Approach and Departure Optimised Wake Turbulence ... - Eurocontrol

SUPPORTING EUROPEAN AVIATION

RECAT-EU-PWS scheme

Approach and Departure Optimised Wake Turbulence Re-Categorisation and Pair-Wise Separation minima

Supported by SESAR JU and developed in partnership with

This document is part of a project that has received funding from the SESAR Joint Undertaking under grant agreement No 874520 under European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme.

Edition:1.0 Release Issue Page 3 of 29

TITLE

"RECAT-EU-PWS" Solution

Optimised Wake Turbulence Categorisation and distance-based static Pair-Wise Separation (S-PWS) Minima on Approach and Departure

Edition Number: 1.0 Edition Date: 31th May 2022

Abstract

This document presents the European Optimised Wake Turbulence Categorisation and distance-based static Pair-Wise Separation (S-PWS) Minima for Approach and Departure, also named ‘RECAT-EU-PWS’ scheme.

The ‘S-PWS’ solution for Approach and Departure, developed under the SESAR2020 programme as PJ02.01.04 (S-PWS-A) and PJ02.01.06 (S-PWS-D), is a refinement from RECAT-EU, delivering further separation reduction of 0.5NM or 1NM for some frequent aircraft pairs, and supporting increased runway throughput.

The minima are derived on the basis of the same methodology as used in RECAT-EU (and endorsed by EASA), however aligning the wake turbulence encounter risk on a pair -wise basis. On this, EUROCONTROL has produced a generic Safety Case, submitted to EASA for review and recommendations, in support of regulatory acceptance of local deployments.

There are several ways to operate the RECAT-EU-PWS scheme: on a pair-wise basis (with ATC separation delivery tool support), on a categorical system basis (with/without ATC separation delivery tool support), or on a procedural basis for selected aircraft type pairs in view of upgrading the applied wake categorisation scheme and bringing quick wins.

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Frédéric Rooseleer [email protected] NMD/NOM/APT

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RECAT-EU-PWS Wake Turbulence Separation Scheme

Edition:1.0 Released Issue Page 4 of 29

CONTENTS

CONTENTS ...............................................................................................................4

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...........................................................................................5

1. RECAT-EU-PWS minima .....................................................................................6

1.1 Background ....................................................................................... 6

1.2 RECAT-EU-PWS minima scheme ........................................................... 6

1.2.1 RECAT-EU-PWS distance-based minima matrix (100+ aircraft type designators) ...................................................................................... 7

1.2.2 RECAT-EU-PWS time-based separation minima for departure ............. Error! Bookmark not defined.

1.2.3 RECAT ‘20-CAT’ scheme and distance-based minima ............................. 14

1.2.4 RECAT-EU-PWS 20-CAT time-based separation minima for departure .. Error! Bookmark not defined.

1.2.5 RECAT-EU-PWS/20-CAT Aircraft assignment list ................................... 15

1.3 RECAT-EU-PWS Maintenance ............................................................. 16

1.4 Applicability of RECAT-EU-PWS distance minima ................................... 16

1.5 How RECAT-EU-PWS can be operated ?................................................ 17

1.6 RECAT-EU-PWS safety case and key principles...................................... 20

2. Delivering runway throughput benefits with RECAT-EU-PWS .......................21

3. RECAT-EU-PWS deployment considerations ..................................................22

Appendix A List of Aircraft Types with PWS minima .........................................23

Appendix B EUROCONTROL RECAT-EU-PWS Safety Case documentation .....26

Appendix C Aircraft type assignment logic into RECAT-EU-PWS scheme .......27

ABBREVIATIONS....................................................................................................28


EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This document, developed along the SESAR 2020 Wave 2 Very Large Demonstration VLD3-W2 “SORT”

project, presents the Optimised Wake Turbulence Categorisation and Pair-Wise Separation (PWS)

Minima for Approach and Departure, called RECAT-EU-PWS scheme.

The runway throughput in peak period is directly linked with the applicable minimum longitudinal

separation between successive traffic on final approach or on departure.

Following RECAT-EU as an initial step of re-categorisation of ICAO legacy wake turbulence categories

into a 6-category scheme, an additional optimisation step consists in the determination of static wake

turbulence separation minima based on a “Pair-Wise” regime, i.e. between pairs of aircraft types.

The PWS minima are determined by similar principles as used for the RECAT-EU methodology and safety

metrics, with refinements to provide adequate assurance for a pair-wise level of analysis and wake risk.

The PWS minima have been determined for a list of 100+ aircraft types (defined by an ICAO type

designator), most frequent at major European airports and for which data are available to characterize

the wake generation and wake encounter resistance with sufficient safety assurance. To further

complete for all other less frequent types, a RECAT-EU 20 CAT scheme is established, by sub-division of

the RECAT-EU categories, and where the aircraft are assigned to one of the 20 categories, based on their

MTOM (Maximum Take Off Mass), span and wing aspect ratio.

There are three ways to operate the RECAT-EU PWS solutions:

Pair-Wise application, which requires automation support with an ATC separation delivery tool,

which could also enable time-based separation and optimum runway delivery (TBS-ORD);

a customized N-category scheme, defined to be an optimum for a given airport traffic mix;

a procedural wake minima enhancement for a limited number of specific pairs of aircraft types (or

group of pairs)

In terms of benefits, the reduction of wake turbulence separation minima from ICAO legacy wake

turbulence categories to the RECAT-EU-PWS minima can increase the runway throughput during peak

periods by more than 10%, depending on local airport traffic mix of aircraft types.

