94
Ground Movement Assessment - Network Rail (Temporary and Permanent Works) 68 - 86 Farrington Road June 2019 Waterman Infrastructure & Environment Limited Pickfords Wharf, Clink Street, London, SE1 9DG www.watermangroup.com

Ground Movement Assessment - Network Rail (Temporary

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Ground Movement Assessment - Network Rail (Temporary and Permanent Works)

68 - 86 Farrington Road

June 2019

Waterman Infrastructure & Environment Limited

Pickfords Wharf, Clink Street, London, SE1 9DG www.watermangroup.com

Client Name: Whitbread

Document Reference: CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR

Project Number: CIV16514

Quality Assurance – Approval Status

This document has been prepared and checked in accordance with Waterman Group’s IMS (BS EN ISO 9001: 2015, BS EN ISO 14001: 2015 and BS OHSAS 18001:2007)

Issue Date Prepared by Checked by Approved by

01 07/06/2019 L. Christou A Karbassi A Karbassi

Comments

Issue for comments

Comments

Disclaimer

This report has been prepared by Waterman Infrastructure & Environment Limited, with all reasonable skill, care and diligence within the terms of the Contract with the client, incorporation of our General Terms and Condition of Business and taking account of the resources devoted to us by agreement with the client.

We disclaim any responsibility to the client and others in respect of any matters outside the scope of the above.

This report is confidential to the client and we accept no responsibility of whatsoever nature to third parties to whom this report, or any part thereof, is made known. Any such party relies on the report at its own risk.

Contents

Draft Ground Movement Assessment - Network Rail (Temporary and Permanent Works)

Document Reference: CIV16514

CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR \\H-lncs\wtdl\Projects\CIV16514 Farringdon Road\8_Reports\1.GMA NR\CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR final.docx

Contents

1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1

1.1 Objectives ........................................................................................................................ 1

1.2 Site Location and Description .......................................................................................... 1

1.3 The Current Site ............................................................................................................... 2

1.4 The Proposed Development ............................................................................................ 2

2. Asset Protection ......................................................................................................................... 4

3. Temporary works ........................................................................................................................ 6

4. Ground Model ............................................................................................................................. 7

5. Ground Movement Assessment (GMA) Methodology ............................................................ 8

5.1 Plaxis 2D Construction Stage Analysis ............................................................................ 8

6. Results ....................................................................................................................................... 11

7. Conclusions and Recommendations ..................................................................................... 24

8. References ................................................................................................................................ 25

Figures

Figure 1: Site (in red) and surroundings (© google maps) .............................................................. 1

Figure 2: Existing site location......................................................................................................... 2

Figure 3: Network Rail tunnel below site ......................................................................................... 4

Figure 4: Indicative position of Network Rail tunnel in relation to borehole 1 ................................. 5

Figure 5: Indicative plan showing demolition sequence .................................................................. 6

Figure 6: Plan showing Plaxis 2D cross sections............................................................................ 9

Figure 7: Model 1 Plaxis 2D – cross section ................................................................................. 10

Figure 8: Model 2 Plaxis 2D – cross section ................................................................................. 10

Figure 9: Horizontal displacements (crane phase) – Plaxis Model 1 ............................................ 12

Figure 10: Vertical displacements (crane phase) – Plaxis Model 1 ................................................ 12

Figure 11: Deformed shape in terms of total displacement arrows on NR tunnel lining (crane phase) – Plaxis Model 1 ................................................................................................. 13

Figure 12: Horizontal displacements (demolition phase) – Plaxis Model 1 .................................... 13

Figure 13: Vertical displacements (demolition phase) – Plaxis Model 1 ......................................... 14

Figure 14: Deformed shape in terms of total displacement arrows on NR tunnel lining (demolition phase) – Plaxis Model 1 ................................................................................................. 14

Figure 15: Horizontal displacements (end of excavation phase) – Plaxis Model 1 ......................... 15

Figure 16: Vertical displacements (end of excavation phase) – Plaxis Model 1 ............................. 15

Figure 17: Deformed shape in terms of total displacement arrows on NR tunnel lining (end of excavation phase) – Plaxis Model 1 .............................................................................. 16

Figure 18: Horizontal displacements (proposed loading long-term phase) – Plaxis Model 1 ......... 16

Contents

Draft Ground Movement Assessment - Network Rail (Temporary and Permanent Works)

Document Reference: CIV16514

CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR \\H-lncs\wtdl\Projects\CIV16514 Farringdon Road\8_Reports\1.GMA NR\CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR final.docx

Figure 19: Vertical displacements (proposed loading long-term phase) – Plaxis Model 1 ............. 17

Figure 20: Deformed shape in terms of total displacement arrows on NR tunnel lining (proposed loading long-term phase) – Plaxis Model 1 .................................................................... 17

Figure 21: Horizontal displacements (crane phase) – Plaxis Model 2 ............................................ 18

Figure 22: Vertical displacements (crane phase) – Plaxis Model 2 ................................................ 18

Figure 23: Deformed shape in terms of total displacement arrows on NR tunnel lining (crane phase) – Plaxis Model 2 ................................................................................................. 19

Figure 24: Horizontal displacements (demolition phase) – Plaxis Model 2 .................................... 19

Figure 25: Vertical displacements (demolition phase) – Plaxis Model 2 ......................................... 20

Figure 26: Deformed shape in terms of total displacement arrows on NR tunnel lining (demolition phase) – Plaxis Model 2 ................................................................................................. 20

Figure 27: Horizontal displacements (end of excavation phase) – Plaxis Model 2 ......................... 21

Figure 28: Vertical displacements (end of excavation phase) – Plaxis Model 2 ............................. 21

Figure 29: Deformed shape in terms of total displacement arrows on NR tunnel lining (end of excavation phase) – Plaxis Model 2 .............................................................................. 22

Figure 30: Horizontal displacements (proposed loading long-term phase) – Plaxis Model 2 ......... 22

Figure 31: Vertical displacements (proposed loading long-term phase) – Plaxis Model 2 ............. 23

Figure 32: Deformed shape in terms of total displacement arrows on NR tunnel lining (proposed loading long-term phase) – Plaxis Model 2 .................................................................... 23

Tables

Table 1: Summary ground model and parameters ........................................................................ 7

Table 2: Maximum displacements of NR tunnel and tunnel cant – Model 1 ................................ 11

Table 3: Maximum displacements of NR tunnel and tunnel cant – Model 2 ................................ 11

Appendices

A. Historic Drawings

B. Proposed Development

C. NR Assets drawings

D. Demolition Sequence Drawings

E. Proposed Pile Loads

Contents

Draft Ground Movement Assessment - Network Rail (Temporary and Permanent Works)

Document Reference: CIV16514

CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR \\H-lncs\wtdl\Projects\CIV16514 Farringdon Road\8_Reports\1.GMA NR\CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR final.docx

1

Draft Ground Movement Assessment - Network Rail (Temporary and Permanent Works)

Document Reference:

CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR

\\H-lncs\wtdl\Projects\CIV16514 Farringdon Road\8_Reports\1.GMA NR\CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR final.docx

1. Introduction

1.1 Objectives

Waterman has been appointed by Whitbread to undertake a Ground Movement Assessment (GMA) to

evaluate the potential impact of the proposed construction works on Network Rail (NR) assets, running

below proposed development site. The study captures both temporary and permanent works stages. This

report aims to provide a greater degree of certainty to the asset owners and the developer to understand

ground movement predictions and magnitude of potential impact at the location of NR tunnels.

1.2 Site Location and Description

The proposed 68 – 86 Farrington Road development (hereafter ‘the Site’) at London EC1R 0BD is bounded

by Farrington Road at west, Vineyard Walk to the north, Bowling Green Lane to the south and a row of

buildings to the east (Figure 1). Network Rail Clerkenwell tunnel is running below the Site, while London

Underground Circle, Hammersmith & City and Metropolitan Lines are running in parallel in close proximity

of the western boundary of the site. The national grid reference is 531257, 182291.

Figure 1: Site (in red) and surroundings (© google maps)

2

Draft Ground Movement Assessment - Network Rail (Temporary and Permanent Works)

Document Reference:

CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR

\\H-lncs\wtdl\Projects\CIV16514 Farringdon Road\8_Reports\1.GMA NR\CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR final.docx

1.3 The Current Site

The site is currently occupied by a 5-storey NCP car park and is situated immediately on top of the Network

Rail Clerkenwell tunnel. The site has a broadly rectangular shape, approximately 95 x 25m and covers

approximately 1940sqm. There is a semi-basement level below part of the building at the southern end of

the property. Due to the sloping external ground levels, the lowest parking level, Level 1, is set partly into

the ground and is approximately 2.7m below ground level at the northern end of the site. The site location

is indicatively shown in Figure 2.

Within the site, there are remains of a disused ventilation shaft for the Network Rail tunnel. The original

shaft rises through the existing car park and was sealed at the level of the crown of the tunnel in 2017 as

part of the enabling works for this development. The superstructure of the ventilation shaft is to be

demolished as part of this development leaving a residual section connected to the tunnel, which is to be

isolated from the new building.

The current building is supported on piles located either side of the Network Rail tunnel with ground beams

used to transfer the building loads over the full width.

The overall stability of the building is provided by the concrete stairs / lift core located at the south side of

the building and at the north-east corner of the building. The property is clad with 230mm thick fair face

solid brick walls tied to the structural frame. The basement is constructed using in situ reinforced concrete.

Historic drawings are provided in Appendix A.

Figure 2: Existing site location

1.4 The Proposed Development

The proposed re-development at 68-86 Farringdon Road will comprise a hotel (6 storeys) with retail and

office space. The existing car park will be demolished as part of the proposed works.

3

Draft Ground Movement Assessment - Network Rail (Temporary and Permanent Works)

Document Reference:

CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR

\\H-lncs\wtdl\Projects\CIV16514 Farringdon Road\8_Reports\1.GMA NR\CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR final.docx

It is proposed that the new building adopts a similar foundation system with the existing piles being reused,

if possible, and supplemented with new piles, if necessary. A basement is proposed in the central part of

the site to provide plant space and for equipment and storage for the hotel.

The scheme involves the following major structural works:

• Demolition of the car park and its ground beams and including the residual element of the

redundant tunnel ventilation shaft to a cut off level above the cap;

• Ground beam construction on original piles and providing additional piles where required;

• A basement area constructed under the central part of the development;

• Construction of a composite structural frame for the hotel up to the first-floor transfer deck with

cladding;

• Lightweight framing structure with joisted flooring (designed by a specialist) up to roof for hotel

with modular cladding on external panels;

• Composite steel frame construction for the office with specified cladding.

4

Draft Ground Movement Assessment - Network Rail (Temporary and Permanent Works)

Document Reference:

CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR

\\H-lncs\wtdl\Projects\CIV16514 Farringdon Road\8_Reports\1.GMA NR\CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR final.docx

2. Asset Protection

The site sits above the Network Rail Thameslink tunnel. This tunnel runs directly below the middle of the

structure, travelling from the North to South (Figure 3).

The effect of the proposed works on the tunnel and the magnitude of this is assessed in the current ground

movement assessment. Although the existing structure is piled, during the demolition process, there will

be a reduction in load on the tunnel and some degree of heave is anticipated. The construction of the new

building will cause settlements and potential increase in stress in the tunnel lining structure. The new

structure is to be supported on the existing piles with a small number of newer piles to assist in the loading.

It is intended to demonstrate that the proposed loading (acting on existing and new piles) will not cause

excessive movement in the tunnel and will therefore be acceptable.

The tunnel has been monitored in accordance with the agreed monitoring proposal with Network Rail, prior

to any demolition or construction work being undertaken.

Based on historical information (ref. London Underground Ltd. (LUL) – Structural Inspection and

Assessment Brick Tunnel – Structure No. TL89 – Jan 1998), the existing tunnels generally comprise an

800mm thick ellipsoidal brick lining with concrete footings at the base, as indicatively presented in Figure

4. The tunnels have a clear internal width (horizontal) of approximately 8.7m while the vertical diameters

are 6.3m and 6.8m respectively. The LUL tunnels crown level is approximately at 10.5mOD while the

Network Rail ones is at 7.3mOD (ref. LUL report mentioned above). It is understood from site investigation

conducted in March 2019 from Waterman that the tunnels have been constructed by means of bored

technique due to presence of clay above the tunnels. This tunnel construction method has been assumed

in the analysis carried out.

Intrusive investigation in 2016 found that the tunnel lining thickness to be 950mm to 1050mm.

Relevant drawings are provided in Appendix C.

Figure 3: Network Rail tunnel below site

5

Draft Ground Movement Assessment - Network Rail (Temporary and Permanent Works)

Document Reference:

CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR

\\H-lncs\wtdl\Projects\CIV16514 Farringdon Road\8_Reports\1.GMA NR\CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR final.docx

Figure 4: Indicative position of Network Rail tunnel in relation to borehole 1

6

Draft Ground Movement Assessment - Network Rail (Temporary and Permanent Works)

Document Reference:

CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR

\\H-lncs\wtdl\Projects\CIV16514 Farringdon Road\8_Reports\1.GMA NR\CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR final.docx

3. Temporary works

Temporary works will be in place during the demolition of the car park and its ground beams. The proposed

temporary construction sequence has been provided by Redhammer Demolition Limited through Waterman

Structures; relevant drawings are presented in Appendix D.

Demolition works will take place in three phases:

• Phase one – main part will be demolished starting from grid x16a to grid x5a (Figure 5);

• Phase two – southern part of the building will be demolished from grid x16a to grid x19; and

• Phase three – northern part of the building will be demolished from grid x5a to grid x1.

Figure 5: Indicative plan showing demolition sequence

The proposed construction sequence of the substructure is presented below:

• Demolition of existing structures;

• Installation of sheet pile retaining walls and props (temporary works);

• Excavation of proposed basement;

• Installation of basement slab and rising elevation (Hotel);

• Installation of ground floor office slab and rising elevation (Office);

• Remove temporary works.

7

Draft Ground Movement Assessment - Network Rail (Temporary and Permanent Works)

Document Reference:

CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR

\\H-lncs\wtdl\Projects\CIV16514 Farringdon Road\8_Reports\1.GMA NR\CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR final.docx

4. Ground Model

The ground model and parameters have been based on related to historical ground investigations

undertaken in proximity of the proposed development site i.e. from the British Geological Survey (BGS)

archives and a site-specific ground investigation which was undertaken by Socotec between November

2018 – March 2019. The ground investigation included two exploratory boreholes, in situ testing,

groundwater monitoring and laboratory testing.

It should be noted that this third-party information has not been checked nor independently verified by

Waterman.

The borehole logs indicate the presence of approximately 5m of Made Ground overlaying about 14m of

London Clay followed by the Lambeth Group, Thanet Sand and Chalk strata.

Assumptions in relation to strata elevations and stiffness parameters adopted in the analyses carried out

are summarised in Table 1. Undrained behaviour has been assumed for the London Clay and Lambeth

Group (cohesive) strata during short term loading/unloading stages.

Mohr Coulomb failure criterion has been used to assess the ground and tunnel movements resulting from

a number of proposed construction stages. The undrained behaviour of London Clay and Lambeth Group

(cohesive) has been modelled with effective stress parameters. The long-term conditions have been

modelled by introducing a consolidation stage to dissipate excess pore water pressure in the ground.

Groundwater level was considered to be at 16.5mOD (3.7mbgl).

Table 1: Summary ground model and parameters

Soil stratum Elevation at top of stratum (mAOD)

Angle of Shearing

Resistance (degrees)

Effective Cohesion

(kPa)

Undrained Shear

Strength

(kPa)

Drained Young’s Modulus

(MPa)

Undrained Young’s Modulus

(MPa)

Made Ground 20.2 20 0 25+5z[1] 8.0+1.5z[1] 10.0+ 1.9z [1]

London Clay Formation

15.0 22 5 50+10z[1] 16.0+3.3z[1] 20.0+ 4.1z [1]

Lambeth Group (cohesive)

0.5 22 5 200 64 80

Lambeth Group (granular)

-11.0 34 - - 100 -

Thanet Sand -14.0 37 - - 280 -

Chalk -23.5 34 10 - 360 -

Notes: [1] z refers to depth below top of Made Ground and London Clay stratum. (2) The Made Ground, London Clay Formation and Lambeth Group stiffness profiles indicated in Table 1 are based on the relationship Eu=400Cu. The use of this correlation is considered appropriate in view of the nature of the soil-structure interaction analysis and the strain levels expected to develop in proximity of the piles of the proposed development.

8

Draft Ground Movement Assessment - Network Rail (Temporary and Permanent Works)

Document Reference:

CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR

\\H-lncs\wtdl\Projects\CIV16514 Farringdon Road\8_Reports\1.GMA NR\CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR final.docx

5. Ground Movement Assessment (GMA) Methodology

A Ground Movement Assessment has been undertaken to evaluate the potential impact of the temporary

and permanent construction works on existing Network Rail tunnel running below the site.

