EYAGD

REPORT ON

EMBAKASI YOUTHS’ AGENDA FOR GOVERNANCE AND DEVELOPMENT

BY

JIPANGE YOUTH ORGANIZATION

“Youths for Participatory Governance”

DECEMBER, 2010

2 Embakasi Youth Agenda for Participatory Governance

TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD...............................................................................................................................5

PREFACE ...................................................................................................................................6

PREAMBLE ................................................................................................................................7

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .............................................................................................................8

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..........................................................................................................10

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................11

1.0 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................11

1.1 Jipange Youth Organization Profile ........................................................................................ 11

1.2 Rationale of the exercise ......................................................................................................... 12

1.3 Methodology ............................................................................................................................. 13

1.4 Limitations ................................................................................................................................. 13

CHAPTER TWO: LEADERSHIP AND GOVERNANCE ...........................................................14

2.0 LEADERSHIP AND GOVERNANCE ..................................................................................14

2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 14

2.1.1 Situation Analysis ........................................................................................................ 14

2.1.2 Causes of Poor Leadership and Governance ........................................................... 15

2.1.3 Effects of poor leadership and governance ............................................................... 15

2.2 Challenges ................................................................................................................................ 15

2.3 Interventions ............................................................................................................................. 16

2.4 Recommendations ................................................................................................................... 16

2.5 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 17

CHAPTER THREE: EMPLOYMENT ........................................................................................17

3.0 EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES .....................................................................................17

3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 17

3.1.1 Causes of Unemployment ................................................................................................ 19

3.1.2 Effects of Unemployment .................................................................................................. 19


3.2 Gaps and Challenges ............................................................................................................... 21

3.3 Interventions ............................................................................................................................. 21


3.5 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 24

CHAPTER FOUR: HEALTH .....................................................................................................24

4.0 REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH AND LIFE SKILLS..................................................................24

4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 24

4.2 Situational Analysis .................................................................................................................. 24

4.2.1 Causes of Poor Reproductive Health .............................................................................. 25

4.2.2 Challenges Faced by the Youth ....................................................................................... 25

4.3 Interventions ............................................................................................................................. 26


4.5 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 27

CHAPTER FIVE: ICT AND GOVERNANCE .............................................................................28

5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 28


5.3 Interventions ............................................................................................................................. 29

5.4 Milestones in ICT Development .............................................................................................. 29


5.6 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 31

CHAPTER SIX: ENVIRONMENT..............................................................................................31

6.0 WASTE MANAGEMENT AND SANITATION .....................................................................31

6.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 31

6.2 Situation Analysis ..................................................................................................................... 31


6.4 Interventions ............................................................................................................................. 34

6.5 Policy and Legal Framework ................................................................................................... 35



CHAPTER SEVEN: GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS ..........................................................37

CHAPTER EIGHT: CONCLUSION ...........................................................................................38

APPENDIXES ...........................................................................................................................40

APPENDIX 1: REPORT PREPARATION TEAM .....................................................................40

APPENDIX 2: LIST OF STAKEHOLDERS ...............................................................................41


FOREWORD Youths in Embakasi face a lot of challenges among them being poverty, unemployment, and lack of opportunities for participation in governance issues. The post election violence of 2008 exposed these issues and both the state and non state actors have tried to address them through the implementation of various interventions.

Youth involvement is important in development and participatory governance within Embakasi. The governments through its line ministries provide various forms of information related to MDG, Vision 2030, National Youth Policy and Youth Enterprise Development Fund among other policies. It is therefore the role of the youths to work closely with the government in order to address issues that promote youth participation in decision making.

Responsible youths keen on promoting good reproductive health, HIV/AIDS awareness campaigns and life skills are essential for community development and youth empowerment.

The articulation of the condition and plight of youths in Embakasi should be useful to spur debate and provide direction for policies and programmes that promote youth participation and representation in decision making.

This report should be of interest to Kenyans in all walks of life, including the donor community. It should generate debate on cross cutting issues that affect youth development in Kenya and promote dialogue in the ways in which the untapped youth potential can be utilized better.

The report is timely in refocusing the attention of Kenyans, CBOs, Youth groups, FBOs, NGOs, government institutions and other stake holders on the plight of young people as they look forward to a brighter future.

MR. PETER MBUGI DISTRICT COMMISSIONER EMBAKASI DISTRICT


PREFACE

Youth involvement in participatory governance is a key factor that affects development in Embakasi since they are the majority of the population.

Full participation and inclusion of youths in governance structures will ensure full realization of their potentials in overall development. Our Ministry has taken steps in providing leadership and support regarding initiatives of young people’s participation in activities that promote National development and economic empowerment.

The National Youth Policy has set up a National Youth Council as a body through which youths can constructively engage government institutions on issues that affect young people. The council provides assure way for youths to participate and effectively be represented by their peers in governance and development programmes.

The process of coming up with “Embakasi Youths’ Agenda for Governance and Development” report was unique since young people (Jipange Youth Organization) facilitated and provided the perspectives and perceptions contained in this report.

We are grateful to the young people for carrying out the exercise from conception, drafting and sharing with my ministry this final report that will help in policy formulation and project implementation in Embakasi District.

JOHN MWANGI GITU DISTRICT YOUTH OFFICER EMBAKASI DISTRICT


PREAMBLE We the Jipange Youth Organization determined to transform and improve the perspectives of the young people regarding their participation and representation in governance and development programmes,

Hereby:

Honour our almighty God for his care and guidance.

Appreciate the youth who sacrificed their daily chores to make this report a success.

Acknowledge the work done by Government of Kenya, non-state actors and our major partners in the support of youth initiatives.

Exercising:

Our fundamental and sovereign rights in promoting accountability on governance issues within our District,

Therefore propose:

I. Adequate participation and representation of the young people in all key institutions of decision making.

II. That non-state actor to commit more support for youth projects and initiatives. III. Protection of the future our youths by ensuring accessibility of proper health

services with youth friendly services. IV. Safeguarding of our environment for sustainable development. V. Proper implementation of employment policies and interventions for the benefit of

the young people. VI. Accessibility of information to create opportunities for the youths.


ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We acknowledge the support our members gave to the process of developing this report. We thank Mr. Kenyatta Maitha, Paul Ngumo, and Edwin Ochieng the lead facilitators who provided technical support that guided decisions made in and out the workshops. We also thank Tina Berwa, Area Manager Plan Kenya Nairobi Development Area for supporting the entire team in its work.

Our gratitude also goes to Hon. Ferdinand Waititu Member of parliament for Embakasi Mr. Peter Mbugi, District Commissioner, Mr. John Mwangi Gitu, District Youth officer; Mr. Vincent O. Oketch, District Gender and Social Development Officer; Mrs. Mary A. Odhiambo, District Employment Officer; Mr. Pius Ondachi, District officer; Mr. Okeyo Mbata, Councilor Kayole ward; and Mr. N.A.P.Mwangi the Constituency AIDs control coordinator who provided information and supported the whole process.

In addition, we appreciate representatives from Ministry of Agriculture, livestock, Children, fisheries and other stakeholders for attending the forum and appreciating the capability of the youths.

Lastly, we thank all the youth groups who participated in this process and brought in different views that were incorporated in this report.

Since we cannot appreciate every stakeholder by name, humbly do accept our heartfelt gratitude.

GEORGE ODUOR OGUDA CHAIRMAN JIPANGE YOUTH ORGANIZATION


ACRONYMS AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome CACC Constituency Aids Control Council CBO Community Based Organization CCN City Council of Nairobi CDF Constituency Development Fund DC District Commissioner DGSDO District Gender and Social Development Officer DO District Officer DYO District Youth Officer EYAGD Embakasi Youth Agenda for Governance and Development FBO Faith Based Organization GOK Government of Kenya HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus ICT Information Communication Technology IGAs Income Generating Activities IIEC Interim Independent Electoral Commission ISWM Integrated Solid Waste Management JICA Japan International Corporation Agency KACC Kenya Anti-Corruption Commission KESSP Kenya Education Sector Support Programme KKV Kazi Kwa Vijana KNHRC Kenya National Human Rights Commission KRA Kenya Revenue Authority LASDAP Local Authority Service Delivery Action Plan LCA Life-Cycle Approach MDGs Millennium Development Goals MOYAS Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports NACCSC National Anti-Corruption Campaign Steering Committee NGOs Non Governmental Organization NYC National Youth Council NYP National Youth Policy NYS National Youth Service RRI Rapid Response Initiative STIs Sexually Transmitted Infections SWM Solid Waste Management TIVET Kenya Technical Industrial Vocational Education and Training UNDP United Nation’s Development Programmes VCT Voluntary Counseling and Testing Centers YEDF Youth Enterprise Development Funds


EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Jipange Youth Organization is an umbrella body of sixteen youth groups drawn from Embakasi District. The organization currently runs programs that seek to enhance youth participation in governance and development programmes.

The organization conducted workshops and field activities to identify issues that influence effective youth participation and representation in leadership and decision making.

The organization identified key thematic areas that if well addressed would enhance youth involvement in participatory governance as:-

i. Health (Reproductive health and life skills)

ii. Employment (employment opportunities)

iii. Environment (Sanitation and waste management)

iv. Leadership and Governance (accountability and transparency)

v. ICT (Information and its accessibility)

The youth population in Embakasi compares with the national trend which is 60% of the population. Due to numerous challenges such as poverty, diseases, insecurity, and limited job opportunities, the participation of young people in decision making is still very low. However, the government has made tremendous efforts in developing programmes that ensure youth participation in development projects. The existing gaps can still be addressed if all stakeholders are involved and the youths identify with the opportunities available.

The organization held series of workshops to brainstorm and identify issues influencing youth participation in governance and development. A number of government policies were reviewed to help understand what programmes are in existences that support youth agendas. The group also visited Key stakeholders such as government officials and community leaders to get their opinion and perspective on current policies and programmes for the youths.

This report is a summary of the outcome of this process and further makes recommendations on the necessary interventions that could inform policy formulation and program implementation at both national and community levels.


CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Jipange Youth Organization Profile

Jipange Youth Organization is an umbrella body of 16 youth groups within Embakasi. It is registered with the Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Development. The organization advocates for participatory governance and youth empowerment at all levels of development processes.

Our Vision: A well governed society and an empowered youth population.

Our Mission: Be the best coalition of youth groups, empowering the youth and promoting the practice of participatory governance on community development programmes.

1.1.1 Groups under Jipange Youth Organization

table 1: groups under Jipange Youth Organization 1. Move on Afrika

2. Forward Ever, Backward

Never

3. The Change Initiative

4. Mabadiliko Youth Group

5. Robust Flora

6. The Green Movement

7. Furaha Center for the Deaf

8. Spine Youth Group

9. Voice of the Youth

10. Zindua Afrika Programs

11. Cosmopolitan

12. Golden River

13. Rusalep

14. Sunrise Progressive Youth

Group

15. The real change in youths

16. South Turks Association

1.1.2 Programs

I. Youth Resource centers II. Public accountability board

III. Social Audit – devolved funds projects IV. Youth Economic Empowerment V. Advocate for protection of rights of children

VI. Advocacy Against Drug and Substance Abuse VII. Events management


1.1.3 Our Partners a) Plan International b) Little Sports organization c) Ministry of provincial administration and internal security d) Ministry of Gender, children & Social Development e) Ministry of Youth and Sports f) Faith based Organizations g) CBO’s and NGO’s h) CACC

1.2 Rationale of the exercise

Jipange conducted this exercise to identify issues that influence youth participation and involvement in governance and development programmes. The issues identified were mainly in the areas of:- ü Health ü ICT ü Environment ü Leadership ü Employment

Youths in Embakasi are faced with numerous challenges which undermine their immense potential to bring about transformative social and political changes in the community. The most pressing problems include endemic poverty, high unemployment, poor governance and social exclusion often resulting from lack of opportunities for participation in decision making.

While the above are general issues, there are specific ones sited in Embakasi.

