"Simple" passive RFID tag

Nov 2007

Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 1

doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2787r0

Submission

RFID Tutorial for 802

Enterprise use of RFID

Ongoing Activities

Challenges

Radio Standards Issues

Nov 2007


doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2787r0

Submission

RFID

• What is it?

• Where is it in technology life cycle?

• Challenges

• Issues

• Radio Issues

• What can IEEE and 802 do?

Nov 2007


doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2787r0

Submission

“Simple” passive RFID tag• Low cost tag with pre-defined id

– Logically mapped to tracked asset• Radio Field Excites Tag

– 4W Burst– EPCGlobal Frequencies

• 857MHz Europe (3MHz wide)• 915MHz US (26MHz wide)• 960MHz Japan (3MHz wide)

• Location– Last known Location

• Benefits:– Reusable (can be re-assigned)– Zero production costs (purchased ready-to-use from vendor)

• Boeing examples:– Employee badge

• proximity chip id bemsid– Wichita

• Passive tag id order number– Philadelphia

• Passive tag id part number– Auburn pilot

• Passive tag id cart electronic manifest

Nov 2007


doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2787r0

Submission

Active Tag RFID

• Battery– Last 3-5 years– Motion activated tags

• 802.11 Versions

• Real Time Location Services (using WLAN Access Points)

Nov 2007


doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2787r0

Submission

Passive Tag RFID Life Cycle

• Promotion by Wal-Mart and DoD– Consumer product emphasis– 2 cent tags

• Valley of Despair– Been through the hype– Been through the heights– Radio issues put it in the valley of despair

Nov 2007


doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2787r0

Submission

Active Tag RFID Life Cycle

• Valley of Despair– Little hype– Expensive tags ($50)– Radio advantages over passive (no burst of

power)– RSSI issues put it in the valley of despair for

factory applications– Minimally requires TDOA to be usable

Nov 2007


doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2787r0

Submission

“Simple” RFID Architecture

Tag

Vendors/w

Reader/Antenna

MessageParser

AssetMapping

BusinessRules

RFID“application”

Business Application(s)

•Tag Id

•Tag Id•Antenna

XML message:•Tag Id•Antenna•Date/Time

Vendor Enterprise

(Pre-defined RFID tag)

“RFID Application” can be used to determine what needs to be delivered where and how

(variation 2)

(variation 1)

Nov 2007


doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2787r0

Submission

Badge Access Management System (AMS)

The proximity (badge) reader communicates with a control panel that resides locally. The panel keeps a local copy of badges that have previously accessed the building along with some other data. If the badge being scanned is not in the panel, a request is sent to the AMS host to validate the badge. The AMS host executes the proximity chip id employee BEMSID “look-up” as appropriate.

ProximityReader

Local Control Panel(upon verification, opens door)

delivers

proximity chip id

Verificationrequest

AMS Application

Badging Application

BITBems ID

Translator

Nov 2007


doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/XXXXr0

Submission

RFID Architecture Logical View

UnprocessedTag Data

ParsedTag Data

XMLParser

TemporaryFlat Files

Tag data inXML Files

ParsedTag Data

MatricsVisibilityManager(MVM)

Matrics AntennaReader

DatabaseLoader

RFIDOracle

Database

Tag ID

Tag Data

ShopOrders

RFID Tag(Matrics format)

Tag IDAssigned byMatrics

Web basedManagementVisibility screen

DC/MRCI/F to ERP

HEIVAX

UserScreens

Nov 2007



Submission

RFID Across an Enterprise

of interestunder investigationin developmentin shop trialbeing implementedimplemented

Part/Assembly ToolingCalibrated Tools / Gages (Certified)Computing Assets & SecurityCranes (Overhead) Utilization-SchedulingConsumablesDocuments Fleet Maintenance (flight hardware)Foreign Object DetectionHazMat / Time&Temp SensMaterialsHardware Health MonitoringMaterial "out-life" (e.g. composites)Panstock(Standards)Parts / Assemblies - Work-in-ProgressParts / Assembly Shipments Personnel / Security (Boeing external)Personnel / Security (Boeing internal)Portable / Hand Tools @ tool crib levelPortable / Hand Tools @ toolbox levelRamp / Flight Test EquipmentRaw material / Parts ReceivingStores InventoryRotablesTransport Equip (Slings, Dollies, etc)Serialized Parts (flight hardware)Vehicles (e.g. fork lifts, scooters)Waste Containers (Trash)

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Nov 2007



Submission

Challenges• Establishing “standards” within an evolving industry for a

multi-dimensional systems (passive, active, semi-passive, etc)– Retail versus Manufacturing “requirements” (EPC??)

