Hilmar Lojewski - Desenvolvimento Sustentável_CICI2011

Curitiba-Conferência Internacional – Cidades Inovadoras 17-20 May 2011

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Curitiba Conferência InternacionalCidades Inovadoras CICI

Desenvolvimento Sustentável

Towards a sustainable urban development of Berlin

Perspectives on innovative approaches

Prerequisites – Lessons – Examples

Hilmar von Lojewski – Senate Department for Urban DevelopmentDepartment VI – Ministerial Building Affairs


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Brazil – Berlin

Berlin’s tribute to Brazil


Curitiba - Berlin

Similarities?

- Yes! By size, focus on public transport, public participation, water bodies, greenery etc.


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Curitiba - Berlin

Similarities?

- Yes! By focus on public transport!


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Outline

1. Prologue and Basics

2. The rationale – Is Berlin an innovative city?

3. What I am not talking about today…

4. The strategies and innovations - regionwide- citywide- areawise- themewise

5. The lessons learnt


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Innovations – What is meant? (pretty broad field of discussion…)•Breaking with applied rules and regulations?

•Discontinuing routinized planning procedures?

•Experimenting with new hypotheses and applying them?

so

MAKING A REVOLUTION …

… with uncertain results and open impacts?


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Innovations – What is meant? (pretty broad field of discussion…)Or rather

•Referring to what has been learnt, filtering out best practices and adding new ideas to it?

which means more

CONTRIBUTING TO EVOLUTION!

Even though the Almighty might not give us the chance for a second try…


Berlin - „Basics“

Population (in 2010) 3 454 000 inh.Inner City 1 000 000 inh.

City Area 890 km²Central City 30 km² - 300.000 inhabitants

Land Use in %

Length of City Limits 234 km Greatest Extension 45 km from West to East

38 km from North to South


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Berlin - „The compact city“


Berlin –compact city with >1 Mio inhabitants in the inner city (dog‘s head areas)

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Berlin - „The compact city“


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Berlin – “The compact city”

Prerequisite for any sustainable urban development!

- Dense quarters

- Short distances

- High proportion of public transport

- Mix of uses

- Variety of social classes and economic wealth


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Berlin – “The aging city?”

Prone to innovations?

- Yes! But not easy to manage with a comparably old city (though young in the German context)!

- Yes! Because of high proportion of students 150.000, creative class, mobile population (high ratio of mobility within the city > 100.000 and immigration / emigration 150.000/a vs. 140.000/a


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Berlin – “The colourful city”

Good for innovations?

- Yes! Because of single households (comparably easy to mobilize)

- Yes! Because of increasing economic role of 2nd and 3rd

generation immigrants (though risks on social and economic integration lay still ahead)

- But – where are the experts of the future? They should all be born already!


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Outline




4. The strategies - regionwide- citywide- areawise- themewise



Berlin – “The innovative city?”

According to European Green City Index – Not too bad!

- Placed 8th out of 30 European cities



- Suffers from “lack of wealth”(low income level) but achieves never-theless a high green city score



- Excellent in energy efficiency of the building stock

- Fairly good in use of water resources, waste and land use, air quality, CO2

emissions, environmental governance

- Room for improvement in production of energy through renewable resources


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Outline





5. The role of politics and policies – reactive vs. proactive



… but what could also be seen as “innovative”


Kriegszerstörung und Abrisse - War Destruction and Demolition until 2001bis 2001


BerlinCenter around 1920


Friedrichstadt nach Kriegszerstörung und Nachkriegsabrissen 1952


Mauerbau 13. August 1961


Die Berliner Mauer – The Berlin Wall


Potsdamer Platz mit Mauer


Fall der Mauer November 1989


Mauerfall - Fall of the Wall November 1989

Curitiba-Conferência Internacional – Cidades Inovadoras 17-20 May 2011Mauerabriss 1990


Mauerfall - Demolition of the Wall June 1990


Land Use Plan West Berlin - General Plan East Berlin 1989

Dividing a city

via land use planning- conflicting planning strategies

- diverting spatial strategies

- polycentrality vs. mono-centrality


All Berlin Land Use Plan 1994

Uniting a city via land use planning- equilibrium in development chances

- improvement of service provision

- polycentralic identity

- maintaining compactness and mixture of uses



Reichstag


Kanzleramt


Paul-Löbe-Haus Ostansicht, Stephan Braunfels, 1999 - 2003


Hauptbahnhof


Potsdamer PlatzStädtbaulicher Wettbewerb 1. Preis Hilmer und Sattler - Städtebauliche Realisierung, Renzo Piano


Potsdamer Platz bis 2001debis, Renzo Piani - Bürohochhaus, Kollhoff-Timmermann, - Sony, MurphyJahn


Blick in die Friedrichstraße 2000


Dorotheenstadt 2002


Friedrichstadt 1999


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Outline




4. The strategies and innovations- regionwide- citywide- areawise- themewise



- Merging the regional planning entities of twostates

- Agreeing on one regional planning paradigm

- Accomplishing different tasks in line with thetalents of sub-regionsand areas

- Avoiding regional redundancies (housing, allocation of productiveand logistics sector, social amenities etc.)

