lSSNO910-6707

1993

JapanComputerQuarterly

JapanIntormationProcessing

DevelopmentCenter

JapanComputerQuarterly

1993

JaρanComputer(2μ αr'6〃y(JCQ)ispub-

1ishedquarterlybytheJapanInformation

ProcessingDevelopmentCenter(JIPDEC),

KikaiShinkoKaikanBldg.,3-5-8Shibakoen,

Minato-ku,Tokyo105Japan.

Publisher:

Editor:

EIJIKageyama,President

YujiYamadori,Director

Research&Intemational

Affairs

JIPDECisanon-profitorganizati ,onfbundedin1967withthesupportoftheMinistryofInterna.

tionalTradeandIndustry,theMinistryofPosts

andTelecommunicationsandrelatedindustrycir-

clesforthepurposeofpromotinginfbmation

processingandtheinformationprocessingindus-tryinJapan.'

JcQ,formerlycalledtheJIPI)EcReport,wasfirst

publishedinSeptember,1970andispreparedwiththeassistanceoftheJapanKeirinAssociation

throughitsMachinelndustryPromotionFunds.

CONTENTS

*FromtheEditor

*R&DTrendofHypermedia

1

*ExamplesofHypemledia

(1)intelligentl)ad

(2)EDMICS(EngineeringDrawingManage.mentandlhformationControlSystem)_

3

NOTE:Theopinionsexpressedbythevarious

contributorstotheJapanComputerQuarterlydo

notnecessarilyreflectthoseviewsheldbyJIPDEC.

*NewTrendsinHypermedia

11

18

(1)NarrativeArchetypesandHyperlediaHowHaveWeAcquiredNarrativity?_27

(2)MediaandVeryLarge-scaleKnowledgeBasefortheKnowledgeArchivesProject

31

〉

Copyrightl993byJapaninformationProcessing

DevelopmentCenter.

Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced

withoutwrittenpermissionofthepublisher.

*CurrentNews 38

TranslatedandPrintedbyTheTranslationlnstitute

ofTec㎞ology,Science&Culture

PrintedinJapan,January,1993.

No.92

●

FromtheEditor

Alongwiththeprogresstowardsamoreinfbr・

ma直on-orientedsocietyinrecentyears,large

amountSofvarioustypesofinformationhave

cometobeusedinhomelifeaswellasin

industrialandsocialactivities.Thevolumeof

informationgeneratedhasalsobeenincreasing

sharplyasaresultofthediffusionofword

processors,personalcomputers,andwork・

stationsbroughtabOutbyadvancesininforma-

dontechnologies,Since由evolumeofsuch

informationisexpectedtoincreasefurtherfrom

nowon,findingwaystofindnoededinforma・

tionquicklywillbeanimportantchallengeboth

fbrthesupPortofindividualintell㏄tualand

creativeactivitiesandforthedeterminationof

co】哩)oratestrategies.However,infbrmadonas

itisnowgeneratedisinavarietyofformssuch

asimages,graphicsandvoiceaswellasnumerals

andcharacters.Forexample,imagesinclude

drawingsshowingstatisticaldata,designdraw-

ings,andcardiograms.Graphicsincludenature

documentaries,experimentalobservations,and

spOrtS.Voiceincludes也esoundsofnatural

phenomenasuchaswindandrainaswellasthe

soundsofconversadon,1㏄tures,andsp㏄ches.

Forexpressingsuchavarietyofinformation,it

hastradidonallybeennecessarytoconvertthe

infbrmationintotheformofnumericalvalues

ortexLButtheprogressofcomputertechnolo-

giesismakingitpossibletohandleimages,

graphicsandvoiceintheiroriginalforms.Asa

result,notonlyis山escopeofcomputerapPli-

cationswidening,butthereisalsoarapidrisein

由edesiretoprocessvariousformsofinforma-

tionbycomp鵬rs.Wordssuchas"muldmedia"

and``hypemnedia"havebecomehighlightedin

recentyears.Thisisappalendybecause也ere

hasbeenarapidexpansionofneedsanddemands

andbecausetherehavebeensteadyimprove-

mentsin山etechnologiesandproductstomeet

thosedemands.

TodayitisbecomingpOssibletouseso-called

"multimediainformation,"血atis,theinforma-

tionaccumulatedinavarietyofmedia.Partly

b㏄auseofthisdevelopment,theconceptof

``informationprocessingadaptedtOtheuseピs

thinking"hasarisen.Thisistheconceptthatthe

usershouldbeabletOmakeintegrateduseof

divefsifiedmediawithouthavingtopayatten-

tiontOtherhediausedtOstoretheinformation.

Theideaofmakingintegrateduseofinfoma-

tionmediameans也atpeoplecanfreelyuse

variousinformationinwritingandconversation

inconcertwitiハthe由inkingpr㏄ess.With

conven口onalcomputers,也einformationmedia

thatcouldbehandledhadk)belimitedin

advance.Besides,itwasdifficultoreconomi-

callyimpracticabletohandleimageandvoice

mediainthesamewayascharacters.Behind

thegrowinginterestinmultimediainrecent

yearsisthe`factthatmulti-mediaproductsthat

canbeusedaseasilyaspersonalcomputersa民

nowavailableatfairlyreasonableprices.

1 JCQNo.92,1993

Progressininformationtechnologieshasbeen

f町theringthedevelopmentofculture,causing

rapidchange臼omUmetotime.Multimedia

have甘aditionallybeenusedbypeoplewithout

anyparticularawarenessof血ein飴mation

mediainvolved.Bumowitisbecomingpossi・

bleforcomputerstohan(Uemultimedia.This

developmentisexpectedtohaveagreatdealof

impactinawidevarietyoffields,including

culture,societyandprivatelife.

Ahyperrnediasystemisasysteminwhich

informationisorganizedinaccordancewiththe

s血ictureofhumanassociationandconveyedor

recordedinaformthatincludesrelationsamong

differentpiecesofinformation,sothatthein-

formationcanbeusedinamorediversified

way.Intelligenthypermediasystems,which

willbecreatedbyaddingintelligenceto

hypermediasystemsforimprovedaffinitywi山

thehumanbeing,areexpectedtor㏄eivealotof

attentioninthefuture.Theintelligent

hypermediasystemwillbepOsitionedasa

pOwerfultoolofintellectualactivity.Therefbre,

byensuringthesupPlyanduseofabundant

informationinsuchfieldsasprivatelife,soci-

ety,business,andacademia,thistoolwillhelp

materializeanadvancedinformation-orien[ed

societyandcreateanewcultureorcivilization.

TheuseofhypermediaisexpectedtOspreadin

thefuturetosocialactivitiessuchasoperation

ofmuseumsaswellaseducation,andmedicine,

etc.Inaddition,newbuslnessoppOrtunltles

willarisefromtheactivadonofexistingin・

dustries,inc毘asesinaddedvalue,newtech-

nologies,andnewproducts.Thiswillintum

conロibutetoincreasedemploymentopPortu-

nitiesandindusロialor㏄onomicgrowth.

Butanumberofproblemshaveyettobesolved

toensurethesoundgrowthofhypermedia.For

example,specialistshavek)betrainedand

problemsrelatedtostandardizationandinte1-

lectualpropertyrightSmustbesolved.

ThisissuedescribesbasichypermediaconceptS,

casesofapplicationinthiscountry,newde-

velopmentSandsoon.Wehope山eardcleswill

beofusetoourreaders.

YujiYamadori

Director

Research&InternationalAffairs

JCQNo.92,1993 2

'

R&DTrendofHypermedia

YuzuruTanaka

Professor,ElectricalEngineeringDept.

FacultyofEngineering

HokkaidoUniversity

「

1.WhatIsHyperteXt1Hypermedia?

Ourlifeisnowsurroundedbyanenormous

amountofinformation.Wearehighlycon-

cernedwithhowtouseit.Forthemulti-

lateralutilizationofinformation,itisim・

portantnotonlytocollectseparateand

fragmentarypiecesofinformation,butalso

torecognizetherelationshipsandsimilari-

tiesbetweenthemandtoconnecttherelated

infomation.Databasesystemsandinforma-

tionretrievalsystemsarebasedoncondi・

tionalretrievaLTheyhavenofunctionfor

connectingrelatedinformationorsupporting

associativeretrieval.Hypertextisasystem

whichdoesnotsimplyaccumulatefragmen・

伍ryinformation,butconstructsanassocia-

tivenetworkbyconnectingrelatedinforma-

tionandenablesassociativeretrievalby

tracingthispath.

Anordinarytexthasaunitcalledpage.A

texthasalinearstructureconsistingofse-

quentialpages.Thelinearityofatextstructure

oftenbecomesanobstacletoitsuse.Wedo

notnecessarilyreadabookoramagazine

sequentially.Wesometimeslookatpages

aheadorgobacktocheck,refertofootnotes

ornotesattheendofachap衙orabook.We

freelygofromonepagetoanother.Welook

upadictionaryoranencyclopediaorreferto

relateddocumentswhilereadingabook.