– Minimize proprietary if/when possible

• Successful implementations of suitable RFID product to business application– Defining data/tag and collection requirements

– Security issues

– Satisfying frequency management, etc. (avoiding conflicts, redundancy)

• Providing enterprise-wide resources for:– Current & past RFID “lessons learned”

– Technical expertise

– Common approach for evaluation, implementation, etc.

Nov 2007



Submission

Electronic Product Code (EPC)

Nov 2007



Submission

“Finding the ROI in RFID”From an AMR Research, Inc publication ( Report #16660, October 2003):

• RFID must be business case/business process driven:•“The Bottom Line: In order for companies to find value in RFID, it needs to be viewed as more than a bar code replacement; successful companies have overhauled their business processes to take advantage of the process automation capabilities it offers”

• “RFID will not cure a bad business process. Achieving the transformational potential of this technology requires creative thinking, often from cross-functional areas of your enterprise.”

• Infrastructure is a major consideration in RFID implementations• “The back end is the key; there is too much focus on tags and readers and not enough on the impact on the software infrastructure and systems integration required to support RFID. Our research shows that this is the area that present the most risk of unexpected cost and project overrun.”

Nov 2007



Submission

Critical C

omponents

Large Assemblies

Contract Tools

In-T

ransit

Materie

l

How can we use RFID?How can we use RFID?

Calibrated Measuring

Tools

Legal Docu

ments

Technical Documents

Hazardous Material

Receipts Shipments

Inventory

Phones

How We Got StartedComputing

AssetsWhat Problem(s) are we What Problem(s) are we

Trying to Solve?Trying to Solve?

Nov 2007



Submission

FrequencyManagement

Council(Local)

Approval

RFID Project Approval Process

SafetyHealth

EnvironmentalAffairs(Local)

NetworkSupport(Local)

BusinessCase(TCO)

LeanAssessment

NonStandard

Justification

ProcessIdentification

Use CaseDefinition

ApprovedHardware/Software

RFIDTechnologyStandards

CommonUse

Cases

ITInterfaces

Nov 2007



Submission

Value Proposition and Customers

Logistics Chain of custody,Movement history

MaintenanceTask manning/tooling/

requred certs)

Reliability Recurring Maintenance

Actions, Failure Patterns

Unstructured DataOEM feedback,

Helpful observations

LegacyOEM, Birth record,

Certs/Specs

AuthenticityValidation of authenticity &

Authorizations for Repair and custody

EngineeringCurious, life limited or

Unique repairControl documents

Sustainment

Logistics Chain of custody,Movement history

Demand PlanningInventory Behavior,

Consumption History

InventoryWhere, How Much

Supply ChainVisibility from

Partner to Partner

FlowVelocity & Idle Time

TransportationIn-Transit Visibility

Asset ManagementProperty, Equipment

Visibility

Operations

Collaboration onBusiness Value

• Life Cycle Data Management

• Emergency Equipment

• Tooling tracking• Inventory tracking • Government property• Shipping Labels • Part tracking and reliability

OSD Spend is over $250M/year on RFID technology

BCA estimates $1M value increase of RFID enabled A/C

Nov 2007



Submission

802.11. Usage Standards

Other Boeing ISM & UNII

RFID is a user of the unlicensed RF spectrum resource. Due to current and legacy technology and licensing constraints, this is a limited resource.

The Boeing RFThe Boeing RF resource must be used in accordance with established company RF management processes and priorities.

The priorities for the use of the unlicensed spectrum resource were established at a company-wide wireless summit in St. Louis in May, 2001.

Processes

Priorities

RFID at the RF Layer

Nov 2007



Submission

1. Product

2. Process that support product

3. General purpose WLAN

4. Single purpose

• Try to satisfy priority 2 and 4 requirements with services added to the general purpose wireless service.

• CNO should team with Engineering to maximize compatibility and synergy between “e-enabled” products and facilities.

Boeing’s Wireless Priorities

Nov 2007



Submission

Standards Required

• Tag data standards (EPCGlobal)– Schema Form factor

• Air-interface protocols– Encryption (IEEE 802.11)– Re-broadcast– Location (IEEE 802.11k, 802.11y)

• Waveform– Frequency (expanding with 802.11y)– Reflection (i.e.: backscatter)

• Reader Protocol– Content of Reader/Host

• Exchanges (abstract syntax)– Message formatting

• Message framing• Message syntax• Error information

– O/S-provided network facility• Network/application integration

Nov 2007



Submission

Passive Tag RFID: Passive tag RFID systems will in most cases be priority 4, single purpose users of the RF spectrum. Proposed applications must be reviewed with Boeing Frequency Management for compatibility with existing uses of the Boeing RF spectrum resource.