Also, at equivalent throughput, the RECAT-EU-PWS separation reduction,

supports a reduction of the overall flight time for an approach or departure sequence of traffic,

which therefore benefits to the whole traffic sequence.

offers more flexibility for the Air Traffic Controllers to manage the traffic.

enables more rapid recovery from adverse conditions, helping to reduce the local airport delay and

eventually the ATFM delay propagated at network level.



1. RECAT-EU-PWS minima

1.1 Background

As part of SESAR 2020 Industrial Research project PJ02, EUROCONTROL has led the development static

pair-wise wake turbulence separation for Arrivals and Departures, identified as two SESAR solutions:

PJ02.01.04 Wake turbulence separation for Arrivals based on static aircraft characteristics (‘S-PWS-A’)

PJ02.01.06 Wake turbulence separation for Departure based on static aircraft characteristics (S-PWS-D’)

Since resulting from optimisation from RECAT-EU, these solutions are also commonly named RECAT-EU-

PWS scheme.

This development has been supported by UK NATS, providing an operational expertise review and London

Heathrow operational data, in support of the analysis for separation design of some aircraft types.

The RECAT-EU-PWS scheme is also one of the solutions addressed in the scope of the SESAR 2020 Wave

2 PJ02 ‘AART’ (Airport Airside & Runway Throughput) and Very Large Demonstration VLD3 ‘SORT’ (Safely

Optimised Runway Throughput) project, where a demonstration exercise application will take place in

the London Heathrow airport environment, and following operational deployment expected by 2023.

1.2 RECAT-EU-PWS minima scheme

The RECAT-EU-PWS scheme, establishing optimised longitudinal wake turbulence separation minima

on arrival and departure, is composed of the following:

For a list of 100+ aircraft type,

“RECAT-EU-PWS matrix” where pair-wise separation minima are specified for a list of 100+

aircraft type (identified by the ICAO type designator), frequent in the traffic at major European

airports and covering more than 95% of the traffic.

For all other aircraft types not in the 100+ / PWS list:

“RECAT-EU-20-CAT” separation matrix specified between 20 Wake Turbulence Categories of

aircraft types, consisting in a further optimisation / sub-division of RECAT-EU 6-CAT categories

(but not to a pair-wise level).

An aircraft type assignment list into the RECAT-EU-PWS and RECAT-EU 20-CAT matrix

containing all ICAO type designators (2000+)

The PWS and 20-CAT separation matrices are detailed hereafter. The aircraft type assignment list is

available separately (MS Excel file), and like for RECAT-EU, will be published on EUROCONTROL and

EASA websites following the regulatory approval process.


1.2.1 RECAT-EU-PWS distance-based minima matrix (100+ aircraft type designators)

The RECAT-EU PWS minima matrix, presented in Figure 1, covers 103 frequent aircraft types. The list of aircraft types with PWS minima is provided in Appendix A.

It must be noted that these wake turbulence separation minima have been specified down to 2NM minimum, this in view of possible reduction of minimum surveillance separation (MSS) as developed under SESAR2020 (reference solution: PJ.02-03 ‘Minimum-Pair Separations based on Required Surveillance Performance’ .

Some of these wake minima, as specified here (the darker colour, the larger separation), may become smaller than other local prevailing separation or spacing constraints, such as surveillance minima or runway occupancy time, which in this case prevail and remain applicable on top of the wake turbulence separation minima.

Safety case under review by EASA – For information only



B38M A21N A20N BCS3 BCS1 B739 B738 B737 B736 A321 A320 A318 A319 MD83 MD82 A148 B734 B733 B735 E195 E190 GL5T GLEX GLF5 B712 F100 F70 B463 RJ1H RJ85 E170 CRJ7 CRJ9 GLF4

A388 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

B748 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4.5 4 4 4 4 4 4.5 4.5 4 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5

B77L 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4.5 4 4 4 4 4 4.5 4.5 4 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5

B77W 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4.5 4 4 4 4 4 4.5 4.5 4 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5

A359 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4.5 4 4 4 4 4 4.5 4.5 4 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5

A35K 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4.5 4 4 4 4 4 4.5 4.5 4 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5

B744 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4.5 4 4 4 4 4 4.5 4.5 4 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5

A346 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4.5 4 4 4 4 4 4.5 4.5 4 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5

A345 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4.5 4 4 4 4 4 4.5 4.5 4 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5

B773 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 4.5 4 4 4 4 4 4.5 4 4 4 4 4 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4

B772 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 4.5 4 4 4 4 4 4.5 4 4 4 4 4 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4

A343 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 4.5 4 4 4 4 4 4.5 4 4 4 4 4 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4

A332 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 4.5 4 4 4 4 4 4.5 4 4 4 4 4 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4

A333 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 4.5 4 4 4 4 4 4.5 4 4 4 4 4 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4

A342 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 4.5 4 4 4 4 4 4.5 4 4 4 4 4 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4