Plane strain analysis have been carried out using the commercial software Plaxis 2D 2018, considering

representative cross sections, in order to evaluate the vertical and horizontal ground movements at the

existing Network Rail tunnel depth.

5.1 Plaxis 2D Construction Stage Analysis

A number of 2D finite element (FE) soil-structure interaction plane strain analyses have been carried out in

order to evaluate the ground movements induced by individual construction stages. The 2D FE models

have been undertaken using Plaxis 2D 2018. Soil layers have been modelled using linear elastic perfectly

plastic (Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion) constitutive model.

The London Clay and Lambeth Group strata have been modelled as undrained materials during the

proposed building construction works. The undrained behaviour is modelled in terms of effective stresses;

therefore, an equivalent undrained Young’s Modulus is automatically adopted in the analysis during

undrained loading stages, following elasticity theory (Eu=1.25E’ for an effective stress Poisson’s Ratio of

0.2 and an undrained total stress Poisson’s Ratio of 0.5). In a similar manner, due to the very high-water

bulk modulus, an equivalent (total stress) Poisson’s Ratio of 0.5 is automatically adopted for the London

Clay during undrained loading. Long term conditions are achieved by performing a final consolidation

analysis in which all excess pore water pressures generated during the previous construction stages are

dissipated and ground water equilibrium is achieved.

The lining masonry has been modelled as a linear elastic-perfectly plastic (Tresca failure criterion) material,

assuming a Young’s Modulus of 4.32GPa and a shear strength of 2,400 kPa (the latter corresponding to

half of the compressive characteristic stress in the masonry; ref. LUL – Structural Inspection and

Assessment Brick Tunnel – Structure No. TL89 – Jan 1998). Zero tensile strength has been assumed for

the masonry (in reality the models allow for a very small tensile strength figure of approximately 0.5% of

compressive strength in order to prevent numerical solution problems – the assumption has a negligible

impact on the results).

Piles and retaining sheet pile walls have been modelled using embedded pile and plate elements in Plaxis

respectively. These elements are wished-into-place in the analyses without explicitly modelling the

installation process.

In terms of existing and proposed loading, point loads have been applied at basement level on top of

existing and proposed piles.

Existing pile loads has been used from historic drawings provided in Appendix A. Proposed pile loading is

provided by Waterman Structures in drawing FARRD-WSL-SA-XX-DR-S-100100 provided in Appendix E.

The following construction sequence has been adopted in Plaxis 2D modelling:

Stage 1 – Initial stage.

Stage 2 – NR and LUL tunnels construction: bored tunnels are modelled assuming 1.5% volume loss in

order to simulate the historical tunnelling works.

Stage 3 – Consolidation - all excess pore water pressures are dissipated

Stage 4 – Existing building construction - foundation piles (750mm in diameter) are constructed. Relevant

9

Draft Ground Movement Assessment - Network Rail (Temporary and Permanent Works)

Document Reference:

CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR

\\H-lncs\wtdl\Projects\CIV16514 Farringdon Road\8_Reports\1.GMA NR\CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR final.docx

existing pile loads has been applied as provided by historic drawings (Appendix A). Excavation

to underside of existing ground beams is done. Undrained behaviour of cohesive soils has been

ignored

Stage 5 – Displacements reset to zero

Stage 6 – A UDL equal to 60.9kPa is applied at existing level to represent the crane load.

Stage 7 – Demolition of the existing structure - the existing building loading is de-activated. The plate

representing the foundation system is also de-activated.

Stage 8 – Excavation of proposed basement (when applicable).

Stage 9 – Installation of basement or ground floor slab.

Stale 10 – Removal of temporary works. Pile spacing is reduced to keep into account the installation of new

piles (when applicable)

Stage 11 – Proposed building construction - relevant proposed pile loads have been applied as provided

by Waterman Structures (Appendix D).

Stage 12 – Long term - a consolidation stage is performed in order to dissipate all excess pore water

pressures generated during the previous loading/unloading stages and achieve long term

conditions.

It is recommended that this Ground Movement Assessment (GMA) is re-visited if the actual construction

method, stages or sequencing change significantly.

The following analyses have been carried out:

Model 1: Modelling the temporary and permanent construction works including a single basement

excavation at typical cross section of the proposed hotel (Figure 7).

Model 2: Modelling the temporary and permanent construction works at typical cross section of the

proposed office (Figure 8).

Cross-sections described above for Plaxis 2D models are presented in plan in Figure 6.

Figure 6: Plan showing Plaxis 2D cross sections

Model 1 Model 2

10

Draft Ground Movement Assessment - Network Rail (Temporary and Permanent Works)

Document Reference:

CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR

\\H-lncs\wtdl\Projects\CIV16514 Farringdon Road\8_Reports\1.GMA NR\CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR final.docx

Figure 7: Model 1 Plaxis 2D – cross section

Figure 8: Model 2 Plaxis 2D – cross section

11

Draft Ground Movement Assessment - Network Rail (Temporary and Permanent Works)

Document Reference:

CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR

\\H-lncs\wtdl\Projects\CIV16514 Farringdon Road\8_Reports\1.GMA NR\CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR final.docx

6. Results

The predicted displacements and potential impact on NR asset from temporary and permanent construction

works are presented in this section.

Maximum horizontal displacements, vertical displacements and maximum track cant for the NR tunnel for

temporary crane load, demolition, excavation and proposed loading (long-term) stages are shown in Table

2 and Table 3 for Plaxis Model 1 and Plaxis model 2, respectively.

Table 2: Maximum displacements of NR tunnel and tunnel cant – Model 1

Construction stage

Plaxis Model 1

uhoriz max (mm)[1] uvert max (mm) [2] max NR tunnel cant

(mm)

Crane load -1.0 -3.1 0.0

Demolition -2.0 +5.0 1.0

Excavation -4.0 +12.3 2.0

Proposed Loading

(Long term) -2.4 +7.0 0.0

Notes:

[1] +ve values refer to movements towards the right in the cross-sections analysed

[2] +ve values refer to heave displacements.

[3] max NR tunnel cant in mm over assumed 1.45m track width

Table 3: Maximum displacements of NR tunnel and tunnel cant – Model 2

Construction stage

Plaxis Model 2

uhoriz max (mm) [1] uvert max (mm) [2] max NR tunnel cant

(mm)

Crane load -1.2 -3.4 0.0

Demolition +2.3 +12.3 1.0

Excavation +2.4 +12.3 1.0

Proposed Loading

(Long term) +1.0 -1.0 0.0

Notes:

[1] +ve values refer to movements towards the right in the cross-sections analysed

[2] +ve values refer to heave displacements.

[3] max NR tunnel cant in mm over assumed 1.45m track width

Results are also presented in terms of horizontal displacements contours, vertical displacements contours

and deformed shape in form of total displacement arrows on NR tunnel lining for the following construction

stages:

12

Draft Ground Movement Assessment - Network Rail (Temporary and Permanent Works)

Document Reference:

CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR

\\H-lncs\wtdl\Projects\CIV16514 Farringdon Road\8_Reports\1.GMA NR\CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR final.docx

• Crane load phase

• Demolition phase

• End of excavation phase

• Proposed loading long-term phase

Results from Plaxis Model 1 are presented in Figure 9 to Figure 20, while results from Plaxis Model 2 are

presented in Figure 21 to Figure 31.

Figure 9: Horizontal displacements (crane phase) – Plaxis Model 1

Figure 10: Vertical displacements (crane phase) – Plaxis Model 1

13

Draft Ground Movement Assessment - Network Rail (Temporary and Permanent Works)

Document Reference:

CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR

\\H-lncs\wtdl\Projects\CIV16514 Farringdon Road\8_Reports\1.GMA NR\CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR final.docx

Figure 11: Deformed shape in terms of total displacement arrows on NR tunnel lining (crane phase) – Plaxis Model 1

Figure 12: Horizontal displacements (demolition phase) – Plaxis Model 1

14

Draft Ground Movement Assessment - Network Rail (Temporary and Permanent Works)

Document Reference:

CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR

\\H-lncs\wtdl\Projects\CIV16514 Farringdon Road\8_Reports\1.GMA NR\CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR final.docx

Figure 13: Vertical displacements (demolition phase) – Plaxis Model 1

Figure 14: Deformed shape in terms of total displacement arrows on NR tunnel lining (demolition phase) – Plaxis Model 1

15

Draft Ground Movement Assessment - Network Rail (Temporary and Permanent Works)

Document Reference:

CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR

\\H-lncs\wtdl\Projects\CIV16514 Farringdon Road\8_Reports\1.GMA NR\CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR final.docx

Figure 15: Horizontal displacements (end of excavation phase) – Plaxis Model 1

Figure 16: Vertical displacements (end of excavation phase) – Plaxis Model 1

16

Draft Ground Movement Assessment - Network Rail (Temporary and Permanent Works)

Document Reference:

CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR

\\H-lncs\wtdl\Projects\CIV16514 Farringdon Road\8_Reports\1.GMA NR\CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR final.docx

Figure 17: Deformed shape in terms of total displacement arrows on NR tunnel lining (end of excavation phase) – Plaxis Model 1

Figure 18: Horizontal displacements (proposed loading long-term phase) – Plaxis Model 1

17

Draft Ground Movement Assessment - Network Rail (Temporary and Permanent Works)

Document Reference:

CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR

\\H-lncs\wtdl\Projects\CIV16514 Farringdon Road\8_Reports\1.GMA NR\CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR final.docx

Figure 19: Vertical displacements (proposed loading long-term phase) – Plaxis Model 1

Figure 20: Deformed shape in terms of total displacement arrows on NR tunnel lining (proposed loading long-term phase) – Plaxis Model 1

18

Draft Ground Movement Assessment - Network Rail (Temporary and Permanent Works)

Document Reference:

CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR

\\H-lncs\wtdl\Projects\CIV16514 Farringdon Road\8_Reports\1.GMA NR\CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR final.docx

Figure 21: Horizontal displacements (crane phase) – Plaxis Model 2

Figure 22: Vertical displacements (crane phase) – Plaxis Model 2

19

Draft Ground Movement Assessment - Network Rail (Temporary and Permanent Works)

Document Reference:

CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR

\\H-lncs\wtdl\Projects\CIV16514 Farringdon Road\8_Reports\1.GMA NR\CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR final.docx

Figure 23: Deformed shape in terms of total displacement arrows on NR tunnel lining (crane phase) – Plaxis Model 2

Figure 24: Horizontal displacements (demolition phase) – Plaxis Model 2

20

Draft Ground Movement Assessment - Network Rail (Temporary and Permanent Works)

Document Reference:

CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR

\\H-lncs\wtdl\Projects\CIV16514 Farringdon Road\8_Reports\1.GMA NR\CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR final.docx

Figure 25: Vertical displacements (demolition phase) – Plaxis Model 2

Figure 26: Deformed shape in terms of total displacement arrows on NR tunnel lining (demolition phase) – Plaxis Model 2

21

Draft Ground Movement Assessment - Network Rail (Temporary and Permanent Works)

Document Reference:

CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR

\\H-lncs\wtdl\Projects\CIV16514 Farringdon Road\8_Reports\1.GMA NR\CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR final.docx

Figure 27: Horizontal displacements (end of excavation phase) – Plaxis Model 2

Figure 28: Vertical displacements (end of excavation phase) – Plaxis Model 2

22

Draft Ground Movement Assessment - Network Rail (Temporary and Permanent Works)

Document Reference:

CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR

\\H-lncs\wtdl\Projects\CIV16514 Farringdon Road\8_Reports\1.GMA NR\CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR final.docx

Figure 29: Deformed shape in terms of total displacement arrows on NR tunnel lining (end of excavation phase) – Plaxis Model 2

Figure 30: Horizontal displacements (proposed loading long-term phase) – Plaxis Model 2

23

Draft Ground Movement Assessment - Network Rail (Temporary and Permanent Works)

Document Reference:

CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR

\\H-lncs\wtdl\Projects\CIV16514 Farringdon Road\8_Reports\1.GMA NR\CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR final.docx

Figure 31: Vertical displacements (proposed loading long-term phase) – Plaxis Model 2

Figure 32: Deformed shape in terms of total displacement arrows on NR tunnel lining (proposed loading long-term phase) – Plaxis Model 2

24

Draft Ground Movement Assessment - Network Rail (Temporary and Permanent Works)

Document Reference:

CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR

\\H-lncs\wtdl\Projects\CIV16514 Farringdon Road\8_Reports\1.GMA NR\CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR final.docx

7. Conclusions and Recommendations

Waterman has been appointed by Whitbread to undertake a Ground Movement Assessment (GMA) to

evaluate the potential impact of the proposed construction works on Network Rail (NR) assets, running

below proposed development site. The study captures both temporary and permanent works stages. This

report aims to provide a greater degree of certainty to the asset owners and the developer to understand

ground movement predictions and magnitude of potential impact at the location of NR tunnels.

The proposed 68 – 86 Farrington Road development is located at Clerkenwell, London EC1R 0BD. The

national grid reference is 531257, 182291. The site is currently occupied by a 5-storey NCP car park and

is situated immediately on top of the Network Rail Clerkenwell tunnel. The site has a broadly rectangular

shape, approximately 95 x 25m and covers approximately 1940sqm. There is a semi-basement level below

part of the building at the southern end of the property. The proposed re-development at 68-86 Farringdon

Road will comprise a multi-storey hotel (6 storeys) with retail and office space. The existing car park will

be demolished as part of the proposed works. It is proposed that the new building adopts a similar

foundation system with the existing piles being reused, if possible, and supplemented with new piles, if

necessary. A basement is proposed in the middle of the development to provide plant space and for

equipment and storage for the hotel.

Temporary works will be in place during the demolition of the car park and its ground beam. Demolition

works will take place in three phases; phase one – main part will be demolished starting from grid x16a to

grid x5a; phase two – southern part of the building will be demolished from grid x16a to grid x19; and phase

three – northern part of the building will be demolished from grid x5a to grid x1.

The ground model and parameters have been based on historical ground investigations undertaken in

proximity of the proposed development site i.e. from the British Geological Survey (BGS) archives and a

site-specific ground investigation which was undertaken by Socotec between November 2018 – March

2019. It should be noted that this third-party information has not been checked nor independently verified

by Waterman.

A Ground Movement Assessment has been undertaken to evaluate the potential impact of the temporary

and permanent construction works on existing Network Rail tunnel running below the site.

Two plane strain analyses have been carried out using the commercial software Plaxis 2D 2018,

considering representative cross sections, in order to evaluate the vertical and horizontal ground

movements at the existing Network Rail tunnel depth.

A summary of the tunnel maximum displacement and deformation patterns evaluated in the various stages

is presented in section 6. Maximum displacements for the NR tunnel are in the order of 12mm. Therefore,

it is concluded that the risk of damage to the tunnel is relatively low.

25

Draft Ground Movement Assessment - Network Rail (Temporary and Permanent Works)

Document Reference:

CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR

\\H-lncs\wtdl\Projects\CIV16514 Farringdon Road\8_Reports\1.GMA NR\CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR final.docx

8. References

1) British Geological Survey, British Regional Geology Publication for London and the Thames Valley

(2013) (www.bgs.ac.uk)

2) C.R.I. Clayton, 1995. CIRIA C143 ‘The Standard Penetration Test (SPT): Methods and Use’.

3) London Underground Limited, Structural Inspection and Assessment – Brick Tunnel, Structure No

TL89, January 1998.

4) M J Tomlinson, 201. ‘Foundation Design and Construction’, 7th edition.

5) PLAXIS 2D Reference Manual 2019, by Plaxis BV.

6) Stage 4 Report – Structural Engineering, Waterman Structures Limited, 68-86 Farrington Road,

London EC1R 0BA. November 2018

Draft Ground Movement Assessment - Network Rail (Temporary and Permanent Works)

68 - 86 Farrington Road

June 2019

Waterman Infrastructure & Environment Limited

Pickfords Wharf, Clink Street, London, SE1 9DG www.watermangroup.com

Client Name: Whitbread

Document Reference: CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR

Project Number: CIV16514

Quality Assurance – Approval Status

This document has been prepared and checked in accordance with Waterman Group’s IMS (BS EN ISO 9001: 2015, BS EN ISO 14001: 2015 and BS OHSAS 18001:2007)

Issue Date Prepared by Checked by Approved by

01 07/06/2019 L. Christou A Karbassi A Karbassi

Comments

Issue for comments

Comments

Disclaimer

This report has been prepared by Waterman Infrastructure & Environment Limited, with all reasonable skill, care and diligence within the terms of the Contract with the client, incorporation of our General Terms and Condition of Business and taking account of the resources devoted to us by agreement with the client.