1. Low status given to youth: Existing societal structures and prevailing attitudes do

not provide an enabling environment for youth participation in decision making, planning and implementation processes.

2. Crime and defiant behavior: Involvement of youths in criminal activities is on the

increase .Many remain idle for long periods of time, as a consequence they involve themselves in all manners of criminal undertakings.

3. Limited participation and lack of opportunities: Despite their numerical strengths,

youth are the least represented in political and economic spheres due to societal attitudes, socio- cultural and economic barriers.

4. Mentors and role models for youths in area of good governance and civic engagement do not exist or are not known.


1.3 Methodology

The exercise was undertaken through workshops, field visits and community forums.

A series of workshops to brainstorm on key thematic areas were carried out where the participants identified the key issues that needed to be addressed. The workshops were important for policy reviews. They were also used as ‘write shops’ to compile the report.

The sessions also involved discussion with key government officials to help the youths understand the programs in existence and which give opportunities to the young people.

A stakeholders’ forum was held to validate and share on issues that were identified, and to gain further insight on what was to be expounded. The plenary went ahead and indentified some key points that could be added into the report.

1.4 Limitations

Some of the challenges faced during the exercise included:- a) The expansive nature of Embakasi. b) Limited financial resources and materials. c) Minimum cooperation and support from some stakeholders.

Despite these limitations the exercise was successful and the needed data was collected, analyzed and a report compiled.

Jipange youths conducting a social audit at Ruai Girls, Interviewing Mr. Macharia & Madam Susan the school Headmistress.


Jipange Youth Resource Centre

CHAPTER TWO: LEADERSHIP AND GOVERNANCE

2.0 LEADERSHIP AND GOVERNANCE

2.1 Introduction

Governance is the manner in which power is exercised in the management of the different sectors of the society, be it in the social economic or political arenas for achievement of development initiatives.

Leadership is the ability to organize and direct a group of people in an organization or institution in order to meet specific objectives of the institution through an all inclusive decision making processes in an honest and transparent manner.

2.1.1 Situation Analysis

There is low level of awareness and involvement of the youths in most government initiatives involving decision making at both national and devolved governance levels.

Though there are national structures such as the NYC that guide youth participation in governance initiatives, there is still inadequate involvement and participation by young people in decision making.

From the opinion of stakeholders, the level of consultation is low; projects are initiated with little consultation and most community members are not well informed of the same. There are several gaps in accountability which have not been properly addressed.


2.1.2 Causes of Poor Leadership and Governance

A number of youths in the area lack information regarding the governance processes and the various programs in existence due to lack of proper channels in accessing information. Therefore they are left out in the decision making processes. Besides, some youths lack the will and interest to participate in the processes.

Due to inadequate resources, equal distribution of available resources to all areas of need has been difficult. This has led to conflicts of interest between the leaders and leads to neglect of other areas in regard to overall development.

Inadequate consultative forums between the leadership leads to development of sub-standard or irrelevant projects, which do not have any posi tive impact to the users in the area resulting to ineffective use of public funds.

There is the element of corruption in the running of youth centered projects where embezzlement of funds causes the youths to lose confidence in their leaders.

2.1.3 Effects of poor leadership and governance

Conflicts of interest between the different segments of the community regarding their needs and opinions on projects; this affects the community’s participation during the implementation process.

Poor leadership and governance leads to mismanagement and embezzlement of resources. This limits the accessibility of public resources, hence lack of confidence in leaders.

Projects that are not a priority of the community are common due to lack of consultation during the initial stages. The community fails to identify with the projects and only appreciate them due to the fact that they have been put in place.

Distorted public perception has led to loss of interest by several stakeholders in involving themselves with development processes.

2.2 Challenges

Low levels of consultation among the various stakeholders in Embakasi mostly between the political class and the provincial administration.

Delayed implementation of existing initiatives for example, projects that could have taken six months to complete end up taking longer periods of time and holding back the immediate benefits to the society.

Discrimination in terms of nepotism and tribalism, where by individuals find it easy to involve family, friends and those with tribal affiliation without necessarily considering the dynamics of the society.


Bureaucracy in leadership positions has led to delay in implementation of projects and loss of interest in productive ideas.

2.3 Interventions

Creation of the National Youth Policy: - This was to improve participation of youths in governance and decision making processes. The NYP has created the national youth council which will provide an organizational structure for youths to participate in community, civic and governance affairs. Social auditing by CBOs and NGOs: - Community based organizations e.g. Jipange youth organization, conducted social auditing to monitor and evaluate community projects. This has ensured that accountability is upheld, public funds are put in good use and the leadership is put in check on its activities. Introduction of Rapid Response Initiatives (RRIs):- Different ministries in government introduced RRI programs to enhance service delivery, address immediate needs and mid-term objectives. The passing of a new constitution: - Articles 55(b), and article 100, seek to mainstream the youth and the marginalized in order to foster representation and equality in all sectors of development. This will ensure that no one feels left out in the society. MDG no.3:- This ensures equal gender representation and women empowerment hence they are able to fully participate in decision making and development In Embakasi the KKV initiative has been streamlined by the local administrative unit to create a data bank that helps in management of the initiative. With the help of the area DC, together with the local youth groups different gaps in the initiative were identified and appropriately addressed.

2.4 Recommendations

a) Stimulate debate on participatory governance across Embakasi.

b) Provide viable criteria by which citizens can hold their leaders accountable.

c) Support aspiring leaders in Embakasi who have the right leadership skills.

d) Create youth forums in each quarter of the year to address development issues.

e) Empower the youth to improve their participation in government initiatives.

f) Improve financial management; streamline budgeting system and service provision.


2.5 Conclusion

The discussions on leadership and governance is very important in any particular setting, since it sets the pace for other thematic issues such as environment, Employment, reproductive health/life skills and ICT to be addressed. It also entails the process of putting the leadership of the day on task to be accountable.

So there is need to sensitize the public on their rights and responsibilities, to improve their knowledge of key governing instruments such as the constitution and to increase their awareness of government programs and their roles as rights holders.