B789 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 4.5 4 4 4 4 4 4.5 4 4 4 4 4 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4

B788 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 4.5 4 4 4 4 4 4.5 4 4 4 4 4 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4

MD11 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

B764 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3 2.5 3 3 2.5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3.5 3.5 3

B762 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3 2.5 3 3 2.5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3.5 3.5 3

B763 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3 2.5 3 3 2.5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3.5 3.5 3

A306 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3.5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3

A30B 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3.5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3

A310 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3.5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3

B752 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2.5 2 2 2 2 2 2.5 2 2 2 2 2 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

B753 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2.5 2 2 2 2 2 2.5 2 2 2 2 2 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5



F27 F50 DH8D AT75 AT72 FA7X AT43 AT45 CRJ2 J328 E145 E135 CL30 F2TH F900 FA50 CL60 GALX

A388 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

B748 4.5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

B77L 4.5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

B77W 4.5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

A359 4.5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

A35K 4.5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

B744 4.5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

A346 4.5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

A345 4.5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

B773 4.5 5 5 5 5 4.5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

B772 4.5 5 5 5 5 4.5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

A343 4.5 5 5 5 5 4.5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

A332 4.5 5 5 5 5 4.5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

A333 4.5 5 5 5 5 4.5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

A342 4.5 5 5 5 5 4.5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

B789 4.5 5 5 5 5 4.5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

B788 4.5 5 5 5 5 4.5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

MD11 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

B764 3 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 4 3.5 3.5 4 4 4 4 4 4

B762 3 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 4 3.5 3.5 4 4 4 4 4 4

B763 3 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 4 3.5 3.5 4 4 4 4 4 4

A306 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

A30B 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

A310 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

B752 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3.5

B753 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3.5




SF34 D328 E120 C680 C56X H25C C25C LJ45 LJ40 H25B C560 LJ60 BE40 LJ35 B350 C25B PC12 C550 C25A C501 C525 C510 P46T PA34 C10T

A388 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

B748 5.5 6 5.5 5.5 6 6 6 5.5 6 6 6 5.5 6 5.5 6.5 7 6.5 6.5 7 6.5 6.5 7 7 7 7

B77L 5.5 6 5.5 5.5 6 6 6 5.5 6 6 6 5.5 6 5.5 6.5 7 6.5 6.5 7 6.5 6.5 7 7 7 7

B77W 5.5 6 5.5 5.5 6 6 6 5.5 6 6 6 5.5 6 5.5 6.5 7 6.5 6.5 7 6.5 6.5 7 7 7 7

A359 5.5 6 5.5 5.5 6 6 6 5.5 6 6 6 5.5 6 5.5 6.5 7 6.5 6.5 7 6.5 6.5 7 7 7 7

A35K 5.5 6 5.5 5.5 6 6 6 5.5 6 6 6 5.5 6 5.5 6.5 7 6.5 6.5 7 6.5 6.5 7 7 7 7

B744 5.5 6 5.5 5.5 6 6 6 5.5 6 6 6 5.5 6 5.5 6.5 7 6.5 6.5 7 6.5 6.5 7 7 7 7

A346 5.5 6 5.5 5.5 6 6 6 5.5 6 6 6 5.5 6 5.5 6.5 7 6.5 6.5 7 6.5 6.5 7 7 7 7

A345 5.5 6 5.5 5.5 6 6 6 5.5 6 6 6 5.5 6 5.5 6.5 7 6.5 6.5 7 6.5 6.5 7 7 7 7

B773 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 6 6 6 5.5 6 6 6 5.5 6.5 5.5 7 7 7 7 7 6.5 7 7 7 7 7

B772 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 6 6 6 5.5 6 6 6 5.5 6.5 5.5 7 7 7 7 7 6.5 7 7 7 7 7

A343 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 6 6 6 5.5 6 6 6 5.5 6.5 5.5 7 7 7 7 7 6.5 7 7 7 7 7

A332 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 6 6 6 5.5 6 6 6 5.5 6.5 5.5 7 7 7 7 7 6.5 7 7 7 7 7

A333 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 6 6 6 5.5 6 6 6 5.5 6.5 5.5 7 7 7 7 7 6.5 7 7 7 7 7

A342 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 6 6 6 5.5 6 6 6 5.5 6.5 5.5 7 7 7 7 7 6.5 7 7 7 7 7

B789 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 6 6 6 5.5 6 6 6 5.5 6.5 5.5 7 7 7 7 7 6.5 7 7 7 7 7

B788 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 6 6 6 5.5 6 6 6 5.5 6.5 5.5 7 7 7 7 7 6.5 7 7 7 7 7

MD11 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

B764 4 4 4 4 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4 4.5 4.5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5

B762 4 4 4 4 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4 4.5 4.5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5

B763 4 4 4 4 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4 4.5 4.5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5

A306 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 5 4.5 5 5 5 4.5 5 4.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 6 6 6 6

A30B 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 5 4.5 5 5 5 4.5 5 4.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 6 6 6 6

A310 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 5 4.5 5 5 5 4.5 5 4.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 6 6 6 6

B752 3 3 3 3 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 4 3.5 4 3.5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5

B753 3 3 3 3 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 4 3.5 4 3.5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5