Hypertextenablestheformationofanadvance

connectionlinkbetweenthestartingpoint

andthetargetofskippingwithregardtothe

actofskipPingintheactofreading.Areader

canskiptoarelatedlocationdirectlyand

returntotheoriginalpositiondirectly.The

startingpointandthedestinationofskipPing

arecalledthesourceanchoranddestination

anchor,respectively.Hypertextusesacard

asitsunitofinformationinsteadofapage.

Anchorscanbesetforanyitemssuchasa

phraseorillustrationinacard.Alinkcanbe

formedfromaniteminonecardtoanitemin

anothercardasillustratedinFigure1.This

cardiscallednodeofahypernetworkformed

bycardlinkage.

Similarly,theprocessoftextproductionis

notnecessarilysequential.Documentpro-

ductioninvolveswork,suchasconception,

planning,andelaboration,whichbytheir

naturecannotbecarriedoutsequentially

accordingtothesequenceofchaptersand

sections.Furthermore,textproductioncan-

notbethoughtofindependentlyoftextuti-

lizationbecausedocumentproductiongen-

erallyrequiresliterarystudy.

3 JCQNo.92,1993

FigurelConnectionStructureofHypermedia

Hypertextisasystemforproducing,accumu-

lating,organizing,andutilizinginformation

andischaracterizedbytheuseofanon-linear

structurefororganizingtextinformationusing

anewmediumcalledcomputer.

Thetem"h》rpertext"wascoinedbydirecting

attentiontotextualinfbmationonly.However,

i硲egantt)bereplacedbytheterm``hypermedia"

asmu1U-medianodesbecomecommonalong

withthediversificationofcomputer-supported

media.R血hemore,血ereisanewattempttO

giveintegratedsupPOrttOinformationprocess-

ingbytheuseofthehypertextorhypermedia

f㎜ework.ThisattemptregardSnotonlymulti-

med髭1d㏄uments,butalsotoolssuchasspread

sheetsandcharts,servicesystemssuchasa

databaseandelectronicmail,andevenvahous

apPlicadonprogramsasvisibleo切ectshaving

apapenmage・

Thispaperdescribestheresearchtrendsin

hypertextand'hypermedia,andexplainsthe

characteristicsofR&DinthisfieldinJapan.

2.HistoryofHypermedia

Theresearchhistoryofhypertextisthe〔esearch

historyofmindtoolswhichtrytoapplycomput-

ersforamplifyingman'smemoryandthinking.

ThishistOrybeganalongtimeago.TheprotO-

typeoftheconceptofhypertextcanbeseenin

V.Bush's1945paper,`AsWeMayThink'.V.

Bushconceivedanimaginarydevicenamed

MEMEX.AMEMEXisamicrofilmreader

havingextendedfunctions.Itcanwr輌teinthe

marginofacalledbook,displaytwoarticles

sidebysidesimu1伽eously,formaconnection

linkbetweenanytwoitemsinthesearticlesso

thatanassociativesearchpathcanbedefined.

Abuttonisassignedtoaconnectionlinksothat

therelateditemcanbecalledimmediatelyby

pressingthebuttonwhenoneoftheseitemsis

displayedforlateruse.

StimulatedbyV.Bush'spaper,D.Engelbart

developedtheNLS.Theobjectiveofthe

MSwastostoreallthespecifications,plans,

designs,programs,documents,reports,

JCQNo.92,1993 4

memos,literatureandcommentsthatagroup

ofresearchersneedsinacomputerandtoenable

variousoperationssuchasdocumentprOduc-

tion,planning,designinganddebugging,as

wellascommunicationsbetweenresearchers

vぬaconsole.TheNLSsuppOrtedamousefor

thef辻sttime,hadamulti-windowdisplay

function,andimplementedad㏄umentsystem

thatcouldfbrmcrossreferencelinkssuchas

hypertextandel㏄tronicmailfunctions.The

NLSwasdemonstratedin1968.

Atthebeginningofthel960s,T.Nelsonpr(y

posedasystemthatsupportsanaccesstoallthe

informationontheearthaswellastheprOduc-

tionandpublicationofnewinformation.Itwas

namedXanadu.Xanaduisaglobalelectronic

publicationnetwork.Itsuserscanfreelyre・

trieveanduseallthekindsofinformationand

arechargedautomatically.Auserwritesa

d㏄umentonthisnetwork.Whenhewantsto

quoteanotherdocument,apointerisextended

totheoriginalinsteadofcopyingit.Thedisplay

displaysthequotedinfbmationasifitwere

copied.Thecopyrightof.theoriginaldocument

canbeprotectedbecauseτnocopyexists.By

publishingalldocumentsonthisnetwork,a

networkofconnectionlinksisformedbetween

information.Thus,thesystematizationofin-

formationisautomaticallypromoted.

TakingahihtfromS.Papert'sattempttohave

childrenuseacomputer,A.C.Kayconceived

aconceptcalledDynabook.Thus,thedevelop-

mentofacomputerforindividuals,andanew

programminglanguageforit・wasstartedat

XeroxPARC(PaloAltoResearchCenter).As

aresult,theAltomachineandSmalltall(・72

weredevelopedin1973and1972,respectively.

Smalltall(wasimprovedsubsequentlyandre-

leasedasSmalhalk・80in1980.Thislanguage

madealargeconUibutiontotheobject-oriented

programmingpara(ligm.TheMVCprogram-

mingstyleofthislanguagebecamethefounda-

tionfortoday'swindowsystemandGUI

(graphicaluserinterface)architecture.

S.Jobs,whofo皿dedAppleComputerandlater

establishedNeXT,visitedPARCandwasim-

pressedbyAlk).Thus,Lisawasbomand

fbllowedbyMacintosh.In1987,B.Atkinson

developedHyperCardasabundlingsoftware

fbrMacintosh.HyperCardisaprogiammable

hypermediadevelopedbyadopUngtheideaof

objectorientedprogramming.Itadoptsthe

eventd亘ventypelanguageHyperTalk,asa

simpleprogiamminglanguage.HyperCardcan

displayonecardononescr㏄nandmanage

infbrmationbycardunits.Information,suchas

documents,imagesandvoice,canbefreely

storedineachcard.Ano山er'cardcanbecalled

byclicking血ebuttonthatisassignedt()itin

advancebyusingthemouse.HyperCardhas

becomeaplatformfordevelopingmulti-medぬ

informationsystemsbyprovidingstandardized

displayformsandas伽dardaccessprotOcolfor

alargevarietyofmulti-mediainformaUon.

Ontheotherhand,XeroxdevelopedStar

workStationsusingthedesktopmetaphorand

icons.In1985,theyanno皿ncedNoteCards,

whichisahypertextsystemhavingalarge

varietyofprogrammablefunctionsusingthe

Interlisp-Dlanguage.NoteCardswasdeve1-

opedoriginallyasanideaprocessor.Cardsets

aremutuallyconnectedbyvarioustypesof

links.Cardsaredefinedbyfunctionalclassifi-

cationandf()rmaclasshierarchy.Aproperty

inheriロmcem㏄hanismisemployedalong由is

hierarchy.Anumberofcardscanbedisplayed

simultaneouslyandthecardsizecanbechanged

freely.Alinkisdisplayedintheformofa

symbolcalledalinkicononalinksourcecard.

Thecardof也elinkdestinationcanbecalledby

5 JCQNo.92,1993

clickingthisicon.NoteCardshasabrowserthat

displays廿1enetworkstructureoflinksasa

graph.Acard・calledfileboxisinchargeof

filingto血es㏄ondarystorageofalargenet-

work,andhassavingandloadingfunctions.

IRIS(TheInstit鵬forResea】 ℃hinInfomation

andScholarship)atBrownUniversityhasbeen

engagedinresearchonh)?ermediaformore

也an20years.Thefirstsystemtheydeveloped

inl968isahypertextediUngsys¢m.1【was

usedfbrproducingdocumentsrelatingtothe

ApolloProject.Thecurrenthypertextsystemis

calledIntermedia.Thissystemsupportsboth

textpmductionandutilizationandwasdevel-

opedfbruseforresearchandeducationatthe

university.Intermediahasamechanismcalled

awebwhicbenablesausertoviewonlya

specificpartialnetworkofahypcrtextlink

networklikeaviewdefinitionofarelational

database.

Analyst,developedbyVistaLab.ofXerox

SP㏄ialIn飴mationSys民msisanintegrated

systemthatsupPortsalargevarietyofjobsata

businessofficebothmulti-1aterallyandcom-

prehensively.Analystwasoriginallydeve1・

opedasamili切ysロategysupPort紅)oLhwas

developedusingSmallロ1kandhasadesktop

publishingfunction,businessgraphfuncdon,

spreadsh㏄tfunction,compositedocument

defininonfuncUon,oudineprocessorfuncUon,

imageeditingandfomationfuncdon,database

funcdon,mapsupportfuncUon,prindngf皿c・

tion,linkingfuncdon,expertsystemf皿cUon,

etc.Aunifieduserinterfaceisprovidedfor

thesefunctions.Analystsupportsmapsandhas

f皿cdonsfbrautomadcallyproducingamap

fromageographicaldatabase,displayingover-

laidgeographicalinformadon,andautomad-

callyrelatingitwi血geographicalin飴mation

inadatabaseinadditiontomagnifiedand

reduceddisplayfunctions.Thespreadsheet

functionofAnalystcandisplayvariousobjects,

suchasmanices,fractions,images,da田bases,

orchartsincells.