We disclaim any responsibility to the client and others in respect of any matters outside the scope of the above.

This report is confidential to the client and we accept no responsibility of whatsoever nature to third parties to whom this report, or any part thereof, is made known. Any such party relies on the report at its own risk.

Contents

Draft Ground Movement Assessment - Network Rail (Temporary and Permanent Works)

Document Reference: CIV16514

CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR \\H-lncs\wtdl\Projects\CIV16514 Farringdon Road\8_Reports\1.GMA NR\CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR.docx

Contents

1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1

1.1 Objectives ........................................................................................................................ 1

1.2 Site Location and Description .......................................................................................... 1

1.3 The Current Site ............................................................................................................... 2

1.4 The Proposed Development ............................................................................................ 2

2. Asset Protection ......................................................................................................................... 4

3. Temporary works ........................................................................................................................ 6

4. Ground Model ............................................................................................................................. 7

5. Ground Movement Assessment (GMA) Methodology ............................................................ 8

5.1 Plaxis 2D Construction Stage Analysis ............................................................................ 8

6. Results ....................................................................................................................................... 11

7. Conclusions and Recommendations ..................................................................................... 24

8. References ................................................................................................................................ 25

Figures

Figure 1: Site (in red) and surroundings (© google maps) .............................................................. 1

Figure 2: Existing site location......................................................................................................... 2

Figure 3: Network Rail tunnel below site ......................................................................................... 4

Figure 4: Indicative position of Network Rail tunnel in relation to borehole 1 ................................. 5

Figure 5: Indicative plan showing demolition sequence .................................................................. 6

Figure 6: Plan showing Plaxis 2D cross sections............................................................................ 9

Figure 7: Model 1 Plaxis 2D – cross section ................................................................................. 10

Figure 8: Model 2 Plaxis 2D – cross section ................................................................................. 10

Figure 9: Horizontal displacements (crane phase) – Plaxis Model 1 ............................................ 12

Figure 10: Vertical displacements (crane phase) – Plaxis Model 1 ................................................ 12

Figure 11: Deformed shape in terms of total displacement arrows on NR tunnel lining (crane phase) – Plaxis Model 1 ................................................................................................. 13

Figure 12: Horizontal displacements (demolition phase) – Plaxis Model 1 .................................... 13

Figure 13: Vertical displacements (demolition phase) – Plaxis Model 1 ......................................... 14

Figure 14: Deformed shape in terms of total displacement arrows on NR tunnel lining (demolition phase) – Plaxis Model 1 ................................................................................................. 14

Figure 15: Horizontal displacements (end of excavation phase) – Plaxis Model 1 ......................... 15

Figure 16: Vertical displacements (end of excavation phase) – Plaxis Model 1 ............................. 15

Figure 17: Deformed shape in terms of total displacement arrows on NR tunnel lining (end of excavation phase) – Plaxis Model 1 .............................................................................. 16

Figure 18: Horizontal displacements (proposed loading long-term phase) – Plaxis Model 1 ......... 16

Contents

Draft Ground Movement Assessment - Network Rail (Temporary and Permanent Works)

Document Reference: CIV16514

CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR \\H-lncs\wtdl\Projects\CIV16514 Farringdon Road\8_Reports\1.GMA NR\CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR.docx

Figure 19: Vertical displacements (proposed loading long-term phase) – Plaxis Model 1 ............. 17

Figure 20: Deformed shape in terms of total displacement arrows on NR tunnel lining (proposed loading long-term phase) – Plaxis Model 1 .................................................................... 17

Figure 21: Horizontal displacements (crane phase) – Plaxis Model 2 ............................................ 18

Figure 22: Vertical displacements (crane phase) – Plaxis Model 2 ................................................ 18

Figure 23: Deformed shape in terms of total displacement arrows on NR tunnel lining (crane phase) – Plaxis Model 2 ................................................................................................. 19

Figure 24: Horizontal displacements (demolition phase) – Plaxis Model 2 .................................... 19

Figure 25: Vertical displacements (demolition phase) – Plaxis Model 2 ......................................... 20

Figure 26: Deformed shape in terms of total displacement arrows on NR tunnel lining (demolition phase) – Plaxis Model 2 ................................................................................................. 20

Figure 27: Horizontal displacements (end of excavation phase) – Plaxis Model 2 ......................... 21

Figure 28: Vertical displacements (end of excavation phase) – Plaxis Model 2 ............................. 21

Figure 29: Deformed shape in terms of total displacement arrows on NR tunnel lining (end of excavation phase) – Plaxis Model 2 .............................................................................. 22

Figure 30: Horizontal displacements (proposed loading long-term phase) – Plaxis Model 2 ......... 22

Figure 31: Vertical displacements (proposed loading long-term phase) – Plaxis Model 2 ............. 23

Figure 32: Deformed shape in terms of total displacement arrows on NR tunnel lining (proposed loading long-term phase) – Plaxis Model 2 .................................................................... 23

Tables

Table 1: Summary ground model and parameters ........................................................................ 7

Table 2: Maximum displacements and tunnel cant of NR tunnel – Model 1 ................................ 11

Table 3: Maximum displacements and tunnel cant of NR tunnel – Model 2 ................................ 11

Appendices

A. Historic Drawings

B. Proposed Development

C. NR Assets drawings

D. Demolition Sequence Drawings

E. Proposed Pile Loads

Contents

Draft Ground Movement Assessment - Network Rail (Temporary and Permanent Works)

Document Reference: CIV16514

CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR \\H-lncs\wtdl\Projects\CIV16514 Farringdon Road\8_Reports\1.GMA NR\CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR.docx

1 Draft Ground Movement Assessment - Network Rail (Temporary and Permanent Works)

Document Reference:

CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR \\H-lncs\wtdl\Projects\CIV16514 Farringdon Road\8_Reports\1.GMA NR\CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR.docx

1. Introduction

1.1 Objectives

Waterman has been appointed by Whitbread to undertake a Ground Movement Assessment (GMA) to

evaluate the potential impact of the proposed construction works on Network Rail (NR) assets, running

below proposed development site. The study captures both temporary and permanent works stages. This

report aims to provide a greater degree of certainty to the asset owners and the developer to understand

ground movement predictions and magnitude of potential impact at the location of NR tunnels.

1.2 Site Location and Description

The proposed 68 – 86 Farrington Road development (hereafter ‘the Site’) at London EC1R 0BD is bounded

by Farrington Road at west, Vineyard Walk to the north, Bowling Green Lane to the south and a row of

buildings to the east (Figure 1). Network Rail Clerkenwell tunnel is running below the Site, while London

Underground Circle, Hammersmith & City and Metropolitan Lines are running in parallel in close proximity

of the western boundary of the site. The national grid reference is 531257, 182291.

Figure 1: Site (in red) and surroundings (© google maps)

2 Draft Ground Movement Assessment - Network Rail (Temporary and Permanent Works)

Document Reference:

CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR \\H-lncs\wtdl\Projects\CIV16514 Farringdon Road\8_Reports\1.GMA NR\CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR.docx

1.3 The Current Site

The site is currently occupied by a 5-storey NCP car park and is situated immediately on top of the Network

Rail Clerkenwell tunnel. The site has a broadly rectangular shape, approximately 95 x 25m and covers

approximately 1940sqm. There is a semi-basement level below part of the building at the southern end of

the property. Due to the sloping external ground levels, the lowest parking level, Level 1, is set partly into

the ground and is approximately 2.7m below ground level at the northern end of the site. The site location

is indicatively shown in Figure 2.

Within the site, there are remains of a disused ventilation shaft for the Network Rail tunnel. It rises through

the existing car park and was sealed at the level of the crown of the tunnel in 2017 as part of the enabling

works for this development. The superstructure of the ventilation shaft is to be demolished as part of this

development leaving a residual section connected to the tunnel, which is to be isolated from the new

building.

The current building is supported on piles located either side of the Network Rail tunnel with ground beams

used to transfer the building loads over the full width.

The overall stability of the building is provided by the concrete stairs / lift core located at the south side of

the building and at the north-east corner of the building. The property is clad with 230mm thick fair face

solid brick walls tied to the structural frame. The basement is constructed using in situ reinforced concrete.

Historic drawings are provided in Appendix A.

Figure 2: Existing site location

1.4 The Proposed Development

The proposed re-development at 68-86 Farringdon Road will comprise a multi-storey hotel (6 storeys) with

retail and office space. The existing car park will be demolished as part of the proposed works.

3 Draft Ground Movement Assessment - Network Rail (Temporary and Permanent Works)

Document Reference:

CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR \\H-lncs\wtdl\Projects\CIV16514 Farringdon Road\8_Reports\1.GMA NR\CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR.docx

It is proposed that the new building adopts a similar foundation system with the existing piles being reused,

if possible, and supplemented with new piles, if necessary. A basement is proposed in the middle of the

site to provide plant space and for equipment and storage for the hotel.

The scheme involves the following major structural works:

• Demolition of the car park and its ground beams and including the residual element of the

redundant tunnel ventilation shaft to a cut off level above the cap;

• Ground beam construction on original piles and providing additional piles where required;

• A basement area constructed under the middle of the development;

• Construction of a composite structural frame for the hotel up to the first-floor transfer deck with

cladding;

• Lightweight framing structure with joisted flooring (designed by a specialist) up to roof for hotel

with modular cladding on external panels;

• Composite steel frame construction for the office with specified cladding.

4 Draft Ground Movement Assessment - Network Rail (Temporary and Permanent Works)

Document Reference:

CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR \\H-lncs\wtdl\Projects\CIV16514 Farringdon Road\8_Reports\1.GMA NR\CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR.docx

2. Asset Protection

The site sits above the Network Rail Thameslink tunnel. This tunnel runs directly below the middle of the

structure, travelling from the North to South (Figure 3).

The proposed works will have an effect on the tunnel and the magnitude of this is analysed in the current

ground movement assessment. Although the existing structure is piled, during the demolition process,

there will be a reduction in load on the tunnel and some degree of heave is anticipated. The construction

of the new building will cause settlements and potential increase in stress in the tunnel lining structure. The

new structure is to be supported on the existing piles with a small number of newer piles to assist in the

loading.

The tunnel has a 5m exclusion zone around its perimeter, which is greater than the standard Network Rail

3m exclusion zone. It is intended to demonstrate that the proposed loading (acting on existing and new

piles) will not cause excessive movement in the tunnel and will therefore be acceptable.

Tunnel monitoring will need to be put in place and run for at least one month, as agreed with Network Rail,

prior to any demolition or construction work being undertaken.

Based on historical information (ref. London Underground Ltd. (LUL) – Structural Inspection and

Assessment Brick Tunnel – Structure No. TL89 – Jan 1998), the existing tunnels generally comprise an

800mm thick ellipsoidal brick lining with concrete footings at the base, as indicatively presented in Figure

4. The tunnels have a clear internal width (horizontal) of approximately 8.7m while the vertical diameters

are 6.3m and 6.8m respectively. The LUL tunnels crown level is approximately at 10.5mOD while the

Network Rail ones is at 7.3mOD (ref. LUL report mentioned above). It is understood from site investigation

conducted in March 2019 from Waterman that the tunnels have been constructed by means of bored

technique due to presence of clay above the tunnels. This tunnel construction method has been assumed

in the analysis carried out.

Relevant drawings are provided in Appendix C.

Figure 3: Network Rail tunnel below site

5 Draft Ground Movement Assessment - Network Rail (Temporary and Permanent Works)

Document Reference:

CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR \\H-lncs\wtdl\Projects\CIV16514 Farringdon Road\8_Reports\1.GMA NR\CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR.docx

Figure 4: Indicative position of Network Rail tunnel in relation to borehole 1

6 Draft Ground Movement Assessment - Network Rail (Temporary and Permanent Works)

Document Reference:

CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR \\H-lncs\wtdl\Projects\CIV16514 Farringdon Road\8_Reports\1.GMA NR\CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR.docx

3. Temporary works

Temporary works will be in place during the demolition of the car park and its ground beams. The proposed

temporary construction sequence has been provided by Redhammer Demolition Limited through Waterman

Structures; relevant drawings are presented in Appendix D.

Demolition works will take place in three phases:

• Phase one – main part will be demolished starting from grid x16a to grid x5a (Figure 5);

• Phase two – southern part of the building will be demolished from grid x16a to grid x19; and

• Phase three – northern part of the building will be demolished from grid x5a to grid x1.

Figure 5: Indicative plan showing demolition sequence

The proposed construction sequence of the substructure is presented below:

•

• Demolition of existing structures;

• Installation of sheet pile retaining walls and props (temporary works);

• Excavation of proposed basement;

• Installation of basement slab and rising elevation (Hotel);

• Installation of ground floor office slab and rising elevation (Office);

• Remove temporary works.

7 Draft Ground Movement Assessment - Network Rail (Temporary and Permanent Works)

Document Reference:

CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR \\H-lncs\wtdl\Projects\CIV16514 Farringdon Road\8_Reports\1.GMA NR\CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR.docx

4. Ground Model

The ground model and parameters have been based on related to historical ground investigations

undertaken in proximity of the proposed development site i.e. from the British Geological Survey (BGS)

archives and a site-specific ground investigation which was undertaken by Socotec between November

2018 – March 2019. The ground investigation included two exploratory boreholes, in situ testing,

groundwater monitoring and laboratory testing.

It should be noted that this third-party information has not been checked nor independently verified by

Waterman.

The borehole logs indicate the presence of approximately 5m of Made Ground overlaying about 14m of

London Clay followed by the Lambeth Group, Thanet Sand and Chalk strata.

Assumptions in relation to strata elevations and stiffness parameters adopted in the analyses carried out

are summarised in Table 1. Undrained behaviour has been assumed for the London Clay and Lambeth

Group (cohesive) strata during short term loading/unloading stages.

Mohr Coulomb failure criterion has been used to assess the initial displacements from various construction

stages. The undrained behaviour of London Clay and Lambeth Group (cohesive) has been modelled with

effective stress parameters. The long-term conditions have been modelled by introducing a consolidation

stage to dissipate excess pore water pressure in the ground.

Groundwater level was considered to be at 16.5mOD (3.7mbgl).

Table 1: Summary ground model and parameters

Soil stratum Elevation at top of stratum (mAOD)

Angle of Shearing

Resistance (degrees)

Effective Cohesion

(kPa)

Undrained Shear

Strength

(kPa)

Drained Young’s Modulus

(MPa)

Undrained Young’s Modulus

(MPa)

Made Ground 20.2 20 0 25+5z[1] 8.0+1.5z[1] 10.0+ 1.9z [1]

London Clay Formation

15.0 22 5 50+10z[1] 16.0+3.3z[1] 20.0+ 4.1z [1]

Lambeth Group (cohesive)

0.5 22 5 200 64 80

Lambeth Group (granular)

-11.0 34 - - 100 -

Thanet Sand -14.0 37 - - 280 -

Chalk -23.5 34 10 - 360 -

Notes: [1] z refers to depth below top of Made Ground and London Clay stratum. (2) The Made Ground, London Clay Formation and Lambeth Group stiffness profiles indicated in Table 1 are based on the relationship Eu=400Cu. The use of this correlation is considered appropriate in view of the nature of the soil-structure interaction analysis and the strain levels expected to develop in proximity of the piles of the proposed development.

8 Draft Ground Movement Assessment - Network Rail (Temporary and Permanent Works)

Document Reference:

CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR \\H-lncs\wtdl\Projects\CIV16514 Farringdon Road\8_Reports\1.GMA NR\CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR.docx

5. Ground Movement Assessment (GMA) Methodology

A Ground Movement Assessment has been undertaken to evaluate the potential impact of the temporary

and permanent construction works on existing Network Rail tunnel running below the site.

Plane strain analysis have been carried out using the commercial software Plaxis 2D 2018, considering

representative cross sections, in order to evaluate the vertical and horizontal ground movements at the

existing Network Rail tunnel depth.

5.1 Plaxis 2D Construction Stage Analysis

A number of 2D finite element (FE) soil-structure interaction plane strain analyses have been carried out in

order to evaluate the ground movements induced by individual construction stages. The 2D FE models

have been undertaken using Plaxis 2D 2018. Soil layers have been modelled using linear elastic perfectly

plastic (Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion) constitutive model.

The London Clay and Lambeth Group strata have been modelled as undrained materials during the

proposed building construction works. The undrained behaviour is modelled in terms of effective stresses;

therefore, an equivalent undrained Young’s Modulus is automatically adopted in the analysis during

undrained loading stages, following elasticity theory (Eu=1.25E’ for an effective stress Poisson’s Ratio of

0.2 and an undrained total stress Poisson’s Ratio of 0.5). In a similar manner, due to the very high-water

bulk modulus, an equivalent (total stress) Poisson’s Ratio of 0.5 is automatically adopted for the London

Clay during undrained loading. Long term conditions are achieved by performing a final consolidation

analysis in which all excess pore water pressures generated during the previous construction stages are

dissipated and ground water equilibrium is achieved.