A148 B734 B733 B735 E195 E190 GL5T GLEX GLF5 B712 F100 F70 B463 RJ1H RJ85 E170 CRJ7 CRJ9 GLF4 F27 F50 DH8D AT75 AT72 FA7X AT43 AT45 CRJ2 J328 E145 E135 CL30 F2TH F900 FA50 CL60 GALX

B38M 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

A21N 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

A20N 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

BCS3 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

BCS1 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

B739 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

B738 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

B737 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

B736 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

A321 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

A320 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

A318 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

A319 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

MD83 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

MD82 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5





B38M 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3.5 3 3.5 3 3.5 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5

A21N 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3.5 3 3.5 3 3.5 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5

A20N 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3.5 3 3.5 3 3.5 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5

BCS3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3.5 3 3.5 3 3.5 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5

BCS1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3.5 3 3.5 3 3.5 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5

B739 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3.5 3 3.5 3 3.5 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5

B738 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3.5 3 3.5 3 3.5 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5

B737 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3.5 3 3.5 3 3.5 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5

B736 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3.5 3 3.5 3 3.5 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5

A321 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3.5 3 3.5 3 3.5 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5

A320 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3.5 3 3.5 3 3.5 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5

A318 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3.5 3 3.5 3 3.5 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5

A319 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3.5 3 3.5 3 3.5 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5

MD83 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3.5 3 3.5 3 3.5 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5

MD82 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3.5 3 3.5 3 3.5 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5

A148 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3 3 2.5 2.5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

B734 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3 3 2.5 2.5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

B733 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3 3 2.5 2.5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

B735 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3 3 2.5 2.5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

E195 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3 3 2.5 2.5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

E190 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3 3 2.5 2.5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

GL5T 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3 3 2.5 2.5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

GLEX 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3 3 2.5 2.5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

GLF5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3 3 2.5 2.5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

B712 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3 3 2.5 2.5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

F100 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3 3 2.5 2.5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

F70 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3 3 2.5 2.5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

B463 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3 3 2.5 2.5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

RJ1H 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3 3 2.5 2.5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

RJ85 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3 3 2.5 2.5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

E170 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3 3 2.5 2.5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

CRJ7 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3 3 2.5 2.5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

CRJ9 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3 3 2.5 2.5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

GLF4 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3 3 2.5 2.5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

F27 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3 3 2.5 2.5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

F50 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3 3 2.5 2.5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

DH8D 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3 3 2.5 2.5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

AT75 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3 3 2.5 2.5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

AT72 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3 3 2.5 2.5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

FA7X 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3 3 2.5 2.5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

AT43 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3 3 2.5 2.5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

AT45 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3 3 2.5 2.5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

CRJ2 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3 3 2.5 2.5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

J328 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3 3 2.5 2.5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

E145 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3 3 2.5 2.5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

E135 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3 3 2.5 2.5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

CL30 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3 3 2.5 2.5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

F2TH 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3 3 2.5 2.5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

F900 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3 3 2.5 2.5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

FA50 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3 3 2.5 2.5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

CL60 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3 3 2.5 2.5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

GALX 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3 3 2.5 2.5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3



Figure 1: RECAT-EU-PWS 103x103 matrix with distance-based Wake turbulence separation minima for approach and departures

The RECAT-EU-PWS matrix is provided as Appendix H to the EUROCONTROL RECAT-EU-PWS Safety Case, under the form of an MS Excel file.


SF34 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3 3 2.5 2.5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

D328 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3 3 2.5 2.5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

E120 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3 3 2.5 2.5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

C680 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3 3 2.5 2.5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

C56X 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3 3 2.5 2.5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

H25C 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3 3 2.5 2.5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

C25C 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3 3 2.5 2.5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

LJ45 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3 3 2.5 2.5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

LJ40 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3 3 2.5 2.5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

H25B 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3 3 2.5 2.5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

C560 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3 3 2.5 2.5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

LJ60 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3 3 2.5 2.5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

BE40 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3 3 2.5 2.5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

LJ35 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3 3 2.5 2.5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

B350 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

C25B 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

PC12 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

C550 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

C25A 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

C501 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

C525 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

C510 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

P46T 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

PA34 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

C10T 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5




1.2.2 RECAT ‘20-CAT’ scheme and distance-based minima

Based on the PWS matrix and list of aircraft types, a scheme with 20 wake turbulence categories is covering all other aircraft types not in the ‘PWS’ list.

A 14 categories scheme is built to assign aircraft types not in the PWS list on the basis of design similarities with aircraft types from the PWS list, defining 14-CAT scheme.

This is further completed by the RECAT-EU 6 categories for the remaining most rare and specific aircraft types, leading to an overall 20-CAT scheme.

The table below shown as Table 1 contains a selection of aircraft types not in the PWS list, and assigned to the 14-CAT, for which separation minima are still further optimised compared to RECAT-EU.

Table 1 Example of assignment into the 14-Category scheme of the RECAT-EU 20CAT, with correspondence to aircraft types from the PWS list

This assignment is based on criteria comprising mass, wingspan and wake resistance factor, and can be resulting from a specific analysis, such as for the A330Neo (A338, A339) or Boeing 777X (B778, B779).