Analystcansys¢maUcallysto氏 膓anenomous

amomtofda協ina∬1ecalledanin飴maUon

cen促r.Thein飴maUoncen民rhasa民rieval

funcUon.Use●canreロieveinfomaUonby

sp㏄ifyingakeyword,adatatype,atextsロing,

etc.Ass㏄iativelinkscanbedefinedbetween

piecesofinformationstoredintheinformation

center.Ausercandefineanewlinktype.He/

shecanautomadcally飴mnewlinksorauto-

maUcallydeleteoldlinksbygivingin允rence

rulesfbrlinks.AsubsystemcalledHumble

providestheexpertsystemfuncUon.ItistheE-

MycindevelopedusingSmalltalk.

3.'DevelopmentTrendsinHypermedia

ThelastchapterwasconcernedwiththeR&D

historyofhypermedia.Thischapteriscon-

cemedwithitsfuturedirection.Researchon

hypermediaisbeingdevelopedinthefollowing

directions.

1.

2.

3,

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

InterfaCeCOnStrUCtiOntOols

DocumentproductionsupPOrttOols

Informationmanagementtoolsbasedon

aSSOCIatlVeStrUCtUreS

InfOrmatiOnOrganizatiOntOOIS

IntegratiOntOOISfOrvariOuSinfOrmatiOn

andtools

Multi-mediatools

CooperativeworksupPOrttools

Openplatforms

InterfaCeCOnStrUCtiOntOOIS

Therehaveappearednewattemptstouse

hypermediaasaninterfaceofanexpertsystem

JCQNo.92,1993 6

oradatabasesystemusingitsinterfacecon-

structingability,Thismovement,andthe

standardizationtrendofuserinterfacecon-

structiontoolsandkitsforwindowsystems,

willinfluenceeachotherandpromotethe

developmentofhypertextorhypermediatool

kits.

application.Researchinthisdirectionis

largelynonexistentatpresent,butwillgrow

inthefuture.

Interin lsfrvriussm

D mnrouinu rtlS

Also,therearenewattemptstoextendthe

non-sequentialwritingsupPortfunctionof

hypertextandapPlyittoconceptandplan-

ningsupport.AnideaprocessorandaKJ

methodsupporttoolaresuchexamples.

Infrmtionman mn lssedn－

NeptunedevelopedatTectronics,hasanin-

terfacebasedonSmalltalk・80atthefront

end,andahypertextmodelcalledHypertext

AbstractMachine(HAM)atthebackend.

Thissystemhasafunctionfordefiningan

'attributevalueinanodeasapredicatelogic

expressionandobtainingavaluebyevaluat-

ingit.Usingthisfunction,ausercanseta

nodevaluebyadatabaseaccess,andbuilda

nodewhichfunctionsasadatabaseaccess

pathintoahypertextnetwork.・.

§OClat1VeStrUCtUreS

Byextendingtheinformationmanagement

functionbasedontheassociativestructureof

hypertext,itwillbepossibletointroduce

associativeinferenceandanalogicalinfer-

encefunctionsjustasinasemanticnetwork.

Itispossibletousenotacard,butamore

fragmentaryconcept,aphrase,orastatement

astheunitofinformation.Hitachi'sconcept

browserindicatessucharesearchtrend.

Thisfunctionenablesaccessingtodatabasesof

differentattributesonanidenticalnode.Asa

result,heterogeneousdatastoredinheterogene-

ousdatabasescanalsobeintegratedattheview

leve1.FujiXeroxadoptedthisideafordocu-

mentmanagementinEDMICS.

Thisconceptwillbedevelopedintohypemmedia

astheopenplatformin8.Thiswillbediscussed

inthenextsection.

nfrmionornizinools Multi・mediatools

AttemptstosupPortanintegratedenviron-

mentforpublishing,accumulatingandutiliz-

ingdocumentsbyaglobalnetworksystem

andtosystematizetheinformationaccumu-

latedbyusers'intelligentactivitiesinthis

environment,asindicatedbyXanadu,canbe

th皿ghtofasapplicabletodocumentman-

agementwithinanenterPriseorasmallre-

searchgrouporeventopersonaldocument

management.T.NelsonproposedLittle

Xanaduasapersonaldocumentmanagement

Usingmulti・mediastoragemedialikeCD-ROM

orlaserdisk,virtualmediacanbeimplemented

onacomputerdisplay.Infomation,suchas

images,voice,andvideo,iskeptinitsoriginal

state,butcanbedirectlyeditedbyauserby

changingtheaccesssequencetothesefragmen-

tarypiecesofinformationbyprogrammingasif

mediathatcanbeeditedfreelyexisted.Hokkaido

University'sTransmediawasdevelopedbyap-

plyingthisideatoimagetextd㏄uments.

StanfordUniversityandtheMITMediaLabo－

7 JCQNo.92,1993

「

ratoryhaveapPliedittOresearchoninteractive

video.－Researchongroup-wareforCSCW(Compu・

ter-Suppor賠dCooperadveWork)hassuddenly

b㏄omeactiveinrecentyears.Mediameta・

phorsarewidelyusedin由isfieldbecauseofthe

needtointuidvelygraspaplaceofcooperadve

work.Anon-1inearstmctureisoftenusedfor

infbmationmanagement.Functionslikesi・

muhaneousaccesscontrolandversionmanage・

mentarenecessaryforapPlyinghypertex口o

CSCW.Functionslikedistributedprocessing,

multi-processingandobjectmanagementmust

beimplementedasimplementationtechnolo-

gies.

Acooperativeworksupporttoolisbeingdevel・

opedintoanetworkedVirtualrealitysystem.

4.HypermediaasanOpenPlatform

4.1ClosedIntegrationandOpenIntegra・

tion

4.2ExtensionofNodeFunctions

HypermediaconsistSofasetofnodescorre-

spondingtOacardconfiguration,andasetof

linksthatconnectdifferentnodeitems.Both

nodefunctionsandlinkfunctionsarebeing

extended.ThetrendtoextendnOdefunctionsis

outiinedhere.Anexpressionusingacard

configurationiscalledtheadoptionofamedia

metaphor.Theprogressofthemediametaphor

isnothingbutthehistOryofthenodefunctions

inhypermedぬsystems.

AsshowninFigure2,thehistoryof血emedia

metaphorbeganincomputerswithDTP(Desk-

topPublishing).DTPenabledproductionand

printingofdocumentsinwhichgraphs,tables,

drawings,andimagesarefreelylaidintexし

Languages田(ePos6criptwhichcontrolprinting

foma岱weredevelopedandenableddisplaying

inaprin卜outformat.Thispromotedthedesign

philosophyofWYSIWYG.DisplayPostScript,

whichdescribesanima口oninaprint-outformat,

wasdeveloped.Asaresult,itb㏄amepossible

toembedanimationinacompositedocument

andsenditbyelectronicmail.

Theframeworkofhypermediaissuitablefor

integratingvarioussystems.Thischaracteristic

isseeninAnalyst,forexample.UnderAnalyst,

systemsmustbedefinedasanOdetypebefore

⑰eycanbeintegrated,andasystemofanew

funcdoncannotbein1エoduced.Suchintegra-

tioniscalledclose(lintegraUon.Incontrast,

systemintegrationthatallowsintroducdonofa

newsystemiscalledopenintegration.Increas・

ingimpOrtanceisattachedtOthedevelopment

ofopenplatformsbasedon血ehypemedia

framewotkbecausetheopensystemapproach

invarioussensesofthewordisdemandedat

present.This廿endcanbeseeninvarious

attemptStoextendnOdeandlinkfunctions.

Variousente町prisesannouncedvideoboards

whichfeaturethec㏄xistenceofvideoand

o山erwindowsonadisplayscr㏄n.Thereare

newattemptStoembedvoiceandvideoclipsin

acomposited㏄umentforuseinpresentaUon.

ThiswasthebeginningofDTPR(DeskTop

Phesentation).

Then,researchersbegantOsearchforameans

ofintegratingelementSofdifferenttypes.This

ledtoanobject-orientedsystemdevelop-

mentmethOdologyunderwhichnotonly

variousmulti-mediaobjects,butalsoapPli-

cationprogramscanbehandleduniformlyas

objects.Itbecamepossibletoembedeven

JCQNo.92,Ig93 8

.

Nextgenerationinfommationprocessingplatform Toolkit

Desktopmedia Object-oriented

PresentationII Videoboard

DisplayPostScript

回Text,graphs,tables,drawlngs,1mages

Multi-mediadocument

Documentwithanimation,video,voice

Dnamimediadocumn

Multi-mediadocument,automaUcpropagationofupdatedd㏄ument

－

Reactivedocument,variousserversandapplicationprogram

Figure2TransitionofMediaonComputer

programsaselementsofacompositedocu-

ment.