The lining masonry has been modelled as a linear elastic-perfectly plastic (Tresca failure criterion) material,

assuming a Young’s Modulus of 4.32GPa and a shear strength of 2,400 kPa (the latter corresponding to

half of the compressive characteristic stress in the masonry; ref. LUL – Structural Inspection and

Assessment Brick Tunnel – Structure No. TL89 – Jan 1998). Zero tensile strength has been assumed for

the masonry (in reality the models allow for a very small tensile strength figure of approximately 0.5% of

compressive strength in order to prevent numerical solution problems – the assumption has a negligible

impact on the results).

Piles and retaining sheet pile walls have been modelled using embedded pile and plate elements in Plaxis

respectively. These elements are wished-into-place in the analyses without explicitly modelling the

installation process.

In terms of existing and proposed loading, point loads have been applied at basement level on top of

existing and proposed piles.

Existing pile loads has been used from historic drawings provided in Appendix A. Proposed pile loading is

provided by Waterman Structures in drawing FARRD-WSL-SA-XX-DR-S-100100 provided in Appendix E.

The following construction sequence has been adopted in Plaxis 2D modelling:

Stage 1 – Initial stage.

Stage 2 – NR and LUL tunnels construction: bored tunnels are modelled assuming 1.5% volume loss in

order to simulate the historical tunnelling works.

Stage 3 – Consolidation - all excess pore water pressures are dissipated

Stage 4 – Existing building construction - foundation piles (750mm in diameter) are constructed. Relevant

9 Draft Ground Movement Assessment - Network Rail (Temporary and Permanent Works)

Document Reference:

CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR \\H-lncs\wtdl\Projects\CIV16514 Farringdon Road\8_Reports\1.GMA NR\CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR.docx

existing pile loads has been applied as provided by historic drawings (Appendix Error!

Reference source not found.). Excavation to underside of existing ground beams is done.

Undrained behaviour of cohesive soils has been ignored

Stage 5 – Displacements reset to zero

Stage 6 – A UDL equal to 60.9kPa is applied at existing level to represent the crane load.

Stage 7 – Demolition of the existing structure - the existing building loading is de-activated. The plate

representing the foundation system is also de-activated.

Stage 8 – Excavation of proposed basement (when applicable).

Stage 9 – Installation of basement or ground floor slab.

Stale 10 – Removal of temporary works. Pile spacing is reduced to keep into account the installation of new

piles (when applicable)

Stage 11 – Proposed building construction - relevant proposed pile loads have been applied as provided

by Waterman Structures (Appendix Error! Reference source not found.).

Stage 12 – Long term - a consolidation stage is performed in order to dissipate all excess pore water

pressures generated during the previous loading/unloading stages and achieve long term

conditions.

It is recommended that this Ground Movement Assessment (GMA) is re-visited if the actual construction

method, stages or sequencing change significantly.

The following analyses have been carried out:

Model 1: Modelling the temporary and permanent construction works including a single basement

excavation at typical cross section of the proposed hotel (Figure 7).

Model 2: Modelling the temporary and permanent construction works at typical cross section of the

proposed office (Figure 8).

Cross-sections described above for Plaxis 2D models are presented in plan in Figure 6.

Figure 6: Plan showing Plaxis 2D cross sections

Model 1 Model 2

10 Draft Ground Movement Assessment - Network Rail (Temporary and Permanent Works)

Document Reference:

CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR \\H-lncs\wtdl\Projects\CIV16514 Farringdon Road\8_Reports\1.GMA NR\CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR.docx

Figure 7: Model 1 Plaxis 2D – cross section

Figure 8: Model 2 Plaxis 2D – cross section

11 Draft Ground Movement Assessment - Network Rail (Temporary and Permanent Works)

Document Reference:

CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR \\H-lncs\wtdl\Projects\CIV16514 Farringdon Road\8_Reports\1.GMA NR\CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR.docx

6. Results

The predicted displacements and potential impact on NR asset from temporary and permanent construction

works are presented in this section.

Maximum horizontal displacements, vertical displacements and maximum cant of the NR tunnel for

temporary crane load, demolition, excavation and proposed loading (long-term) stages are shown in Table

2 and Table 3 for Plaxis Model 1 and Plaxis model 2 respectively.

Table 2: Maximum displacements and tunnel cant of NR tunnel – Model 1

Construction stage

Plaxis Model 1

uhoriz max (mm)[1] uvert max (mm) [2] max NR tunnel cant

(mm)

Crane load -1.0 -3.1 0.0

Demolition -2.0 +5.0 1.0

Excavation -4.0 +12.3 2.0

Proposed Loading

(Long term) -2.4 +7.0 0.0

Notes:

[1] +ve values refer to movements towards the right

[2] +ve values refer to heave displacements.

[3] max NR tunnel cant in mm over assumed 1.45m track width

Table 3: Maximum displacements and tunnel cant of NR tunnel – Model 2

Construction stage

Plaxis Model 2

uhoriz max (mm) [1] uvert max (mm) [2] max NR tunnel cant

(mm)

Crane load -1.2 -3.4 0.0

Demolition +2.3 +12.3 1.0

Excavation +2.4 +12.3 1.0

Proposed Loading

(Long term) +1.0 -1.0 0.0

Notes:

[1] +ve values refer to movements towards the right

[2] +ve values refer to heave displacements.

[3] max NR tunnel cant in mm over assumed 1.45m track width

Results are also presented in terms of horizontal displacements contours, vertical displacements contours

and deformed shape in form of total displacement arrows on NR tunnel lining for the following construction

stages:

12 Draft Ground Movement Assessment - Network Rail (Temporary and Permanent Works)

Document Reference:

CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR \\H-lncs\wtdl\Projects\CIV16514 Farringdon Road\8_Reports\1.GMA NR\CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR.docx

• Crane load phase

• Demolition phase

• End of excavation phase

• Proposed loading long-term phase

Results from Plaxis Model 1 are presented in Figure 9 to Figure 20, while results from Plaxis Model 2 are

presented in Figure 21 to Figure 31.

Figure 9: Horizontal displacements (crane phase) – Plaxis Model 1

Figure 10: Vertical displacements (crane phase) – Plaxis Model 1

13 Draft Ground Movement Assessment - Network Rail (Temporary and Permanent Works)

Document Reference:

CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR \\H-lncs\wtdl\Projects\CIV16514 Farringdon Road\8_Reports\1.GMA NR\CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR.docx

Figure 11: Deformed shape in terms of total displacement arrows on NR tunnel lining (crane phase) – Plaxis Model 1

Figure 12: Horizontal displacements (demolition phase) – Plaxis Model 1

14 Draft Ground Movement Assessment - Network Rail (Temporary and Permanent Works)

Document Reference:

CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR \\H-lncs\wtdl\Projects\CIV16514 Farringdon Road\8_Reports\1.GMA NR\CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR.docx

Figure 13: Vertical displacements (demolition phase) – Plaxis Model 1

Figure 14: Deformed shape in terms of total displacement arrows on NR tunnel lining (demolition phase) – Plaxis Model 1

15 Draft Ground Movement Assessment - Network Rail (Temporary and Permanent Works)

Document Reference:

CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR \\H-lncs\wtdl\Projects\CIV16514 Farringdon Road\8_Reports\1.GMA NR\CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR.docx

Figure 15: Horizontal displacements (end of excavation phase) – Plaxis Model 1

Figure 16: Vertical displacements (end of excavation phase) – Plaxis Model 1

16 Draft Ground Movement Assessment - Network Rail (Temporary and Permanent Works)

Document Reference:

CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR \\H-lncs\wtdl\Projects\CIV16514 Farringdon Road\8_Reports\1.GMA NR\CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR.docx

Figure 17: Deformed shape in terms of total displacement arrows on NR tunnel lining (end of excavation phase) – Plaxis Model 1

Figure 18: Horizontal displacements (proposed loading long-term phase) – Plaxis Model 1

17 Draft Ground Movement Assessment - Network Rail (Temporary and Permanent Works)

Document Reference:

CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR \\H-lncs\wtdl\Projects\CIV16514 Farringdon Road\8_Reports\1.GMA NR\CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR.docx

Figure 19: Vertical displacements (proposed loading long-term phase) – Plaxis Model 1

Figure 20: Deformed shape in terms of total displacement arrows on NR tunnel lining (proposed loading long-term phase) – Plaxis Model 1

18 Draft Ground Movement Assessment - Network Rail (Temporary and Permanent Works)

Document Reference:

CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR \\H-lncs\wtdl\Projects\CIV16514 Farringdon Road\8_Reports\1.GMA NR\CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR.docx

Figure 21: Horizontal displacements (crane phase) – Plaxis Model 2

Figure 22: Vertical displacements (crane phase) – Plaxis Model 2

19 Draft Ground Movement Assessment - Network Rail (Temporary and Permanent Works)

Document Reference:

CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR \\H-lncs\wtdl\Projects\CIV16514 Farringdon Road\8_Reports\1.GMA NR\CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR.docx

Figure 23: Deformed shape in terms of total displacement arrows on NR tunnel lining (crane phase) – Plaxis Model 2

Figure 24: Horizontal displacements (demolition phase) – Plaxis Model 2

20 Draft Ground Movement Assessment - Network Rail (Temporary and Permanent Works)

Document Reference:

CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR \\H-lncs\wtdl\Projects\CIV16514 Farringdon Road\8_Reports\1.GMA NR\CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR.docx

Figure 25: Vertical displacements (demolition phase) – Plaxis Model 2

Figure 26: Deformed shape in terms of total displacement arrows on NR tunnel lining (demolition phase) – Plaxis Model 2

21 Draft Ground Movement Assessment - Network Rail (Temporary and Permanent Works)

Document Reference:

CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR \\H-lncs\wtdl\Projects\CIV16514 Farringdon Road\8_Reports\1.GMA NR\CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR.docx

Figure 27: Horizontal displacements (end of excavation phase) – Plaxis Model 2

Figure 28: Vertical displacements (end of excavation phase) – Plaxis Model 2

22 Draft Ground Movement Assessment - Network Rail (Temporary and Permanent Works)

Document Reference:

CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR \\H-lncs\wtdl\Projects\CIV16514 Farringdon Road\8_Reports\1.GMA NR\CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR.docx

Figure 29: Deformed shape in terms of total displacement arrows on NR tunnel lining (end of excavation phase) – Plaxis Model 2

Figure 30: Horizontal displacements (proposed loading long-term phase) – Plaxis Model 2

23 Draft Ground Movement Assessment - Network Rail (Temporary and Permanent Works)

Document Reference:

CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR \\H-lncs\wtdl\Projects\CIV16514 Farringdon Road\8_Reports\1.GMA NR\CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR.docx

Figure 31: Vertical displacements (proposed loading long-term phase) – Plaxis Model 2

Figure 32: Deformed shape in terms of total displacement arrows on NR tunnel lining (proposed loading long-term phase) – Plaxis Model 2

24 Draft Ground Movement Assessment - Network Rail (Temporary and Permanent Works)

Document Reference:

CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR \\H-lncs\wtdl\Projects\CIV16514 Farringdon Road\8_Reports\1.GMA NR\CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR.docx

7. Conclusions and Recommendations

Waterman has been appointed by Whitbread to undertake a Ground Movement Assessment (GMA) to

evaluate the potential impact of the proposed construction works on Network Rail (NR) assets, running

below proposed development site. The study captures both temporary and permanent works stages. This

report aims to provide a greater degree of certainty to the asset owners and the developer to understand

ground movement predictions and magnitude of potential impact at the location of NR tunnels.

The proposed 68 – 86 Farrington Road development is located at Clerkenwell, London EC1R 0BD. The

national grid reference is 531257, 182291. The site is currently occupied by a 5-storey NCP car park and

is situated immediately on top of the Network Rail Clerkenwell tunnel. The site has a broadly rectangular

shape, approximately 95 x 25m and covers approximately 1940sqm. There is a semi-basement level below

part of the building at the southern end of the property. The proposed re-development at 68-86 Farringdon

Road will comprise a multi-storey hotel (6 storeys) with retail and office space. The existing car park will

be demolished as part of the proposed works. It is proposed that the new building adopts a similar

foundation system with the existing piles being reused, if possible, and supplemented with new piles, if

necessary. A basement is proposed in the middle of the development to provide plant space and for

equipment and storage for the hotel.

Temporary works will be in place during the demolition of the car park and its ground beam. Demolition

works will take place in three phases; phase one – main part will be demolished starting from grid x16a to

grid x5a; phase two – southern part of the building will be demolished from grid x16a to grid x19; and phase

three – northern part of the building will be demolished from grid x5a to grid x1.

The ground model and parameters have been based on related to historical ground investigations

undertaken in proximity of the proposed development site i.e. from the British Geological Survey (BGS)

archives and a site-specific ground investigation which was undertaken by Socotec between November

2018 – March 2019. It should be noted that this third-party information has not been checked nor

independently verified by Waterman.

A Ground Movement Assessment has been undertaken to evaluate the potential impact of the temporary

and permanent construction works on existing Network Rail tunnel running below the site .

Two plane strain analyses have been carried out using the commercial software Plaxis 2D 2018,

considering representative cross sections, in order to evaluate the vertical and horizontal ground

movements at the existing Network Rail tunnel depth.

A summary of the tunnel maximum displacement and deformation patterns evaluated in the various stages

is presented in section 6. Maximum displacements for the NR tunnel are at the order of 12.3mm. Therefore,

it is concluded that the risk of damage to the tunnel is low to moderate.

25 Draft Ground Movement Assessment - Network Rail (Temporary and Permanent Works)

Document Reference:

CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR \\H-lncs\wtdl\Projects\CIV16514 Farringdon Road\8_Reports\1.GMA NR\CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR.docx

8. References

1) British Geological Survey, British Regional Geology Publication for London and the Thames Valley

(2013) (www.bgs.ac.uk)

2) C.R.I. Clayton, 1995. CIRIA C143 ‘The Standard Penetration Test (SPT): Methods and Use’.

3) London Underground Limited, Structural Inspection and Assessment – Brick Tunnel, Structure No

TL89, January 1998.

4) M J Tomlinson, 201. ‘Foundation Design and Construction’, 7th edition.

5) PLAXIS 2D Reference Manual 2019, by Plaxis BV.