For aircraft types that do not fall into one of the 14 additional categories RECAT-EU 6-CAT category is maintained, enabling full coverage of the whole aircraft type fleet.

The assignment of all ICAO type designators into this 20-CAT is available in a dedicated list (Appendix G to the EUROCONTROL RECAT-EU-PWS Safety Case, under the form of an MS Excel file).

The distance-based separation minima for the 20-CAT wake scheme are provided in Figure 2

Figure 2: 20-CAT Distance-based wake turbulence separation minima for arrival and departures

14-Category

designatorsA1 B1 B2 C1 C2 C3 C4 D1 E1 E2 E3 F1 F2 F3

Selection of

aircraft types

assigned in

14-CAT

(not currently

assigned in

PWS list)

B778

B779

. . .

A338

A339

B78X

. . .

DC10

. . .

IL76

. . .

A3ST

. . .

(no other

type than

B757

being in

the PWS

list)

A19N

B37M

B39M

B3XM

MD90

T154

. . .

AN72

CRJX

E75S

E75L

FA8X

GLF6

MRJ7

MRJ9

SU95

. . .

AN32

AT46

AT73

AT76

DH8C

FA6X

. . .

C750

CRJ1

E35L

E45X

G280

LJ85

. . .

C68A

DHC4

. . .

B190

C650

FA20

JS41

LJ55

LJ75

PC24

. . .

All types

from ICAO

Light WTC,

except

[C10T,

C25A, C25B,

C501, C510,

C525, C550,

P46T, PA34,

PC12]

which are in

the PWS list

A1 A B1 B2 B C1 C2 C3 C4 C D1 D E1 E2 E3 E F1 F2 F3 F

A 3.0 3.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0

A1 2.5 3.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 7.0 7.0 8.0 8.0

B 2.5 2.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0

B1 2.5 2.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.5 3.5 3.5 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.0 5.0 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.0

B2 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 3.0 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.5 6.5 7.0 7.0

C 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 5.5 6.0 6.0 6.0

C1 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 5.0 5.0 6.0 6.0

C3 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 6.0

C2 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3.0 3.5 3.5 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.5 6.0 6.0

C4 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.5 3.0 3.5 3.5 3.5 4.0 6.0 6.0

D 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3.5 4.0 5.0 5.0

D1 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3.0 3.5 5.0 5.0

E 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.0

E1 2.5 4.0 4.0

E2 2.5 4.0 4.0

E3 2.5 4.0 4.0

F 2.5 3.0 3.0

F1 2.5 3.0 3.0

F2 2.5 3.0 3.0

F3 2.5 2.5 2.5



1.2.3 RECAT-EU-PWS/20-CAT Aircraft assignment list

A list of aircraft type assignment with all ICAO type designators assigned into the RECAT-EU 20-CAT, and identifying the types of the PWS list, is developed and will be maintained for including new type designator identified in ICAO Doc 8643.

The RECAT-EU-PWS/20CAT aircraft assignment list is provided as Appendix G to the EUROCONTROL RECAT-EU-PWS Safety Case, under the form of an MS Excel file.



1.3 RECAT-EU-PWS Maintenance

PWS matrix

As the traffic mix is evolving over time and some aircraft types will become frequent at major European airports, the PWS matrix will periodically evolve as well to incorporate additional frequent aircraft types based on their data-driven characterisation

RECAT-EU-PWS aircraft assignment list

Since new aircraft type designators are periodically added over time, the RECAT-EU-PWS aircraft assignment list will periodically evolve as well to incorporate additional aircraft types.

The aircraft type assignment logic is illustrated in Appendix C.

1.4 Applicability of RECAT-EU-PWS distance minima

The distance-based separation minima are static, being applicable under ATS surveillance service and conditions (same as for RECAT-EU) defined in regulation EU 2020/469 ATS.TR.220 and ICAO Document 4444 PANS-ATM Section 8.7.3.4.1, when:

a) an aircraft is operating directly behind another aircraft at the same altitude or less than 300 m (1 000 ft) below; or b) both aircraft are using the same runway, or parallel runways separated by less than 760 m (2 500 ft); or

c) an aircraft is crossing behind another aircraft, at the same altitude or less than 300 m (1 000 ft) below.


1.5 How RECAT-EU-PWS can be operated ?

There are three ways to operate the RECAT-EU PWS solutions.

1) “Pair-Wise application” for arrivals and/or departure:

the PWS minima can be applied as such, completed by the 20-category separation matrix for other

landplane aircraft ICAO types (or any other category-based separation scheme approved by local

regulation authority).

It must be noted that the list of pairwise aircraft types is based on frequent types in the European traffic

for which data (in particular approach speed profile) are available for PWS minima determination. Locally

the pairwise aircraft types will not all be found at an airport.

For covering all local traffic types, a local PWS matrix must be established, from the combination of the

PWS matrix, and from the category-based scheme for the remaining other (less frequent) aircraft types.

The pair-wise application requires an ATC separation delivery tool, which can be distance-based or

could also enable time-based separation and optimum runway delivery (TBS-ORD), as illustrated in

Figure 3.