Suchattemptsweredevelopedforgeneral

usesothatcompositedocumentsmayhave

elementsthatmakeastatuschangeinre-

sponsetouseroperations.Suchacomposite

documentiscalledareactivedocumentor

dynamicmediadocument.

Theobject-oriented.syntheticprogramming

paradigmproducedthevariousGUItoolkits

ofthewindowssystemin』themiddleofthe

1980s.TheyincludeMIT'sXt,CMU's

AndrewToolkit,OPENLOOKToolkitand

MotifToolkit.Againstthisbackgr皿nd,at-

temptstoproducedynamicmediatoolkits

werestarted.Thisissyntheticmedia.

HokkaidoUniversity'sIntelligentPadisan

exampleofthis.

4.3ExtensionofLinkFunctions

Thefunctionsoflinks,whicharehypermedia

structuralelementsalongwithnOdes,arebeing

extended.Originally,hyper紀xt/hypenmledia

9 JCQNo.92,1993

1inkswerenavigationlinks(searchlink)that

wereusedforsearchingrelatedinf()rmation.

Asnodesbegantosupportnotonlystaticdocu-

ments,butalsodynamicmediadocuments,

updatingandpropagatingfunctionsbegantobe

giventolinksinadditiontothesearchfuncdon.

Inasysteminwhichlinkshaveupdatingand

propagatingfunctions,thefollowingoperation

takesplace.When血estateofanobjectdefined

asasourceanchorisupdated,thefact口1at

updatinghastakenplaceisreportedtothe

destinationanchor.Alinkhavingafunctionfor

automaticallyandunconditionallyex㏄uting

updatingandpropagationiscalledahothnk,

whilealinkhavingafunctionforpropagating

updatedinformationonlywhendemandedby

thedestinationiscalledawarmlink.Anaviga-

tionlinkiscalledacoldlink.

Theconceptoflinkingandconnectinginde-

pendentlydevelopedapplicationprogramsis

reachedbyextendingthelinkfunctiontoenable

messageexchangebetweentwoo切 ㏄tsalonga

link.SuchamechanismisfoundinHP's

NewWaveandSUN'sLinkServer.Anopera・

tionlinkagelinkintegratesfunctionsbyopera-

tionlinkage.

5.CharacteristicsofHypermediaRe・

searchinJapan

InJapan,ahigherinterestisfoundinmulti-

mediatechnologythanintheintegratedar-

chitecturecalledhypermedia.Manyofthe

hypemediaproductSdevelopedbyenter-

prisesareintendedforapplicationtoOIS,

suchasdrawingmanagementanddocument

management.Multi-mediapresentationsys-

temsarebeingactivelycommercialized,but

mostofthemhaveasimplelinkfunction,that

is,linksthatarenotregardedashypermedia.

InR&D,researchwhichrelateshypermedia

withgroupwareisbeingconductedatvarious

organizations(NTT,NEC,HokkaidoUni-

versity,etc.).Researchintoapplicationof

hypermediatoCAIisbeingconductedas

well(KyushuInstituteofTechnology,etc.).

Multi・mediacomponentresearchthatin

progressincludesastudyonvideosearch

technology(Hitachi,NTT)andastudyon

multi-modalI/O(WasedaUniversity,etc.).

Somedatabaseresearchersareengagedin

theoreticalresearchonahypermediadata-

base(KobeUniversity,OsakaUniversity,

etc.).TheR&DforlntelligentPad(Hokkaido

University)isresearchonhypermediaasa

platform.

Asfornationalprojects,metaphortechnol-

ogyandagenttechnologyforhumaninter-

facesarebeingstudiedunderFriend21.

However,nospecialemphasisisbeingplaced

onhypermedia.Theknowledgearchive

projecゆroposedbyMr.YokoiofEDRand

theOPERAprojectofMr.MatsuokaatEdi-

torialEngineeringLaboratoryarebeingpro-

posed.Theyareexpectedtobringnewper-

spectivestohypermediaresearch.

JCQNo.92,1993 10

ExamplesofHypermedia

(1)IntelligentPad

YuzuruTanaka

Professor,ElectricalEngineeringDept.

FacultyofEngineering

HokkaidoUniversity

1.Introduction

Dr.Naf白hoftheBullCo.statesthattrendsin

officeinformationprocessingsupport

t㏄hnologiessincethe1970scanbeclassified

intothreegenerations.Thefirstgenerationwas

the1970s,whichwastheageoftextprocessing

andbillingslippr㏄cssingsupport.DTP

(DesktopPublishing)systemswerepropagated

inthesecondgenerationofthel980s,so由is

couldbedescribedastheageofcomplex

documentcreationsupport.Hefor㏄aststhat

the也irdgenerationof山e'1990swillbeanage

ofintegratedsupportusing"hypermedia".

Wi由 也euseofahypermediaframework,

attemptstofindnewwaystoprovide

comprehensivesupportfbrofficeinformation

processinghavebegun.Inthehypermedia

framewotkallintellectualresources,including

(1)documents,(2)muhi-media(suchas

graphics,images,animatedpicturesandvoice),

(3)systemserviceprograms(suchasdatabase

systems,mailsystemsandeditorsand(4)

applicationprograms,arehandledinanunified

mannerasmediaobjects(visibleobjectswitha

paperimage),makingintegratedmanagement

possible.Associativeconnectionsanddynamic

linkagesbetweenmediaobjectscanbesetupby

providinglinksbetweenmediaobjectS.AsthenodesofsuchnetworkS,frrstgenerationand

secondgenerationtoolscanbeorganicallylinked

tootherk)olsandapPlicationprograms.Users

canutilizeprocessingsupPortforallaspectsof

officeinformationprocessingina

comprehensivesupPortenvironment,without

beingawareoftheprocessinglinkagesbetWeen

theseaspects.Suchanenvironmentiscalledan"OverallIntegratedEnvironment.tt

Ifthehypermediaframeworkisviewedasan

integratedenvironment,aconventionalsystem

isoneinwhichwecannotaddnewfunctional

modulesfreelyorusetheminorganic

combinationwithexistingmodules.Sucha

systemiscalleda"closedsystem".Inthefuture,

itwillbedesirabletodevelopanopenoverall

integratedhypermediaarchit㏄turethatcanbe

POsitionedasthenext-generationinformation

processingsystemplatform.

Inordertomaterializeanopen,overallintegrated

hypermediasystem,itwillben㏄essaryto

realize:(1)implementationoftoolkitsfor

mediaobj㏄ts,(2)syntheticprogrammingby

assemblyofcomponents,(3)standardization

andopeningofplatforms,(4)integrated

managementofallmediaobjects,and(5)

11 JCQNo.92,1993

dis仕ibudonmechanismsfbrmediao句 ㏄tsus-

ingonlineandofflinemedia.Furthermore,in

ordertobeabletoimmediatelycomposemedia

objectsthroughassemblyofcomponentswithout

hindering也ethinkingprocess,(6)itwillbe

desirabletobeabletodecompOseandcompOse

mediao句 ㏄tsusingdi民ctoperations.

Ame(1iaarchitecture山atcansatisfyallthese

◎onditionscanbetermeda"synthcticmedia

architecture'1.Items(1)一(3)and(5),(6)will

providenewformsofdistributionfordocuments

andapplicationprogramsandwillpK)motethe

formationofnewmediamarkets.

Inthispaper,Iwillexplain"lntelligenMad",the

frameworkwehavedevelopedwiththeaimof

concreterealizationofa .SyntheticMedia

A1℃hitecture.

2.OverviewoflntelligentPad

InlntelligendPad,amediaobjectiscalledapad,

}∈ ヨ4×

‖^「傷`菅v茶

　 　　が ロ

1.、 、;〔=コ

捲嵩

鐸 一嵩鍵 ㌦ いく ぺ

斤

Linksbetweenme(liao切 ㏄tsaredefinedusing

specぬlpadscalled"1inkpads".Apadis

expressedonthedisplayasawindow.Muldple

padscanbepas【edontoapad.Theseoperations

canbedirectlyperformedonpadsonthescreen

usingamouse.Inthisway,tlyoutdesigncanbe

perfomedfr㏄1y,w汕functionalcomposition

ofpadSoccurringsimultaneously.Asyndlesized

padcreatedbypastingpadstogethercanbe

u山izedasasinglepad.Adisplayhardcopyof

IntelligentPadisshowninFigurel.Thebuttons,

barmeters,pasteboards,andrectangular

elementsinthefigureareallpads.Va亘oustools

anddocumenlsarecreatedthroughcombination

ofpastedpadS.

InIntelligentPad,anumberofbasiccompOnents

arepreparedinadvanceasprimitivepadS.About

200kindsofprimitivepadshavebeenprepared

asofnow,andadditionscanbemadeasrequired.

PadScreatedthroughcompOsitioncanberegis-

teredasre-usableforms.Userscantakeashared

copyoranon-sharedcopyoutofanypad,

坐 ⊥酬蝸

ij-…'.

