranial base
Formation of pharyngeal arches
Development of tongue
Fifth week Formation of Nasal placode Medial and lateral nasal process
Development of mandible
Sixth week Development of Nasal cavity
Development of Parotid and Submandibular salivary glands
Seventh week Formation of pre-maxilla
Eight week Formation of definitive palate
Development of Sublingual salivary glands
Tenth week Development of TMJ
Development of Maxillary sinus
Twelth week Development of Ethmoidal Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses
I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON
1 Development of the face
2 Development of the Palate
3 Development of the Nose
4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes
5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes
6 Innervation of the face from Embryological
background
II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS
1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal
prominence
2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face
originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells
3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the
development of the face
4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week
5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular
prominence
6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence
1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate
is formed from helliphellip process
III MCQ
1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at
A six weeks post-fertilization
B eight weeks post-fertilization
C ten weeks post-fertilization
D twelve weeks post-fertilization
2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the
A palatine processes
B palatine and frontonasal processes
C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes
D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular
processes
THANKS
DEVELOPMENT OF EAR
DEVELOPMENT OF EYE
bull Eyes develop from three sources
Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic
nerve
Surface ectoderm of the head- lens
Mesoderm between these layers - eye muscle and
vascular tissues
bull 1st indication of eye formation is optic sulcus
which is formed in the 4th week
DEVELOPMENT OF EYE
DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH
bull The teeth are formed in relation to the dental lamina An enlargement of
dental lamina for each tooth is formed which is called the enamel organ
Ameloblasts form the enamel odontoblasts form the dentine and the
mesenchyme that invaginates into enamel organ forms the pulp
bull The ant 23rd of the tongue is formed from the lingual swellings and the
tuberculum impar
bull The post13rd of the tongue is formed by cranial part of hypobranchial
eminence
bull The salivary glands develop as outgrowths of buccal epithelium
bull The palatine tonsil develops in relation to 2nd pharyngeal pouch
Anodontia
Oligodontia
Microdontiamacrodontia
Gemination Concrescence
FUSION
Fusion
Dilaceration
Supernumerary teeth
Amelogenesis imperfecta
SUPERNUMERARY Enviornmental enamel hypoplasia
DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF TEETH
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Congenitally missing teeth (most commonly
the upper laterals)
Presence of natal or neonatal teeth
Presence of supernumerary teeth
Ectopically erupting teeth
Anomalies of tooth morphology
Enamel hypoplasia
Microdontia
Fused teeth
Macrodontia
Mobile and early shedding of teeth due to poor
periodontal support
Posterior and anterior cross bite
Protruding premaxilla
Deep bite
Spacingcrowding
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Third week Development of ear
Formation of Stomatodaeum
Fourth week
Formation of Fronto-nasal process maxillary and mandibular
process
Development of cranial base
Formation of pharyngeal arches
Development of tongue
Fifth week Formation of Nasal placode Medial and lateral nasal process
Development of mandible
Sixth week Development of Nasal cavity
Development of Parotid and Submandibular salivary glands
Seventh week Formation of pre-maxilla
Eight week Formation of definitive palate
Development of Sublingual salivary glands
Tenth week Development of TMJ
Development of Maxillary sinus
Twelth week Development of Ethmoidal Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses
I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON
1 Development of the face
2 Development of the Palate
3 Development of the Nose
4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes
5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes
6 Innervation of the face from Embryological
background
II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS
1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal
prominence
2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face
originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells
3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the
development of the face
4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week
5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular
prominence
6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence
1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate
is formed from helliphellip process
III MCQ
1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at
A six weeks post-fertilization
B eight weeks post-fertilization
C ten weeks post-fertilization
D twelve weeks post-fertilization
2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the
A palatine processes
B palatine and frontonasal processes
C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes
D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular
processes
THANKS
DEVELOPMENT OF EYE
bull Eyes develop from three sources
Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic
nerve
Surface ectoderm of the head- lens
Mesoderm between these layers - eye muscle and
vascular tissues
bull 1st indication of eye formation is optic sulcus
which is formed in the 4th week
DEVELOPMENT OF EYE
DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH
bull The teeth are formed in relation to the dental lamina An enlargement of
dental lamina for each tooth is formed which is called the enamel organ
Ameloblasts form the enamel odontoblasts form the dentine and the
mesenchyme that invaginates into enamel organ forms the pulp
bull The ant 23rd of the tongue is formed from the lingual swellings and the
tuberculum impar
bull The post13rd of the tongue is formed by cranial part of hypobranchial
eminence
bull The salivary glands develop as outgrowths of buccal epithelium
bull The palatine tonsil develops in relation to 2nd pharyngeal pouch
Anodontia
Oligodontia
Microdontiamacrodontia
Gemination Concrescence
FUSION
Fusion
Dilaceration
Supernumerary teeth
Amelogenesis imperfecta
SUPERNUMERARY Enviornmental enamel hypoplasia
DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF TEETH
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Congenitally missing teeth (most commonly
the upper laterals)
Presence of natal or neonatal teeth
Presence of supernumerary teeth
Ectopically erupting teeth
Anomalies of tooth morphology
Enamel hypoplasia
Microdontia
Fused teeth
Macrodontia
Mobile and early shedding of teeth due to poor
