HE THONG CAU HOI DOC HIEU VAN BAN TRONG MQT SO SACH GlAO KHOA NGU^ VAN

CUA BANG CALIFORNIA (HOA KY)

NGVYiN THINGQC THVY^*'

LDgtvandl Trong hogt ^ i g dgy tige, su dung eau hdi dupc xem Id mdt tiong nhiing each dd

tfch cue tioa vai ttd cia ngudi tipe. Dd cung Id ffidu kidn quan trraig dd phdt tridn d ngudi

hpc nhftng nang liic can fliilt vi nang lyc ehi hinh flianh kM ngudi hgc vgn dyng tdng hgp

kien flidc, ka nang va flai do ^ gidi quy^ nfaftng nMpm vy dugc dgt ra trong cae hoat

ddng giao diic. Vi vgy, eau hdi la cdng ey quan ttgng dd hudng ddn ngudi hpc chiem lmh

tri fliuc vd Mnh flianh Id nang Cau hdi ttong day bpc itoc M&i cdng cd vai ttd drong tu.

IK flidng cau hm hidu chmh la he flidng cdng cy, ttiao tae hudng dan ngudi hpe ding

t>udc khdm iM, gjai ma van ban, di dd fcorfi flidnh ndng hge ty dpe, di ttdp nfaan van ban.

Ctiliih \a U do dy, ehung tei ttdn hanh phan tfch he thdng cdu hdi dgc Meu van tan trong cdc sdch gido kfaca Ngft van eua bang California (Hoa Ky) do Nha xuat ban Holt Rinehart & Winston te ehiie bien soan vd xuat ban (sau day xin tam gpi la SGK Califomia), gdm eae ban sai; Bdn Third Course^^^ hudng ddn ehudn edn dat eiia top 8; Bdn Fourth Course^^^ hudng ddn chudn ein dat eua ldp 8; Ban Fifth Course*^^ huong ddn ehuan can dgt cia ldp 9 - 10; Bdn Sixth Course'^^ hudng ddn ehudn can dat cda ldp 9 - 1 0 , bang CaUfomia.

Tren co sd ay, chiing tei sd rut ra mgt sd nhan xet mang tmh chit kinh ngMdm vd dinh hudng eho vide bidn soan cau hdi dpc hidu van bdn ttong SGK Ngft vdn d nudc ta ttieo md hiifli phdt ttidn nang lyc.

2. Vai n h ^ xdt vl he Ihong cSu hdi dgc h i ^ van b&i trong cac sach giao khoa cua bang Califomia (My) do Nha xuit bdn Holt, Rinehart & Winston to chuc bien soan

'"' ThS - Khoa NgG vdn, Truong Dai hgc Su pham Tp. H6 Chf Minh.

NGHIEN Ciru VAN HQC S6 9 - 2016

2.1 Hinh thuc cdu hdi dpc hiiu diipc sii" dyng trong sdch gido khoa

Cdifortda rdt da dgng, phong phd

Vd ndi dung, cdu hdi thirdng dugc quan mpm Id nhftng ydu cdu, nfafeig vdn de

edn dugc giai quylt ttong qud ttirdi mong ldc giua g j ^ vidn (GV) - bgc sinb (HS) vd

ndi dung bgc tap. Vi vdy, vd binb ttidc, cdu bdi trong hge t |p ed ttid dugc ttil Moi

dmM nMlu binh tiiuc khdc nbau. Ching hgn nhu dgng cdu ngjii van ed diu hdi cudi

cau vd cdc di/cym M dd hdi: Thi ndo? T^. sao? 6 Mu? Nhu thd ndo? Ai? Gl? Cd

nin chdng ? Ueu.. .Ididng? Se the ndo?... bode dang bdi tap vdi nhihig ydu cau hdnh

ddng cy the nhu chirng minh, phdn tich, ligicd, binh lugn, bdc bd, minh hoa, dm/xdc

dmh, chi ra, neu rd,... Cau hdi (3gc Mdu vdn ban tiong cdc SGK CaUfomia ciing dupc

tMdt kd vdi hinh thirc thd Men da dang nhu vgy ndn kMen cho c^ nMem vu hpc t ^

cung trd ndn linh boat vd |diong pbu, tranh ldm eho ngudi bgc nhdm ehan. Vi dy nhir

- "flay miiu td trong phgm vi hai hoac im ddng cugc sdng hdn nhdn cua Lanim,

bao gom cdch hg gap nhau, cdm nhdn cm hg vi nhau vd cd hodn cdnh kinh ti cua ho.

(...) Cdi chit cda va dng Lantin dd dnh hudng dSi chdt luang cugc sdng cua dng dy

nhir thd ndo?' (Ttidi "The JeweW - Guy de Maupassant", [Sixtti Couree, fr.782])

- "Hdy tdng hgp ngi dung cm nhiing dban vm bm trin bdng cdch viit mgt diym

vm^m tdt ak: quan Sim aia Einstein vichiSi tranh. K^Mc dogn van, em hdy n^kh

nhdng gium Sim cua Einstein vai dnh trgng dia the gidi chung ta hiin nay. Ong cdj^i^

bieu ndo md em nghirdng cd liin quan din nhirng mdi quan he lv4n nay gida cdc gudc

gia?" (Jiich"Weapons of the Spirit, Letter to President Roosevelt, On^Abolitumcf^

ThmtcfWar, TTicA/wis^&ice"-Albert Einstein, (Third Course, tt382])

2.2. Cau km ^t^ Ihiet ke ^leo ^ h hudng Hinh &tdnh nang lyc dpc hih

cho ngudi hgc

Mdi trai d(?c hidu trong SGK CMfomia ttiudng dugc ttii^ kd ttieo quy ttinh dpc

Mdu gdm ba hiudc; tnnk: khi dgc, trong khi doc vd sau khi dgc. Hp ttidng eau hdi dgc