6) Stage 4 Report – Structural Engineering, Waterman Structures Limited, 68-86 Farrington Road,

London EC1R 0BA. November 2018

Appendices

Draft Ground Movement Assessment - Network Rail (Temporary and Permanent Works)

Document Reference: CIV16514

CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR \\H-lncs\wtdl\Projects\CIV16514 Farringdon Road\8_Reports\1.GMA NR\CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR.docx

APPENDICES

A. Historic Drawings

Appendices

Draft Ground Movement Assessment - Network Rail (Temporary and Permanent Works)

Document Reference: CIV16514

CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR \\H-lncs\wtdl\Projects\CIV16514 Farringdon Road\8_Reports\1.GMA NR\CIV16514-100-R-6-1-3-GMA.NR.docx

B. Proposed Development

11 1� 1� 1� 1� 1� 1� 1� 1� 11� 111 11� 11� 11� 11� 11� 11� 11� 11� 1�� 1

1

1�

1�

1

1

11

�

�

1�11

����

����

��

����

��1

����

����

���

�1��

����

���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� �1�

����

����

����

����

����

1���

�1��

1���

����

��1

��

�

�

�

��1

��1

��1

�

�1

��1

��

�

�

�

�1

�

�1

�� �11

�

�1

�

�1

�

�

�

�1

��

�����

�����

�����

�����

�����

�

�

��1

�

�

�

�1

�

�

�

��1

�

�

�� �

��1

��

�

�1

�

�1

�

�1

�� �1�1

�

�1

�

�1

�

�1

�

�1��

�

�1��

�11 �11

�� �1�1�� �

��1 �

�1

��1

��1

�

�1

�

��1

�

�

�

��1

�

�

��1

�

���

�

�

�

�

�

�����

�����

�����

�����

�����

�����

�����

����������

����� �����

�����

�����

�����

�����

��1��

��1��

����� ����

�

�����

�����

�����

�����

����� �����

�����

�����

�����

�����

�����

�����

1�����������1

�����1������

�������� ���1

�����1�������

�1

���$�1����������

���$������������

�1�

�

�

�

1

�11���

�

�11���

�

�11��1

�

�11��1

�������� ���1

�����1������

������&�� �'1��

����

��&

��

�'1

��

������&�� �'1��

����

��&

��

�'1

��

������&�� �'1��

����

��&

��

�'1

��

����

��&

��

�'1

��

������&�� �'1��

������&�� �'1��

������&�� �'1��

�������� ���1

�����1������

������&�� �'1��

������&�� �'1��

�����

�����

����� �����

11�

11�

11�

11�

���

������ 1�����������1

�����1������

1����&������1

���

1�����������1

�����1������

���

1�������������

��������1 �����1� � ��'1����� �1�'1 �

����

�1��

���

$�

�����1����� $�

�����1����� $�

����

�1��

���

$�

����

�1��

���

$�

����

�1��

���

$�

����

�1��

���

$�

����

�1��

���

$�

����

�1��

���

$�

1��������� $�

1��������� $�

�����1����� $�

��

����

�1��

���

$�

����

�1��

���

$�

����

�1��

���

$�

����

�1��

���

$�

�����1����� $�

�1�1

�1�1

��1

�

�1��

����

����

�

$�

1��������� $�

1��������� $�

1���

����

��

$�

1��������� $�

1��������� $�

1���

����

��

$�

�1��

�1�

�

�1�

�1��

�1��

�1��

��1

�

�1

��1

��1

�

�1

��1

��1 ��1

��1

��1

��1

��1

��1

��1

�

�1

��1

��1

��1

��1

��1

�

�1

��1

��1

��1

��1

��1

��1

��1��1

��1��1

�������� ���1

�����1������

11�

11�

1+1�

�1�

��

1��

�1�

��

1��

�1�

��

1��

�1�� �1�� �1�� �1�� �1�� �1�� �1�� �1��

�1��

�1���1��

�1�

�

�1���1��

�1��

�1��

�1�

�

�1�� �1��

�1��

�1�

�

�

�

1

�11�1�

�

�11�1�

�

�11�1�

�

�11�1�

�

�11�1�

�

�11�1�

�

�11�11

�

�11�11

�

�11�11

1�

�11�11

1

�11�1�

1

�11���

�

�11���

�

�11���

�

�11���

�

�11���

�

�11���

�

�11��� �

�11���

1�

�11��1

�

�11���

11

�11��1

��1

�

�

����

����

�

$�

��������� $�

'����� ���1������� ����

� �����1���1�

�����1�1

�������1����������1�1�����'����1������ 1�������� �� ��� ��1���� ��������� ��� ��1�� ���1�����1��'����

�� ��1�� ����

�������

���������� ��������

����

����

��� �

��%���

1���������

�������������� ���� �

����������%��� $ ���������� $ �� %�� $ ���� $ ���� $ �� � $ %�%��

��� �����11

'����������'�

����%�

1�����������

�

�

��

��

�'�

�&

���

�1�

��$���1��� ��� ���1�

�� �

1 ������1�

'�����1������

�������'��&��$ ��������� ������

���1����

1���$'��$��$��$��$�$��11��

��1����������

�

��

�

��

�1

���

��

�

��

���

���

1'

� �

� ���

1

��

�$'

��$�

$�

�$�

�$�

$���

1��

��

����������������% ������%����� ������������������%������'������������1��������������������% ��%����'������������������������������������%������%����������

������������������������������'�'�����������%��%����������������������%������������������������������������������������%��������������������� ������������%��%��������

������������������ ������������������%��������������������������''�����������%��%�����������

���'�����'���'��� ����������������������1��������������&������������������������

nnnnnnn

���'�����'���'��� ������������������������1����

��������������������� ������������%�����������������������%�����

�1 ������ 1�'����������� ���1��� ������1� 1

�� ��1����������������1� 1

���� �+���� �+

��������

���� ���1����1���������

���� �� ���� ��

���� ������ ��

�1���� 1����1�����������������'�������������

��1 �����1����

����������1���� &���1

������������'��&

��� �� ��� � ����� $

� $

� $'

� $�

� $�

$ ����

$ �1�

$ ���� ���1�

$ '1������������ ��

$ ���1 �

��� �� ��� � ����

��� �� ��� � ����

��� �� ��� � ����

��� �� ��� � ����

1 � � ��

���� �+

����+

1��1�����1'� ����������1��� � � �� ��� �'��������1� ���� ��1 ������ �� �������1'� ���

���1������� ��� ��1 ���������1�������� �� &���� ����������������1�� ��1 '�'��&� ����1'� ������ ���� � ��'��&�� ������

������� � ��1 ���������� �����1 ��'���������� ����������������1�����1����'������������ �������� ��������� 1�1��� �1��1�����1����������'��&��

��������1�� �+�� ����� �����$ �� ���� ����� �����$ ������

���1���'��&��� � ������������'��������1��'�1���������� ��������������1���� ��1 ������1���1������1������' ����������� ���� � ��'��&��

�������1���� ���� 1��� �������1�������������� �1��������1'� ���

��������'��� ���1���

�����'��� ���1���

�� ��1�������������11�1� ��

���+

1�����1�1 ��'1���� ���1��� �������������� ����� 1����

��1������������� &�'���������� ��������1��������$ 1������1��1����������������� ��1���� ������� &������������ �� ��1���� ��1��������

1���� 1����������������������1���� ��������������������'����1������ 1�������� �� ��� ��1���

� ��������� ��� ��1�� ���1�����1��������1�1������� �

���� ������1������� ���1�� � $ �������

��� ������������ �1���� 1������������

�1��$�����$���������

'�� �'� ���������

�1� �����1����� ���

�1�� �����1����� ���

�1�1 �����1����� 1��

�1�1 �����1�1��� ���

�1� �����1�1��� ���

�1�� �����1�1��� �1�

�1� �����1�1�1��

�1�� �����1�1�1�1 ���

�1�1 �����1����� 1��

�1� �����1�����

��� ��1��1���1�� ���

���� ��1������11� ���

��� ��1������1�� ���

���� ��1������1��

��11 ��1������1�� ���

���1 ���������1�� 1��

� �����1�� ����

� �1 � ����������

� � � ��������1�� ���

� �� � ��������1��

� �� � ��������1�� ���

� � � ��������1��

� � � ��������1��

� �� � �����������

� � � ����������� 1���

� �� � ����������� ���

� �� � �����������

�1��$�����$���������

'�� �'� ���������

1���1�

����� ��1�����

���1������1 ���

�1�� �1���1���1�

���1 �1���1���1�

1�1������1 ��� �1 ��

� 1������1�

� ���������

������ �����1�� ���� �

�� � �� ����1�����

�� �� �� ����1�����

� �����1���1�

��1 �����1����� ���

��1 �����1����� ��

�� �����1����� ���

��1 �����1�����

�� �����1����� 1��

�� �����1����� ���

�� �����1����� ���

�111 �����1����� ���

�11 �����1����� ���

�1�1 �����1�1��� ���

�1� �����1�1��1

�1�1 �����1����� ���

�1� �����1����� ���

�1� �����1����� ���

�1�1 �����1�����

�1� �����1����� �1�

����1���������������1����������������1 ����1������� �����1������1���� � ���� ��1�� �������1�������

1�����1� �

11 1� 1� 1� 1� 1� 1� 1� 1� 11� 111 11� 11� 11� 11� 11� 11� 11� 11� 1�� 1

1

1�

1�

1

1

11

�

�

���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� �1�

����

����

����

����

����

1���

�1��

1���

����

�����

�����

�����

�����

�����

�����

�����

�����

�����

������

����

����

�����

������� �

��������� �

��������� �

��������� �

��������� �

�����

�����

�����

�����

�����

��������� �

������

��� ��

1��

��������� ��1��

��������� ��1��

����

�1��

��� ��

��������� ��1��

��������� ��1��

������

��� ��

1��

1�1�����������

1�1�����������

�����

�1������

�����

�1�����������1

����������

����������������

1���

1���

����

�1��

��� ��

1��������� ��

����

�1��

��� ��

����

�1��

��� ��

����

�1��

��� ��

����

�1��

��� ��

������

��� ��

1��

�����1����� ��

�������� ���1

�����1������

1

�11���

�

�11���

�

�11��1

�

�11��1

����

����

��� ��1 1���

������

��� ��

1��

�����1�����

��������1 �����1� � ���1����� �1��1 �

�

�11�1�

�

�11�1�

�

�11�1�

�

�11�11

1�

�11�11

1

�11�1�

�

�11�1�

�

�11�1�

�

�11�1�

�

�11�1�

���

���

�� ��� �1�� � �� � ���1�� � ��� 1����

.

.

1��������� ��1��������� ��1��������� ��

1��������� ��

1��������� ��

�����1����� ��

��������������������� ���� �

1��������� ��

����

�1��

��� ��

11��

�

���� �� ����

��

�� ��1�� ����

�������

���������� �� �����

����

����

��� �

���*� �

1���������

��� ���������� ���� �

�����������*� � � ���������� � � *�� � ���� � ���� � �� � � *�*��

� � �����11

�������������

����*�

1���1��

����������

�������1�

������1��� ��� ���1�

�� �

1 ' ����1�

������1����� �

���������������� �������������� ������

���1����

1���������������������1���

��1�������� �

��� � �� 1��� �����������1�� �� ���1�����

�������������������

���

����������������* ������*��� � ������������������*�������������������1������ ����� �������* ��*�����������������������������������������*������*������������������������������������������������������* �*����������������������*���������

������������������������ �������������* ������������������� ������������*��*�������������������������� ������������������*������ ��������������������

������������* �*������������� ��������������� ����������������������1������� �������������

������������������

nnnnnnn

�� ��������������� ������������������������1����

��������������������� ������������*�� ��������������������*�� ��

��1 ����� � 1������ ������ �� 1��� ������1� 1

��� ��1�������� �������1� 1

���� ������ ��

����������

��� � �1����1��� �����

�� � ���� �

�� �� ��� ��

�1 ��� 1����1��������� ����������� ���������

��1 �����1 ���

��������� ��1���� ����1

������������������

��� �� ��� � ����� �

� �

� ��

� �

� ��

� ��

� �1

� ��� ���1

� �1����������� ��

� ���1 �

��� �� ��� � ����

��� �� ��� � ����

��� �� ��� � ����

��� �� ��� � ����

1 � � �

���� ��

�����

1��1�����1�� ����������1��� � � ' ��� ����������1� ���� ��1 �� ���� �� �������1�� ���

���1����� � ��� ��1 ���� ����1�������� �� ����� �������������������1�� ��1 ������� ����1�� ������ � � � �������� ������

������� � ��1 ���� ���� � ���1 �������������� ������������� ��1�����1������������ ���� ������� � ������� 1 1��� �1��1�����1����������������

��������1�� ���� ��� � ����� �� ���� ��� � ����� ������

���1���������� � ���������� ������������1����1������� '� ����� ��������1�� � ��1 �� ���1���� 1���� �1������� ������������ � � � ��������

�������1���� ���� 1��� �������1��������������� �1��������1�� ���

������������� ���1���

���������� ���1���

��� ��1�������� ����11�1� �

��� � �1�� �� �� ��� ��

��������� � �� ��� � 1 �

��1�� ���1���1���1���

����� �����������1���

���' ���1���1���1���

��1�� �����������1���

�1 ����������

� ����������

�1 ����������

� ����������

�� ��������1��

�1 ����������

� ��������11�

�� ��������1��

����

1�����1�1 ���1����� ���1��� ������� ������ ����� 1����

���

��1���������� ���1�� � �� �� ��1�� ������1� � ���� ��� 1����1 ������������ ��� ��1�������1 ������� �1 ��������� �� ����

1�����1� �

000 �� �0 �� �� �� ��

0�

0�

0�

0

0�

00

�0

��

�

��

��

��

�0 0� �000 �00 ��00 ���00

000

�000

�000

�00

�000

��00

��00

��0

��00

�00

00

00

00

�0

��������������0��

������0�������0��

��������������0��

�000��0000����

00��0��0����

���0���000����

���0���000����

���0���000����

���0���000����

00��0��0����

00��0��0����

00��0��0����

0

0�0000

���0�����0��������0����������

�0������0����0����������0��������0���

�0

�0

�0

�0

0

��

��

��

��

��

��

�0

�0

�0

��

0

0

��

��

�00��������0�

���������0�

�00��������0�

���������0�

000

��0

�00

��0

0����0����������0����������������������

��0����������0������������ ���������� ���������

��0����������������0��������00��

����00���������������

��0����������������0��������0�0��

����00���������������

��0����������������0���������0��

���000���������������

��0����������������0��������0�0��

����00���������������

��0����������������0���������0��

���000���������������

�0�������������������0����������0���

0��� ����0����������000�����

�����00�0����

�0��

00�0����

�0�����������0������0����������0���

0

000�00

�00

�00

000

�00��������0�

��������00�

�00��������0�

��������00�

����0���� ���������0����0���,��������0�������� ������� �������������������������������0����

��0

�

0�000�

�

0�000�

�

0�000�

������0����0

������������0

�����0������0

�����������00

�����000�������

����������00

������0�����0�

������0�������

�����������00

����������0�

�������������

������������

�����0�0�����00 ����0��

������

����������0��

�����0�����0

�����0�������

����������0��

����������00

�����0�����0

����0������0

�����0����00�

�������0������0

�����0�������0

������

����00

�������

����00

�������

����00

�����������00

������0

����00

���� �����������������0������0000�����������0����0�����0���������0����������

0�� 0

0000

��

��

�

0�0��������0�

�����00���0�

�����0�������

��������

����������� ��������

����

����

����

������

0���������

������������� ���� ��

�������������� � ���������� � ����� � ���� � ���� � ��� � ������

�������0�

�������������

������

�����00

����������

����00�

������0�����������0�

�� ��

0 ��00�

������0����� �

��������������� �������� ��������

����0�00

�0�����������00������000�00

��0�������� �

��������� 0����������������0����������0�����

�����00������00��00

�0�

������������������������������������������������������������������0����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

�����������������������������,����������,����������������������������������������������,��������������������������������������������������������

������������������������������������������������������������������������ ������������

������00�0�

nnnnnnn

���������������������������������������������

������00�0��������������������������������������������

��������������

����������

��� � �0����0����������

�� ��� ����� �

�� ����������

��0����0����0����������������������������

��0��������0�����

������������0�������0�

�����������������

������������������

���

���

��

����

� �� ��

� ��0�

� ��� �����0�

� �0����0�0���� ���

� ���0��

����������������

����������������

����������������

����������������

�0��� �

�������

������

���0�����0��������������0������� �������������0������0�������������������0������

0��0��������������0����������0����������������������������������0�����0������������0������������������������������

����������0����� ������ ���0����������������������������������0�����0�������������� ������������ � �������0�0�����0��0�����0���������������

���������0������� 0���� ����� �������� �0���� ����� �����

���0����������������������������������0����0������� � ��������������0�������0���� ���0�����0�������0����������������������������������

��������0��������0�����������0�����������������0��������0������

�������������0������0�������������0�����������00

�00���0�����������0����

��0������������0����

�������������0������������������0�����������00

�������������0������0������������0�������������00

�������������0�����������������0�������������00

�0� ��������0������ ������������0����0�0��� 0

�00 ��0�������� �0�0�� 0

������� ��������0�� �����0����������

�0�

�0����0�

���0�� �����0�00

� 0������0����

��� ��00��00��0

�0�0 ���0���0��0

�0�0�������0����0����

��0 ���0������� 00

�� ��000���0�

���0�� �0��������������

��0 ����0��00��0�0

�0� ���00�000��0�0

� 0���������������

� ���00��00��0�0

���� ��000�000��0�0

����� ������0���� ���

� � � 0����0��� �0

� �� � 0����0�� �0

������0����0�

��0 �00���00�0�

��0 �00������0� 0

��� �00�������0 0�0

��0 �0����00�00

��� �0����00�0�

�� ��0���00�0 00�

� ��0���00��� �00

���0 ������0���

���� ������0�� ���

��00 ���������� 0

��0� ����������

���0 ��0����0�� ���

���� ��0����0���

��� ��0����0���

���0 ��0������

���� ��0�����0 �00

��� ��0����� �0�

���� ��0����� 0�

���0 ������0��0 ���

���0 ��������

���� �������� 00�

��� �������0

���� �������

���� ��������0�

��� ����������

��0 ����������� 00�

��� ���������� �0

�� �����0�0��0� ���

�000 ���0���0 �0�

�00 ���0����00 ��

�00� ���0�00���� ���

�00� ���0�00��0� ���

�00� ���0�00���0

�0�0 ���0��0���� ���

�0� ���0��0��0� ���

�0�0 ��0�0�����

������0���� ��

00 00��00���� �0

0 00��00���0

0� 00��00���00

�0 0���0����

�� 0���0���

�� 0���0�����0

�0 �0���0��

�� �0���0����

� �0���0���� ��0

�� �0���0����

�� �0���0��� �0

�� ����������

� ��������

�� �������000

�� �����0��0

�� �����0����

�� �����0����

��������� 0��������0����������000����� ���0�� 0�����0����������������������������������������

����������������00����0���������0�����������0�����,�����0����0�������0������00���� ������0����

��� 0������0����������������������0���������������������0��������������

��� ��0���� ���������������00������������0������0��� ����� ������������ ����������� �0���� 0�0�������0�0�����

��� ��0����0������������ ���0�������0���0����������������������0����������������0������������������0��������������

��� ��0����0���������0���������0���00����������0���� �����0���0���������

�� ��0����0���������0���������0���00����������0���� �����0���0����0�����

�� ��0����0���������0���������0���00����������0���� �����0�������������� ��

�� �������0������������0����������������������0���������0���������0���00����������0���� ������0�����0�������� ���

���0���0�� �������

�0� ��0�������� ��0����� 0

0��������������0���0��������0��0����������0���� ���

�0� ������0����0�0��� ��

�0���0�����0���� �����������������0��� ����

���0��� �

000 �� �0 �� �� �� ��

0�

0�

0�

0

0�

00

�0

��

�

��

��

��

�0 0� �000 �00 ��00 ���00

000

�000

�000

�00

�000

��00

��00

��0

��00

�00

� ���� �����0��

� ��0� �����0��

� ���� �����0��

����0���0 ���0 ���0 ��� 0��

�00������� 0�

�� ������0�

0

0�0000

�00������� 0�

�� ������0�

�00������� 0�

�� ������0�

�

0�000�

�

0�000�

�

0�000�

0000��0�0�����

�0�0�00�����

�0�0�00�����

�0�0�00�����

0�0��000�����0�0��000�����

�0�0�00�����

0000��000�����

0000��000�����

0�0��000�����

�0�0�00�����

0000���00�����

0000���00�����

0�0���00�����

0�0�0000�����

0�00�00�����

0000��00�����

0�0��000�����

0�0���00�����

0000���00�����

�0�0�00�����

�0�0�00�����

0�0���00�����

0�0�00�����

0�0���00�����

0�0�00�����

0�00�00�����

0�00�00�����

0�� 0

0000

��0$���% &�&0����� �$0 &��$ �� �����0$

.