periodontal support
Posterior and anterior cross bite
Protruding premaxilla
Deep bite
Spacingcrowding
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Third week Development of ear
Formation of Stomatodaeum
Fourth week
Formation of Fronto-nasal process maxillary and mandibular
process
Development of cranial base
Formation of pharyngeal arches
Development of tongue
Fifth week Formation of Nasal placode Medial and lateral nasal process
Development of mandible
Sixth week Development of Nasal cavity
Development of Parotid and Submandibular salivary glands
Seventh week Formation of pre-maxilla
Eight week Formation of definitive palate
Development of Sublingual salivary glands
Tenth week Development of TMJ
Development of Maxillary sinus
Twelth week Development of Ethmoidal Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses
I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON
1 Development of the face
2 Development of the Palate
3 Development of the Nose
4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes
5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes
6 Innervation of the face from Embryological
background
II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS
1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal
prominence
2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face
originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells
3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the
development of the face
4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week
5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular
prominence
6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence
1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate
is formed from helliphellip process
III MCQ
1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at
A six weeks post-fertilization
B eight weeks post-fertilization
C ten weeks post-fertilization
D twelve weeks post-fertilization
2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the
A palatine processes
B palatine and frontonasal processes
C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes
D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular
processes
THANKS
DEVELOPMENT OF EYE
DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH
bull The teeth are formed in relation to the dental lamina An enlargement of
dental lamina for each tooth is formed which is called the enamel organ
Ameloblasts form the enamel odontoblasts form the dentine and the
mesenchyme that invaginates into enamel organ forms the pulp
bull The ant 23rd of the tongue is formed from the lingual swellings and the
tuberculum impar
bull The post13rd of the tongue is formed by cranial part of hypobranchial
eminence
bull The salivary glands develop as outgrowths of buccal epithelium
bull The palatine tonsil develops in relation to 2nd pharyngeal pouch
Anodontia
Oligodontia
Microdontiamacrodontia
Gemination Concrescence
FUSION
Fusion
Dilaceration
Supernumerary teeth
Amelogenesis imperfecta
SUPERNUMERARY Enviornmental enamel hypoplasia
DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF TEETH
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Congenitally missing teeth (most commonly
the upper laterals)
Presence of natal or neonatal teeth
Presence of supernumerary teeth
Ectopically erupting teeth
Anomalies of tooth morphology
Enamel hypoplasia
Microdontia
Fused teeth
Macrodontia
Mobile and early shedding of teeth due to poor
periodontal support
Posterior and anterior cross bite
Protruding premaxilla
Deep bite
Spacingcrowding
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Third week Development of ear
Formation of Stomatodaeum
Fourth week
Formation of Fronto-nasal process maxillary and mandibular
process
Development of cranial base
Formation of pharyngeal arches
Development of tongue
Fifth week Formation of Nasal placode Medial and lateral nasal process
Development of mandible
Sixth week Development of Nasal cavity
Development of Parotid and Submandibular salivary glands
Seventh week Formation of pre-maxilla
Eight week Formation of definitive palate
Development of Sublingual salivary glands
Tenth week Development of TMJ
Development of Maxillary sinus
Twelth week Development of Ethmoidal Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses
I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON
1 Development of the face
2 Development of the Palate
3 Development of the Nose
4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes
5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes
6 Innervation of the face from Embryological
background
II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS
1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal
prominence
2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face
originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells
3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the
development of the face
4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week
5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular
prominence
6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence
1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate
is formed from helliphellip process
III MCQ
1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at
A six weeks post-fertilization
B eight weeks post-fertilization
C ten weeks post-fertilization
D twelve weeks post-fertilization
2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the
A palatine processes
B palatine and frontonasal processes
C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes
D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular
processes
THANKS
DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH
bull The teeth are formed in relation to the dental lamina An enlargement of
dental lamina for each tooth is formed which is called the enamel organ
Ameloblasts form the enamel odontoblasts form the dentine and the
mesenchyme that invaginates into enamel organ forms the pulp
bull The ant 23rd of the tongue is formed from the lingual swellings and the
tuberculum impar
bull The post13rd of the tongue is formed by cranial part of hypobranchial
eminence
bull The salivary glands develop as outgrowths of buccal epithelium
bull The palatine tonsil develops in relation to 2nd pharyngeal pouch
Anodontia
Oligodontia
Microdontiamacrodontia
Gemination Concrescence
FUSION
Fusion
Dilaceration
Supernumerary teeth
Amelogenesis imperfecta
SUPERNUMERARY Enviornmental enamel hypoplasia
DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF TEETH
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Congenitally missing teeth (most commonly
the upper laterals)
Presence of natal or neonatal teeth
Presence of supernumerary teeth
Ectopically erupting teeth
Anomalies of tooth morphology
Enamel hypoplasia
Microdontia
Fused teeth
Macrodontia
Mobile and early shedding of teeth due to poor
periodontal support
Posterior and anterior cross bite
Protruding premaxilla
Deep bite
Spacingcrowding
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Third week Development of ear
Formation of Stomatodaeum
Fourth week
Formation of Fronto-nasal process maxillary and mandibular
process
Development of cranial base