Mdu eung tbudng dugc su dung d ca t a budc ndy. Vd d ding budc, cau hdi dgc Meu

van ban lgi dugc ttii^ kd tbeo budng hinh ttidnh vd ren luydn mgt sd nang lyc quan

ttgng can tiiilt cho qud tiinh di?e. (3ac dgng eau fadi dugc 1 ^ ffi lap lai d nMdu bdi nen

din hinh ttidnh eho ngudi hge ttidi quen sd dyng cdc tiiao tae iy ttong qud ttinh doe,

dua din vipc phdt diln ndng lyc cho ngudi hgc. Chdng han d giai doan/n«jc A/ji ( ^ ,

SGK Califomia thirdng xuydn su dyng cdc cdu hdi khoi ggi kiin thuc nen cua ngudi

hgc vd vdn ban;

- "Hdy tudng tugng mgt ngudi ndo dd vang mof a nhd nhieu nmi Ngudi ddcoM

nghavdcdmnhmnhr&iindoldntrdvinhd?HdyMkSninmgphmrmgcdMxdyravd

gii}lginhimggMchda4abgn"(yTidi"C(mmgHom^'-(^y^ey,U^MCa^

H^ thdng cdu hot..

- "Cdu chuyen vi nhiing ngudi anh hdng ddn thdn vdo nhiing hdnh trinh ngi^ hiim ^ thuc Men mgt cudc dm kiim, khdm phd vdn cdn duoc hi cho din ngdy nay. Hdy suy nghT ve nhUng cudc hdnh trinh nguy hiim nhu thi trong phim dnh hogc trong nhiing tro choi video cOng nhu trong nhOng /ai lieu in an Cd phdi nhUng nguoi anh hdng ham khdm phd thuc hien nhiing cudc hdnh trinh de su dipig sue mmh cda hg phuc vy cho lephdi, Siu dimg d&i h)dc vi mgt sd lido khdc? Hay ghi lgi mgt sd vi c^ ve nhiing nguoi anh hdng hi$n dm vd nhirng fdidm phd cda hg" (Iricb 'Theseu^' - Effitti Hanultt)n, jEourth C^auise, tt.660])

Hcac Id nfaung cdu hdi hmh thdnh vd rin luyai ndng lyc di/r dodn cho hgc sinh,

ching ban nhm

- "NhOng manh moi ndo trong cdu cudi cua doan vdn goi ^ vi nhiing cbuy&i si

my ra sau dd? Theo em, su viec ^cotheld gi? Phdn bdi bdo trich d&i datgomsu

hdi hop cho nguai dpc. Em thu S)dn xem Siu gi sexdy ra ? Nhung rnih hudng cd thi

joidt hien sau do id gi?" CTrieh "The Lety)" - Ijjuise Erdrieti, [Fourth Couise, tt33])

- "SM doc "The Devil and Tom Walker", em hay xdc dinh vd ghi chii kd theo

ldnh time so do mgt manh mdi bdo trudc mgt sy kien co the xdy ra dphdn sau cua

vdn bm. Tiep theo, hdy tgo ra mgt du dodn dua tren manh moi dy. Sau do, hdy giu

chii mdt cdch chdn that nhiing gi dS x^ ra trong vdn ban. Vd tdc gid dd khien em

nggc nhiin thuang xuyen din miic nao?'' (Trich "7%e DevU. and Tom Walker'^ -

Wastungttm Irving", [FifttiC!ourse,ti.l51])

Hogc Id nhihig cdu hdi hinh thdnh vd ren luyen ndng lyc suy ludn cho hgc sinh,

VI dy - "Em nghinfdmg SLKL tre khdc sephdn ung nhu thi ndo trudc dp luc phdi trd

Mnh mgt ngudi phi thudng, ki dim ? Em suy ludn Srgc dieu gi vi ddc Sim tmh cdch

cua Jing-mei tir nhUng phdn Ong cua cd dy trudc ^o luc cua ngudi me" CTrieh 'Two

Kinds-Amy Taa", [Fourth Course, tt.l09])

Hiu hit SGK CaUfomia ddu cd he flidng cdu hdi vd bdi tap dd binh flianh vd ren

luydn cbo ngudi hgc nhung ndng lyc doc Mdu quan tt^ng, can flii^ chdng tign nhu

nang lue dy doan, ndng lye ndm bit cdc cM ttet vd y cbdih, nang lyc suy lugn, ndng

lyc kidm sodt qud trinh M&i, ndng lyc tdm t i t nang luc rut ra kit lugn, nang lyc so

sanh, ndng lyc hinb dung tudng tugng,... Didu do cho tbay SGK CaUfomia ttigt sy

hudng ddn myc ttdu binh ttianh vd phdt tridn nang lyc cho ngudi bgc.

2J.CduhdiSiipcfftiitkititeocdcmm:dptr(mgthangAnhmaiuccmBlomn Theo ttiang do do Bloom vd eae egng sy dl xuit khd nang nhgn flidc cua con

ngudi dugc jf*ian logi flianh sau muc nhu sau: (1) Nhd (Reraanba), (2) Hiiu

(Understand), (3) van dyng (Apply), (4) Phdn tick (Analyze), (5) Ddnh gid (Evaluate),

NGHIEN Ciru VAN HQC S6 9 - 2016

(6) Sdng t^ (Create). Cae eau hdi ttong SGK CaUfomia dung c^o giai dogn sm kM doc dugc bidn sogn tap ttung d phin Literary Response and Analysis (tgm dich: Su phdn tich vd phdn hdi vm chuang) vdi nhiing ndi dung cy tfad nhu: Reading Check (Kilm tta dgc), Interpretation (Hidu), Evahiation (Ddnh gjd) vd Writing (Vidt). Phin lon hp thdng edu hdi d phin ndy dugc tM& kd theo 6 mtic do trong thang do nhgn ttnic cia Bloom. Vipc flult k l iy ho tty rat nMdu eho cjua ttinh ren luyen vd phdt ttidn ndng lyc tu duy, nhdn fliiic eho ngudi hgc. Ddng flidi cdch fliilt kd ay cung gdp f^iin till hiai (Unh faudng phan hda trong qua trinh day hgc, kM he flidng cau hdi dugc phan f ^ dai din tit ea cdc ddi tugng hpc sinh vdi nhiMg ttinfa dp kfade nhau trong ldp.