..

��

�$ � ���� �� ���

0000��00�����

0�0��000�����

�����0 ��� ��

��������

����������� ��������

����

����

���

%��%��

0���������

������������� ���� ��

��������%��%�� � ���������� � %�%�� � ��� � ��� � ��� � �%�%��

�������0�

�������������

����%�

0����������

%��%������

�����00�

������0�� ��������0�

�� ��

0 ��%�00�

�& ���0������%

%��%������������ ��� � ������������� ���

� ��0�00

�0������ ���� �������0000

� 0����� ����

������ ��0 ��������� ����0� ��������0�����

� �&�� �������00��00

%0�

���������������%������%����������������������%�������������������0������������������%��%�����������������������������������������%������%���������� �������������������������������������������%�%���� �����������������%���������

�������������������������������������%�������������������������������%��%��������������������������������������������%��������������������������

������������%�%���� ������%����������������������������� �����������������������������

������00�0�

nnnnnnn

%����������������������������� ��������������

������00�0����������������%����������������������%����

%0� %�� $ �0�%� ��������� ����$0 ��0��0�� 0

����� �����

%��%������

� �� ��0 �� 0�� �%� ��

� �$����������

� �$���%�����

��0$� �0 ���0 �& �&� �%� ��� ��� �%� �& � �

�0��������0$� ��

%��%�����$� 0 ������ 0�

%��%������ �� ����

�� ����������� ���

���

���

���

����

� � �$�

� ��0$

� ���������0$

� �0 ��0�0��������

� �%� 0��

�� ����������� �

�� ����������� �

�� ����������� �

�� ����������� �

�0 �� �

�����

�� ��

���0 ���0� ���� �������0�� ������� ���� &� &��0�& � �0���$�%���� ��������0� ����

0��0 �� $��� ����0��� �%� ��0��� �����&��������� ��%� ��� ��%��%0� ���0�%����� �����0� ��������$$�� ������������ ��

��� &���� �0 ���$�� ��������0���� �������%��� � ������ &���%��0 �� 0� %���� &���� � ������ �� �������$0%0 ���0 �0 �� 0������� &��������

���� ����0 �� �� 0�$ �� ���� ��� ���� �0�$ �� ���� &� � �

���0 ������� �� ����%��$ $ %� ������%0� %�0��� ������� � ��$� &���� 0 �$�� �0����� �0%%��%0 ����$�0��� �������%� ��� ���$$�� ���������

��������0� & ��� �0 �������� 0 �������� ���%� 0 � ����0� ����

�00���0�����%��� �0 ��

��0������%��� �0 ��

�� ���� �� ����0$�� ���&�0����������

0�

�0��� 0

� 0�� � ��0�00

���0 � ���0�� �

��� �00��00��0

�0�0 ��0���0��0

%0�0 � �� 0����&0���

%�0 %��0������� 00

%� %�000���0�

�� 0��� 0��&� ����� ��

�&�0& �&���0��00��0�0

�&0� �&��00�000��0�0

���0���&� ����� ��

�&� �&��00��00��0�0

�&��� �&�000�000��0�0

������ %���0 �� �$��

�� �0����0��� �0

��� �0����0�� �0

�� %���0 ���0$

���0 ��00���00�0�

���0 ��00������0� 0

���� ��00�������0 0�0

���0 ��0����00�00

���� ��0����00�0�

��� ���0���00�0 00�

�� ���0���00��� �00

����0 �������0���

����� �������0�� ���

���00 ����������� 0

���0� �����������

����0 ���0����0�� ���

����� ���0����0���

���� ���0����0���

����0 ���0������

����� ���0�����0 �00

���� ���0����� �0�

����� ���0����� 0�

����0 �������0��0 ���

����0 ���������

����� ��������� 00�

���� ��������0

����� ��������

����� ���������0�

����& �����������

���0 ������������ 00�

���� ����������� �0

��� ������0�0��0� ���

��000 ����0���0 �0�

��00 ����0����00 ��

��00� ����0�00���� ���

��00� ����0�00��0� ���

��00� ����0�00���0

��0�0 ����0��0���� ���

��0� ����0��0��0� ���

��0�0 ���0�0�����

�� %���0 �� �$�

�00 �00��00���� �0

�0 �00��00���0

�0� �00��00���00

��0 �0���0����

��� �0���0���

��� �0���0�����0

��0 ��0���0��

��� ��0���0����

�� ��0���0���� ��0

��� ��0���0����

��� ��0���0��� �0

��� �����������

�� ���������

��� ��������000

��� ������0��0

��� ������0����

��� ������0����

%00 � 0����� �����0����� 0

�� �� ��� 0 ������0 �� �����000��� &������0�� 0 �� 0�������� �������� �$����� �� ������ ���

��%� �%$�� �����00��� 0�� ����� 0 ��� &� &��0�& � ���� �0 ���0����%� 0 � ��00��������� �0 ���

��� 0 �$� 0 ����� �������������� �0� �%��� ��� &������ 0%������� �$��&�

��� �&�0��� ���� �����������00��� ���� %% 0 %�% 0������ �� �����%��� ����&��%��%��� � 0���� 0�0������%0�0 � �

��� ��0$��$0������� �� � ����0�� ��0 ��0��� ������� �����$�� �0 ���� ��� &������0$���� &�� �� �����0��� ���� � %��

��� ��0$��$0������� ��&0%������� 0���00��� �����&�0��� ����% 0���0 ��������

�� ��0$��$0������� ��&0%������� 0���00��� �����&�0��� ����% 0���0 ���0�����

�� ��0$��$0������� ��&0%������� 0���00��� �����&�0��� ����% 0��� ���%��� ����&�

�� �������0$����� �����0�������$%�� ���$�% �$0������� ��&0%������� 0���00��� �����&�0��� ���� ��0 ���0 %�� ����&��

0 �$�$����� ��&0%��0���� ���0$ 0 ���������0��������

%0�� 0�����0� ��������0$�� ������% ����0� �����

���0��� �

���� ��0�

�� ���0�� 0

11 1� 1� 1� 1� 1� 1� 1� 1� 11� 111 11� 11� 11� 11� 11� 11� 11� 11� 1�� 1 � � � � �

1

1�

1�

1

1

11

1

�

�

1

�1���1

1�

�1����

�

�1���1

�

�1���1

�

�1���1

�

�1���1

�

�1���1

�

�1�����

�1����

�

�1����

1�

�1����

11

�1����

1�

�1����

1�

�1����

���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� �1�

����

����

����

����

����

����

1���

�1��

1���

����

���� ���� ���� ���� 1����

�����1�������

�������

���������� � ����

����

����

��� �

%�%%� �

1���������

��� �����%���� ���� �

������%�%�%%� � % ��������%� % %% %�� % ���� % ���� % �% � % �%�%��

� � �����11

�������������

����%�

1���1��

%��%������

��%����1�

��%���1�����������1�

�� �

�� 1�����1�

������1������%

�� �����������1���%����������� �����

�� 1�����%�1�

���1����

1���%���% %%%��%�%�1����

��1����������

%��

� ������������ %% ���%��%��� � �����������%����%�%�����������%�������1������ ����� ����� %% ��%������������%�� ��������������%���%��%� �%������%����� ����� ��������������� ����%������%��������������% �%����������������������%���%��� �

%�����%��� ����������%�� %����!�����%�% ��!����������%����� %�����%�����%��%� %���������%�!���� ���� % ��%������������� %%��� �� %�����������������%�

������������% �%�����������%� �%����� ������ �� �����������%��%����1��������������%����%�

��#���������������

nnnnnnn

%� �%����� ������ �� �����������%��%������1����

��#������������������ �����������%%�� %������������������%%�� %�

����%� 1���1����1�����1����1 �����1����������1����1���%���% %%%��%�%�1����

�������������1�1�����������1���������������� �1���������� 1��1��

�� ������� �����

��1 %�������1����������������1����������1� 1

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

OOOO���OO�OO�����O�O�������

������

1��1�����1�������������1����� ����� ��������������1� ���� ��1�����%�������������1������

���1��������������1�����%����1�������� �� %�����������%��������%��%1�����1�����%������1��������� ����� �������%���������

������� ����1 ����������������1�������������%���������������%��1�����1������������������������� �������� 1%1�����1��1�����1�������������%��

��������1������� �����������% �� ���� �����������% ������

���1������%����� �����%��������������%1���1���������� ��������������1�������1�������1%%��%1������1�����������%�������� ����� �������%��

�������1��������� 1�����������1�������������%� �1��������1������

�1���1���

%����������� ������� 1�����%�1�

%�1 ��1�������������11�1� ��

%�� ��1������������1�����1� �

11 1� 1� 1� 1� 1� 1� 1� 1� 11� 111 11� 11� 11� 11� 11� 11� 11� 11� 1�� 1

1

1�

1�

1

1

11

�

�

���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� �1�

����

����

����

����

����

1���

�1��

1���

����

�����

�����

�����

�����

�����

�����

�����

�����

�����

������

����

����

�����

������� �

��������� �

��������� �

��������� �

��������� �

�����

�����

�����

�����

�����

��������� �

������

��� ��

1��

��������� ��1��

��������� ��1��

����

�1��

��� ��

��������� ��1��

��������� ��1��

������

��� ��

1��

1�1�����������

1�1�����������

�����

�1������

�����

�1�����������1

����������

����������������

1���

1���

����

�1��

��� ��

1��������� ��

����

�1��

��� ��

����

�1��

��� ��

����

�1��

��� ��

����

�1��

��� ��

������

��� ��

1��

�����1����� ��

�������� ���1

�����1������

1

�11���

�

�11���

�

�11��1

�

�11��1

����

����

��� ��1 1���

������

��� ��

1��

�����1�����

��������1 �����1� � ���1����� �1��1 �

�

�11�1�

�

�11�1�

�

�11�1�

�

�11�11

1�

�11�11

1

�11�1�

�

�11�1�

�

�11�1�

�

�11�1�

�

�11�1�

���

���

�� ��� �1�� � �� � ���1�� � ��� 1����

.

.

1��������� ��1��������� ��1��������� ��

1��������� ��

1��������� ��

�����1����� ��

��������������������� ���� �

1��������� ��

����

�1��

��� ��

11��

�

���� �� ����

��

�� ��1�� ����

�������

���������� �� �����

����

����

��� �

���*� �

1���������

��� ���������� ���� �

�����������*� � � ���������� � � *�� � ���� � ���� � �� � � *�*��

� � �����11

�������������

����*�

1���1��

����������

�������1�

������1��� ��� ���1�

�� �

1 ' ����1�

������1����� �

���������������� �������������� ������

���1����

1���������������������1���

��1�������� �

��� � �� 1��� �����������1�� �� ���1�����

�������������������

���

����������������* ������*��� � ������������������*�������������������1������ ����� �������* ��*�����������������������������������������*������*������������������������������������������������������* �*����������������������*���������

������������������������ �������������* ������������������� ������������*��*�������������������������� ������������������*������ ��������������������

������������* �*������������� ��������������� ����������������������1������� �������������

������������������

nnnnnnn

�� ��������������� ������������������������1����

��������������������� ������������*�� ��������������������*�� ��

��1 ����� � 1������ ������ �� 1��� ������1� 1

��� ��1�������� �������1� 1

���� ������ ��

����������

��� � �1����1��� �����

�� � ���� �

�� �� ��� ��

�1 ��� 1����1��������� ����������� ���������

��1 �����1 ���

��������� ��1���� ����1

������������������

��� �� ��� � ����� �

� �

� ��

� �

� ��

� ��

� �1

� ��� ���1

� �1����������� ��

� ���1 �

��� �� ��� � ����

��� �� ��� � ����

��� �� ��� � ����

��� �� ��� � ����

1 � � �

���� ��

�����

1��1�����1�� ����������1��� � � ' ��� ����������1� ���� ��1 �� ���� �� �������1�� ���

���1����� � ��� ��1 ���� ����1�������� �� ����� �������������������1�� ��1 ������� ����1�� ������ � � � �������� ������

������� � ��1 ���� ���� � ���1 �������������� ������������� ��1�����1������������ ���� ������� � ������� 1 1��� �1��1�����1����������������

��������1�� ���� ��� � ����� �� ���� ��� � ����� ������

���1���������� � ���������� ������������1����1������� '� ����� ��������1�� � ��1 �� ���1���� 1���� �1������� ������������ � � � ��������

�������1���� ���� 1��� �������1��������������� �1��������1�� ���

������������� ���1���

���������� ���1���

��� ��1�������� ����11�1� �

��� � �1�� �� �� ��� ��

��������� � �� ��� � 1 �

��1�� ���1���1���1���

����� �����������1���

���' ���1���1���1���

��1�� �����������1���

�1 ����������

� ����������

�1 ����������

� ����������

�� ��������1��

�1 ����������

� ��������11�

�� ��������1��

����

1�����1�1 ���1����� ���1��� ������� ������ ����� 1����

���

��1���������� ���1�� � �� �� ��1�� ������1� � ���� ��� 1����1 ������������ ��� ��1�������1 ������� �1 ��������� �� ����

1�����1� �

)))))))))))))))))))))))

))))))��))))))))�))�)))

�))

C�

�)

�) ))) �)) �� )�)

�))

)�)

))

�))

)�)

))

�)

��)

�)))))�)��)��))

�)))))�)��)�)�)�)�)��)))�)�)�))��)))))))���)�))))�)

����

)))))�)��)))��

))))

�))))�)��)))��

)))))�)��)�)�)�)�)))��)�)�)�))��)))))))���)�))))�)

��)�)))�))�)

��)�))))))))

�))))�)��)))��

))))))��))))))))�))�)))

�))

�)))

))�

)��

)��

))

�)))

))�

)��

)��

))

�)) �))) ))) )))

)))�)))�))�)

�))))�)��)))��

�)))�)))))��)��

))�)��)))��)��

�)) �))) ))) �))

�))))�)��)))�� �))))�)��)))��

��)�)))�))�) ��)�)))�))�)

��)�)))�))�)

)))))�)��)�)�)�)�)))��)�)�)�))��)))))))���)�))))�)

)))))�)��)�)�)�)�)))��)�)�)�))��)))))))���)�))))�)

)��)))�))�)��))�)

))))))��))))))))�))�)))

��

)��)))�))�)��))�)

)��))))))�)��))�)

�)))

))�

)��

)��

))

�)))

))�

)��

)��

))

�� ))) ��)) �))

��)�)))�))�)

��)�)))�))�)��)�)))�))�)

)))�)))�))�)

�))))�)��)))��

��� ))) ��)) �))

�))

)�)

))

�))

)�)

))

))�)��)))��)��))�)��)))��)��

�))))�)��)))��

)))))�)��)�)�)�)�)))��)�)�)�))��)))))))���)�))))�)

�))))�)��)))��

)))))�)��)�)�)�)�)))��)�)�)�))��)))))))���)�))))�)

))))))��))))))))�))�)))

�)� ��) �)

�)))

))�

)��

)��

))

�)))