CHAPTER THREE: EMPLOYMENT

3.0 EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES 3.1 Introduction Employment is the work in which one is engaged in active occupation to earn a living. It can also refer to a contract between two parties one being employer and the other one an employees.

The youths aged 15-35 years constitute 60% percent of the total employable population.

Of the youth between ages 15-35 years, 18.3 percent are female and 17.7 percent are

male1. Currently, the youth account for about 60 percent of the total active labour force

but the majority is unemployed, a situation that is unlikely to change in the foreseeable

future given the country’s population pyramid. The youth unemployment – estimated at

75 % in Kenya2 – is a concern, since it is a precursor to increasing poverty. The cause

of the growing unemployment is partly attributable to lack of appropriate skills required

in the labour industry.

The youth population is estimated to stand at 60% of the entire population of Embakasi (the census report, 2009), of which 39% only being employed while 61% of the youths languish in unemployment. Most of these unemployed youth resort to crime and drug abuse.

The high level of unemployment is evident through the increasing numbers of registered CBOs and self Help Groups. Competition for temporal jobs such as IIEC referendum

1 KIHBS, 2005‐6 2 Kenya Vision 2030


and opting for odd jobs like touting and pushing carts regardless of their educational qualifications, is a characteristics of the unemployment situation in Embakasi.

Existing policies including Vision 2030, MDGs and GOK policies such as Employment Act 2007 do not seem to bring any change in this scenario. This can be blamed on poor implementation or lack of commitment in leadership.

The Kazi Kwa Vijana initiative was created to engage the youth in developmental projects, though there were no institutions put in place for moderation and streamlining the process of hiring the youths. However the District administration estimates that more than 2000 youth have benefited from the program.

KKV tree for jobs initiative

The Informal sector has created employment in Embakasi and includes activities such as: street vending, maize roasting, shoe shinning, auto-repairers, cart pullers, kiosk owners, street barbers, water vendors, building contractors, charcoal sellers and furniture makers.

Informal sector employment


3.1.1 Causes of Unemployment

Inadequate employment opportunities: mainly due to low economic growth and lack of investors willing to invest in Embakasi.

Rural – urban Migration: Due to the increase of people in the urban area, job opportunities are becoming scarce as these areas are becoming overpopulated. Young People are attracted to urban areas because their perceptions are that they will access greater opportunities.

Inequality in employment and increased retirement age (55 to 60 years).Due to the increase in the retirement age, young people are not able to access enough employment opportunities.

Inadequate technical skills and knowledge required in most jobs. Illiteracy and lack of relevant technical skills make young people to lack the competency required in most jobs.

Corruption: lack of transparency and accountability in most organizations has made it difficult for employable youth to get jobs.

Difficulties in accessing funds from financial institutions: most institutions such as banks demand collaterals and guarantors for them to extend loans to youths willing to start up businesses, hence making it difficult for young people to participate in meaningful economic activities.

Drug and substance abuse: most youth engage in drug and substance abuse; making them loose focus on available employment opportunities.

3.1.2 Effects of Unemployment

Increased criminal activities: such as theft, mugging and extortion.

Prostitution: leading to increased rate of HIV/AIDS and STIs is one of the most adverse effects of unemployment.

Resentment, anger and rowdiness among youths are common characteristics in the behavior and general conduct of youth in this region.

Increased levels of poverty, which is evident in slums that are found within Embakasi. The slums include among others the 3rd largest slum in Kenya (Mukuru), Mohra Moldada Village, Kyang’ombe Village, Embakasi/Sokoni Village, Kayole Soweto Village, and Matopeni Village which are hubs for criminal drewellers. Poverty is also attributed to increased crime among the youth as they look for ways to fulfill different needs.


Illegal grouping and gangs are common in Embakasi as these groups extort residents and business operators such as shop owners, matatu operators and residents in pretence of providing security.

Muggings and touting an outcome of unemployment

Underemployment: Youths are taking up jobs that do not match their careers and end up doing small time jobs, which do not pay well even when they have relatively good skills compared to their counterparts in other parts of the world. This is demeaning and affects the general development of young people.

Table 2: Crime Statistics 2010 for Embakasi Constituency (Police Crime Office)

Murder Rape/ defilement

Assaults Robberies Breakings Stealing Drugs Other offences

TTOOTTAALL

Jan 1 2 7 8 6 17 3 25 6699 Feb 4 2 9 5 4 15 4 42 5555 March 4 2 9 5 2 5 1 14 4422 April 1 1 12 4 4 7 2 16 4488 May 1 2 10 6 3 8 5 26 6611 June 0 0 4 2 2 3 4 28 4433 July 1 3 8 5 1 7 6 13 4444 August 1 0 3 3 1 6 6 18 3388 Sept 0 2 2 6 7 10 1 12 4400 October 0 1 1 2 1 10 1 11 2277 TTOOTTAALL 1133 1166 6655 4466 3311 8888 3333 117755 446677


3.2 Gaps and Challenges

Lack of accountability and effective implementation of policies – Where the concerned institution fail to implement the policies and plans set, a survey carried by Price Water House Coopers noted that half of Kenya’s biggest employers are yet to convert casual workers into contract employees as provided under Employment Act 2007. Apparently youths form a majority of these casual workers.

Corruption which is institutionalized and on the increase in all sectors - This notwithstanding the government’s many policy and legal achievements in terms of addressing corruption, such as the enactment of the public officer Ethics Act, the Kenya Anti-corruption Commission (KACC) and the National Anti-Corruption Campaign Steering Committee (NACCSC).

Bureaucratic red tapes that make it difficult for youths to access funds available to them- This inhibits the ability of these youths to engage in self employment, or start income generating activities.

Tribalism and nepotism, inequality in employment, and favoritism discriminate against the youths rendering most of them unemployed.

Illiteracy and lack of technical skills: Most youths drop out of school due to poverty and join unqualified colleges and training institutions that are offering substandard courses that are not competitive in the job market.