Regionwide innovations – Joint Berlin-Brandenburg State Planning Agency since 1992


- Strengthening thestrengths in line with thetalents of culturallandscapes

- Maintaining the inner-regional variety oflandscapes

- Strengthening identitiesinstead of imposing new„Leitbilder“

Regionwide innovations –Cultural landscapes as action areasfor cooperative regional development


- Preparing for a rail androad network that isinterlinked

- Deciding on priorities

- Avoiding redundancies

- Fostering publictransport and acceptingthe role ofcomplementarymotorized traffic

Regionwide innovations – Wholistic and interdependent trafficnetwork


- Defining supra-centres, middle-sized centres, axial conncetions

- Relating tasks andallocation of public fundsto the functions of thecentres instead ofspreading public funds all over the region

- Assigning developmentopportunities andrestricitions to thedifferent areas andcentres to avoid uselesspublic (and private) investments

Regionwide innovations – Allocation of tasks, developmentopportunities and restricitions


Citywide innovations – Priority areas Identifying focal development areas and planning requirements (new north-west – south-east corridor in line with BBI-airport development)


Citywide innovations –Intervention areasIdentifying future intervention areas at city level and agreeing on them politically on a long term basis


© Copyright

Berlin wanders to the south – Climate simulation for 12 cities

© Kopf, Sebastian; Ha-Duong, Minh; Hallegate, Stephane (2008) © Kopf, Sebastian; Ha-Duong, Minh; Hallegate, Stephane (2008)

1961-1990 ca. 2100Citywide innovations – Climate concept


Increase of annual mean temperature unteil 2050: +2.5°°°° C

→ dry summers due to 15% less rainfall → increase of hot days > Urban Heat→ wet winters by 50 % and less days

below 0→ more extreme weather days (storm,

hail etc.)→ striking changes in the water table

and the stormwater drainage

WWF Climate Action on 2. Sept 2009 atthe Berlin Gendarmenmarkt with brazilianaction artist Nele Azevedo

Citywide innovations – Climate concept


• Contribution to mitigation and adaptation to climate change

• Scale 1:50.000 and areawise concretisations• Integration of urban design, landscape,

architectural and technological aspects as an integrated action plan

• Developing a climate adapted city, ensuring healthy living conditions and a high life quality



Areas affected by bio-climate during the day




Increase of population affected by bio-climate duringthe dayuntil 2050



Areas affected by bio-climate during the night



Increase of population affected by bio-climate duringthe night until 2050


Mesoscale climate measuresStadtteilen- Aeration strips

- Large area ventilation- Exchange of air with hinterland




Local scale climatemeasures:-Local aearationstrips-Water bodies-Green areas-Cold air generationzones-Auto ventialation


Microscale climatemeasures-Building surfaces-Roofs-Shadowing-Aearation of streetstrips-Street widths-Courtyard greening




Measures accordingto urban structure-De-sealing ofsurfaces-Increasing Albedo-Planting trees-Greening facades-Greening roofs



Action plan 2011 - 2025


Citywide innovations – IBA 2020 (?)Planning and preparing for the third International Building Exhibition in Berlin

-Rethinking the city

-Focusing on

- the resources-oriented city

- the integrated city

- the entrepreneurial city


Citywide innovations – IBA 2020 (?)Planning and preparing for the third International Building Exhibition in Berlin

-Changing planning paradigms

-Focusing on public participation

-Mobilizing the “capitals”(strenghts) of the city

-Thinking rather in processes than in projects


Bearbeitungsstand Dezember 2009

Citywide innovations – Planwerk Inner CityMonitoring developments and interconnecting areas


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- Uniting the inner city via generating an idea of a joint inner city and city centre

- Bridging gaps and filling voids

- Maintaining variety of uses and density

- Taking up the qualities of the historical layout

- Generating new public spaces and green areas

- Offering investment opportunities by using the existing infrastructure, street and public transport network

Citywide innovations – Planwerk Inner City


City centre innovation- The existing charm of the Berlin city centre

“Fantastic, we live in a metropolis but yet like in the countryside”.