0 phan Reading Check (Kidm tta doc), cdu hdi ehd ydu dugc tMdt kd dd ddnh gia miie dp Nhd (Rememtxr) thdng tin van ban d ngudi dgc. Do do, ede c&i hdi dugc sd dyng dd kidm tia kha nang ngudi hgc d(3c ky, d(?c cM tiet vdn ban ttidng qua vipc ydu cau bg nhdn biet vd tdi hien thdng tin. Day se Id yeu cau tidn quydt dua ddn viec hidu ndi dung cua van ban. Chdng hgn nhu he ttidng cdu hdi kidm tta vide dgc ehi tik van tan Soldier's Home aia finest Hemingway;

" - Hdy miiu td cdch md Krebs dd trdi qua nhung ngdy cua cugc ddi mink

~ Krebs da cd phdn ung gi ddi vdi viec dpc Igi Ifch su ve nhimg trgn chiSi md

anh ta da trdi qua ?

-Dieu gl dS khien Krebs bo nhd ra ST'

(Trfch "Soldier's Home" - Emest Hemingway, [Fifth Course, tt.619])

Hogc cau hdi dugc thidt kd dudi dang nhdng bai tgp nbd, ching hgn nhir

" - H^ tgo ra mpt Urge dd thdi gian ve nhiing ngdy cudi ddi cua Poe dim trin

nhung thdng tin cda bdi tieu su "Ve nhung ngay cudi ddi cda Poe".

- Hdy tom tdt nhiing bdng chung dd dugc trich ddn di chung minh cho li thuyet

cua bdc sTBeniter trong bdi bdo ("Poe's Death Is Rewritten as Case of Rabies, Not

Telltale Alcohol")".

CTrieh "Four Readings About Poe's Death", [Third Ccxirse, tt. 191])

Hay dgng bdi tap kidm tra kha nang dgc cM ttdt nhung d mdt yeu eau cao hon:

"Viet lgi nhiing s(f vipc chmh cua cdu chuyin nhu thi bgn dang tudng thugt lgi

nd cho mgt td bdo. Trd ldi nhirng cdu hdi sau:Dieu gi M xdy ra?Nd dd xdy ra vdi

(u?Nd ddxdy ra d^u vd khi ndo? Tgi sao ndxdy ra?

Sau dd hdy so sdnh danh sdch li^tke nhung su viic cua bgn vdi danh sdch dia

nhung bgn khdc trong lap"

(Trich "Thanh You, M'am" - Langston Hughes, [Third Course, tt.94])

Vdi dang bdi t ^ ndy, GV Ididng chi ddnh gia dupc kha ndng ndm bdt van bdn cua IK

md cdn tao CO hgi dd HS lam quen vdi ky ndng tgo lap van ban OJ sy vdi ngdi kl d ng& tfiu

9 ?r-'

-Ji.; He thong c&u hoL. 143

• *4 nhdt ttiMighc^ cdnh giao ti^icy till dugc ddt raid'tudng fliuat lai cdu chuypn cbo rngtte _^^ bao". Ngoai ra, cjua hidit^ nay, GVedtfid danb gid tdt hon ndng lyc cia tiing HS Cling nhu ^ ^ nam t ^ nhanb muc dd bilu aia tiing cd nhan ddi vdi van ban tfi&ig qua edch eac em lya ' ' chpn sy vide dd ttin tfiugt Hon niia, kM so sanh kit qua Upt kd vdi nhiing cd nhdn khac, ty ^k ban tfidn m ^ HS se ed nhiing kham pha bit ngd, thii vi vd sy tuong ddng Idn Idac bi& ^* tnxig each ddnh gjd, bidu vdn tan ^iia minh va cdc tan, trai ea sd dd hiai id ban vd tmh

^^^ each aia cdc flidnh vi&i ktidc tiong ldp qua bdi t ^ k e chuypn (Jong vai. ™ Tren day Id mgt sd dgng can hdi d phin Reading Check (Ki&n tra dgc) tiong

SGK C!aUfomia. Myc ffich ctia nhftng cau hdi ndy ro rdng khdng phai ydu ciu HS ' ^ 2 ^ua ra sy ly gjai vd y ngMa ngi dung cua van ban ma chu ydu chl Id nhung dang cdu • ^ hdi, bai t ^ mang binh fliiic kiem tta mdc do dgc ky vd nam bit cM tilt cua HS. ^ ' Nhiing eau hdi ay vi vgy Mong ddi de, do do phin nao tgo tam U thoai mdi, hiing khdi -^ • cho ngudi bgc vi tfayc te chiing khdng mang tmh "thach dd". •' - Sau nhiing cau hdi do muc do Nhd Id nhiing cdu hdi kidm tia mdc do Him

(Understand) van ban d ngudi hgc trong qua ttinh dgc. Vi du nhin "- Trudc khi Krebs trd ve, qui nhd cua anh ta thdi "chiic tung nhiing ngudi

JOHi anhhimg"vd "su phdn ling dy ^ bdt ^u". Vdy phdn ung dy Id gi? Nd cd dnh hudng nhu the ndo ^n Krebs ?