Active Tag RFID (RTLS): Requirements for active tag RFID systems in most cases will be satisfied by a Boeing Network Location Service (BNLS) and its WLAN coverage. Requirements for a standalone non-standard RTLS are by definition priority 4, single purpose users of the RF spectrum. Proposed applications must be reviewed with Boeing Frequency Management for compatibility with existing uses of the Boeing RF spectrum resource.

RFID Boeing RF Priorities

Nov 2007



Submission

RFID Standards Big Picture• Tag data standards – Boeing Standards (Kathryn Chalfan/Susan Jordan/Ken Porad/Steve Georgevitch/Dave

McCoy/Craig Dupler)– Form factor– Schema (maybe more than one)

• Air-interface protocols – EPCGlobal/ETSI/IEEE?– Encryption– Re-broadcast– Etc.

• Waveform – EPCGlobal/ETSI/IEEE?– Frequency– Reflection (i.e.: backscatter)

• Reader Protocol – EPCGlobal/ETSI/IEEE?– Content of Reader/Host

• Exchanges (abstract syntax)– Message formatting

• Message framing• Message syntax• Error information

– O/S-provided network facility• Network/application integration – Boeing Network/Applications

– Location– Schema

Nov 2007



Submission

RF Perspectives

• Bar Coding – anywhere using IEEE 802.11 for communication to network (relatively close range laser bar code range at 10s of feet)

• RFID Passive Tag – gates and docks (receiving and transportation)– Away from other RF at same frequency (902-928MHz)– Confined RF location– Work on “Good Neighbor” protocols at PHY/MAC

• RFID Active Tag – anywhere using the existing infrastructure (IEEE 802.11)

Nov 2007



Submission

Security Requirements for RFID Tag Data

Data collected from RFID tags, including either the tag’s or tagged item’s identifier may be subject to rules for both “sensitive data” and “data integrity.”

• Data that is sensitive to disclosure (e.g. proprietary) should not be stored on tags.

• Any sensitive data to be stored on tags must be encrypted using an approved standard before being transmitted and written to the tag.

SensitiveData

• Tag writing and storage must use measures to detect tampering and provide non-repudiation of the originator commensurate with the value of the data (e.g. HMAC or digital signature).

Integrity

Nov 2007



Submission

125KHz and 2.4GHz Analysis

Analysis VIIWELS, IFE-Open, CIS-

CWLU, Onboard Microwave Oven, Wireless Test Sensors (for flight test

only)

TPISIn-Air

(Above 10,000 Feet)

Analysis VIWELS, CIS, Onboard

Microwave Oven, Gatelink, Adjacent

Airplane Wireless Systems

TPISOn-Ground at Airport

Analysis VWELS, IFE-Open, CIS,

Onboard Microwave Oven, BEN, Wireless Test

Sensors

TPISOn-Ground on Flightline

Analysis IVWELS, IFE-Open, CIS,

Onboard Microwave Oven, BEN, RTLS, Factory

Microwave Oven, Zigbee?

Tire Pressure Indication

System (TPIS)On-Ground in Factory

2.4 GHz134.2 kHz

Analysis VIIWELS, IFE-Open, CIS-

CWLU, Onboard Microwave Oven, Wireless Test Sensors (for flight test

only)

TPISIn-Air

(Above 10,000 Feet)

Analysis VIWELS, CIS, Onboard

Microwave Oven, Gatelink, Adjacent

Airplane Wireless Systems

TPISOn-Ground at Airport

Analysis VWELS, IFE-Open, CIS,

Onboard Microwave Oven, BEN, Wireless Test

Sensors

TPISOn-Ground on Flightline

Analysis IVWELS, IFE-Open, CIS,

Onboard Microwave Oven, BEN, RTLS, Factory

Microwave Oven, Zigbee?

Tire Pressure Indication

System (TPIS)On-Ground in Factory

2.4 GHz134.2 kHz

Nov 2007



Submission

Zigbee Coexistence Map

Zigbee & 802.11b/g Frequency Space

2412

2417 2422 2427 2432

2437

2442 2447 2452 2457

2462

2480 24852405 2425 2450 2465 2470 2475

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Frequency in MHz

In Use Tested Possible

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Nov 2007



Submission

• RFID Active Tags

• RFID Passive Tags

• Asset Tracking (Location)

• Supply Chain

• Cable Replacement

• VoWLAN and Data

• Sensors

• Line-of-Sight (LOS) Directional Delivery of Communications

• Emergency Lighting

WLANs can handle the application classes in “black”:

Red applications not able to use WLANs

Green can use either WLAN (SMA) or Zigbee

2005 Wireless Application (WAG)

Nov 2007



Submission

• Leverage what is Intranet equipment (almost ubiquitous 802.11 WLANs)

