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1.1 IntroductionL01 Describe autism
1.2 Definition and Historical Overview
1.3 Modern Approaches to Psychology
1.4 Careers and Research Areas in Psychology
1.5 Answering Questions: Scientific Method
1.6 Descriptive Research
1.7 Correlational Research
1.8 Experimental Research
1.9 Research Concerns
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Definition and Historical OverviewL02 Define psychologyL03 List and describe the goals of psychologyL03 List and explain the historical approaches to psychologyL04 Describe the early discrimination practices among psychologists
1.3 Modern Approaches to Psychology
1.4 Careers and Research Areas in Psychology
1.5 Answering Questions: Scientific Method
1.6 Descriptive Research
1.7 Correlational Research
1.8 Experimental Research
1.9 Research Concerns
Definition of Psychology
1.2 Definition and Historical Overview
The third goal of psychology is to
predict how organisms will behave in certain situations.
For some psychologists, the fourth goal of psychology is to control an organism’s behavior.
The second goal of psychology is to
explain the causes of behavior.
The first goal of psychology is to describe the different ways that organisms behave.
Goals of Psychology
1.2 Definition and Historical Overview
1Describe
2 Explain
Predict
3Control
4
Historical Approaches to Psychology
1.2 Definition and Historical Overview
Structuralism Functionalism
Gestalt Behaviorism
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Structuralism
1.2 Definition and Historical Overview
Wilhelm Wundt1832-1920
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Functionalism
1.2 Definition and Historical Overview
William James1842-1910
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Gestalt
1.2 Definition and Historical Overview
Max Werheimer1883-1943
© Cengage Learning; © Tony Freeman/PhotoEdit
Behaviorism
1.2 Definition and Historical Overview
John B. Watson1878-1958
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1.1 Introduction1.2 Definition and Historical Overview
1.3 Modern Approaches to PsychologyL06 Describe and distinguish the modern approaches to psychology
1.4 Careers and Research Areas in Psychology
1.5 Answering Questions: Scientific Method
1.6 Descriptive Research
1.7 Correlational Research
1.8 Experimental Research
1.9 Research Concerns
Modern Approaches
1.3 Modern Approaches to Psychology
PsychoanalyticHumanistic
Soci
ocul
tura
l
Eclectic
Cogn
itive
Evolutionary
Biological
Behavioral
Biological Approach
1.3 Modern Approaches to Psychology
© Visuals Unlimited/Corbis
Social problems associated with autism are linked to less activity in brain cells responsible for human empathy.
Cognitive Approach
1.3 Modern Approaches to Psychology
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Behavioral Approach
1.3 Modern Approaches to Psychology
© Eileen Hart/iStockphoto
Psychoanalytic Approach
1.3 Modern Approaches to Psychology
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Humanistic Approach
1.3 Modern Approaches to Psychology
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Sociocultural Approach
1.3 Modern Approaches to Psychology
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Evolutionary Approach
1.3 Modern Approaches to Psychology
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Eclectic Approach
1.3 Modern Approaches to Psychology
The eclectic approach combines biological, cognitive, behavioral, psychoanalytic,humanistic, sociocultural, and evolutionary approaches.
© shabaneiro/Shutterstock.com
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Definition and Historical Overview
1.3 Modern Approaches to Psychology
1.4 Careers and Research Areas in PsychologyL07 Differentiate between a psychologist and a psychiatristL08 Identify the major career settings of psychologyL09 Describe the areas of research specialization in psychology
1.5 Answering Questions: Scientific Method
1.6 Descriptive Research
1.7 Correlational Research
1.8 Experimental Research
1.9 Research Concerns
Psychologist versus Psychiatrist
1.4 Careers and Research Areas in Psychology
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Many Career Settings
1.4 Careers and Research Areas in Psychology
© Cengage Learning
Areas of Research Specialization – Clinical and Counseling Psychology
1.4 Careers and Research Areas in Psychology
© Zigy Kaluzny/Getty Images
Used to assess and treat people with psychological problems, such as grief, anxiety, or stress.
Areas of Research Specialization – Social Psychology
1.4 Careers and Research Areas in Psychology
© Oleksiy Maksymenko/Alamy
The study of social interactions, stereotypes,prejudices, attitudes, conformity, group behaviors, aggression, and attraction.
Areas of Research Specialization – Developmental Psychology
1.4 Careers and Research Areas in Psychology
© Andy Sacks/Getty Images
Examines moral, social, emotional, and cognitive development throughout
a person’s entire life.
Areas of Research Specialization – Experimental Psychology
1.4 Careers and Research Areas in Psychology
© Frans Lanting/Corbis
Studies how people and animals sense and perceive, learn and perform.