))�

)��

)��

))

�)) ))�� ���� �) ��) �)) �))

�))))�)��)))��

)))))�)��)�)�)�)�)))��)�)�)�))��)))))))���)�))))�)

��)�)))�))�)

��)�)))�))�)

��)�)))�))�)

))))�))))��)��

�)))�)�)))��)��

))) )��

�))

)�)

))

�))� �))

))))))��))))))))�))�)))

�)�

��)�)))�))�)

��)�)))�))�)��)�)))�))�)

�)))�)�)))��)��

��) ��)

�))

)�)

))

�)

��)

�))))�)��)))��

)))))�)��)�)�)�)�)))��)�)�)�))��)))))))���)�))))�)

�))))�)��)))��

)))))�)��)�)�)�)�)))��)�)�)�))��)))))))���)�))))�)

�

�))�))

))))))��))))))))�))�)))

�)�

))) �)) �)) )))

�))

))))))

�))

)�)

))

)))))�)��)�)�)�)�)))��)�)�)�))��)))))))���)�))))�)

�))))�)��)))�� �))))�)��)))��

�)

��)

)))

)�)

��)�)))�))))

))��)))�)�))

�)�)��))�))))

�����)��

��������)�� ����)��

����

�����

)���

������

�)���)����

������������� ���� ��

�������������� ) )��������� ) ���)� ) )��� ) )��� ) ��� ) ��)���

)���)#)�)

�����)��)���)

)�����

��)��������

��

)�

))

)�

)�)

��

))�

)))

��))�)��������)�)�)��

)� )�

�) �)�)�)))

�)�)��)��)��)��

))�)�)�)))�))��)))) )))))��)�)))�)))�)�)�)

��))�)�)

))�)��)�

�����)�)))))))�)��)))�))�))

))��))�)�))�)

�)�

)��)�������)����)���)��)����))��)�������)��)��)��������)��)����)���)�����������)����)��)��������)��)��))�������)�����)��)���)�����)���)��)���)

)��)�������)��)��)��������)��)�����)��))��������))�)����)���)��)������)��)����������)���)��)��)���)�����#)���������#)��������)��)�������)��)���)�����������

������#)�����)���)��)��)����)������)��)������)��)�������)�������)��))��������))�)����

�������)����)))���))�����))))�����)))))���)))������)������)�))��)�)))��))))))

nnnnnnn

�������)����)))���))�����))))�����)))))))���

�))��)�)))��)))))))��#�����)�������)�))))���)�����)�������)�)

�)) ))��))�)�))�)�))))))) �)

))�)���))�)���

��)�)))�)��

))���)���))))��)))�)))))

�))���)���)�)��)

�))���))�)�)�))

�)��)))��))�)�)))��))))�)))))))�)))�)))))))))

)���)�)�)�)��))�)

��)�)))�)�))�))�)��)))��

��)�)))�))))))�)��

�)���)��)�)�)���)))��)�

��)�

��)�

��)�

��)��

) �))���

) �)��

) ��)���)�)��

) ��))))�))�)��))

) ��))���

�)���)��)�)�)���)))

�)���)��)�)�)���)))

�)���)��)�)�)���)))

�)���)��)�)�)���)))

������ ��)

))�)���

�))))�

)))�)))�������)))))�))�)��)��)�)�����)�)�)��)))))))���)�))�))���)�)�))����))�))�������))

�))�)))���)�)�)�))���)))�))))��)))))�))�))��)�))�))�)))���)�))))��)������)���)�)�����)�������)))�)�)��)�����)�)��))�))�)))

�))))))�)�)���))�)��))))�)��))���)��)))�))�))�)�)��)))�)�))))))�)��)))))���)�)�))�)))))���)����)�)))���)��))�))>����)�)�)�))�)))))��))))�)))))�)��))

�))���))��)����?) �))����))))) )����))?) �))����))))) ))))))

)))�)))�)��))��)�)))))��)>���)�))))���)���)�)�)))))))���)�)))))�))))�)))�))�)�))���)��)))����)��))��)�)�))))))��)�)���)�))))�)��)�����)�)��))

�))�)�))��))���)))��)�)�)))�))��)))�)�)�)))))�)���)�))))�������))

)))��)))�)�)�)�))��)�)�

�))�)�)�)�)�))��)�)�

))))�)�))))�)�)�))))

))))�)�))))�)�)�))))

))))�)�))))�)�)�)�)�

))))�)�))))�)�)�)�)�

))))�)�))))�)�)�)�)�

)�����))�))��))���)�)��))�)�))�))���))))�))))

�))��))�)�

�)� ))��))�)�)�))�))))))))� ��

))))))))))))))))))))))))

)))))))))))))))))�)�))))

�)�)))))))))))))�))�)))

�)�)))))))))))))))�))))

�)�)))��))))))))�))�)))

) ) � � ) ) � � � )) )) )) )� )� )) )) )� )� )� ))

�)

))))))))))))))))�))�)))

)))���)��)))�

)))) ))))) ))�

)))) ))))) ))�)))) ))))) ))�)))) ))))) ))�)))) ))))) ))�)))) ))))) ))�

)))) ))))) ))�)))) ))))) ))�)))) ))))) ))�)))) ))))) ))�

�))���) ))))��)))���) ))�))

�)))���) ))�)) �)))���) ))�))

)��) )��) )��) )��) �))) )��) )��) )��) )��) �))) )��) )��) )��) )��) �))) )��) )��) )��) )��) �))

�))���) ))))�

))))

���

) )

)�

))

�)))

���

) )

)�

))

))))���) ))�))

)))))))))))))))))�)�))))

)))))))))))))))))))�))))

)�))�)�))))))�)))))���))

))))���))�)�)�))�)�))))) )�)�))))))))��))))))�)

�))�)))))�))

�))�)))�))�)�)))���) ))�))

)))���)��)))�

�

)�)

�

)�)

�

)�)

�

)�)

�

)�)

�

)�)

�

)�)

�

)�)

�

)�)

�

)�)

�

)�)

�

)�)

�)

�

)))

�)))

)

))

)))

�)))

)

))

)))

�)))

)

))

�)))

���

) )

)�

))

)))���)��)))�)))���)��)))�

)))�)))�)��)

)�))�)�))))))�)))))���))

)))) ))))) ))�))) �))) ))�

�))�)))�)))) �))�)))�))))

�))�))))))))

�))�)))�)))) �))�)))�))))))))���))�)�)�))�)�))))) )�)�))))))))��))))))�)

)�)���))�)�)�))�)))�))) )�)�))))))))��))))))�)

)�)���))�)�)�))�)))�))) )�)�))))))))��))))))�)

))))))))))))))))))))))))

)))))))))))))))))�)�))))

�)�)))))))))))))�))�)))

�)�)))))))))))))))�))))

�)�)))��))))))))�))�)))

) ) � � ) ) � � � )) )) )) )� )� )) )) )� )� )� ))

�)

))))))))))))))))�))�)))

))))���) ))�)) ))))���) ))�))

))))���) ))�))

)��) )��) )��) )��) �))) )��) )��) )��) )��) �))) )��) )��) )��) )��) �))) )��) )��) )��) )��) �))

))))) ))�)))�)

))))

���

) )

)�

))

))))

���

) )

)�

))

�)))

���

) )

)�

))

))))

���

) )

)�

))

))))

���

) )

)�

))

))))

���

) )

)�

))

))))

���

) )

)�

))�)

))��

�)

))�

))

)))) ))))) ))�

)))) ))))) ))�)))) ))))) ))�)))) ))))) ))�)))) ))))) ))�)))) ))))) ))�

)))))))))))))))))�)�))))

)))))))))))))))))))�))))

)�))�)�))))))�)))))���))

)))���)��)))� )))���)��)))� )))���)��)))�

)))���)��)))�)))���)��)))��))���) ))))��))���) ))))�

)�)���))�)�)�))�)))�))) )�)�))))))))��))))))�)

)�)���))�)�)�))�)))�))) )�)�))))))))��))))))�)

�))���) ))))�

�

)�)

�

)�)

�

)�)

�

)�)

�

)�)

�

)�)

�

)�)

�)

��

)))

�)))

)

))

��)�)))�))))

��)�))))))�)

�))���) ))))�

)))) ))))) ))�

))))���))�)�)�))�)�))))) )�)�))))))))��))))))�)

)))�)))�)��) )))�)))�)��)

)))���) ))))�

)))���) ))))�

)))) �))) ))�

))�) )))) ))�

)))) ))))) ))�)))) ))))) ))�)))) ))))) ))�)))) �))) ))�)))) ))))) ))�)))) ))))) ))�

�))�)))�)��) �))�)))�))))�))�)))�)��)�))�)))�)��)

�))�)))�))))

)

))))))

)

))))))

))

))))))

)�) ))�)�))

�����)��

��������)�� )������)��

����

)$����

���$�

�������

)���)����

����������� �� ���� ��

�������������� ) )��������� ) ��$�)� ) )���$ ) ���� ) �$� ) ��)���

)��$��)!))

�����)��) ��)

)�����

))0))))

�

)�

))

)�

)�)

�

)))

))�

)))�))) )��)�) )�

) )�

�) �)�))))�

��)�� )�) )��

)))�))�))�)�)�))))) �)�))��))�)�))))�))�)

)�))�))

)� )))))

) �)�)))�)))� )))))))))

)�))�))))�)

�))

))))0))))))))�))�))))

�)) )�))�))))�)�))))))� �)

))))0))))))))�))�))))

)))��0)))��0

� )�)))�) )

)� �)�� ))))�)))�)))))

)))���)���) ))�)

)))���))�) ))))

�)�))))�)�)�)�)�)))�)))))))�)))�)))�)))))

� �))) )�)�)��)

� )�)))�)�)�))�))�)))�

� )�)))�))�)))�) �

))�)) ))�)))�) )�) )))

))�

))�

))�

))�

) )))���

) �)�

) )���)�)�

) �)))))))���)��))

) ��)���

))�)) ))�)))�) )�)

))�)) ))�)))�) )�)

))�)) ))�)))�) )�)

))�)) ))�)))�) )�)

)))� )��

)))��0

�)�))0

))))))� �)�))�))�)) )�))�)))���)�))�)�)��)��)) )�)�))�)��)�)�))�)�)) ))� �)�))

))))))�)�)�)))�))��)))�)))) ))�))�)))�))�)�))�)))�))� )) )�))� )� )�)��)�) �)�)� �)�))) )))��)�))�)�) �))�)))�))

�))��))))�� )�) )��)�))�)� ))��)�))))�)) ))�)�))�))))) )��)))�) ))))��)))��))))��))��))�)�)�))� �)�� ))�)))��))�)�)))))�))))))��))�) �))

�)))) )) �)�0�) �))�)���)))) )))))))�) )))�)���)))) �)�)))

))))))�) �)))�)))))))� ))�)��)�))���)� ��))))�)))��))�)�))�)��)�))��)�)��)��))�)))�� )�))) )�))))�))��) )� )) )�))))��)�))�)�) �))

))))) )) ��)�))))�))�))�)�)�)))) ))) )�)))�))))))�))� �)�))

))) �)))�)�)�)�)� �))�

�))�)�)�)�)�)� �))�

����)�������)����$�)���)��)���$��))��)�������)��)��)��������)��)����)��)�������������)����$�)��)��������)��)���))�������)�����)��)����)�����)���)��)����)

����)�������)��)���)��������)��)�����)��))���������))�)����)���)��)������)��)������������)����)��)��)���)������!)����������!)��������)��)����$����)��)���)������������

������!)������)���$$�)��)��)����)�������)���)�������)��)�������)�������)��))���������))�)����

���������)�����))))$���))�����))))�����)))))��)))������)������)�))��))))��)�)����

nnnnnnn

���������)�����))))$���))�����))))�����)))))))��

�))��))))��)�)����)��$!�����)�������)��))))���)�����)�������)��)

�)) )�))�))))))�))))))))� �)

)))))))))))))))))))))))

)))))))))))))))��)�))))

�� �) �� �� �� ��

�))) )))) �))) )))) �))�

))))))�)))�� ))))))�)))��

�)

��)

�)

��)

�)

��)

�)))

))

)��

) �

))

�)))

))

)��

) �

))

�))))))��) �))

))))))��)))))�)))))))))

�))))))��)�)�)�)�) �)))�)�)�))��)))))))� �)�))))�)

))))))��)))))�)))))))))

�))))))��)�)�)�)�) �)))�)�)�))��)))))))� �)�))))�)

�))))))��) �))

))��))�)))))

))��)))�)�))

))��)))))��) ))��)))))��)))��)))))))) ))��))))))))

�)))�)))))��)��

)�))�))))��)��

)�))�))))��)��

�)))�)))))��)��

)))�)))))��))))�))))))))

�)))))��)))���)))))��)))��

))))))��)�)�)�)�)))��)�)�)�))��)))))))� �)�))))�)

))))))��)�)�)�)�)))��)�)�)�))��)))))))� �)�))))�)

)))))))))))))))))))))))

)))))))))))))))��)�))))

))))))�))))))))�))�)))

�� �) �� �� �� ��

�))) )))) �))) )))) �))�

))))))�)))��

))))))�)))��

�)))))��)))��

�)

��)

�)

��)

�)

��)

�)

��)

�)))

))

)��

) �

))

�)

��)

))))))��)))))�)))))))))

�))))))��)�)�)�)�) �)))�)�)�))��)))))))� �)�))))�)

�))))))��) �))

))��))�))�))

))))))��)))))�)))))))))

))))))��)�)�)�)�)))��)�)�)�))��)))))))� �)�))))�)

�)))�)))))��)���)))�)))))��)��

�)�)��))�))))

�����)��

��������)�� �������)��

����

������

)����

�������

�)���)����

�������������� ���� ��

��������������� ) )��������� ) ����)� ) )���� ) )��� ) ���� ) ��)���

)�����)!)�)

����)��)�� )

)�����

))0)))

��

)�

))

)�

) )

�

))�

)))

��))�)��������)�)�)��

)� )�

) �)�)�)))

)�)��)��)��)��

))�)�)�))�)�))��)))) )))))���)����)))�)�)�)

))))))�

))�)��)�

�����) ))))))��)��)))�))�))

))��))�)�))�)

�)�

)���)�������)������)���)��)������))��)�������)��)��)���� ���)��)����)���)�������������)������)��)�� �����)��)���))�������)�����)��)����)�����)���)��)����)

)���)�������)��)���)��������)� ) ����)��))���������))�)����)���)��)������)��)������������)����)��)��)���)������!)����������!)��������)��)���������)��)���)������������

������!)������)������)��)��)����)�������)���)�������)��)�������)� ����)��))���������))�)����

���� ����) ��� )))�����))�����))))�����)))))���)))������)�����)�))��)�)))��))))))

nnnnnnn

���� ����) ��� )))�����))�����))))�����)))))))���

�))��)�)))��)))))))���!�����)�������)��))))���)�����)�������)��)

))))0))))))�)�)�)�)�

))))0))))))�)�)�)�)�

�)) ))��))�)�))�)�))))))) )

))�)��0))�)��0

��)�)))�)��

))���)���))))��)))�)))))

�))��)���)�)��)

�))��))�)�)�))

�)�)))��))�)�)))��))))�))))))) )))�)))))))))

)���)�)�)�)�))�)

��)�)))�)))�))�)�)))��

��)�)))�)))))) )�

�)���)��)�)�)���)))��)�

��)�

��)

��)�

��)��

) �))��

) �)�

) ��)���)�)�

) �))))�))���)��))

) ��))���

�)���)��)�)�)���)))

�)���)��)�)�)���)))

�)���)��)�)�)���)))

�)���)��)�)�)���)))

������ ��)

))�)��0

�))))0

)))�)))��� ���)))))�))�)��)��)�)�����)�)�) �)))))))���)�))�))���))�))����))�))��� ���))

�))�)))��)�)�)�))���)))�))))��)))))�))�))�)�))�))�)))���)�))))��)������)���) )����)��� ���)))�)�))�����) )�))�))�)))

�))))))�)�)���))�)�))))�)��))���) �)))�))�))�)�)��)))�)�))))))�)��)))))���)�)�))�)))))���)����)�)))���)��))�))�����)�)�)�))�)))))��))))�))))) )�))

�))���))��)���0?) �))���))))) )����))?) �))���))))) ))))))

)))�))) )�))��)�)))))��)���)�))))���)���)�)�)))))))���)�)))))))))�)))�)))�))���)��)))����)��))��))�)))))) �)�)���)�))))�))�����) )�))

�))�)�))��))���)))��)�)�))�)�))��)))�)�)�)))))�)���)�))))��� ���))

)))��))) )�)�)�))��)�)�

�))�) )�)�)�))��)�)�

�)� ))��))�)�)�))�))))))))� ��

))))))))))))))))))))))))

)))))))))))))))))�)�))))