Visualisierung, Prof. B. AlbersEntwurf Monsigny Levigny

City centre innovations- Generating new (and contradicting) ideas for the historic city centre through creative but yet open end design processes

- Initiating a public discussion process and raising media interest

- Preparing the ground for political decision making


City centre innovations – creative and contradicting ideas


City park

Lakeside terraces


Town hall forum, Mitte


Archaeological garden

Esplanade

City centre innovations – creative and contradicting ideasTown hall forum, Mitte




Incorporating external experts and stakeholders on issues like

- New International Building Exhibition for Berlin 2020

- Discussion of selected and outstanding architectural projects

- Continuous comments on conservation issues

City centre innovations – dialogue as a method


Hamburger Bahnhof

City centre innovations – dialogue as a methodInitiating discussions, organizing exhibitions, incorparting the urban public scene


City centre innovation – Interlinking the assets- Working with the city centre’s manifold characteristics


Different strategies for different sites in the historical city centre

Exhibiting original artefacts

Archaeological Windows

Reconstruction

Interpreting historical sites (critical reconstruction)

Integration strategy – Design by law

Old and new buildings complement each other

Design in historical context

City centre innovation – Interlinking the assets- Working with the city centre’s manifold characteristics


Theme- and areawise innovations- Activating the assets of Berlin’s archaeological and only partly excavated sites

- Setting the city’shistory in scene

- Generating interestfor mostly unknown locations


Theme- and areawise innovations- Re-generating sites which were hidden for centuries

- Organizing EU-funds for touristicarchaeological show sites

- Raising interest of the urban public for the remainders of historic Berlin


Theme- and areawise innovations– Light and advertisement concept


Theme- and areawise innovations – The traffic development concept II

- Introducing an integrated mobility and traffic management

- Overlaying the different sectoral and areawise strategies

- Preparing for a low-and post-fossile age


- Reducing traffic emissions (PM10, NOx, CO2)

- Fostering opportunities to raise public, pedestrian and bicycle traffic throughout the city

Theme- and areawise innovations – The traffic development concept II


Themewise innovations – Capital of e-mobility (at least aspired…)

- Generating a national hub for e-mobility

- Supporting start-ups and technological research

- Facilitating recharge stations in public space the city


Themewise innovations – Barrier-free buildings and public space in Berlin- Making buildings and open space accessible for really EVERYBODY (mobility constraints apply to more than 25% of the population and the number is increasing)

- Setting norms, standards and best practices for a barrier-free city for everybody

- Disseminating best practices

- Implementing the UN Convention


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Hotel

School

Exibitions

Exhibitions

Ausstellungen

Themewise innovations – Barrier-free buildings and public space in Berlin

Accessel





Entrances Elevators



Staircases



Tangible models



Accesses



Accesses




1. From sarcasm to realism

„Incredible – before global warming we had to go for 2 hours to the Baltic Sea!!“

- „Berlin on the beaches“ is replaced by seriousness in taking up the climate change challenge at political and most societal levels 91

Themewise innovations – Energy efficiency and CO2

reduction in Berlin


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Application ofhigher standardsfor energyefficiency- Further reductionof CO2 emissionsvia rehabilitation ofpublic buildings + housing stock

- rapid response toavailable subsidiaryfederal funds


reduction in Berlin


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Increase of insulation requirements – decrease of heat production demand

- but: shall we really invest in the last two percentiles which might be technically achievable?


reduction in Berlin


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- Agreeing on commonly used measurement pattern and accessible data through energy certificates

- Fostering comparability

- Demonstrating the effect


reduction in Berlin


The Sustainability Triad

Ecological objectives

Sustainable Construction

Socio-cultural objectives

Economic objectives

The Sustainability Triad-Thinking sustainabledevelopment wholistically

-Integratinv ecological, social-cultural and economicobjectives into projectpreparation, budgeting andpolitical decision making


reduction in Berlin


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The Life Cycle Principle

Berlin is eager to introduce the life-cycle principle in public construction

Life cycle costs of a building, based on the type of use, can be divided into

- approx. 20-25 % during the planning and construction phases (overall construction cost I-planning) and

-approx. 75-80 % during the phase of use and operation.