- Krebs cd y gi ldu mudn "sdng md khong quan tdm din nhiing h4 qua" ? Tgi sao anh dy lgi cd cmi nhdn nhu vdy?

K - Cdu ndi cua Krebs "Bgn khdng cdn mgt ngudi con gdi trir phi bgn nghive ^it* hg" bieu lg Siu gi vi cdch anh ta dS thich nghi vdi nhiing khd khdn, gian khd cua

cugc chiin? Sy Siu chinh nhu vgy cd thi gdy dnh hudng nhu the nda din cugc sdng M* tgi nhd cua anh ta? W^ - Hdy miiu td nhirng mdu thudn Srgc bdc Id trong cugc doi thogi giira lm

Krebs vd Harold dphdn cudi cua cdu chuyin. Cugc tro chuyen dS bdc Id nhimg mdt mdt, tin hgi ndo aphid Harold?

;jji - Bgn CO thi phdt bieu nhu //le ndo ve chu di ciia "Soldier's Home" - cdu nnii chuydn dd thi hiin diiu gi vi cdi cdch md chiin tranh dd gdy dnh huong din mgt '^nt ngudi lmh tre?

- Chuih bdn thdn Enerst Hemingway da Srgc xem Id mgt cd the cua the h4 bi j^,., ^nhmdt, thi he chiu sy ton thuong tir cMnh nhiing dieu khung khOp cua cudc Chiin

tranh thi gidi ldn thu I. Nhiing chi tiit nda trong bdi phdt biiu cua dng dy tgi linhdn gidi Nobel phdn dnh quan diim, thdi dg cim. mgt nhdn vgt "phi anh himg " thdi hien

a SM (modem andhero)?" .•j^: (Trfeh "Soldier's Home" - Emest Hemingway, [Fifth Course, tt.619])

144 NGHliN Ciru VAN HQC SO 9 - 2016 ^ik^

Vdi hp thdng nhiMg eau hdi ndy, ngudi hgc phai the Men miic dd Mai vdn ban.

Tren co sd flidng tin fliu fligp dugc tti van ban, ngudi tigc phai tem t i t khdi qudt suy

lugn va rut ra ngi dung, y ngMa cua ede sy viec, chi tilt nhan vgt bdi canh, ciiu dd,...

eiia vdn bdn. Tilp ddn Id mdt sd cdu hdi kidm tia mdc dg m cUiy Phan tkh (Analyze)

aia ngudi hgc. Chdng hgn nhu:

" - So sdnh nhiing d& Sem dnh cdch cm bd Jones Stac boc lg qua dogn h^

thom vdi tmh each cua nhdn v^ ngudi me trong bdi tha "MoUier to Son" (Tgm

dich: M^ ndi vdi con trai) cOng cua Langston Hughes (tdc phdm minh hga cho

htm tiur vdi kiiu dgc dtogi ^ kjch tiinh). Cd hai ngudi phu na ndy d&i ndi ve nfding

khd khdn cua hg trong cugc sdng. Thdng S^ quan trgng md mdi nhdn vgt co gdng

chuyin tdi Sn ngudi nghe Id gi?" (Trich "Thank You, M'am" - Langston Hu^es,

nhmi Course, tt.94])

" - Nhdng nhdn vdt cua Irving trong cdn chuyin nay Id nhung nhdn vdt "mot

chiiu" (one-dementional), do Id nhiing kiiu ngudi chi bdc lg mgt hogc hai ddc Sim

tmh cdch. Thdtra, lm Tom Walker Id kiiu mauve mgt ngudi vgco tinh hay cdn nhdn,

dd vdn Id ngudn cdm hung sdng tgo cua hdi kich hi^n dgi Tom Walker da thi hiin

nhiing dgc Sim tmh cdch ndo ? Tm sao em nghi rSng bd Walker da gyp phm mgt '

cm kit khd chpi, du dgi nhu v^T" (Trich "The Devil and Tom Walker" - ^

Washingttm Irving, [Rflfa Course, ti.l62]) ''

Ngodi nfaung cau hdi hudng ddn ddnh gid miic dg Nhd, Hiiu, Phdn tkh cua qua

tiinh nhan tiide flu he ttidng cau hdi ttong SGK California cdn quan tam ^ vide ife

luydn ndng lyc van dung (Apply) cho ngirdi hgc, nfair

"Cdu chuym cua Irving bdt d^ vdo ndm 1727 d Boston, Massachusetts. Theo

em, se nhuthindo niu cdu chuygn Srgc ^ trong m^ khdr^ ^an vd tiiM gim '

khdc? Hdy xem xet nhiing cdu hm dudi ddy: Chu di cua truyai cd Stgc ^

nguyin nhuvey hay khong? Aise Id nhiing nhdn v^ ciia cdu cIucy^?HgsediM

thugn, mgc ca Sht gi vdi con quy? Con quy do se trong nhuffie ndo vd no selang

thang, treo mmh d dau?" CTricb "77K Devil and Tom Walker" - Washington Irving, '

[FifthCourse,tt.l62]) i

"Nhin lgi nMng ghi chip cda bgn dphan "Ghi chip nhanh" (Quickwrite) ve

nhiing Siu M ldm cho mgt sd nguai trd nen tot han trong khi nhiing nguai khdc Id

mdc phdi sm lam Bgn nghSrdng Siu ^ dd ldm cho bd Jones tr& nen tdt hanT'

(Tridi "Thank You, M'am" - Langston Hu^es , [Third Couise, tt.94])

Nhung cau hdi d mdc dd m duy v ^ dung (Apply) ttiudng nim d cudi hp ttidng cau hdi cm phin Hiiu (Mterpretation) ttong SGK CaUfomia. HinU ttiiic khd phd biln I ciia dgng edu hdi d muc do ndy ttong SGK CaUfomia Id ydu ciu ngudi bgc tgo ndn sy ' j

Hf thong cdu hoi... 145

van dyng bing cdch Uen he, k^ ndi giua nhung ffidu da dgc vdi ttiyc td cugc sdng ciia

ngudi hpe. Theo ehiing tdi, dd cung la mdt each de keo gdn khoang cdch giiia van

ban dgc hidu ttong chuang trinh Ngd vdn vdi hidn ttiye cugc sdng vd khidn cbo ngudi

dgc edm fliay hung thu hon vdi mdn btx kM cMnb ede em nhdn ra sy lien ket chat

che gjira nhung ffieu phai dgc, phdi hgc vdi cugc sdng ciia cac em.