• Do not interfere with 802.11 WLAN installed network 2.4GHz (ISM) and 5GHz (UNII+EU+WRC+Japan) deployments

• Standardize unlicensed frequencies within the enterprise to optimize unlicensed wireless usage

Network Principles

Nov 2007



Submission

WAG Principles

• Principle 1: Underlying Wireless Communications Used by Wireless Applications Must be Secure

• Principle 2: Information on the Tags and Sensors Must be Capable of Being Secure

• Principle 3: Use Standards-Based specifications [IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.15.4 (Zigbee), etc] for Data Backhaul in Sensor Applications

• Principle 4: Use IEEE 802.11 Active Tags for RFID

• Principle 5: Develop a 850-960MHz Passive Tag Standard for Portal or Reader Point Passive Tag RFID

RED – Work in Progress; BLACK – Work Accomplished

Nov 2007



Submission

WAG Principles (Contd)

• Principle 6: Frequency Management/ Wireless Network Operations will do a baseline scan before a wireless application deployment.

• Principle 7: Allow for Confinement of the Passive Tag Reader Energies to Confined Handheld Readers, Portals, Faraday Cages, and Gateways

• Principle 8: Transition of 915MHz Serial Cable Replacements to Zigbee or 802.11.

• Principle 9: Use of IEEE 802.11a/b Ethernet Extensions for Autonomous Wireless Devices [AWDs or Automated Guided Vehicle (AGV)] Using Secure Mobile Communications Methods


Nov 2007



Submission

WAG Principles (Contd)

• Principle 10: An Enterprise Wireless Management Council be Established to Determine Spectrum Policy

• Principle 11: An Enterprise Wireless Technical Council be Established to Advise the Spectrum Management Council

• Principle 12: Maintain Railroad Charts for Wireless Technologies Futures


Nov 2007



Submission

WAG 2007 UNLICENSED WIRELESS STANDARDS EFFORT

(RFID + Other Wireless Applications)

Nov 2007



Submission

Boeing Directions• Active Tags

• Real Time Location Service (RTLS)

– Active Tags

– Network Connected Devices

• Passive tag for airplane Line Replaceable Units (LRUs)

• Passive tag for receiving supply chain parts

• Boeing Worldwide Wireless Requirements

– 2.4GHz

– 5GHz

– EPCGlobal (Japan, Europe, US)

Nov 2007



Submission

Manufacturers/Suppliers

Transportation/Supply/Theater

Depots/TDCs

POEs/PODsDistribution

Centers/DepotsCustomers

PASSIVEPASSIVE ACTIVEACTIVE PASSIVEPASSIVEPASSIVEPASSIVE ACTIVEACTIVE PASSIVEPASSIVE

Traditional Active and Passive Tag Roles

Nov 2007



Submission

Manufacturers/Suppliers

Transportation/Supply/Theater

Depots/TDCs

POEs/PODsDistribution

Centers/DepotsCustomers

PASSIVEPASSIVE ACTIVEACTIVE PASSIVEPASSIVE

Actual Active and Passive Tag Roles

Nov 2007



Submission

• Principles and Architecture Published in 2005

– Preserve 2.4GHz for WLANs

– Preserve 5.15GHz for WLANs

• Late 2006 to Present – Standards for Other Unlicensed Frequencies

– 125KHz

– 13.56MHz

– 433MHz

– *860MHz (Europe)

– *902MHz (US and others)

– *960MHz (Japan)

– 1.9GHz

– 3.1-10.6GHz (UWB)

– 3.65GHz

– 2.4GHz (other than WLAN)

– 5.15GHz (other than WLAN)

Boeing’s Wireless Applications Group (WAG)

Candidates for Global Passive Tag RFID Standards Development Organization (SDO)

Nov 2007



Submission

902-928MHz Testing in the Boeing Facilities

FACTORY TESTING OF 902-928MHz

CLEAN ROOM TESTING OF 902-928MHz

Nov 2007



Submission

902-928MHz Testing Conclusions• Devices interfere with each other (8 different devices tested)

• Need for 902-928MHz radio and media access standards

• Need for global radio and media access standards for passive tag RFID

• Need for Boeing global access of all unlicensed frequencies– Aircraft move worldwide– Boeing military products move worldwide

• Need standards for all unlicensed radios and media access

Nov 2007



Submission

IEEE Possibilities

• Do nothing for a many billion $ industry

• IEEE 802.15.4 for Passive Tag RFID– Mike McInnis from Boeing leading RFID Study Group in 802.15

• IEEE 802 for 902-928MHz– Contention-Based Protocol

• IEEE 802 for all unlicensed frequencies– Contention-Based Protocol

• IEEE 19XX for all unlicensed frequencies