3.3 Interventions

a) Employment policy 2009: - This policy identifies the following strategies that will enhance youth development and participation:-

i. Modalities for managing students’ transition from school to work, including measures to ensure that vocational training is relevant to industry needs.

ii. Establishment of employment resource centres to disseminate knowledge about the labor market and to match available skills and opportunities.

iii. Working with critical stakeholders to design common and synergetic strategies that foster growth and employment creation.

b) The Millennium Development Goal no. 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger targets to reduce by half, people living on less than a dollar a day. The strategies include;

i. Embracing entrepreneurship in job creation e.g. through allocation of YEDF. The YEDF was and is expected to provide credit to youth group projects and facilitate youths to obtain employment abroad.

ii. Development of an integral system of education that will provide appropriate linkages between training institutions and labour market.


iii. Legislative reform and increased bilateral arrangements between Kenya and major destination countries for migrant labour in order to facilitate more of young people obtaining foreign employment.

c) Vision 2030 looks at Equity and Poverty Reduction. Strategies to be employed in relation to creation of employment include

i. Increase in the share of resources allocated towards priority development areas, provision of infrastructure and human development including core poverty programmes, to accelerate development and reduce inequality.

ii. Improvements in public sector efficiency and effectiveness including removing administrative barriers to trade privatization and structuring key public entities and streamlining licenses in order to reduce the cost of doing business to make Kenya competitive.

d) The New constitution details the specific application of rights to youth. Where the State shall take measures, including affirmative action programmes to ensure that the youth access relevant education and training, access employment, participate in political, social, economic and other spheres of life. The youth to be protected also from harmful cultural practices and exploitation. (article 55)

e) Technical Industrial Vocational Education and Training (TIVET) - The TIVET component in Kenya Education Sector Support Programme (KESSP) enhances hands-on youth education and training for self reliance and entrepreneurship.

f) Youth Employment Marshall Plan - The government through the Ministry of Youth has initiated a Youth Employment Marshall Plan which aims to create 500,000 jobs on both the formal and informal sectors beginning January 2009. A major component of the Marshall Plan is the Kazi Kwa Vijana programmes, which involves labour intensive initiatives to give jobs to youth. The government estimates that about 300,000 youth nationally will get jobs annually through the projects.

g) The Trees for Jobs Initiative programme - The Trees for Jobs Initiative is an initiative of the Ministry of Youth Affairs. It is partly financed by UNDP and aims to have 90 million seedlings planted per year and employ over 29,000 youths in the first two years. The programme would contribute in addressing two problems facing Kenya - deforestation and youth unemployment. For the programme to benefit a large cross-section of youth, projects should be spread throughout the country.

h) CBOs and NGOs interventions include:

i. Creating opportunities to source for funds.

ii. Engaging in Capacity building, training and economic empowerment projects.


iii. Rehabilitation and construction of youth empowerment centers aimed at offering a variety of services to young people including employment information, career development, HIV/AIDS education and counseling, and leisure and recreation.

3.4 Recommendations

1. Focus by the government and other stakeholders on the seven core sustainable areas to improve livelihood for youths. These areas include: education, employment creation, employability of the youth, equity, entrepreneurship, environment sustainability and empowerment.

2. Enhancing the quality and effectiveness of youth participation. As such, strengthening capacity to access information about, analyze allocations and monitor the use of public funds by youth, improving the project design, monitoring and evaluation competencies of youth groups, and improving the advocacy capacity (including participation in civic action).

3. To improve youth awareness of their rights and responsibilities. It is the responsibility of the government of Kenya through the different sectors such as KACC, the ministry of Justice and Constitutional Affairs; as well as the civil society like KNHRC. This would enable them to effectively demand for their opportunities and achieve employment targets.

4. Scale up publicity and dissemination of information on available opportunities and external markets through exhibitions, catalogues, trade fairs, media and Websites.

5. Identify explicit linkages between demand and supply of various skills. More so, through ensuring productivity is appropriately remunerated.

6. Establishment of an employment centre to offer services for job seekers and employers with current information through conducting study, surveys and research.

7. Promotion of IGAs through promoting activities including sports and creative arts among the youth in Embakasi.

8. Government to support local industries in order to create more avenues for employment e.g. through tax waiver.

9. Various departments of government to encourage and sensitize the youths on available programs such as: National youth service.

10. The government to support youth programs funded by non-governmental organization, in any way possible for example, Jipange resource centre program.


3.5 Conclusion

Unemployment still stands as a major challenge facing the youths. Various sectorial players need to scale up their efforts to reduce the unemployment rate for the benefit of our economy and political stability. Finally participatory governance must be practiced for the process of employment to be transparent.

Without meaningful employment the suppressed expectations of the youth create a breeding ground for poverty, diseases, crime, violence and civil unrest which undermines political stability, international security and the effectiveness of capital investment.

. ‘If young people are equipped and involved, tomorrow is assured and today is safe.’

CHAPTER FOUR: HEALTH

4.0 REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH AND LIFE SKILLS

4.1 Introduction

Health is the state of which a person is physically, psychologically and emotionally fit. One of the major components of health that affects the young people is reproductive health and life skills.

Reproductive Health is the complete psychological, Emotional and physical well being of an individual without the absence of disease or infirmity as regards to their reproductive system.

Components of reproductive health 1. Maternal Child Health Care. 2. Family Planning. 3. Urinary Tract Infections. 4. Youth 5. Life Skills 6. HIV/AIDS

4.2 Situational Analysis

Embakasi District is one of the largest districts in Kenya; the highest population consists of young people between the ages of 15-30, approximately three quarter of the population live below poverty line.


High school dropout rate has resulted to illiteracy amongst the youth. Failure to educate them on the reproductive health and life skills contributes to the increase of teenage pregnancy, early marriages, HIV/AIDs infection, and involvement in crime, drugs abuse and commercial sex practices.

There are minimal or no youth friendly facilities to encourage access to information on reproductive health and life skills for their social and economic empowerment.

4.2.1 Causes of Poor Reproductive Health 1. Inadequate information and education on life skills and reproductive health, due

to ignorance and bad influence. 2. Low self esteem and confidence among the youth 3. Beliefs in myths and cultural practices that are sometimes hazardous to our

health e.g. female genital mutilation 4. poor parental upbringing 5. Increased poverty and unemployment level. 6. low level of awareness of the short and long term dangers of drug abuse 7. Easy availability of the drugs 8. Lack of enough role models in the society and youth empowerment sectors.