:11i・

1}』「

惑ゆ

・

野!…li…i鱒liil雛

.」

FigurelI)isplayHardCopyoflntelligentPad

JCQNo.92,1993 12

3.TheOpen,IntegratedMediaEnviron・

mentoflntelligentPad

OurIntelligentPadresearchisaimedat

realizationofadis1エibuted,open,overall

integratedplatformasanext-generation

informationprocessingPlatform.In血issystem,

i皿formationcanbestoredexternallyasintegrated

fbmscalledpads,andpadsarestoredand

accumulatedinanobjectorienteddatabase

caUedaPadBase,inwhichintegrated

managementisperfbrmed.Usingretrieval

functions,wecanfreelyretrieveandexcerpt

anypadsweneed.Usingmailfunctions,pads

canbetransferredtoothersitesvianetwork.

VarioustypesofprimitivepadsandcompOsite

padscanbesavedinofflinemedia,distributed

tovariotisdestinationsintheworld,ortaken

intoasystemandusedasrequired.Retrieved

compositepadscanbeprocessedbytaking

awaypadcomponentsorpastingonotherpads.

Inthisway,wecane(Utdocumentsandtools,

andevaluateandu直lizethem丘omdifferent

viewpoints.Jointworkcanbedoneinashared

workenvironmentusingasharedcopyofa

specialpadcalleda"FieldPad".Thus,in缶grated

supPOrtcanbeprovidedforallactions,including

extemalstorageofinfom】ation,recording,

saving,distribution,jointsharing,quodng,and

edidng.

InIntelligentPad,apartfromfunctional

compositionthroughpadpasting,wehave

alreadydeveloped"StagePad"forregulation

andcontrolofmultiplepads.A"StagePad"

functionsasastageformultiplepads.Wehave

alsodeVelopedanevent-drivenscriptlanguage

thatgivesinstmctionsforpadmovementonthe

stage.

4.PadBase

Wedeveloped'ourPadBaseusingtheGemStone

o句ect-orie臓}ddatabasemanagementsystem.

Whileanordinarydatabaseissuitedtoman-

agementoflargeamountsofdataoflimited

kinds,PadBasemustbeabletomanageand

retrievesmallnumbersofmanykindsofpads

withalargeto皿amountofpads.Thistypeof

ObleCtmanagementreqU丘eSnewmanagement

andretrievalmethods.Figure2showsan

exampleofretrievalbyPadBase.Ontheleft-

handside,partofthepastedstructuleofatarget

padisshownasare江ievalcondition.Onthe

right-handside,resultsof元 口ievalareshownas

anassemblyofcompositepads.

5.CollaborativeWorkSupPort

Functions血atenablejointsharingofthepad

utilizationenvironmentbymultipleworkStations

arerequ亘edinordertosupPortcollaboradve

work.Threetypesofjointsharingare

envisioned:modelsharing,eventsharing,and

viewsharing.Modelsharingmeansjointsharing

inwhichasharedstatuscopyofthesamepadis

heldbyeachworkstation.Eventsharingmeans

jointsha亘nginwhichasharedcopyofadetec-

tionfieldforausereventfbrthesameobjectis

heldbyeachworkstation.When也isde民ction

fieldisexpressedasapad,itiscalledaFieldPad.

TheFieldPadplaystheroleofaworktable.

Viewsharingmeansjointsharinginwhichpart

ofadisplayissharedbymultipleworksta口ons.

Thecurrentsystemdoesnothaveviewsharing

funcdons,butrealizationofsuchfunctionswill

notbedifficult.

Anynumberofanykindsofpadscanbeputon

aFieldPad.WhenasharedcopyofaFieldPad

istakenout,thepadspiledonthatFieldPadare

allcopiedatthattime.Useroperationonany

givencopywillbeappliedtoallcopies.If由ese

copiesare《tisnibutedtodifferentsites,multiple

userswillbeabletoperformcollaborativework,

sharingthesameworkenvironment.There－

13 JCQNo.92,1993

Figure2RetrievalExampleusingPadBase

fore,anyenvironmentthatcanbedefinedby

padpastingcanbechangedintoacollaborative

workenvironmentsharedbymultipleusers.

SinceaFieldPadisalsoapad,wecanpasteone

FieldPadonu)anotherFieldPad.Inthisway,we

candefineasharedspacewithanestedstruc-

ture.InFigure3,UserAandUserBsharethe

samespace,butUserCsharesonlypartofthe

SpacewithUserAandUserB.

composedofalistofslots.Theslotscanonly

beaccessedbyoneofthefollowingmessages:

,set<slotname><value>,or

'gimme<sloLname>'.Eachmessagewillstart

upthecoπespondingsideoftwopr㏄edures

(ρroc`,.andproc`8㎞)at伍chedto血eslo輪 ・The

defaultprocedureforprocedureproc`,`、istoset

theparametervaluetotheslot.Thedefault

procedureforρ'ocitb,u,Mistoreturntheslot

value.Theslotlistandat田chedprocedures

definetheinternalmechanismsofthepad.

6.IntelligentPadRealizationMechanism

EachpadofIntelligen匪)adisdefinedasagroup

of也reekindsofparameters-M,V,andC.

Mode1(M)specifiespadstatusandpad

behavior.View(V)defineshowpadsareseen,

andcon仕011er(C)defineshow由epadreactsto

useroperaUons.

Themodelofapadhasa`frame'stucture

IfaPadP2ispastedontOanotherPadpt,an

updatetransmissionpathforPitoP,willbe

created,andamessagetransmissionpathfK)m

P2toP,willbecreated.P2iscalledasub-pad

ofP,,andP,iscalledthemasterpadofP2.If

Pihasmorethanoneslot,onemustselectthe

slo口owhichP,shouldbeconnected.This

selectionismadebyfollowingamenuse1㏄ －

tionmethOd,inwhichtheuseropensawindow

JCQNo.92,1993 14

Figure3NestingStructureofSharedSpace

calleda"connectionsheet."Theselectedslot

nameiscalledtheconnectslotof血esub-pad,

andisretainedinas伽dardslot.Asub-padcan

sendamessageof"set↑connects～o'<value>"or

ttgimme↑connectslot"tothemasterpad.Onlhe

otherhand,themasterpadwillsendanupdate

messagetOallitssub-padsifitsownstatus

changes.Theupwarddirectionarrowmark

priortO"connectslot"meansthattheslotname

retainedin血e"connectSloピ'willbesentasan

actualargument.Theprogrammingofasub-

paddoesnotrequirepriorknowledgeaboutthe

masterpad.IntelligentPadcanindependently

enableordisableeachof也e廿)reekindsof

messagesbyindica加ginsructionsonthe

connectionsheet,

Besidesthesethreekindsofstandardmessages,

eachpadcanreceiveseveralstandardgeometri-

calmessagesthathavealreadybeenprovided.

Theseincludemessagesfbrmove,copy,delete,

hide,display,open,close,resize,Paste,etc・

7.ExampleofanApplicationPad

Figure4showsanexampleofaCAISystemfbr

DynamicsdevelopedusinglntelligentPad.This

systemis山ematerializadonofamicroworldas

aneducadonaltoolfbrsmdyofdynamics.A

numberofbasiccomponentshavebeenplovided

asaconsロuctionkit.StudentScandefinea

complexpulleysystembycombiningthese

components,andcanobservechangesintensile

forceateachlocationbychangingthe

deadweights.Ataglance,thecomponentSmay

looklikepulleysandspringstiedtoge廿1erwith

ropes.However,thesecomponentsareactually

animationsdisplayedont頁msparentpads.Ifa

springanimationpadispastedonapulley

animationpad,thisisacωallytheconnectionof

twocomponentanlmatlons.

Figure5showsanexampleofsynthetic

constructionofpadSintoato《)ltoanalyzesound

fieldscreatedbysoundsourcesandobstacles

15 JCQNo.92,1993

Figure4CAISystemforDynamics

usingtheBoundaryElementMethOd.Inthe

fig眠1,theBEMPadiswhatperformscalculation

usingtheBoundaryElemently【ethod.However,

血eactualcalculationisdonebyseparatehigh-

performancecomputer.Thispadactsasaproxy

for也eexternalobjectonthehigh-performance

computerlhatactuallyperformsthecalcula・

tions.UsingsuchpK)xypads,vari皿sextemal

objectScanberepresentedaspads,and伽eir

functionscanbeintegratedbypasdng山ose

padstOgether.

8.Conclusion

lntelligentPadisamediasystemthatcanperform

也reeroles由atmediaperformoninfomation

foralldocumentsandtools-functionalauach-

menLstandardinterfacesupply,andintegra-

tion.WithIntelligentPadeditingisnotonly

usedtoin民g鵬infomation;itisalsoused⑩

integratefunctions.In血issense,IntelligentPad

isasystemthatisanembodimentofsynthetic

mediaarchitecture.Handlingofinformation

andprogramsbyputtingthemonmediacalled

padswillfacilitateexchange,pr㏄essing,con・

trol,andreUievalandwillhavetheeffectof

promotingdistribution.