))))))))�))))))))�)�))))

))))))))�)))))))�)))))))

))))))))))))))))�)))�)))

)))))))��)))))))�)))�)))

���)���)�)

))))))))))))))))�))�)))

)))))))))))))))))�)�))))

)))))))))))))))))�)�))))

)))) �))) �))) �)))

)�)���)��)))��)))))�)))))))�))))�))��)))

)�)���)��)))��))))))�)�))))�)))))�))�)))

)�)���)��)))��)))))�)))�)))�))))�)))))))

)�)���)��)))��))))))�)�))))�)))))�)��)))

)�)���)��)))��)))))))))))))�))))))))�)))

�))���)�))))��))))))�))))))

�))���)�))))��))))))�)�))))

))))�)))))�))��))))�))))))

))))�)))))�))��))))�)�))))

�))))�)�)�))�))�

)�)��))�)�))

�����)��

��������)�� )������)��

����

)�����

�����

�������

�)���)����

�������������� ���� ��

��������������� ) )��������� ) ����)� ) )���� ) ���� ) ���� ) ��)���

)�����)�)�)

�����)��)���)

)�����

))0))))

��

)�

))

)�

)�)

��

)))

))�

)))�)))���)��)�)�)��

)� )�

)� �)�))))�

��)���)��)�)��

)))�))�))�)�)��))))) ))))))��))�)�))))�))�)

)))�))�))

)��)))))

)����)�))))))��)��)))))))))

)��))�))))�)

�)�

����)�������)������)���)��)������))��)�������)��)��)��������)��)����)���)�������������)������)��)��������)��)���))�������)�����)��)����)�����)���)��)����)

����)�������)��)���)��������)��)�����)��))���������))�)����)���)��)������)��)������������)����)��)��)���)�������)�����������)��������)��)���������)��)���)������������

�������)������)������)��)��)����)�������)���)�������)��)�������)�������)��))���������))�)����

���������)�����))))����))�����))))�����)))))��)))������)������)�))��))))��)�)����

nnnnnnn

���������)�����))))����))�����))))�����)))))))��

�))��))))��)�)����)���������)�������)��))))���)�����)�������)��)

�)) )��))�))))�)�))))))� )�

)))��0)))��0

��)�)))�)�)

)���)����))))��)))�)))))

)))���)���)�))�)

)))���))�)�))))

�)��))))��)�)��)�)�)))�)))))))�)))�)))�)))))

����)))�)�)��)��)

��)�)))�)�)��))�))�)))��

��)�)))�))�)))�)��

�))�))�))�)))�)�)�)�)))

�))�

�))�

�))�

�))�

) )))���

) �)��

) �)���)�)��

) ��)))))))���)��))

) ��)����

�))�))�))�)))�)�)�)

�))�))�))�)))�)�)�)

�))�))�))�)))�)�)�)

�))�))�))�)))�)�)�)

)�))� )��

)))��0

�)�))0

)))�)))����)�))�))�))�)��))�)))����)�))�)�)��)��))��)�)�))�)���)�)�))�)�))�))����)�))

)))�)))�)�)�)))�))���)))�))))��))�))�)))�))�)�))�)))�))��))�)�))��)���)�)���)�)��)�)����)�)))�)))��)�))�)�)��))�)))�))

�))��))))����)�)�)��)�))�)��))���)�))))�))�))�)�))�)))))�)��)))�)��))))���)))��))))��))��))�)�)�))���)���))�))�)����))�)��)�))))��))))))��))�)��))

�))))�))���)�0=) �))�)���)))) )))))))=) )))�)���)))) �)�)))

)))�)))�)��)))�)))))))��)�)�)��)�))���)�����)�)))�)))���))�)�))�)��)�))���)�)��)���))�)))����)��)))�)�)�)))�))��)�)��))�)�))))��)�))�)�)��))

)))))�))����)�))))��))�))�)�)��))))�)))�)�)))�)))�)))�))����)�))

)))��)))�)�)�)�)����))�

�))�)�)�)�)�)����))�

�)))�)) )))�))�)���)�))))�)��))�)))����

)))

���)))��

))�))� ))�)))�))

)���)))))��))

))�) ))))�)))�))

))�� ))))�)))�))

����)))))))��)))����))

�))) �)))))�))�)) ))

�))� �)))))��)�)�

�))����)��)�))))�))))�))�

��))� ��))))�)))�))))

��)�) ��)�))�)))�))))

)����))�))))�))))�))�

)��� )�))))�)))�))))

)�)� )�))))�)))�))))

�))))��)�)�)�)))))���)

��)�) ��)))��))��)� ))

��)�) ��)))��))���� ))

��)�)�)�))�)��

���� ��))��)))�)�

��)� ��))��)���)) �)

��)� ��))��)����) )�)

��)� ��))��)))�))

��)� ��))��)))�))

���� ���))�)))�)� )))

���) ���))�)))��� )))

��))� ���))�))����

��))� ���))�))���� )�)

��))� ���))�)�)��) �)

��))� ���))�)�)�))

��)�� ���))�)�)��� )�)

��)�� ���))�)�)��)

��)�) ���))�)�)�)�

��)�� ���))�)���)�

��)�� ���))�)���)) �))

��)�) ���))�)���)� �))

��)�� ���))�)����� )�)

��))� ���)��)))�)) )))

��))� ���)��)�)�)�

��))� ���)��)�)��� )))

��))) ���)��)�)��)

��))) ���)��)�)���

��))) ���)��)�)�)))

��))� ���)��)�)�)))

��)�� ��)���)))�)) )))

��)�� ��)���)))��) )�)

��)�) ��)���)))�))) �))

��))� ��)))�)����) �))

��))) ��)))�)���))) ��)

��))) ��)))�))��))� �))

��))) ��)))�))��))) ��)

��)) ��)))�))��)�)

��))� ��)))��))�)�� ��)

��))) ��)))��))�)�� )�)

��)�� ���))�))��)��

��)�)�)�)))))���

�))� �)))��))���) ))

�))) �)))��))��))

�))) �)))��))��)))

�)�� �)))��))����

�)�� �)))��))����

�)�� �)))��))��)�)

�)�� �)�))��))���

�)�� �)�))��))�))�

�)�) �)�))��))�)�� )))

�)�� �)�))��))�))�

�)�) �)�))��))�)�� ��)

�))� �)�))��)��))�

�))) �)�))��)��)��

�))� �)�))��)��)))

�))� �)�))��))�)��

�))� �)�))��))����

�))) �)�))��))��)�

�)�))0))) �)))))�))��))))�))�))))))))���)��))))) �)))))��))�)))�))�))))�))��)�))))))�)�)�)))�)

�)�)))��)��)))))�)��))))���)�)�)��))))�)��)��))��)�)�))��)))����)�)�)���))�)))�)))�))�)��)))��)))����)�)�)

�)) �)))�)��))�))�)�))�))�)))�)))������)��))))))�)��))��)))��)�))��))�)�))�)

�)) )�)��))���))�))�)))�))�)))))))))�)���))�))�)�)�))�)��)0=) )��))�)�)��)��))�)��)��))�)��)=) )))))))�)))����)))))

))) �)��))����)�)�)�)))�))��))���)�))��)))))))�)�)))�))�))�))�)��)�))�)))���))))�)��))�)��)�)�))�))�))))))�)�)))��)�))

))) �)��))����)�)�)�))���)))�)))�)�))))))))))�))�)��))���))�)�))�)��))�)))))�))

�)) �)��))����)�)�)�))���)))�)))�)�))))))))))�))�)��))���))�)�))�)��))))))))�))

�)) �)��))����)�)�)�))���)))�)))�)�))))))))))�))�)��))���))�)�))�)��))�)�)��)��)

�)) )�))�)��))�)))�)�)�))�)�)))��)))�)))�))��)����)�)))�))���)))�)))�)�))))))))))�))�)��))���)))�)�)�)����)�))��)��))

�)))�)��)�))�))���))�)�)))�)��)�))))�))))))))��)��))

�)) ))))�)))��))��)��)��)�)�)�))�))�����)�)�))�))� �)

�)� )��))�))))))�))))))))� �)

))))))))))))))))))))))))

))))))))))))))))�))))�))

))))))))�)))))))��)�)�))

))))))))�)))))))��)))�))

))))))))�)))))))��)�)�))

))))))))�)))))))�))��)))

)))))))��)))))))�)))�)))

�����)���)�)

))))))))))))))))�))))))

)))�))�)))))�)

)))))))))))))))))))��)))

)))))))))))))))))))�))))

��)�)))��)

��))�

�))��)�))))��)))))�))��))) �))��)�))))��

)))))�)))�)))

�))��)�))))��)))))��)�)�))

)�)��)��)))��)))))��)�)�))

)�)��)��)))��)))))��)�)�))

)�)��)��)))��)))))�))��)))

)�)��)��)))��)))))�))��)))

�))��)�))))��)))))��)))�))

)�)��)��)))��)))))��)))�))

)�)��)��)))��)))))��)))�))

�))��)�))))��)))))��)�)�))

�))��)�))))��)))))��)�)�))

�))��)�))))��)))))��)�)�))

)�)��)��)))��)))))�))))�))

)�)��)��)))��)))))�))))�))

)�)��)��)))��)))))�))))�))

�))��)�))))��))))))))�))))

�))��)�))))��))))))))�))))

)�)��)�))�)��)�)))��)))))))))�)))

)�)�))��)�))�)))��)�

)�)��)��)))��)))))�))�)�))

�))��)�))))���)))��)))�))��)))))))))))

)��)��)))�))��)))))))))))

�))��)�))))��)))))�))��)))

�))))���)

��)����

�))��)�))))��))))))�))))))

��))�

��))�

��))�

��))�

��))�

��))�

��))�

��))���))�

��))�

��))�

��))�

��))�))��)

���)

)�)��)��)))��)))))�)))�)))

)�)��)��)))��)))))�)))�)))

)))) )�)) �))) �))) ))))

�))�))�))��)

)�)��)�))�)��)�)))��))))))))��)))�)))))))�))))

)�)��))�)�))

�)�

�)� )���)�

�

)%

�%

���

�))

���� � �

����� ) ) ) �%�) ) )�% ) � ) �% ) ��)�

)�%)$)�)

�))��)

)�

))0))))

��

)�

))

)�

)�)

��

))�

))�

)))�)))���)��)�)�)��

)� )�

)� �)�)�))�

��)���)��)�)��

)))�))�))�)�)��))))) ))))))��))�)�))))�))�)

)))�))�)�

)��)�))�

)����)�))))))��)��)))�)��)�

)��))�))))�)

�)�

��))��%))�)�%))�)))�)��)))�)��)��%)�)�))�)))))�)�)�))�)

��)))�))�)�)))���))))))�))��)�))))�$)��$)))�%)))���

$)�)�%%))))��)�)�)))��)))���)))

����)���))))%�)))))))))))��)))�)�)))��)�)))���))���

nnnnnnn

����)���))))%�)))))))))))))��

))��)�)))���))���)%$)�)�))))))�)�)

�)) )��))�))))�)�))))))� )�

)))��0)))��0

��)�)))�)�)

)���)����))))��)))�)))))

)))���)���)�))�)

)))���))�)�))))

�)��))))��)�)��)�)�)))�)))))))�)))�)))�)))))

����)))�)�)��)��)

��)�)))�)�)��))�))�)))��

��)�)))�))�)))�)��

�))�))�))�)))�)�)�)�)))

�))�

�))�

�))�

�))�

) )))���

) �)��

) �)���)�)��

) ��))))��)��)��))

) ��)����

�))�))�))�)))�)�)�)

�))�))�))�)))�)�)�)

�))�))�))�)))�)�)�)

�))�))�))�)))�)�)�)

)�))� )��

)))��0

�)�))0

)))�)))����)�))�))�))�)��))�)))����)�))�)�)��)��))��)�)�))�)���)�)�))�)�))�))����)�))

�))�)))�)�)�)))�))���)))�))))��))�))�)))�))�)�))�)))�))��))�)�))��)���)�)���)�)��)�)����)�)))�)))��)�))�)�)��))�)))�))

�))��))))����)�)�)��)�))�)��))���)�))))�))�))�)�))�)))))�)��)))�)��))))���)))��))))��))��))�)�)�))���)���))�))�)����))�)��)�))))��))))))��))�)��))

�))))�))���)�0>) �))�)���)))) )))))))>) )))�)���)))) �)�)))

�))�)))�)��)))�)))))))��)�)�)��)�))�)�����)�)))�)))���))�)�))�)��)�))���)�)��)���))�)))����)��)))�)�)�)))�))��)�)��))�)�))))��)�))�)�)��))

)))))�))����)�))))��))�))�)�)��))))�)))�)�)))�)))�)))�))����)�))

�))���))�)�)�)�)����))�

��)�)�)�)�)�)����))�

�)))�)) )))�))�)���)�))))�)��))�)))����

)��

���)))��

))���� ))�)�)��)

)���)))))��))

))�) ))))�)))�))

)��� ))�)�)�)�))

����)))))))��)))����))

�))� �)))���)��)� �)

�))) �))�))�)����

�))����)��)�))))�))))�))�

��))� ��))�)�)))�))))

����) ��)�))��))�))))

)����))�))))�))))�))�

)�)� )�))))�)))�))))

)�)� )�)�))��))�))))

�))))��)�)�)�)))))���)

��)�) ��)����)�)��� �)

��)�) ��)����)�)��� ))

��)�)�)�))�)��

���� ���)��))����

���� ���)��)����� �)

���� ���)��)����) ��)

��)� ������))����

��)� ������))����

���� ���)��))���� ���

���) ���)��))���� )�)

��))� ����)�)�)���

��))� ����)�)�)��� )��

��)�� ����)�)))��� �)

��)�� ����)�)))��)

��)�� ���))�)�)��� )��

��)�� ���))�)�)��)

��)�) ���))�)�)���

��)�� ���))�))����

��)�� ���))�))��)) �))

��)�) ���))�))��)) ���

��)�� ���))�))��)� �)�

��)�� ����)�)����� )��

��))� ����)�)�)�))

��))� ����)�)�)�)� �)�

��))) ����)�)�)���

��))) ����)�)�)���

��))) ����)�)�)�)))

��))� ����)�)�)�)))

��))� ������))��)) �)�

��))� ������))��)� )�)

��)�) �������))�))) �)�

���)� ��)))�))���� �)�

���)) ��)))�))��))) �)�

���)) ��)))�����))� �)�

���)) ��)))�����)�� ���

���) ��)))�����)�)

���)� ��)))��)��)�� ���

���)) ��)))��)����� )��

����� ��))���))�)��

��)�)�)�)))))���

�)�� �)�)���)���) �)

�)�) �)�)���)��))

�)�) �)�)���)��)))

�)�� �)��������)�

�)�� �)����������

�)�� �)��������)��

�)�� �)�)���)���)

�)�� �)�)���)��))�

�)�) �)�)���)��)�) )))

�)�� �)�)���)��)��

�)�) �)�)���)��)�� ��)

�)�� �)��)��)��)��

�)�) �)��)��)��)))

�)�� �)��)��)���)�

�))� �)��)��))���)

�))� �)��)��))����

�))) �)��)��))��))

�)�))0))) �)))))�))��))))�))�))�)))))���)��))�)) �)))))��))�)))�))�))))�))��)�))))))�)�)�)))�)

�)�)))��)��)))))�)��))))���)�)�)��))))�)��)��))��)�)�))�$)))����)�)�)���))�)))�)))�))�)��)))��)))����)�)�)

�)) �)))�)��))�))�)�))�))��))�)))������)��))))))�)��)))))��)�))��))�)�))�)

�)) )�)��))���))�))�)))�))�)))))))))�)���))�))�)�)�))�)��)0>) )))�)�)��)��))�)��)��))�)��)>) ��)))))�)))����)))))

�)) �)��))����)�)�)�)))�))��))���)�))��))���))�)�)))�))�))�))�)��)�))�)))���))))�)��))�)��)�)�))�))�)))�))�)�)))��)�))

))) �)��))����)�)�)�))���)))�)))�)�))))))))))�))�)��))���))�)�))�)��)))�))))�))

))) �)��))����)�)�)�))���)))�)))�)�))))))))))�))�)��))���))�)�))�)��))�)))))�))

�)) �)��))����)�)�)�))���)))�)))�)�))))))))))�))�)��))���))�)�))�)��))�)�)��)��)

�)) )�))�)��))�)))�)�)�))�)�)))��)))�)))�))��)����)�)))�))���)))�)))�)�))))))))))�))�)��))���)))�)�)�)����)�))��)��))

�)))�)��)�))�))���))�)�)))�)��)�))))�))))))����)��))

�)� ))))�)))��))��)��)�$)�)�)�))�))�����)�)�))�))� �)

�)� )��))�)�))))�))�))�))� �)