Figure 3: Operations of Pair-wise separation with support of ATC separation delivery tool



2) Customised N-category scheme

The RECAT-EU-PWS and RECAT-EU 20 CAT solutions can also be used to establish a customized N-

category scheme, defined to be an optimum for a given traffic mix at an aerodrome, and built using a

grouping of:

categories of the 20-category scheme; or

categories of the 20-category scheme complemented by another regulated standard (e.g.

ICAO).

Such N-category scheme, applicable both on approach and departure, may need an ATC separation

support tool, or not, depending on the number of categories and associated complexity of separation

combination to be managed by ATC, as illustrated in Figure 4. The customized N-category separation

scheme solution can correspond to RECAT-EU 6-CAT grouping (since RECAT-EU 20CAT minima are

inclusive of it), but also allows further local optimization considering local traffic mix.

Figure 4: Operations of customised wake categories based on 20-CAT scheme with or without support of ATC separation delivery tool

DBS = Distance-Based Separation


Example of customised 7-CAT solution

The Figure 5 provides an example of customised 7-CAT wake turbulence separation scheme solution which can be of interest to some airports with high percentage of ICAO Medium wake category aircraft types.

Figure 5: Example of customised 7-CAT wake turbulence separation scheme derived from 20-CAT scheme

3) Hybrid ICAO-RECAT EU(-PWS)

For airports with specific traffic mix and frequent pairs involving heavy aircraft (e.g. A333-A320, B789-

A320, or B789-B738), it is possible to keep operating ICAO legacy with a wake minima enhancement

between a limited number of specific pairs of aircraft types (or group of pairs, e.g. A320 family

following A330 family), for ATC procedural application or with limited system and HMI upgrade.



1.6 RECAT-EU-PWS safety case and key principles

The wake turbulence pair-wise separation (PWS) minima are directly determined from the wake

turbulence pair-wise risk assessment, with detailed assurance provided in a Safety Case.

The minima are established by direct comparison between aircraft type pairs of wake turbulence

encounter severity (determined in so-called reasonable worst-case conditions - RWC), and alignment

onto levels defined by ‘pivot’ aircraft type pairs at ICAO separation minima as operated today, considered

as acceptable.

Although the PWS design logic is to align most of the pairs to a higher Wake Turbulence (WT) severity

exposure, some margins have been introduced by the selection of the reference pairs with corresponding

WT severity level. Reference baseline pairs are selected to determine acceptable Roll Moment Coefficient

(RMC) values for PWS design by alignment of other pairs to that WT severity level. The reference leader-

follower pair could theoretically be a “worst-case” (most exposed) pair in ICAO scheme. However, the

selected pairs should provide the assurance that

the corresponding exposure level has been frequently experienced (aircraft type pair frequent in

traffic mix in peak time at busiest European airports),

that it does not lead to an increase of the risk of WT-induced accident and decreases this risk for

the most exposed pairs, and

it will provide an acceptable evolution in terms of overall risk.

The selected pivot pairs have, as leader, the AIRBUS A340-600 and cover three follower types, to

accommodate different aircraft type configuration designs influencing Wake Vortex Encounter (WVE)

impact, for acceptable severity alignment:

the EMBRAER 145 (E145, 20m wingspan and 21 tons MTOM) for MEDIUM category jet types

the ATR 42-500 (AT45, 24.6m and 19 tons) for MEDIUM category turbo-propeller types

the Cessna 510 for LIGHT types

the AIRBUS A310 (A310, 43.9m and 150 tons) for HEAVY types.

The PWS minima are then determined by aligning the calculated severity level (expressed in Roll Moment

Coefficient – RMC) on that of reference pivot aircraft type pairs. Comparing PWS and ICAO minima, the

WT risk in RWC is increased for the lowest severity levels, while the highest severity levels are reduced

for smaller types, leading to a more aligned distribution.

Detailed safety assurance is presented in the EUROCONTROL Safety Case report on RECAT-EU-PWS

minima for Arrival and Departure (ref: see Appendix B).


2. Delivering runway throughput benefits with RECAT-EU-PWS

As determined by the SESAR PJ02.01.04 solution validation results and performance assessment, RECAT-EU-PWS deployment will result in significant benefits in terms of runway capacity (increased arrival and departure throughput) and operational efficiency, further than RECAT-EU (based on 6 categories):

Transitioning from legacy separation minima based on ICAO wake turbulence categories to the RECAT-EU-PWS separation minima can bring up to 10% increase in runway throughput during peak periods, depending on individual airport traffic mix.

In addition, it should be noted that the use of a separation delivery tool (e.g. like for Time-Based Separation and Optimum Runway Delivery TBS-ORD) can bring another 5% increase thanks to enhanced separation consistency and predictability.

At equivalent throughput, RECAT-EU-PWS also allows a reduction of the overall flight time for an arrival or departure sequence of traffic, and this is beneficial to the whole traffic sequence. This may offer more flexibility for the Controllers to manage the traffic.

RECAT-EU-PWS will also enable more rapid recovery from adverse conditions, helping to reduce the overall delay and will also enable improvements in ATFM slot compliance through the flexibility afforded by reduced departure separations

Examples of PWS minima differences from standard ICAO Wake Turbulence Category or RECAT-EU 6-CAT are provided in Figure 6.