An early consideration of use and follow-up costs is indispensable for all planning decisions. – But not really loved by the treasurer...


reduction in Berlin


Climate protection agreements

-Companies are ready to make their owncontribution to climate protection throughimproved energy efficiency, the use ofmodern technologies and other additional energy saving programmes

-The Berlin Climate Alliance is based on this entrepreneurial sense of responsibility. The Alliance aims at supporting the Berlin government in reaching its climateprotection goals.


reduction in Berlin


C40 Workshop

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Energy Saving Contracting in Berlin

• Negotiated contract terms: 8 to 14 years

• Baseline (original energy costs): between €0.7 to €5.5 million

• Cut in CO2 emissions: 908 t/a to 8,300 t/a,• Currently cumulated CO2 reduction: approx.

68,000 t/a• Total baseline of all building pools: €44 million

(net)• Investments incl. maintenance: approx. €70

million • Savings in budget: €3.2 million p.a.• Guaranteed savings: €11.3 million p.a. (net)


reduction in Berlin


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Pilot Project GESOBAU Märkisches Viertel- The largest redevelopment project in the

German housing sector

- Low-interest financing through the KfW housing renovation and CO2 building programme

- Since the beginning of 2009, part of the Redevelopment Programme for West Berlin (until 2013: 13.5 m € of funding: public spaces and social infrastructure development)

- The Märkisches Viertel residential area is connected to a district-heating network. More than 13,000 flats have undergone

energy renovation since 2008

� Estimate: reduction of carbon emissions by 20,000 t per year, renovation at almost no cost for tenants


reduction in Berlin


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Germany´s largest low energy building296 apartments in pilot promotion

� Reduces annual energy consumption by 30-50 % !

- Facades: composite thermal insulation system

- Window: 3 layers of insulation gazing

- Ventilation: central intake / output duct system wih rotary regnerator

- Power: energy-saving bulbs; lights in corridor controlled by movement sensors

- Heating: state of the art control systems for connection to district heating

- Combined heating & power station: lights the corridors, supplies domestic installations, prepares hot water (in summer)

- Water-saving taps

Pilot Project HOWOGE Low Energy Building


reduction in Berlin


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• 12,000 degewo tenants supplied withenvironmentally friendly energy from thewood-fired cogeneration plant locatedin Berlin-Gropiusstadt since May 2003.

• Plant uses only wood, partly waste woodfrom building constructions orpackagings.

• Fuel energy is converted into electricityand heat in a single process which is basedon the cogeneration principle.

The wood-fired cogenerationplant translated intonumbers

• 360,000 MWh thermal energyfor 20,000 housing units and50,000 inhabitants.

• 100 MW fuel power

• 20 MW electrical output

• 60 MW thermal output

• 130 MW peak load and reserveboilers

• approx. 200,000 t/year woodfuel quantity

• 235,000 t/year CO2 reduction

• Reduction of Berlin CO2

emissions by 0.5 %

Pilot Project degewo Biomass Gropiusstadt


reduction in Berlin


10001600

3.9004400 4700

52685768

6582

7599

9159

13069

300 400700 820 900

2.500

46 86 203 300 370470

6501540

131911831050940

15 35 90 128 158191

220 250

1877

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

kWp

No. of plants

Photovoltaics in Berlin


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Outline





5. Conclusions - The lessons learnt


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1

A policy is inevitable to achieve a joint political

understanding in the city, to acquire EU, national

and local funds to develop strategies and

concepts, not to mention implementation itself.

Based on the policy integrated strategies with a

clear implementation orientation for an area or a

sector need to be developed.



2

The term „integrated“ and/or

„sustainable“ urban development needs

contents and a variety of options; otherwise

we all get tired of it... – Do what works well

and shows rapid AND long lasting impact.



3

Without participation, involvement and

encouragement of owners, local community

and the economic sector sustainable urban

development becomes an academic exercise –

Use any chances to work with the local

community and stakeholders (inhabitants,

schools, economy, media).



4

Sustainable urban development can never be

based on cost recovery – it always requires in the

one or other way (direct financing, subsidies etc.)

public funds – Mobilize public funds to launch

key projects on sustainable urban development

and rehabilitation projects.



5

Also small successes and improvement activities

can already reach a lot of impact – Take any

chance to celebrate successes with the local

community jointly.



6

Opt primarily for “Public money for public

purposes” - Investment in public projects (places,

infrastructure and public buildings) trigger

following private investments 5-20x the amount of

the public money – find the right trigger points

(themes, locations, objects) to mobilize private

funds.



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Thank you for your interest and see you in Berlin!

http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de

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Hilmar Lojewski - Desenvolvimento Sustentável_CICI2011