Formation of pharyngeal arches
Development of tongue
Fifth week Formation of Nasal placode Medial and lateral nasal process
Development of mandible
Sixth week Development of Nasal cavity
Development of Parotid and Submandibular salivary glands
Seventh week Formation of pre-maxilla
Eight week Formation of definitive palate
Development of Sublingual salivary glands
Tenth week Development of TMJ
Development of Maxillary sinus
Twelth week Development of Ethmoidal Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses
I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON
1 Development of the face
2 Development of the Palate
3 Development of the Nose
4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes
5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes
6 Innervation of the face from Embryological
background
II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS
1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal
prominence
2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face
originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells
3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the
development of the face
4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week
5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular
prominence
6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence
1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate
is formed from helliphellip process
III MCQ
1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at
A six weeks post-fertilization
B eight weeks post-fertilization
C ten weeks post-fertilization
D twelve weeks post-fertilization
2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the
A palatine processes
B palatine and frontonasal processes
C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes
D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular
processes
THANKS
Anodontia
Oligodontia
Microdontiamacrodontia
Gemination Concrescence
FUSION
Fusion
Dilaceration
Supernumerary teeth
Amelogenesis imperfecta
SUPERNUMERARY Enviornmental enamel hypoplasia
DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF TEETH
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Congenitally missing teeth (most commonly
the upper laterals)
Presence of natal or neonatal teeth
Presence of supernumerary teeth
Ectopically erupting teeth
Anomalies of tooth morphology
Enamel hypoplasia
Microdontia
Fused teeth
Macrodontia
Mobile and early shedding of teeth due to poor
periodontal support
Posterior and anterior cross bite
Protruding premaxilla
Deep bite
Spacingcrowding
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Third week Development of ear
Formation of Stomatodaeum
Fourth week
Formation of Fronto-nasal process maxillary and mandibular
process
Development of cranial base
Formation of pharyngeal arches
Development of tongue
Fifth week Formation of Nasal placode Medial and lateral nasal process
Development of mandible
Sixth week Development of Nasal cavity
Development of Parotid and Submandibular salivary glands
Seventh week Formation of pre-maxilla
Eight week Formation of definitive palate
Development of Sublingual salivary glands
Tenth week Development of TMJ
Development of Maxillary sinus
Twelth week Development of Ethmoidal Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses
I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON
1 Development of the face
2 Development of the Palate
3 Development of the Nose
4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes
5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes
6 Innervation of the face from Embryological
background
II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS
1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal
prominence
2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face
originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells
3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the
development of the face
4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week
5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular
prominence
6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence
1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate
is formed from helliphellip process
III MCQ
1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at
A six weeks post-fertilization
B eight weeks post-fertilization
C ten weeks post-fertilization
D twelve weeks post-fertilization
2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the
A palatine processes
B palatine and frontonasal processes
C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes
D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular
processes
THANKS
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Congenitally missing teeth (most commonly
the upper laterals)
Presence of natal or neonatal teeth
Presence of supernumerary teeth
Ectopically erupting teeth
Anomalies of tooth morphology
Enamel hypoplasia
Microdontia
Fused teeth
Macrodontia
Mobile and early shedding of teeth due to poor
periodontal support
Posterior and anterior cross bite
Protruding premaxilla
Deep bite
Spacingcrowding
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Third week Development of ear
Formation of Stomatodaeum
Fourth week
Formation of Fronto-nasal process maxillary and mandibular
process
Development of cranial base
Formation of pharyngeal arches
Development of tongue
Fifth week Formation of Nasal placode Medial and lateral nasal process
Development of mandible
Sixth week Development of Nasal cavity
Development of Parotid and Submandibular salivary glands
Seventh week Formation of pre-maxilla
Eight week Formation of definitive palate
Development of Sublingual salivary glands
Tenth week Development of TMJ
Development of Maxillary sinus
Twelth week Development of Ethmoidal Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses
I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON
1 Development of the face
2 Development of the Palate
3 Development of the Nose
4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes
5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes
6 Innervation of the face from Embryological
background
II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS
1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal
prominence
2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face
originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells
3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the
development of the face
4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week
5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular
prominence
6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence
1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate
is formed from helliphellip process
III MCQ
1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at
A six weeks post-fertilization
B eight weeks post-fertilization
C ten weeks post-fertilization
D twelve weeks post-fertilization
2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the
A palatine processes
B palatine and frontonasal processes
C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes
D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular
processes