Lead/Follower aircraft type pairing ICAO WTC minima

RECAT-EU minima

RECAT-EU PWS minima

A359/B77W – B763 4 NM (nautical miles)

4 NM 3.5 NM

A359/B77W – B764 4 NM 4 NM 3 NM

A333/B789 - B738 or B38M 5 NM 4 NM 3.5 NM

A333/B789 - A320 or A20N 5 NM 4 NM 3.5 NM

A333/B789 – BCS3 or BCS1 5 NM 4 NM 3.5 NM

A359/B77W/A333/B789 - E195/E190

5 NM 5 NM 4 NM

A359/B77W/A333/B789 - E175/E170

5 NM 5 NM 4.5 NM

B764/B763 - A320 or A20N 5 NM 3 NM 2.5 NM

Figure 6: Example of PWS minima differences from standard ICAO Wake Turbulence Category or RECAT-EU 6-CAT



3. RECAT-EU-PWS deployment considerations

As identified in the EUROCONTROL RECAT-EU-PWS safety case report, the following elements should be considered when deploying RECAT-EU-PWS minima:

Ensuring traffic spacing compatibility with runway occupancy time

Ensure correct aircraft type data filed into flight plans

Ensuring Air Traffic Controllers appropriate training on ATC automation support and separation delivery tool for managing increased complexity

Ensuring Aircraft Operators and Flight Crews awareness of

Locally applicable wake turbulence separation minima based on RECAT-EU-PWS (*).

Operations at or close to separation minima is associated to “High-Intensity Runway Operations” (e.g. minimizing runway occupancy time)

Possible overall increase in lower severity wake turbulence encounter frequency on approach / departure, and the recommendation for ensuring that cabin crews should be seated before final approach interception

Ensuring safety monitoring in operations

(*) In case of Pair-wise separation application, the combination of possible separation minima is (too) complex to memorize unlike the reference conventional wake separation (e.g. 5NM for a Medium behind Heavy). However, what is of most interest for Flight Crews is the wake separation minima for the aircraft type he/she is flying on, and so the corresponding column from the separation matrix. Also the separation minima behind Heavy aircraft are grouped by clusters of Heavy aircraft type (in line with the Categories from the 20-CAT scheme), which significantly reduce the number of various minima cases. Examples for few aircraft types are provided in Figure 7

Leader Aircraft type A320 E190 ATR72

A380 5 NM 6 NM 6 NM

A350/B77W/B744 4 NM 4 NM 5 NM

A330/B777 3.5 NM 4 NM 5 NM

MD11 3 NM 4 NM 4 NM

B767 / A300 / A310 2.5 NM 3 NM 3.5 NM

B757 2 NM 2.5 NM 2.5 NM

Figure 7: Examples of PWS minima for some aircraft types as followers behind various frequent large aircraft types as leader


Appendix A List of Aircraft Types with PWS minima

The list of aircraft types assigned to the pair-wise (PWS) wake turbulence scheme, with corresponding ICAO and RECAT-EU wake categories, are provided in Table 2:

Manufacturer Model ICAO Type Designator

ICAO Wake Turbulence

Category RECAT-EU

ANTONOV An-148 A148 M CAT-E

AIRBUS A320NEO A20N M CAT-D

AIRBUS A321NEO A21N M CAT-D

AIRBUS A300B4-600 A306 H CAT-C

AIRBUS A300B2-1 A30B H CAT-C

AIRBUS A310 A310 H CAT-C

AIRBUS A318 A318 M CAT-D




AIRBUS A330-200 A332 H CAT-B






AIRBUS A350-900 XWB A359 H CAT-B

AIRBUS A350-1000 XWB A35K H CAT-B

AIRBUS A380-800 A388 J CAT-A

ATR ATR-42-300 AT43 M CAT-E




RAYTHEON 300 (B300) Super King Air 350 B350 M CAT-F

BOEING 737 MAX -8 B38M M CAT-D

BRITISH AEROSPACE BAe-146-300 B463 M CAT-E

BOEING 717-200 B712 M CAT-E




BOEING 737-600 B736 M CAT-D


BOEING 737-800B B738 M CAT-D




BOEING 747-400 (international, winglets) B744 H CAT-B

BOEING 747-8 B748 H CAT-B

BOEING 757-200 B752 M CAT-C

BOEING 757-300 B753 M CAT-C

BOEING 767-200 B762 H CAT-C



BOEING 777-200ER B772 H CAT-B

BOEING 777-300 B773 H CAT-B

BOEING 777-200LR B77L H CAT-B

BOEING 777-300ER B77W H CAT-B

BOEING 787-8 Dreamliner B788 H CAT-B

BOEING 787-9 Dreamliner B789 H CAT-B

AIRBUS A-220-100 BCS1 M CAT-D

AIRBUS A-220-300 BCS3 M CAT-D

BEECH 400 Beechjet BE40 M CAT-F

CESSNA P210 (turbine) C10T L CAT-F

CESSNA 525A Citation CJ2 C25A L CAT-F

CESSNA 525B Citation CJ3 C25B L CAT-F

CESSNA 525C Citation CJ4 C25C M CAT-F

CESSNA Citation 1SP C501 L CAT-F

CESSNA 510 Citation Mustang C510 L CAT-F

CESSNA 525 CitationJet C525 L CAT-F

CESSNA Citation 2 C550 L CAT-F

CESSNA 560 Citation 5 C560 M CAT-F

CESSNA 560XL Citation Excel C56X M CAT-F

CESSNA 680 Citation Sovereign C680 M CAT-F

BOMBARDIER Challenger 300 CL30 M CAT-E

CANADAIR CL-600 Challenger 600 CL60 M CAT-E

CANADAIR Regional Jet CRJ-200 CRJ2 M CAT-E



FAIRCHILD DORNIER 328 D328 M CAT-F

DE HAVILLAND CANADA DHC-8-400 Dash 8 DH8D M CAT-E

EMBRAER EMB-120 Brasilia E120 M CAT-F

EMBRAER EMB-135 E135 M CAT-E





FOKKER 100 F100 M CAT-E

FOKKER F-27 Friendship F27 M CAT-E

DASSAULT Falcon 2000 F2TH M CAT-E

FOKKER Fokker 50 F50 M CAT-E


FOKKER 70 F70 M CAT-E

DASSAULT Falcon 900 F900 M CAT-E

DASSAULT Falcon 50 FA50 M CAT-E

DASSAULT Falcon 7X FA7X M CAT-E

IAI Galaxy GALX M CAT-E

BOMBARDIER BD-700 Global 5000 GL5T M CAT-E

RAYTHEON Sentinel GLEX M CAT-E

GULFSTREAM AEROSPACE Gulfstream G400/G450 GLF4 M CAT-E

GULFSTREAM AEROSPACE Gulfstream G500/G550 GLF5 M CAT-E

RAYTHEON Hawker 800 H25B M CAT-F

RAYTHEON Hawker 1000 H25C M CAT-F

RUAG Dornier 328 JET Envoy J328 M CAT-E

LEARJET 35 LJ35 M CAT-F




MCDONNELL DOUGLAS MD-11 MD11 H CAT-C

MCDONNELL DOUGLAS MD-82 MD82 M CAT-D

MCDONNELL DOUGLAS MD-83 MD83 M CAT-D

PIPER PA-46-500TP Malibu Meridian P46T L CAT-F

PIPER PA-34 Seneca PA34 L CAT-F

PILATUS Eagle PC12 L CAT-F

BRITISH AEROSPACE RJ-100 RJ1H M CAT-E

BRITISH AEROSPACE RJ-85 RJ85 M CAT-E

SAAB-FAIRCHILD SF-340 SF34 M CAT-F

Table 2: List of aircraft types assigned to the pair-wise (PWS) wake turbulence scheme, with corresponding ICAO and RECAT-EU wake categories



Appendix B EUROCONTROL RECAT-EU-PWS Safety Case documentation

The RECAT-EU-PWS safety case documentation is essentially composed of the following:

1. EUROCONTROL RECAT-EU-PWS Safety case report Appendix B – Wake turbulence severity metric (Restricted access under NDA1) Appendix C – Wake vortex data (Restricted access under NDA1) Appendix D – Aircraft types and arrival traffic Data (Restricted access under NDA1) Appendix E – Wake turbulence risk assessment additional results Appendix F - RECAT-EU Appendix on Wake turbulence risk assessment for CAT-A / A380 (Restricted access under NDA2) Appendix G – RECAT-EU-PWS Aircraft assignment list (MS Excel file) Appendix H – RECAT-EU-PWS Pair-wise minima matrix (MS Excel file)

Like with RECAT-EU, the RECAT-EU-PWS Aircraft assignment list will be maintained and published following the regulatory approval process.

1 Covered by Non-Disclosure Agreement (NDA) w ith EUROCONTROL as containing Stakeholders proprietary data

2 Covered by Non-Disclosure Agreement (NDA) w ith AIRBUS as containing proprietary data


Appendix C Aircraft type assignment logic into RECAT-EU-

PWS scheme

The assignment logic of aircraft types into the RECAT-EU-PWS scheme is illustrated in Figure 8:

Figure 8: Aircraft type assignment logic into the RECAT-EU-PWS scheme



ABBREVIATIONS

ANSP Air Navigation Service Provider

ATC Air Traffic Control

ATM Air Traffic Flow Management

ATS Air Traffic Services

CAT Category

EASA European Aviation Safety Agency

EUROCONTROL European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation

ICAO International Civil Aviation Organisation

MRS Minimum Radar Separation

MSS Minimum Surveillance Separation

MTOM Maximum certificated Take-Off Mass

MTOW Maximum Take-Off Weight

NATS UK National Air Traffic Services

NDA Non-Disclosure Agreement

NM Nautical Mile

NMD EUROCONTROL Network Management Directorate

ORD Optimum Runway Delivery

PWS Pair-Wise Separation

R&D Research and Development

RECAT Re-categorisation

RMC Roll Moment Coefficient

RWC Reasonable Worst-case Conditions

S-PWS-A Static Pair-Wise Separation for Approach

S-PWS-D Static Pair-Wise Separation for Departures

TBS Time-Based Separation

WT Wake Turbulence

© EUROCONTROL - May 2022This document is published by EUROCONTROL for information purposes. It may be copied in whole or in part, provided that EUROCONTROL is mentioned as the source and it is not used for commercial purposes (i.e. for financial gain). The information in this document may not be modified without prior written permission from EUROCONTROL.

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