ThelntelligentPadH()jectwasstartedattheend

of1986。Sofar,thefundamen皿architecture

hasb㏄nestablished,andsystemdevelopment

hasbeenpursuedusingSmalltalk.AtpresenL

researchisunderwayregardingtheindex

structureforthePadBase,thedevelopmentof

ahypem乃ediasystemthatalsousespadsfbr

links,anddevelopmentofa'℃oncuπent

IntelligentPad"thatcanperformconcurrent

operationofpads.

IntelligentPadhasbeendevelopedusing

Smalltalk,butdevelopmentofversionsusing

C++andstandardGUI3ystemaimingatopen

JCQNo.92,1993 16

ナ　　タナ

蝶蜘 惣

嚢「

灘

影

響影

FiguresAnalysisofSoundFieldusingBoundaryElementMethod

archit㏄tureofplatformsisalsoinpK)gress.

Fujitsu,HitachiSoftwareEngineering,andother

companiesareparticipantsinthispr()ject.

thesisandtheManagementofActiveMedia

Objects,1stInt'lConf.onDeductiveand

Object-OrientedDatabases,Kyoto,Dec.

1989.

ReferenceMaterials

(1)Tanaka,Y.andImataki,T.,IntelligentPad:

AHypermediaSystemAllowingFunction-

alCompositionofActiveMediaObjects

也roughDirectManipulations,IFIP'89,

SanFrancisco,Aug.1989,541-546.

(2)Tanaka,Y.,AToolkitSystemfortheSyn－

(3)Tanaka,Y,,ASyn山eticDynamic-Media

System,InピsCon£onMultimedia

InformationSystems,SingapOre,Jan.,11汐1,

pp.299-31α

(4)Tanaka,Y.,etaL,ASyntheticMedia

ArchitectureforanObject-OrientedOpen

Platform,Pr㏄.IFIPCongress'92,VoLIII,

Madrid,Sept.,1992,pp.104-110

17 JCQNo.92,1993

ExamplesofHypermedia

(2)EDMICS(EngineeringDraWingManagementandInformationControlSystem)

KazushigeOikawa

Manager

DocumentSystemsDevelopmentCenter

FujiXeroxCo.,Ltd.

1.BackgroundtoDevetopment

IntOday'smanufacturingindustry,　 drawing"

informationservesas山eknow-howwhichforms

thebasisfbrenterpriseactivities。Drawings

playanimportantroleinmanyphasesofengi-

neering-relatedenterpriseactivitiesinthe

manufacturingindustry.Forexample,draw-

ingsmaybecombinedwithperformanceinfof.

mationformarketingactivities,withmaterial

andshapeinfbrmationformanufacturingac-

tivities,withcostandvendorinformationfor

materialpurchasingactivities,withfamilytree

infOrmatiOnfOrStOCkmanagementaCtivitieS,Or

withshapeinformationformaintenanceactivi-

ties.Theeffectiveu口lizationofdrawingsis

trulyessentialforthesuccessofanenterprise's

activities.However,mostconventionalsys-

temsformanagingdrawingshavehadvarious

problems,suchas:①Drawingscouldnotbe

managedcentrallysincetheoriginaldraw-

ingswereinavarietyofdifferentforms,such

asmanuallydrawndrawings,CADdrawings

(drawingselectronicallystoredinaCAD

system),microfilmdrawings,andopticalfile

drawings.Asaresult,drawingshavebeen

difficulttostoreandretrieve.②Inmanycases

thedrawingsthemselvesandtherelateda卜

tributedata(informationrelatedtothedraw-

ings)havebeenmanagedseparately,result-

ingininconsistenciesbetweendrawings

andattributedatawhendesignchangesare

made.③Althoughdrawingshaveb㏄nstored

inthefomofmicrofilm,electronicfilesor

opticalfiles,血eyhavenotbeenstorcdinsys-

temsthatcanfunctionasdatabasesthatcanbe

easilyaccessedbythedeparロnentsthatneedthe

drawings,suchasthemanufacturingandpur-

chasingdepartments.④Improvementsin

drawing-relatedoperationshavenotkeptup

withtherationalizationofdesignoperations.

EDMICSwasdevelopedinordertosolvethese

problemsthrough``unificaUonofapplications

andfunctions".

2.SystemConcept

Thebasicsystemconceptsadoptedfordevcl-

opmentofEDMICSareasfollows.

1)Integratedrawinginformationwithother

engineeringinformationdatabases.

Drawinginformation(Manuallydrawn

JCQNo.92,1993 18

drawings,CADdrawings,microfilms,

opticalfiles)

Drawingattributeinformation

Informationaboutrelationshipsbetween

drawings(Familytrees)

Cataloginformation,patentinformation,

simpletexts,engineeringdocumentinfor-

mation,modificationhistoryinformation

2)Centrallymanagemulti-mediainforma-

tionandintegrateitsprocessing.

understandingofbasicprinciples

withouthavingtoknowmanyfunc-

tions.

・Enableuserstooperatethesystemeas-

ilyevenwithoutanyprofessionalcom-

puterorwordprocessingskills.

5)Distributeprocessingbytheuseofgen-

eral-purposeworkstations,servers,and

LAN.－Synchronouslymanagedrawingsandre-

latedinformationenbloc.

Viewandhandledrawingsandrelated

infomationasoneunit.

Makeuserknowledgeaboutthestorage

mediaunnecessa】 ワ.

3)Utilizemultiple(latabasetechnology.

architecture.

・UNIX,C,TCPAP,RPC－

mechanisms.Buildasvstemmadeupof

=

・CCITT!G4(MMR) ,Indexed-RLC,JIS/

ANSI,genera1-purposeRDBMS

Improvethesynchronousmanageability,

maintainabilityandreliabilityofinfor-

matlon.

4)Adoptanobject-orientedGUI.

Aoadeskoenvironmentandtheicon

典

・Selectprocessingobjects ,anduse

standardizedinstructionsforselected

objects.

・Adoptamodelesssystemtoeliminate

theburdenofchangingmodesforeach

function.

・Beabletorunothermakers'softwarein

thesameenvironment.

AottheWYSIWYGWhatYouSeeIs

3.OutlineofSystemandConfiguration

ofSWModules

Figurelshowstherelationsbetweenthe

opendesktopenvironmentsoftware(ED-

Desktop)andthemultipledatabasemanage-

mentsoftware(ED-Manager)thatwere

adoptedtoimplementthedisnibuteddatabase

controlfunctionsofEDMICSandgivesan

overviewoftheirfunctions.Thefollowing▲s

af皿ctionalclassificationofthecomponent

softwareofEDMICS.

・Opendesktopenvironment

ED-Desktop

WhaYouGetaroach.

・Makeitpossibletooperatethesystem

throughsimpleinferencesbasedonan

Multipledatabasemanagement

ED-Manager,ED-Tree

RDMS(RelationalDataManagement

Service)

OFMS(OpticalFilingManagementServ－

19 JCQNo.92,1993

ice)

RMMS(RemovableMediaManagement

Service)

RDMS/BatchRegistration

・Drawinginput:

ED-Scan,ED-Scan12,ED-ScanM

・Drawingediting:ED-Draw,ED-Shell

・Technicaldocumentediting:

ED-D㏄,

ED-D㏄(PCL)

・Drawingoutput:PlottingService

・Inter-networkcommunications:ED-Mail ,

ED-XNS

・Dataconversion:

VectorConversion(ILD,IGES,XIDS,

DXF,BMI),RasterConversion(Calcomp,

HPGL,VPIot9,ILD),FormatConversion

(Calcomp,HPGL,Postscript),DataCon-

version(ForE.D.LS.)

・Other:ED-Fax ,ED-Storage,DeviceDriver/

Library,InstallationSoftware

4.MultipleDataProcessingandDistrib・

utedDatabaseManagement

Multipledata,whicharetheuni60fprocessing

inEDMICSmultipledatapr㏄essing,consistof

rasterdata(imageinformationmainlyreadby

scannerormicrofilmreader),vectordata(mainly

CADdigitaldata),andtextdata(variouskinds

ofattributedatarelatedtodrawings).

EDMICShierarchicallymanagesmultipledata,

theunitsofprocessing,aslayersofrasterdata

andv㏄tordata.Itmanagestheattributedatafor

Multi"d亘bi返e

managementsoftware

()pticalfile

DBclient

Opticaldisk

databaseman-

agementservlce

Japanesefr・ntとnd

Relational

databaseman-

agementSerVlCe

TCPAP

EthemetPlotteroutput

managem㎝t

servlce

FigurelConfigurationofSoftsvareModules

JCQNo.92,1993 20

User

Muhipledata

(Data-A+Data-B)

r-一 一 ■ 一 一 一 一 ー ー ー 一 一 一 一 一 一 ー 一 一 一 一 一 一 ー 一 一 一 一 一 一 ー 一 一 ■ 一 「

lStructureofMultipleDataI

U・e・1・.、........・`

VectorEdit

RasterEdit

iiiiiliiiiiii..yeCωr】ayer

♂Synthesis/decomposi-

tionofmultipledata

・RegistrationRequest

・RetricvalRequest

・OutputDrawi19

Request

Selectabili【y/editabilityofattributesand

layers」 一 一 一 一 一 一 ー 一 一 ー 一 一 ー 一 一 ー 一 一 一 一________一 一

__一___■ 」

・Drawingdata(MMRFomat)

・Attributelnformation/compositionInfomation

・Devicestatus

Figure2Decol㎎positionandSynthesisofRaster,VectorandTextData

eachlayersimultaneously.Byinputtingmulti-

pledataintothesystem,userscantakeout,

d㏄omposeandsynthesizemultipledataatany

tmefromvariousviewpointSwithouthavingto

beawareofthefbrminwhichthedataarestored

orthestoragelocation(SeeFigure2).