Cdn ddi vol cau hdi kidm tta muc dg Ddnh gid (Evaluate) ciia m duy, SGK

California dd fliidt kd tiidnh hdn mgt phin ridng bipt tdch bach vdi Idn ggi Ddnh gid

(Evaluatiott) de ren tuydn khd nang nh gid van dd cbo ngudi bgc. Chang ban nhir

"Hien nay, ngu ngdn/phung d{i cd phdi la mgt cdch hieu qud di chuyin ldi nhiing thong Sip Sio Sic hay khdng? Tgi sao?" (Trfch "From The Pilgrim's Progress" - J c ^ Bunyan, [Sixth Cburse, tt.388])'

"Nhirng suy nghi cudi cung cda Granny xoay quanh mgt sy bdc bd xdy ra cdch day 60 thdp kL Em co nhdn thay rdng Siu do ddng tin khdng? Tgi sao?" (Trich "The Jilting of Granny Weatherair - Kittherine Anne Porter, [Fifth Course, tt.704])

Day ta nhiing cau hdi rat "md" dem ddn cho ngudi hpc nhidu co hdi dd hg dugc

ty do tide Id nbiing suy nghT, nhin nhgn, ddnh gid cua ban flian ddi vdi nhdng van dd

dugc ddt ra trong van tan. Ddng thdi nbiing van dd dugc dua ra dd danh gid ludn cd

sy tidn he ctiat chd giiia vdn ban vdi hidn thyc cudc sdng cia ngirdi dgc Item nay.

Mire do cudi cung ttong ttiang do nhan ttiuc cua Bloom ma cau hdi SGK

California hudng den la Sdng tgo (Create). Khai niem "sdng tgo" trong SGK

Califomia thudng dugc bleu Id ngudi hgc trdn co sd van dyng ket hgp nhung tiidng

tin "dpc" dugc trong vdn ban vdi nbiing thao tae, kT nang dugc ren luyen qua qua

ttinh dgc hidu van ban ay dd lao ndn mdt san pham mdi ttieo yeu cau ciia cau bdi.

Vidy:

"Dya trin nhirng thong tin trong cdu chuyin aia tdc gid Porter, em lidy viet mdt

cdu chuyen ki tiiu sir (biographical narrative) ve cugc ddi cua Gramiy Weatlier. Cdu

chuyen dy bao gdm cd viec phdn tich nhdn vdt Granny. Truac khi em viet, liay sdp

xip cdc thdng tin vi cugc doi ciia Granny theo so do dudi ddy:

Nhiing sy kiin quan trgng trong cudc ddi Granny

Logi cugc ddi md cd dy trdi qua

Thdi dg ciia cd dy ddi vm ngirdi khdc

Cdm gide cda cd dy ve cdi chil

- (Hdy su dung bdi hgc "Viit tmyen tiiu sir" a trang 739 - 740 di Iwdn tlianh

bdi tap ndv)" (Trich "The Jilting of Granny Wealherair - Kaflierine Anne Porter,

[Fifth Course, tt.705])

NGHIEN Ciru VAN HOC S6 9 - 2016

"Hdy chgn mdt ldi thogi tir hdi kich ndy vd chudn bi bien dien. Budc ddu tiin Id

hdy viit ldi thogi dy ra. Sau do doc to vdi ldn de bgn cdm nhdn dugc nhip cda tha

khong vdn. Tuy nhien em cdn phdi quan sdt kj nhiing ddng tha (ml bugc phdi ngimg

nghi vd nhiing ddng tha vdt ddng, Smg di viic dgc ciia em trd thdnh kieu dgc e a

Neu em cd bgn dien thi nin trinh dien cOng vdi bgn dy, em cd thi chgn mgt dogn Api

thogi. cd thi do id dogn ddi thogi ve tinh yeu gida Romeo vd Juliet d cdnh 5, dong 93

- 7/0" (Trich "The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet/Act /" - William Shakespeare,

[Third Course, tt.816])

Nhftng vi dy ttdn chdng td he ttidng cdu hdi ttong SGK CaUfomia da hudng din

6 mue do ttong thang do nhgn thuc cua Blcxim. Didu dd cd y nghTa rat quan trpng

trong vide ren luydn ndng lyc M duy cbo ngudi htx. E)dng ttidi vdi he flidng eau hoi

da dgng vd muc do m duy, SGK Clalifomia da dam bao tdt ydu cau phan hda khi co

du logi cau hdi hirdng ddn tat ca cdc ddi tirgng b(3C tap tiong ldp, trong do cau hdi a

muc do Nhd va Hieu chidm sd \ugng nhidu nhat.