Areas of Research Specialization – Biological Psychology
1.4 Careers and Research Areas in Psychology
© Tom Barrick, Chris Clark, SGHMS/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Areas of Research Specialization – Cognitive Psychology
1.4 Careers and Research Areas in Psychology
© Digital Vision/Getty Images
Cognitive Psychology studies how we “think”.
Areas of Research Specialization –Psychometrics
1.4 Careers and Research Areas in Psychology
© Andersen Ross/Getty Images
Psychometrics focuses on designing, using, and evaluation of test instruments.
Areas of Research Specialization – Industrial/Organizational Psychology
1.4 Careers and Research Areas in Psychology
© Odilon Dimier/PhotoAlto/Getty Images
Studies how people relate and work together and how performances can be improved.
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Definition and Historical Overview
1.3 Modern Approaches to Psychology
1.4 Careers and Research Areas in Psychology
1.5 Answering Questions: Scientific MethodL010 Differentiate between scientific and armchair psychologyL011 List and describe the steps to the scientific methodL012 Identify the advantages of the scientific method
1.6 Descriptive Research
1.7 Correlational Research
1.8 Experimental Research
1.9 Research Concerns
Scientific Method
1.5 Answering Questions: Scientific Method
The Scientific Method1. Review the literature
2. Formulate a hypothesis
3. Design the study
4. Collect the data
5. Draw conclusions
6. Report the findings© Cengage Learning
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Definition and Historical Overview
1.3 Modern Approaches to Psychology
1.4 Careers and Research Areas in Psychology
1.5 Answering Questions: Scientific Method
1.6 Descriptive ResearchL013 Define ADHD and discuss the controversies about its diagnosis and treatmentL014 Describe the survey, case study, and observation descriptive research methodsL015 Identify an advantage and a disadvantage of each of the descriptive
research methods
1.7 Correlational Research
1.8 Experimental Research
1.9 Research Concerns
Descriptive Research: Survey
1.6 Descriptive Research
© shabaneiro/Shutterstock.com © Pixsooz/Shutterstock.com
Descriptive Research: Case Study
Reused with permission by New Harbinger Publications, Inc., “ADHD & Me” by Blake E.S. Taylor
1.6 Descriptive Research
Descriptive Research: Naturalistic Observation
It is important that those being observed are not aware since the mere knowledge of being watched affects the behavior.
1.6 Descriptive Research
© Zhukov Oleg/Shutterstock.com
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Definition and Historical Overview
1.3 Modern Approaches to Psychology
1.4 Careers and Research Areas in Psychology
1.5 Answering Questions: Scientific Method
1.6 Descriptive Research
1.7 Correlational ResearchL016 Define the concept of correlation and explain how it is used in psychologyL017 Identify an advantage and disadvantage of correlational research
1.8 Experimental Research
1.9 Research Concerns
Correlations
1.7 Correlational Research
© Cengage Learning
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Definition and Historical Overview
1.3 Modern Approaches to Psychology
1.4 Careers and Research Areas in Psychology
1.5 Answering Questions: Scientific Method
1.6 Descriptive Research
1.7 Correlational Research
1.8 Experimental ResearchL018 List and describe the seven rules of conducting an experimentL019 Explain the potential errors and biases in experimental research
1.9 Research Concerns
Seven Rules of an Experiment
1.8 Experimental Research
2. Identify
3. Choose
4. Assign
5. Manipulate
6. Measure
7. Analyze
1. Ask
Rule 1: Ask
1.8 Experimental Research
HypothesisRitalin will increase positive classroom behaviors of children diagnosed with ADHD
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Rule 2: Identify
1.8 Experimental Research
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Independent VariableDrug treatment
Dependent VariableChild’s positive classroom behaviors
Rule 3: Choose
1.8 Experimental Research
Random Selection
Rule 4: Assign
1.8 Experimental Research
© Cengage Learning
Experimental Group Control Group
Rule 5: Manipulate
1.8 Experimental Research
© Cengage Learning
Ritalin 87%
Placebo 69%
Rule 6: Measure
1.8 Experimental Research
Positive Behaviors in the Classroom
Rule 7: Analyze
1.8 Experimental Research
© Cengage Learning
Advantages and Disadvantages of Experiments
1.8 Experimental Research
A double-blind method helps to eliminate unconscious bias.
© Rob Wilson/Shutterstock.com
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Definition and Historical Overview
1.3 Modern Approaches to Psychology
1.4 Careers and Research Areas in Psychology
1.5 Answering Questions: Scientific Method
1.6 Descriptive Research
1.7 Correlational Research
1.8 Experimental Research
1.9 Research ConcernsL020 Discuss how psychologists address the concerns of human participantsL021 Identify ethical concerns in animal research
Humans as Subjects
1.9 Research Concerns
© Cengage Learning
Animals as Subjects
1.9 Research Concerns
Courtesy of the Foundation for Biomedical Research © niderlander/Shutterstock.com
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