Figure3showstheflowofmultipledatain

EDMICSandtheEDMICSconceptofdistrib-

uteddatabasemanagement.Italsoshowsthe

typicalviewpointsthatthemultipledatapro-

videfortheusers.Astheillustrationshows,a

conceptualdistributeddatabasetermedacabi-

net!drawerisprovidedastheviewfbrmin

whichthedataismadevisibletotheusers.

Thereisnoneedfortheusertobeconsciousof

howthecabinetanddrawersmanageandinte-

gratethemultipledata.

5.ConcreteExamplesofMultipleData

Processing

1)Viewingdrawingsinadatabase

Alistofallthedrawingsinadatabasecanbe

referredtothroughawindowcalleda"Drawer",

whichisanexpressionofthedatabaseincon-

ceptualf().rm.(Thisiscalleddrawinglistview-

ing.)Whenanydrawingiconfromthislistis

21 JCQNo.92,1993

、 ' '

'

Attributeinfor・

maUon

Drawing

①Drawinglist

②Attributeinformationlist

③Reducedimagelist

Retricval

result

Management

information

Attribute

information

Reducedimage

tqnミ:r..一 、、、 、、～ こ こ ～ ・～_、

Text

－、 一、 、 、

Drawing

Atuibuteinfor・

rnatlon

Rcduccdimage

汀ee

urationinformation)

①Treelist

②Attributeinformationlist

③Reducedimagelist

Databaseinterface

・Text

・Drawi19

・Management

information

・Attributeinformation

・Reducedimage

・Configuration

information

Figure3FlowofMultipleDataandConceptofDistributedDatabaseManagement

JCQNo.92,1993 22

copiedtothedesktopoutsidethewindow,this

meansthatallthelinkdatainformation(linked

object)thatismanagedaspartofthemultiple

dataiscollectedfromthedistributeddatabase

onthenetworkandofferedtotheuserasa

restoredmultipledatasetonthedesktOp.(This

iscalledviewingbyhyperinformationrestora-

tion.)

Thereisanothermethodbywhichausercan

refertodrawingsinthedatabase.Thisisthe

methodofreferringtodrawingsbydisplaying

reducedimages,possessedbythedrawings

themselvesasonelinkedobj㏄t.Asshownin

Figure4,sincethereducedimagewindowofa

drawingisdisplayedbyse1㏄dngadrawing

icononthedrawerwindow(ortheretrieva1

resultwindowortreewindowexplainedlater),

theappearanceofobjectScanbeviewedathigh

sp㏄d.(Thisiscalledviewingoflinkedobjects

ofhyperinfbrmation.)

2)Viewingdatafromdrawingrelation・

ships

OneofthedrawingmanagementmethOdsof

EDMICSistomanagethedrawingsthatcon-

stitute .aspecificassemblybyusingtheparent-

childrelationshipsknownasa``FamilyTree".

(B㏄auseofitseffectiveness,thisdatamanage-

mentmethodwillbeadoptednotonlyfor

drawings,butalsof()rordinarydocuments.)

Each(㎞wingthatisacomponentofafamily

1…1灘:1…1

±

箋ilミ,

s

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23 JCQNo.92,1993

treeincludeslocationinformationaboutitspar-

entdrawingandchilddrawings.(Theexcep・

tionsarethehighestnodeofatree,whichis

canedarootnodeandhasnoparent,andthe

terminalnodesofatree,whicharecalled面1

nodesandhavenochildren.)Thismeansthat

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configurationinformationforeach(irawing.

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Figure5showshowatreeicontaken皿tofthe

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visuallydisplaythefamilytreestructure.Since

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EDMICSsupportsviewingdatafromdocu-

mentsproducedbysynthesizinghyperinfor-

mationmanagedinthe(listributeddatabasesof

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(Hereafter,thesearereferredtoas

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Adocumentconsistsofacombinationofdata-

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JCQNo.92,1993 24

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Figure7SynthesisofMultipleDatabasesthroughUseofHyperdocuments

25 JCQNo.92,1993

ThesefUnctionsmakeitpossibletoproduce

variousengineeringdocumentS(suchasmain-

tenancemanuals,assemblyinstructionsand

orderinstuctions)basedonhyperinformation

managedintheSyStemaSwellaSOninfOrmatiOn

ingeneral-purposedatabasesoutsidethesys-

tem.

WhenabOxholdsalargeamountofinformation

tobeviewed,thatdatawillbedisplayedonly

partially,bu口hecompletedatasetismain-

tainedoutsidetheboxatalltimes.Sucha

documentcanofcoursebeloadedintt)orex-

tractedfromanEDMICSdistributeddatabase.

Thismeansthatacompletelynewdatabase

worldcanbecons血ctedonadocumentby

synthesizinginformationfromvarious(latabases

intoasingleplanarview(SeeFig皿re7).

6.Summary

TheEDMICSsystemconsistsofanenvironment

f()ruseroperaUons(suchasdrawinginput,pro-

duction,editing,management,reじievalandex-

traction),alargecapacitydatabaseservcr,alarge

capacityopticaldiSkserverandaplottingserver.

An㎝berofs励ons加dserverscanexis10n血e

samenetwork.

Eachofthefunctionsintheuseroperation

environmentandeachoftheserverfunctions

areofferedasindependentsoftwarecomponent

modules.Anumberofcomponentmodulcscan

beintegratedononeworkstationaccordingto

therequirementsoftheuserapPlication.Since

theindividualcomponentmodulesarenotde-

pendentontheprocessor,anytypeofsystcm

canbeconstructedonageneral-purposeEWS

inaccordancewiththeuserapplicationandits

size.Therefore,EDMICSshouldberegardcd

notasacomplete,ready-madeproduct,butas

anintegrationtoolthatcanbeusedfor

implementionofflexiblesystemsthatsuitthe

userapPlication.

'

JCQNo.92,1993 26

NewTrendsinHypermedia

(1)NarrativeArchetypesandHypermediaHowHaveWeAcquiredNarrativity?

SeigoMatsuoka

Director

EditorialEngineeringLaboratory

Hypermediaisactuallysomethingthatisinher-

entlyconcealedWithinthehumanbrain.There-

fore,intheprocessofdailyinformation

pr㏄essing,hype打media-likethinkingandcom-

municationsarebeingPerformedallthetime.It

willbeveryimpo】 伽ttoobservethedesignof

thiscloselyandexamineitsmechanismsin

ordertodevelopnewnext-generation

hypermediaandapProachthes㏄re⑮thatlie

behindourownthinkingandcommunications.

scene⑨andthecharacteristicsofspeechand

conductofthecharactersinvolved.Inother

words,theinfbrmationworldissetuplikea

theaterinwhichakindofstoryisperfbrmed.

Manycomplexlyinterwovenpiecesofinfor-

mationareaccuratelyeditedwhiletheparticu-

larsofscenedevelopmentandcharacterspeech

andactionarequicklyselectedandcarriedout.

Hypermediafeatureslieconcealedinthenar-

rativetheaterwithinthebrain.

Thehypermedia-likemechanismsofourdaily

thinkingandcommunicationsoftenuse

"narrativity."WhenwethinkabOutourselves,

whenwerecallthecomingsandgoingsofa

townthatwe㎞ow,orwhenwewriteabusiness

reportorprepareadevelopmentplan,weutilize

atypeofnarrative.Iwouldliketoproposethat

thistypeofnarrativebeappliedtohypermedia.

Iwouldliketobriefiyintroducethephilosophy

inthebackgroundtotheprojectcalled"The

OperaProject"toprovideaperspectiveon

hypermediainthefuture.

Inmanyinstancesinourdailylives,we

memorizeandreproducesequencesofevents .byapPlyingscenestoacertainplotandscript,

andbuildthesceneryofspotsbasedonunitsof

Inthepast,infbrmationwasstoredinanani-

misticformwithin由ememoryofthestoryteller.

Thepersonofthestorytellerwastheinforma-

tionmedium,andalsothedatabaseitself.