2.4. Cau hoi dugc thiet ke dap iing yeu cau day hoc tich hop

Day h(x: ti'eh hgp la mgt ttong nhimg yeu cau quan ttgng cua chucmg trinh Ngir

van ttieo djnh hudng phat dien nang lyc. Nguydn nhdn chfnh Id vi day hpc d'ch hpp

mang den co hgi de hinh thdnh va phdt trien ndng lyc eho ngudi hpc, dae biet la nang

lye gidi quydt cdc van dd thyc tidn. E)dng thdi, quan diem day bgc ay ciing tao nen su

gan ket chat che giira mdn h(X vol thuc tien cupc sdng. Mdc do Ifch hgp cia he thong

cau hdi dong SGK CaUfomia dugc tiie hidn da dang, phong phu. Trade tidn la sy ti'ch

hgp gifta cac vdn bdn vdi nhau, vi dy nhu:

"Tap 5 aia sd' thi Odyssey (dp trung vdo tinh trgng bi giam cdm ciia Odyssey

tren hdn ddo cua Calypso. Suzanne vega (xem phdn vdn bdn kit ndi d trang 655)

dien td gdc nhin aia Calypso ve viec do. Bdi tho ciia nii tdc gid dy dugc so sdnh nhu

thi ndo vdi cdu chuyin cda Homer. Em ddng cdm vdi ai, Odysseus hay Calypso?"

(Trich "From the Odyssey, Part One" - Homer, [Third Course, tt.687])

Tiep theo Id sy ti'ch hop giira nhiing van de ctia van hgc vdi nhung van dd/ tinh

hudng mong ty trong cudc sdng, giiia kidn fliuc van hge vcri nhimg hieu biet ve xa

hpi, van hda cua b(x: sinh. Nhftng cau hdi dang ndy xudt hidn ehu ydu d phan

Evaluation (Ddnh gid). Chang ban nhu:

"Cdnh cudi cita hoi ndy cd ggi clio em nhd vi nhimg dung do. mdu thudn giiia

cha me vd thanh thiiu niin md em dd timg tlidy trin phiin. trin nhimg chuong tnnh

TV hogc Id dd timg dgc d ddu do trong tiiu thuyet?Juliet vd dm me ciia cd dy cd ggi

em nhdc nho vi ninmg bdc clui me < ua cudc diri ihuc vd fluinh ilucn nien hien nay

09-8 Hf thdng C&U hoL.. 147

khdng?"" CTrieh "The Tragedy ofRwneo and Juliet, Act III, Scene l" - Shakespean^, [TMid Course, ti. 874])

"Hdy tmg hgp ngi dung cda nhiing dogn vdn bdn ndy bdng cdch viet mgt dogn

vdn torn, tdt cdc quan diim cua Einstein ve Chiin tranh Kit thuc dogn van, em hdy

noi kit nhiing quan diim cua Einstein vdi tinh trgng dm thi gidi chimg ta hiin nay.

Ongco phdt bieu ndo md em ngfu rdng co liin quan din nhiing mdi quan he hiin nay

giua cdc qudc gia?" CTrieh "Weapcm s of the Spirit, Letter to President Roosevelt, On

the Abolition of the Threat of War, 7?je/4mis/?ace"-Albert Einstein, [Third Course,

tt.382]).

Nhiing cau bdi dang nay cbu ydu eiing duge thidt kd flieo hudng giup ngudi d<x

tao ndn sy tuong Ide giiia kidn thdc ndn vcii vide dgc vd hidu van Iran. Hoac la sy tfch

hpp van dung nMdu ki ndng vdo vide giai quydt mdt nhidm vu hpc tap dugc dgt ra

trong cau hdi, vf dy nhu;

"Kaf ndi (connect) mgt trtmg nhiing sd thdng tin cua tdc phdm ndy vdi nhiing

tdc phdm (vdn ban, plum, Idch,...) khdc md em da dugc dgc hogc xem. vidu do cd the

Id mdt cdu chuyin ve tinh yeu, hogc mgt mdu tin tuc vi nhiing ruin nhdn vd tdi Trong

phgm vi mgt bdi lugn ngdn, trudc tien em hdy Sm gidi lgi (paraphrase) nhiing y

tirdng cua tiing tdc phdm, sau do hdy bdn ludn vi nhirng diim tirong ddng vd khdc

biet giira chung. Cudi cung Id tdng hgp lm (synthesize) nliung gi em dd ligc dugc ve

cudc sdng tir luii tdc phdm dv" (Trich "Dear Juliet" - Lisa Bannon. "Romeo and

Juliet in Bosnia" - Bob Heibert, [Third Couise, tt.923]).

Ngodi ra, edu hdi cua SGK Califomia cdn quan tam den su tfch hgp giiia viec

dgy dgc hidu van ban vdi vide phat didn cdc kien thirc vd ngdn ngft cbo ngudi htx

ttidng qua viec su dung xen ke cac edu hdi ve tu ngd, cau ttiic ngu phap viil cac cau

hdi hudng din dgc bidu, ching ban nhtr

"Nhiing tir ngir nhu Mn (ddng 786), pleasure (ddng 793), va enjoyment (ddng

795) dem d&i cho em nhiing goi y gi vi tinh cdch, phdm chdt cua nlidn vdt chd qudn

trg?" (Trfch "from The Canterbury Tales" ~ Geoffrey Chaucer, [Sixtti Course,

ti.l41])

Day la minb b(3a cbo hinh thdc cau bdi kidm tra miic do tiidu cua ngudi hge vd y

nghia eua td vung trong ngu canh. Vdi nhftng cau tidl nbu dgng nay, ngudi hgc vira

ed CO hdi duoc md rdng vdn tu, vira dugc hinh flianh va ren luydn kT ndng hidu nghTa

cua m ttong van ban.

E)6 la mdt sd vi dy cbo ttiay SGK Califomia da thyc bien tdt ydu cau tfch hgp

trong viec dgy dgc hieu van ban. Didu dd cho fliay eac nha bidn soan chuong trinh va

NGHIEN Ciru VAN HOC SC 9 •- 2016

SGK Calllbmla da y fliuc tot yeu cau tich hgp trong day hpe va ttong mdc do cd flie hp da tich hgp eac kien thuc vd kT nang trong nhirng nhiem vy hgc tap de hudng den viec ren luyen nang lyc giai quydt van de cho ngudi hgc.