4.2.2 Challenges Faced by the Youth

I. Failure by the youth to demystify between myths and facts on reproductive health.

II. Most of the youth are not able to adapt to their new environment hence some run away and go back to the streets.

III. Most charitable homes lack community and financial support hence hindering their efficiency.

IV. Poor parental upbringing during the early stages of life resulting to the negative vices of life.

V. Lack of enough and qualified peer educators. VI. Ignorance of the youth on knowledge about their rights and importance to the

society.


Hard life, which is caused by early pregnancy.

Drug and Substance Abuse

4.3 Interventions

Government and policy makers endeavor to protect young people through training of peer educators who are sent to schools to educate them on dangers of unprotected sex and usage of drugs.

The government has implemented acts to protect the sexually abused person’s e.g. sexual offence act. The government has also come up with policies that address reproductive health among the young people.

CACC provides funds to support HIV/AIDS programmes to C.B.Os and youth organizations.

Adequate rehabilitation facilities such as Kayole 1 social hall are involved in rehabilitating street children. They provide vocational trainings such as, hair dressing, counseling, talent search, spiritual nourishment, medical needs and education.

The government of Kenya has created the ministry of youth affairs,Labour and the ministry of gender to address the youth issues such as unemployment and gender imbalance.


4.4 Recommendations

1. Strengthening the capacity of teachers, parents and leaders within the community to provide appropriate information on H.I.V/A.I.DS, drugs and substance abuse.

2. Promote youth’s involvement in planning, decision making, implementation and management of their sexual, reproductive and health programme at all levels.

3. Promote more youth friendly, voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) sites and link them to other programmes.

4. Advocate for behaviour change, non risky sexual behaviour to community programmes targeting youths in and out of schools, married, disabled and the displaced persons including street children.

5. Support programmes that encourage the youth to delay their sexual debut and practice abstinence.

6. Encourage youth to increase the spirit of teamwork and learn new skills from each other.

7. Decent social and moral religious values should be instilled in children early through training, discipline and counseling.

8. Promote the development of long term and holistic life skills curriculum in schools.

9. Prevent health and social problems including psychoactive substance use, HIV /AIDS, early pregnancy and violence.

10. There should be inter-agencies collaboration to accelerate programming, monitoring and education for life skills in and out of schools.

4.5 Conclusion

Though in recent years, more youths have been empowered and educated on issues relating to reproductive health and life skills.

There are still gaps in reproductive health programmes and health institutions with most young people still lacking skills on good reproductive health practices and life skills


CHAPTER FIVE: ICT AND GOVERNANCE

5.0 ICT AND GOVERNANCE

5.1 Introduction

Information Communication Technology; is defined as knowledge communicated or received concerning a particular fact, through a process of transmitting thoughts and opinions from one person to another by creation and use of technical means to their interrelation with life, society and the environment.

ICT is the world’s fastest growing sector which has brought about globalization. It has become a significant factor in development, having a profound impact on the political, economic and social pillars of governance for example, it provides structures for the digitization of department records, improved service delivery and enhance collaboration. It also increases the speed and responsiveness of government institutions by enabling citizens, including the poor, to participate in development issues.

Census report on I.C.T. usage (2009)

Inadequate ICT infrastructure in terms of limited equipment within existing empowerment centers, low internet speed, lack of access to information and communication technologies has remained a major challenge to youth development and participation in governance processes in Embakasi District.


1. Low level of consultation among stakeholders on ICT development. 2. Vandalism of existing ICT infrastructure. 3. Establishment of ICT policies which are not responsive to aspirations of young

people. 4. Lack of enough resources to implement quality ICT infrastructure. 5. Few empowerment centers for accessibility of information.


5.3 Interventions

1. C B Os have built networks for the sake of sharing information and recruiting members via social networks i.e. face book, twitter, G-mail and Hotmail.

2. Establishment of resource centers in Embakasi for example, Plan International Kenya facilitated Jipange Youth Organization to establish a resource centre.

Resource center equipment donated by Plan International Kenya

3. MOYAS partners with NGOs like the Navigators, Safaricom Foundation, Menengai Training Institute, Kariobangi Jua Kali Training Institute, among others to train youths on computer based technical and vocational skills.

4. The national I.C.T. policy, 2006 promotes the adoption of modern infrastructure such as under -sea fiber optic cable.

5. MDG no. 8 on global partnership for development, states that we should embrace ICT as it fuels globalization. It also encourages cooperation with private sector to make available the benefits of new technology.

6. Vision 2030 under Industrialization, talks of closing the existing gaps in telecommunication infrastructure and reducing the cost of communication.

7. The new Constitution of Kenya chapter four: article 33- 35, guarantees the freedom of speech, freedom of media and access to information respectively.

8. E-waste management regulations 2006 talks of collecting electrical and electronic waste for disposal, recycling and re-exporting.

5.4 Milestones in ICT Development

ICT has improved communication and coordination of youth movements and contributed to a sense of e-solidarity among individuals and groups with different agendas. There is a growing effort to promote social action and community development among young people through electronic communications, "cyber


participation” and "e-citizenship”. ICT has helped in the improvement of communication system from analog to digital, trade, politics, health, socio-economic development and education.

In Education, technology has changed the way classrooms operate through integrating multimedia textbooks, online research, and student presentations that make the learning process more interactive and participatory.

Government offices have adopted modern technologies that have improved their filling and data storage systems, for example, E-governance where KRA Pin numbers, on-line service charters, on –line Jobs applications, and tax compliant certificate are offered through internet.

In socio-economic environment, E-banking has effectively built a solid customer base for banks and reduced their operational and transactions costs. More so, access to and effective use of ICT has provided new and innovative communication channels that empower people and give voices to those who previously had none, while allowing them to interact via networks.