THANKS
Microdontia
Fused teeth
Macrodontia
Mobile and early shedding of teeth due to poor
periodontal support
Posterior and anterior cross bite
Protruding premaxilla
Deep bite
Spacingcrowding
DENTAL PROBLEMS-
Third week Development of ear
Formation of Stomatodaeum
Fourth week
Formation of Fronto-nasal process maxillary and mandibular
process
Development of cranial base
Formation of pharyngeal arches
Development of tongue
Fifth week Formation of Nasal placode Medial and lateral nasal process
Development of mandible
Sixth week Development of Nasal cavity
Development of Parotid and Submandibular salivary glands
Seventh week Formation of pre-maxilla
Eight week Formation of definitive palate
Development of Sublingual salivary glands
Tenth week Development of TMJ
Development of Maxillary sinus
Twelth week Development of Ethmoidal Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses
I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON
1 Development of the face
2 Development of the Palate
3 Development of the Nose
4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes
5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes
6 Innervation of the face from Embryological
background
II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS
1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal
prominence
2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face
originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells
3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the
development of the face
4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week
5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular
prominence
6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence
1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate
is formed from helliphellip process
III MCQ
1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at
A six weeks post-fertilization
B eight weeks post-fertilization
C ten weeks post-fertilization
D twelve weeks post-fertilization
2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the
A palatine processes
B palatine and frontonasal processes
C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes
D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular
processes
THANKS
Third week Development of ear
Formation of Stomatodaeum
Fourth week
Formation of Fronto-nasal process maxillary and mandibular
process
Development of cranial base
Formation of pharyngeal arches
Development of tongue
Fifth week Formation of Nasal placode Medial and lateral nasal process
Development of mandible
Sixth week Development of Nasal cavity
Development of Parotid and Submandibular salivary glands
Seventh week Formation of pre-maxilla
Eight week Formation of definitive palate
Development of Sublingual salivary glands
Tenth week Development of TMJ
Development of Maxillary sinus
Twelth week Development of Ethmoidal Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses
I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON
1 Development of the face
2 Development of the Palate
3 Development of the Nose
4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes
5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes
6 Innervation of the face from Embryological
background
II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS
1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal
prominence
2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face
originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells
3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the
development of the face
4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week
5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular
prominence
6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence
1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate
is formed from helliphellip process
III MCQ
1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at
A six weeks post-fertilization
B eight weeks post-fertilization
C ten weeks post-fertilization
D twelve weeks post-fertilization
2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the
A palatine processes
B palatine and frontonasal processes
C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes
D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular
processes
THANKS
I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON
1 Development of the face
2 Development of the Palate
3 Development of the Nose
4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes
5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes
6 Innervation of the face from Embryological
background
II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS
1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal
prominence
2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face
originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells
3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the
development of the face
4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week
5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular
prominence
6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence
1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate
is formed from helliphellip process
III MCQ
1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at
A six weeks post-fertilization
B eight weeks post-fertilization
C ten weeks post-fertilization
D twelve weeks post-fertilization
2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the
A palatine processes
B palatine and frontonasal processes
C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes
D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular
processes
THANKS
II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS
1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal
prominence
2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face
originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells
3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the
development of the face
4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week
5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular
prominence
6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence
1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate
is formed from helliphellip process
III MCQ
1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at
A six weeks post-fertilization
B eight weeks post-fertilization
C ten weeks post-fertilization
D twelve weeks post-fertilization
2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the
A palatine processes
B palatine and frontonasal processes
C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes
D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular
processes
THANKS
III MCQ
1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at
A six weeks post-fertilization
B eight weeks post-fertilization
C ten weeks post-fertilization
D twelve weeks post-fertilization
2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the
A palatine processes
B palatine and frontonasal processes
C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes
D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular
processes
THANKS
THANKS
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