2.5. Cdu hdi dugc thiit ki co hudng din yiu cau ptidn hda ti-ong dgy hgc

Bidu hien co ban nhat ciia day hgc phan hoa la "sap xep" nhimg p dien ra tren

ldp dd mdi h(X sinh deu cd ca hdi lya chgn cho minh each chiem ITnh tri thuc, kT nang

va thai do ttifch hgp. Vi vay, sy Ihd hien dau tien ciia day hgc phan hda trong he ttiong

cau hdi cua SGK Ciilifomia Id cac tdc gja da fliidt ke cau hdi theo cac muc do trong

thang do nhan thuc ciia Blcxim. Chi'nh cdc mdc dp nhan thdc di thap den cao cua he

thdng cau hdi da phan phdi co hgi ddng deu den tat ca cac ddi mgng HS, giup tit ca

cac em dugc the hien kha nang nam tat van ban cia ban than, tren ca sd ay GV cd

the ddnh gjd, ffieu etiinh ke hogch va phuong phap day hgc cia minb sao eho phu

hgp. Ben canh do, SGK Califomia edn cd them nhting cau hdi cu flie danh cho nhiing

HS gap nliieu khd ktian dong hgc lap ciing nhu nbiing HS kha gidi trong ldp, chdi^

ban nhu:

- Cau hdi danh cho HS gap nhieu khd khan ttong hgc tap: "De giiip HS doc

truyen "A Christmas Memory". GV cdn Idm mdu ki ndng doc chi del cho HS. GVcd

the ndi: "Nhung chi net md Capote km chon a dogn thir nhdt, bao gdm mgt cdi bdn

trdn rdng, mdt cdi Id sirdi, vd chiec ghe gd bdp binh dd gdp phdn tgo nin bdu khdng

khidmcung, thoaimdi, di chiu cho cdu chuyiin. GV cd the khuyen kJiich HS khi doc

thi nen luu y nhiing chi tiit tiiam gia tao bdi cdnh cho cdu chuyin vd tir dgt ra nliimg

cdu lioi nhu: "Chi tiit ndy titam gia nhu thi ndo vdo viec gdp phdn tgo nen tdm trgng, suphdt triin tmh cdch ciia nlidn vgt hogc cdt tiuyen? "

- Cau hoi danh cho HS kha gioi: ''Yeu cdu HS gidi thich viic lya chgn ngudi ke chuyin dnh hudng nhu the ndo din gigng Siu vd do ddng tin cua vdn bdn".

(Trich "A Christmas Memoiy" - Traman Capote, [Third Course, tt. 52-54])

Dd la mdt so bieu hien cu the eiia dgy hgc phan h(5a trong vide tMdt kd cau hoi

hudng dan dgc tiieu van ban. Xhimg bieu tiidn ay la nhiing kinh nghidm quy bau giup

cdc nha bien sogn SGK ciia chiing ta cd dugc nhung dinh hudng tdt nhat cbo viec

bien soan SGK cho chuong trinh flieo djnh hudng tiep can nang lyc.

2.6. Cdu hdi dirge thiit ki cd hudng din yeu cdu xdc djnh muc Sch dgc cuthi

Muc dich dgc la mdt ttong nhiing ylu to can tMdt dd tao nen hoat dgng vi

muc dich dgc se tao ra hung fliu vd dgng co kham pha van ban. Tren co sd dd,

ngudi dgc se chii y ddn ddi Mgng, khao khat di sau nhdn fliuc ddi mgng. Cd nhu

He thong cau hoi... 149

vgy ttii qua trinh Mdu tit ydu se ffien ra d nhftng mdc dg khdc nhau. Theo L.S.

Pardo, "nhiing ngirdi dgc cd nttidu ddng tyc ban ed the dd dang dp dyng nMlu

ctiidn luge dix hidu hem vd ldm vide chdm cM hon, ti'ch eye hon ttong qua tnnh

kidn tgo nghTa cho vdn ban. Nhftng ngudi dgc ft ddng lyc ban Ihi khd cd thd lam

vipc cham cM va y nghTa md hg mang Igi cho van bdn ciing khdng mgnh me bing

khi hg cd nMeu dgng lyc"'^'. Vi vay, vide xdc dinh muc dfch dgc, ddng lyc dgc cd

y ngMa l i t quan ttgng, anh hudng tiyc tiep den qua tiinh giai ma va kiln tao

ngMa eho vdn ban. Vi y thuc dugc ffidu dd ndn cdc tae gia SGK CaUfomia da chii

^ tMdt kd nhiing cau hdi/ bdi tap xac dinh myc ffi'ch dgc cy thi cho ngudi hge d

gim dogn tiudc kM dgc vdn bdn. Vdi nhung cau bdi/ bai tap iy, ngudi hgc se cd

dinh hudng tet ban trong vipc dix, kha nang tap trang tet ban, ddng thdi lya chgn

vd su dyng cMdn luge dpc phu hgp dd dat duge myc ffi'ch da dl ra. Chung tdi xin

minh hga mdt sd dan chiing cy thd nhir

"Bdi cdnh aia mgt cdu chuyin khong chi bao gom thai gian vd dja Sim md cdn

Id bdi cdnh lich su cua nd, do chinh Id mdi trudng chinh tri, xd hgi lien quan din thdi

gian vd dia diem dy. Bdu khong khi, ddc diem nhdn vdt, nhimg mdu thudn chinh ah

mgt cdu chuyin thudng Id ddng chdy tryc tiep tir bdi cdnh lich sir. do la cdch md tdc

gid ciia truyen "Speaking cf Courage" da thyc hien. Khi em dgc tdc phmn ay, em

mn ghi chu lm can than sy tuang phm gida nhiing thdi do, quan Sim vdi nhiing

chudn myc ciia thi tran Iowa, ciia gia Snh Paul Berlin vd thuc te ciia cugc chiin

tranh nitiet ddi d viit Nam, noi md Paul da timg tham gia" (Trich "Speaking of

Courage"-Tim O'Brien, [Fifth Course, tt.866])