5.5 Recommendations

1. People should embrace the use of ICT in development to overcome geographical barriers.

2. Measures to improve access to the Internet and to increase information technology literacy at large should be encouraged since effective use of technology will help to strengthen various forms of youth engagement.

3. Youths should frequent public offices to access information that can help them strengthen their groups.

4. Stakeholders should organize more forums to empower youths on ICT skills. 5. The government should introduce ICT education in all schools as part of the

curriculum. 6. The government should set up an E-waste center.


5.6 Conclusion

ICT sector has a great impact to the modern society and all operators should empower youths with information and provide facilities which are accessible. Stakeholders should open more training centers which are affordable so as to get rid of illiteracy in order to cope with the modern world. This is a responsibility for all and should not be left to government alone, let’s all contribute to the development of ICT in our communities.

CHAPTER SIX: ENVIRONMENT

6.0 WASTE MANAGEMENT AND SANITATION

6.1 Introduction

Environment is the physical surrounding of all living things. It is important that we manage our environment sustainably for the future. The youth are key to enhancing environmental sustainability through participatory involvement in decision making, planning and policy formulation.

Waste management and sanitation are key element in the environment. It is thus essential that youths be engaged in tackling issues related to them. Wastes are solid, liquid or gaseous and can be categorized as domestic, industrial, agricultural and municipal.

6.2 Situation Analysis

In Embakasi the management of both solid and liquid waste lies primarily with the local authorities. The collection of waste is largely informal due to lack of waste disposal infrastructure whereby there are practices of open dumping with little recovery activities. For instance the Dandora dumpsite is an area where uncontrolled dumping has led to accumulation of garbage.

Embakasi is largely overpopulated, leading to a strain in the drainage infrastructure due to poor planning and maintenance e.g. a tarmacked road in Kayole Estate is rendered impassable due to the blocked drainage system.


Waste collection is largely informal and is done by local CBOs

Table 3: Causes and effects of poor waste management

causes

Dilapidated infrastructure for disposing the waste

Effects

Diseases and related health problems – this include respiratory diseases

Poor waste disposal methods by the residents such as open dumping in residential areas

Environmental degradation, which has led to low quality environment (poor air quality)

Poor planning by government on how waste should be disposed.

Insecurity and poor safety conditions

Poor co-ordination among stakeholders –poor coordination by the council giving room to unscrupulous youth groups

Emission of green house gases which leads to global warming

Lack of a proper waste management system which can provide a blue print and guide to all the stakeholders in waste management

Lack of clear objectives, policies and information (Water Mills project 2008).


Dilapidated poor drainage infrastructure (A tarmacked road in Kayole estate is rendered impassable due to the blocked drainage system)

Water the perennial problem

Waste disposal in open dumping, with little recovery activities



The area of waste management and sanitation has experienced major draw backs over the years; the following are some of the challenges that have been identified:

I. Weak enforcement of existing laws and regulations, unrealistic penalties, inadequate human resources to monitor and enforce regulations, and cumbersome procedures

II. Absence of discharge standards and methods for measuring the quality and quantity of effluents.

III. Inadequate incentives to encourage adoption of efficient waste management technologies.

IV. Insensitivity of industry to the legal requirements for health and safety in the workplace.

V. Low priority and status given to waste management and sanitation. VI. Inadequate training facilities for occupational health and safety services.

VII. Absenteeism by the key players, that is, neglect of duty by the council workers and government.

VIII. Inefficiency by the youth groups due to lack of proper system to guide activities. IX. Lack of capacity to undertake the required actions in response to waste

management – little empowerment efforts.

6.4 Interventions

Even though there is lackluster performance in waste management and sanitation, the governments, through several institutions and various stakeholders have made several efforts to improve waste management and sanitation. Some of these can be documented as indicated below:

I. JICA master plan of 1999 – which sought to Improve solid waste management

II. Planting trees through the KKV initiative III. Kazi Kwa Vijana has also contributed in providing a clean environment by

cleaning drainages. IV. Garbage collection by community based organization (CBOs) V. Trainings of community based organizations on environmental management

by NGOs and government institutions. VI. National environmental management Authority (NEMA) has plans to open a

recycling plant in Ruai by 2012. VII. Researches being conducted by various stakeholders like the CCN and

government on better waste management. VIII. Provision of funds and equipments towards the sector by the government,

Foreign missions and the NGOs.


6.5 Policy and Legal Framework

Waste management and sanitation is directly linked to most of the dimensions of the MDGs: reducing poverty (goal 1), avoiding disease (goals 4 and 6) and promoting environmental sustainability (goal 7). Target 9 calls for integration of the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programs and the reverse of the loss of environmental resources. Target 10 aims at halving the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation. Target 11 aims at achieving a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers by year 2020 (Sachs, 2005). Apart from the millennium development goals, other policy and legal frameworks that guide waste management and sanitation include:

a. Vision 2030. b. Statutes - Water Act (Cap 372); The Physical planning Act; the Public Health Act

(Cap 242); the Pests Control Product Act (Cap 346); the Radiation Protection Act (Cap 243); the Mining Act (Cap 306) and the Factories and other Place of Work Act (Cap 514).

c. The Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act 1999. d. The Local Authorities Act Cap 265. e. National Environmental Management Authority regulations on solid waste

management. f. The City Council’s By-laws on solid waste management. g. Sessional Paper no.6 of 1999, which addressed Environment and Development.

6.6 Recommendations To have clear goals and objectives which must satisfy the social values and the economic aspirations of the community. We should use the most common approaches for SWM which are reuse, recycle, composting, sanitary land filling and Incineration. The Government will need to:

a) Develop comprehensive waste management policy, guidelines and standards b) Review and harmonize existing laws on waste management c) Strengthen institutional capacities, including research and technologies for

waste-minimization; d) Review legal penalties with a view of making them more deterrent; e) Encourage re-use and recycling of residues including used water and the use

of low and non-waste technologies; and enhance implementation; Construction of a recycling plant at the Dandora dumpsite instead of relocation.


