INTRODUCTION In planning, organizing and controlling ,managers

have to work among men and also get things done through men.

Managers must direct and guide their subordinates properly and inspire them to work. so directing is nothing but process of leadership.

Dr. Terry rightly opinions that managers have to manage business which means that they have to provide leadership .

Leadership is an indivisible part of directing .more importantly ,leadership is a means ,a tool which makes direction effect

KOONTZ AND O’DONNELL “leadership is influencing people to follow in the achievement of common goal”

CHESTER BARNARD , “Leadership refers to the quality of behavior of the individual whereby they guide people on their activities in organized efforts”

WHO IS THE LEADER…?

L - Liable (responsible )E – Enthusiastic (excited)A – Assertive (positive)D – Dynamic (innovative)E – Efficient (energy )R – Reliable (Trust)

EXAMPLE OF LEADER

MAHATMA GANDHI GADDAFI RATAN TATA SHREE KRISHNA M.S. DHONI

A LEADER IS ONE WHO KNOWS THE WAY,

GOES THE WAY, AND SHOWS THE WAY

FOLLWERS OR SUBORDINATES

ACCEPTANCE OF LEADERSHIP

COMMON OBJECTIVES

WORKING RELATIONSHIP

HARMONY OF INTERESTS

CONTINIOUS PROCESS

EXEMPLARY CONDUCT

SITUATIONAL

STYLES OF LEADERSHIP AUTOCRATIC LEADERSHIP

CONSULTATIVE LEADERSHIP

DEMOCRATIC LEADERSHIP

FREE REIN LEADERSHIP

2nd Part By Jay Raval

1. AUTOCRATIC LEADERSHIP:All the power of decision in only one person.Leader s believes that their subordinates are uneducated, unskilled and untrained .ADVANTAGESSecrecy of decision making.Close supervision.DISADVANTAGESMisuse of power.Restricts the freedom of employees.

EXAMPLE OF AUTOCRATIC EXAMPLE OF AUTOCRATIC LEADERSHIPLEADERSHIP

In this type, leader has an open mind. He encourages his subordinates to give their suggestions

and comments. If these suggestions and comments are good, then he will

accept them. So this leader consults his subordinates before taking a

decision. However, the final decision is taken by the leader. Therefore, he takes full responsibility for his decision.

Useful for conference, meeting. ADVANTAGESADVANTAGES Employee can develop leadership quality. Discipline. Employee’s contribution in decision making process. DISADVANTAGESDISADVANTAGES Waste of time in decision. This style is only useful when all subordinate are educated.

CONSULTATIVE CONSULTATIVE LEADERSHIPLEADERSHIP

CONSULTATIVE CONSULTATIVE LEADERSHIPLEADERSHIP

I want to both of you……

EXAMPLE OF CONSULTATIVE EXAMPLE OF CONSULTATIVE LEADERSHIPLEADERSHIP

Managers believes that ability of the employees should be allowed to develop

Managers willingly delegate authorities to his subordinates Not give detailing instructions to subordinates only give general

instructions Free communication of superior with his subordinate. The traits managers need in such organization includes warmth,

friendliness, and understanding.  Free-rein is often the most successful style concerning organization is which managers supervise doctors, engineers, professors and other professionals. 

ADVANTAGEADVANTAGEFree environmentThis method use when people highly motivated, educated and goal oriented

DISADVANTAGESDISADVANTAGESDisorganized management. team spirit is affected due to Non co-operation.

ADVANTAGE & DISADVANTAGES of ADVANTAGE & DISADVANTAGES of FREE REIN LEADERSHIPFREE REIN LEADERSHIP

For example sales executive For example sales executive

You two take care of the problem while I go….

The democratic leadership style means facilitating the conversation, encouraging people to share their ideas, and then synthesizing all the available information into the best possible decision. 

This style of leader believes decision making can be better if it is SHARED.

They want to be seen as “fair”.

They actively ask worker for ideas and suggestions.

They believe in allowing workers and staff to develop by involving them in decisions about how to improve the business.

DEMOCRATIC DEMOCRATIC LEADERSHIPLEADERSHIP

For example team work

Let’s work together to solve this problem….

ADVANTAGE & DISADVANTAGES ADVANTAGE & DISADVANTAGES of DEMOCRATIC LEADERSHIPof DEMOCRATIC LEADERSHIP

ADVANTAGESADVANTAGES Slower decision making Less initial production Leader can be unsure and makes

everything a matter for group discussion DISADVANTAGESDISADVANTAGES More individual responsibility Better implementation More personal growth More motivation

3rd part

LEADERSHIP THEORYLEADERSHIP THEORY

1. TRAIT THEORY

2. BEHAVIORAL THEORIES

3. Cognitive resource theory

4. SITUATIONAL

5. TRANSFORMATIONAL

TRAIT THEORYTRAIT THEORYTrait theory:- Trait theory:- according to the trait theories, leader possess some personality traits that non leader do not possess at all, or possess only to small level.

Early trait theories Early trait theories identified:identified:Physical characteristics (height, appearance)Personality characteristics (extrovert)Skills and abilities (intelligence)Social factors (interpersonal skills)

Six traits on which leaders tend to differ from non-leaders are,

1. Ambition & Energy

2. The Desire To Lead

3. Honesty & Integrity

4. Self-confidence

5. Intelligence

6. Job-relevent Knowledge

The trait approach has at least four limitation:-

1.No universal traits

2.Predict behaviour more in “weak’’ situations than in “strong’’ situations

3.The evidence is unclear in separating cause from effect

4.Traits do a better job at predicting the appearance of leadership than in actually distinguishing between effective & ineffective leaders.

The Behavioural theoriesThe Behavioural theories:- Theory proposing that specific behaviours

Differentiate leaders from non-leaders.

If the behavioural approach to leadership were successful, it would have implications quite different from those of the trait approach.

If trait research had been successful, it would have provided a basis for selecting the “right’’ persons to assume formal positions in groups & organizations requiring leadership.

Consideration

work atmosphere of mutual trust respect for subordinates’ ideas consideration of subordinates’ feelings good two-way communication

Initiating structure structured their roles and the roles of subordinates toward

achieving goals actively involved in planning work activities, communicating

pertinent information, and scheduling work

Cognitive resource theory:-Cognitive resource theory:- This theory states that stress unfavourably effects the situation, & intelligence & experience can lessen the influence of stress on the leader. The importance of a leader’s intelligence & experience to his or her effectiveness differs under low & high stress situations.

This has led to three conclusions:-Directive behaviour results in good performance only if linked with high intelligence in supportive, low-stress situations.In high stress situations, there is a positive relationship between job experience & performance.The intellectual abilities f leaders correlate with group performance in situations that the leader perceives as low in stress.

Situational TheoriesSituational Theories

Leader style is either autocratic, consultative, or group

Style depends on three situational factors

1. leader-member relations

2. task structure

3. position power

Transformational leadership Transformational leadership theorytheory:-

Many years ago James Macgregor burns identified two types of political leadership,

The more traditional transactional leadership involves an exchange relationship between leaders & followers, but transformational leadership is based more on leader’s shifting the values, belief, & needs of their followers.

Three leader factors are important:

charismaindividualized consideration

1. delegating

2. paying attention to followers’ needs

3. treating followers with respectintellectual stimulation

1. offering new ideas to stimulate followers

2. encouraging followers to think and act creatively

Leadership is the capacity to translate vision into reality….

- Warren G. Bennis- Warren G. Bennis