"Phdn ldn cdc cdu chuydn thudng dugc ke theo trgt ty thdi gian (chronological

order), trgt tu ndy liin quan den chudi cdc sy kiin dugc sdp xip theo thai gian tir Idii

bdt ddu din khi ket thuc. Tuy nhiin, trong truyin ngdn "Dog Star ". tdc gid lgi tiiudng

cat diit hien tgi bdng mgt dogn hdi tirdng ddi. Di hiiu dirge cdch thuc td dure, sdp

xip cdc sy kiin trong cdu chuyin ndy. cdc em hdy chu y vdo nhung cdu hdi sau: Cdu

chuym bM ddu dhien tgi Tgi khoanh khac ndo thi cdu chuyin chuyin sang qud

khu? Tgi Sim ndo thi ngudi ki chuyen lm qimy trd ve vdi hiin tgi? Qudng thoi

gian 10 trdi qua gidn nhting sy vigc cum cung trong dogn hdi tudng vdi thdi Sim

lugn tm cua cdu chuygn Id bao ldu T' CTrieh "Dog Star'' - Arthur CClarke, rThird

Course, tt.32])

Nhirng cau hdi trdn (Say da xac dinb mdt sd nhidm vy hgc tgp ey flie ciia ngudi

hgc trade kM di vao d(x; vdn ban. Vdi nhihig nMem vu hpc tap ay, ngudi doc se xae

dinh rd nbiing kT nang dpc hieu can sd dung va nhdng npi dung can tap trang lam ro.

Didu do se giiip ngucri dpc ttdt kidm flidi gian dgc, bdt dl sy phan tan va hdng thu hon

i

150 NGHIEN Ciru VAN HQC SO 9-2016

vdi vide dgc khi hp bidt ro minh can phai lam gj va Idm nhu thd ndo trong cjua tiinh

tidp can vdi van tan.

3.Kethian

Trdn day Id nhiMg nhan xet budc diu vd he thdng eau bdi trong nhung bai dpc

hidu vdn ban cua mdt so SGK Ngu van eua bang C aUfcwnia (Hca Ky). Tu nhumg

nhin nhan iy, cbung ta cd thd hidu daqc phan ndo cdch thidt kd he flidng eau hdi dpc

hilu vdn ban tiong SGK cua nhiing nudc cd ndn gido dye phat tiidn. Cd ttid se can cd

nhdng bdi vi^ sau bon vd each ttidc xdy dyng be ttidng cau hdi cua bg nhung tir

nhung ^ ngudi viet ttao ddi, chung ta cung cd ttie hinh dung dugc phin ndo each Idm

cu tfad aia hg ttong viec xay dyng hp tiidng cdu tidi cua mdt Ixii ^ c biai van ban

hudng ddn viec hinh thanh vd ten luypn ndng lyc dgc hidu van tan cho ngudi bgc.

Dilm quan ttgng nhit ttong e^h ttiidt kd he ttidng cau bdi dix Mdu van ban cija

SGK Califomia la cac tdc gia fli^ sy budng den viec binh flianh vd ren luyen ndng

lyc dgc hidu cho ngudi hgc. Gia tri ngi dung cua van ban van se duoc gial ma va kien

lao nhung qua mgt he thdng eau hdi hudng dan, ngudi hgc dinjc luyen tap su dyng

mdt sd ky nang nhdt dinh. td do ehinh tran than hg se ty bdc tach tung Idp npi dung

cua v ^ ban. Do dd, sau khi hpc xong mdt van ban, ngudi h(pc cd flid sd dung mpt so

ky ndng da dugc ren tuydn dd dgc lap giai ma nhdng van tran kbac d nhiing mue dp

nhdt djnh tiiy theo klid nang cua minb. Dieu dd kbac vol nhiing gid dgc hidu van ban

eiia chiing ta hidn nay khi myc dfch ehinh cda chung ta van chi dang dimg lgi d viec

hudng dan HS lam ro nhung gia tti ndi dung cia timg van ban. ma chira chu y trang

bj cho cac em cdng ey va ki nang dd ttdp can van tan. Vi vdy, ed flid xem each xay

dimg he flidng cau bdi trong cdc SGK Califomia Id mot gen y hftu fch va fliidt ttiuc

cho vide bien sogn SGK vd chuong trinh Ngft van tbeo dinh hudng pbat tridn ndng

luc ciia nudc ta trong flidi gian tdiQ

(1) Holt, Rinehart & Winston: Holl Literature and Language Arts (Annotated Teacher's Edition) -

Thiid Course, 2£X)3. Cac trfch dan sach nay trong bai deu gtii [Third Course, so trang].

(2) Holt, Rinehart & Winston: Holl Uieralure and Language Arts- Fourth Course, 2003. Cac tridi

dan sach nay trong bai deu [Fourth Counie, so trang].

(3) Holt, Rinehart & Winston: Holt Literature and Language Arts - Fifth Course, 2003, Cac Inch

dan sach nay trong bai deu ghi [Filth Cour«. so Uang].

(4) Holt, Rinehart & Winston Holt Uieralure and Langtuige Aits - Sixth Coiir,e. 200.1. Cac dich

dan sach nay tmng bai deu ghi [Sixth Course, so Imngj.

(5) Xem them LS. Pardo: Wluit ercn- leat her needs to know about canprelwnsion. huemathnal

Reading A.s!,ocialtm, pp.272-280.