Adopt an ISWM system – like the Italian approach whereby colour coded bins is used. Besides the above recommendations the following model can be used to educate the public on solid waste management:

Figure 4: I. S. W. M SYSTEM (life cycle approach - L. C. A)

6.7 Conclusion

Waste management needs an extreme makeover; more conviction from stakeholders; youth participation; and appropriate use of technology.

OUR ENVIRONMENT, OUR FUTURE, OUR LIFE


CHAPTER SEVEN: GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS

Stakeholders should facilitate debates on participatory governance across Embakasi, for instance, by creating youth forums in every quarter of the year to address development issues.

Government and other stakeholders should prioritize on core sustainable areas of education, employment creation, employability of youths, equity, entrepreneurship, environmental sustainability and empowerment to improve livelihood for youths.

There is need to established a solid public/private/community partnership set up to supporting the enterprising of young people so as to promote the formation and startup of youth enterprises. This can be achieved through such activities like: civic education to youth enterprises necessary for small and medium enterprises development and/or harnessing youth talents into lucrative economic opportunities for the youth economy.

The government should improve youth awareness on their rights and responsibilities through sectors such as KACC, Ministry of Justice and Constitutional affairs and civil societies like KNHRC.

Youths’ involvement in planning, decision making, implementation and management of health, employment and environmental programmes should be promoted at all levels, in order to secure a positive and sustainable future for the youth through decisive leadership, partnerships and the support of active and empowered young people.

Stakeholders should engage the youth in spearheading good sewerage and sanitation in community particularly in our slums in order to foster safe garbage disposal method and national tree planting culture.

There is need to champion for social health i.e. fair treatment of the disabled and less fortunate so as to facilitate decisive reproductive health and safe sex in tackling the HIV pandemic. There is also need for government to facilitate and device ways to achieve health insurance for the youth in order to secure a brighter future for them.

Measures to improve literacy and access to ICT nationally should be encouraged since effective use of technology will help to strengthen various forms of youth engagement in developmental programmes.

Clear goals and objectives, which must satisfy the social values and economic aspirations of the intended community needs to be adopted. Thus, there is need to develop comprehensive policies, guidelines and standards, which involve all stakeholders and youths.


CHAPTER EIGHT: CONCLUSION

Providing information to the public on rights and responsibilities improves their knowledge on key governing instruments such as the constitution and increases awareness on government programmes including their roles as right holders.

Effective civic education on the need for the youth to be at the forefront of the development agenda is an important tool of mobilizing them to shun from social ills such as political violence and incitement and thus facilitating for a national framework for comprehensive youth representation. This is achievable since many Government and non state institutions are providing civic education.

With effective participatory governance and youth involvement in development issues improved political stability, national security and capital instrument within local, counties, national levels will be enhanced. This would facilitate the inclusion of the youth agenda in national policies and the fulfillment of already promised issues affecting the youth.

Youths need to be empowered and educated on health, environmental, economic and social sustainability related issues. This will ensure youths’ participation in governance practices is increased and enhanced.

Lastly, youth should be empowered with information and provided with facilities that are accessible. This is the responsibility of the entire society.


REFFRENCES Alder, G. 1995. Tackling Poverty in Nairobi's Informal Settlements: Developing an institutional strategy. Environment and Urbanization, 7(2), 85-107.

Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, Kenya 1999 Population and Housing Census, Volume V: Analytical Report on Mortality

Plan-Kenya (2009). Baseline-survey Report on Youth and Governance program. Nairobi: Plan Head Office.

Republic of Kenya (2005). Millennium Development Goals in Kenya. Needs and Costs. Nairobi: Government Printer.

Republic of Kenya (2007), Kenya Integrated Household Budget Survey (KIHBS) 2005/08. Volume I – Basic Report

Republic of Kenya (2007), Kenya Vision 2030. A Globally Competitive and Prosperous Kenya with high quality of life by 2030. Nairobi: Government Printer.

Republic of Kenya (2010), Constitution of Kenya. Nairobi: Government Printer.

Republic of Kenya (2010), Census Report for Kenya. Nairobi: Government Printer.

The standard newspaper, 7th Oct 2010. Digital village development in constituencies. Nairobi: Standard group Centre.

UNEP (Article), Developing Integrated Waste Management programme. Nairobi: UNEP Kenya

UNDP (2010), Kenya human development report (2009): Youth and human development: Tapping on the untapped resource. Nairobi: UNDP Kenya Country Office

United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (1992) Agenda 21: Program of Action for Sustainable Development. New York: UNCED.

Undugu Society of Kenya (1991) Waste Recycling in Nairobi Report. Nairobi: Undugu Society of Kenya.


APPENDIXES

APPENDIX 1: REPORT PREPARATION TEAM 1. REPORT COMPILATION TEAM

- Martin Mureithi - Cynthia Ochola - Richard Patris - Innocent Heraniah

2. DATA COLLECTION AND DISCUSSION TEAM

a) Governance and Leadership - Calvin Okeyo - Bernard Kalola - Diana Warigia

b) Employment - Mary Tuyishimire - Innocent Heraniah - Martin Mureithi

c) Health

- Lauryn Ochola - Charles Mutisya - Rose Kanyi

d) Information Community and Technology

- Dan Ong’injo - George Oduor Oguda - Margaret Maina

e) Environment - Richard Okoth - Cynthia Ochola - Peter Nderitu - Mary Karuku

3. TECHNICAL SUPPORT BENCH

Edwine Ochieng: Office of District Gender, Children and Social Development- EMBAKASI

Kenyatta Maitha: Youth and Governance Advisor – Plan Kenya

Paul Ngumo: Plan International Nairobi DA – youth and governance programme

Ann Syokau: Plan International Nairobi DA – youth and governance programme


APPENDIX 2: LIST OF STAKEHOLDERS

1. Plan International Kenya

2. Ministry of provincial Administration and Internal Security

3. Ministry of Gender, children & Social Development

4. Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports

5. Office of Member of Parliament Embakasi constituency

6. Constituency Aids Control Council- Embakasi

7. Ministry of labour

8. Ministry of Agriculture

9. Ministry of Livestock

10. Ministry of Fisheries

11. Little Sports Organization

Business

EYAGD