Thesepeople㎞ew血eframeworkf()rstoring

information.Byandby,wridngandpaperwere

invented.Storiesasmodesofinformation

retentionwereconceivedandcompiledforthe

purposeofcommunicadnginfbrmadontolay-

menwhodidnothavethespecialskillsofa

storyteller.L◎onCooperatBrownUniversity,

oneoftheAIconnectionists,oncesaidthat

"memoryis山esameaslogic,"butthiswas

completelywrong.Memoryhasthe

hypermedia-likestructureofastory.

Storiesoriginallystartedinthebeginningofthe

27 JCQNo.92,1993

historyofhumaninformationculture.Also,

historystartedwiththenarrative.`History'

(histor,histOria)has由emeaningof``storytell-

ing"initsetymology.However,由emost

impOrtantfactOrinthehistoryofeverypeopleis

thatstandardsforinformationcommunication

techniques,includinghumanlinguisticactivity,

wereinrealitydevelopedandstronglypromoted

bystories.Storieshavebeenhypermediasince

anClenttlmes.

Forexample,thestandardizaUonoftheFrench

languagestartedwith``TheRomanceofthe

Rose"and`TheRomanceoftheFox,"thatof

Englishstartedwiththe``ArthurianLegends"

and``TheCanterburyTales,"while血atofltalian

臼omtheFlorentinedia1㏄tbeganwith``The

DivineComedy."InJapan,thestandardization

ofJapanesestartedwith``TheTaleoftheHeike"

andthe``Taiheiki."Thestandardizationof

languageswasachievedonlythroughtheedit-

ingprocess.Whe也erintheEastortheWest,it

wasaroundthellthcenturywhenthecom-

pledonofthe``namative"asamodefbrworld

historycouldbeseen.

narrativepatternsthrougheducationandread-

ing.Thcyscl㏄tonlythosepatternsthatsuit

themoutofthepatternstheyencounter,and

theybccomeaccustomedtousingthosepat-

terns.Generallyspeaking,whentheprocessof

inf()rmationeditingseeninthediariesandcon-

versationofadolescentsisexamined,itisfound

thattheytendtousenomorethanoneortwo

selectednarrativepatterns.However,weshould

beablctomakeuseofmorevariednarrative

patternsandenjoyinformationeditingwith

greaterfr㏄dom.Wemustutilizeour"internal

hypermedia"toagreaterextenL

Theactionofreadingnarrativesdoesnotnec-

essarilyevolveonlythroughliterarytextS.We

can``read"narrativesinapicturebook,comic

book,animation,movie,etc.Also,asinmany

ancientEuropcanandmedievalarchit㏄tureas

wellasmedievalandmoderngardensinAsia,

interpretationofnarrativeshasbeenfrequently

usedintheartofarchitectureandgardening.

Narrativeashypermediaissomethingthathas

beendevelopedsinceearlytimesjustlil(e``multi-

media."

Thisbi】rthofthesekindsoftalescanbelikened

tothehumangrowthpr㏄ess.Byaroundage3,

manychildrenareabletonarratetheday's

eventsinchronologicalsequence,describing

charactersandscenesseparately.Theremust

beasortof``nana直vecircuit"prototypeinthe

humanbrain.Afterthat,childrencometo

describeavarietyofinformationbasedon也is

fb㎜.Whetherthedescriptionisanarrativeor

notcanbecon丘rmedparticularlybycoda(nar-

rativeconclusionwords).Acodaisthecon-

cludingremarkforanarrativesuchas``...Then,

theyalllivedhappilyeverafter."or``And,they

allgraduatedfromtheschooL"

Inthisway,thewidespreadapplicationofthe

narrativehasdevelopedduetothefactthat

narrativeshavemothertypes,andpeoplehave

usedthesemothertypesasframeworksfor

infOrmatiOntranSmiSSiOn.

Forexample,Dante's``TheDivineComedy"

baseditsnarrativeframeworkonVergirs

``Aeneid."And,VergilusedmanyGreekmyths

ashismothertypes.Goethe's``Faust'useda

numbcrofmedievalfaustlegendsasitsbase,

andthemedievallegendsaresaidtogobackand

employ``theBookofJob"of山eOldTestament

asamothertype.

Lateron,childrenincreasetheirnumberof Theexistenceof由iskindof"structuretopro－

JCQNo.92,1993 28

duceanarrativebasedonanarrative,"or

``hyperlinkbetweennarrativeknowledge"can

beproveninagreatnumberofcases.More-

over,ifitisaverysimplenarrative,many

peoplecantellwhichnarrativesresernblethat

narrative.Morethan800versionsoftheso-

calledCinderellastoryhavebeencoll㏄ted

aroundworld.OncepeopleknowtheCinderella

story,theycanrecogniZethatanyoftheversions

hasthesamemothertypewhentheyhearit.

Now,thenarrativehasseveralremarkable

features.Thatis,thestructuresthatmakeupa

narrativeasanarrativehaveuniquecharacter-

istics.Byanalyzingandgrasping1血echarac-

teristicsofthisnarrativestmcture,wecansurely

gainanewperspectiveonhypermedia.

Firstofal1,thenarrativehasa``worldmodel."

Theworldmodeliscomparabletothe"World

Stage"inthetimeofShakespeareandthe``sekai

=world"ofKabukiestablishedintheEdo

PeriOd.Thisrepresentsacommonstructurefor

thestageofanarrative.Itisamacroscopicrule

thatrestrictstheworldofanarrative.Anarrative

asanarrativeissupportedbythisworldmodeL

Thiskindofworldmodelisdefinitelylackingin

thehypermediaappearingonthemarkettOday.

Secondly,anarrativehasanarchetypeora

prototype.Atragedyhasitsownarchetypeor

prototype;sodoesalovestory;sodoesthe

successstoryofabusinessman.Basedonmy

ownresearchandthatoftheEditorialEngineer-

ingLab,wehaveconcludedthatarenomore

than20to30suchprototypes.Fromseveral

scoresofprototypes,wehaveb㏄nableto

extractseveralkindsofnarrativearchetypes.

Thesearethe"mothertypes."

Thirdly,anarrativealwayshasfourelementS.

Theseareastoryorplot,scenes,characters,and

narrationbyanal]rator.

Thestoryorplotiscomparabletothe``mythos"

ofAristotle.Itcreatesanarrativetrajectory.

Thescenesstronglylendcharactertothenar-

rative.Asinpicturebooksforchildren,a

narrativecanbeeditedintolOscenesifitis

compressed.However,forthepeoplewho

enterintothenarrative,mutualconprehensibility

betweenscenesisimportant.Thehypermedia

softwareavailabletOdayhasbeendeveloped

withsufficientrecognitiongiventothis.There

isnoparticularnecessitytoexplainthecharacters

thatmovearoundinanarrative.However,itis

herethattheconspicuouscharacteristicsofthe

characters,thenetworkshowingthemutual

relationshipsbetweenthecharacters,andthe

messagesspokenbythecharactersarecon-

trolled.

Narrations山atimportaninteractivea加osphere

toanarraUvehaveseveralnarratoreyes,the

viewpointsofwhichhaveeithereditorialom-

niscience,neutralomniscience,ormultiplese-

1㏄tiveomniscience.TheseviewpOintsarenot

createdbasedontheactualexperienceofthe

peoplerelatedtothenarrative,butareestablished

byintegrationoftheviewpointsofthemany

narratorsthathavecreatedthenarrativestruc-

ture.However,uponfurtherinvestigation,itis

foundtha日heviewpointofanomnipresent

narratorandthatofanomniscientnarratorare

best,whenitisn㏄essarytoprocessalotof

narrat三veinformationevenly.

Fourth,narrativeshaveacharacteristicwhichI

callthe"self-editingsystem."Theself-editing

systemisamechanismtodevelopinformation

inanarrativefashion,whichisgenerallycalled

a``narrativegrammar."Atpresent,thesystem

softwareindustryiss㏄king``self-awareness"

and``self-management"insystems,butanar－

29 JCQNo.92,1993

rativecancompletelycovertheseaspects

throughtheself-editingsystem.

Fifth,anarrativeitselfconstitutesawonderful

museumofknowledge.Themylhsofvarious

peoples,the``Bible,"``TheDivineComedy,"

and``Fausビ'haveplayedtheroleofencyclope-

diasallbythemselves.Encyclope(五aswere

independentlydevelopedafterthat.However,

realknowledgecanbealiveinamoreresonant

fashioniftheknowledgeisincludedinanar-

rative.Infuturehypermedia,whichwillenable

knowledgetObeutilizedinanelectronicsys-

tem,Ibelieveitisextremelyimportantthatthe

hypermediahaveanarrativeknowledgestuc-

turesimilartothe``Bible"or``TheDivine

Comedy"ofthepast.

Sixth,thereareavarietyoftoolsavailablefbr

narratives.Maps,chronologicaltables,and

genealogicaltablesaretypicalexamples,for

instance.Fur山ermore,thereareillustrations

andexplanatorydiagramsthatevokethe

visualityofnarratives.Therearetoolsthat

makenarrativesmorehypermedia-1il(e.

Inthepast,therewasafieldofstudycalled

``narratology"whichfocusedonthesロuctureof

suchnarratives.Thisstartedwiththestudyof

oldtalesbyVladimirPropp,aswellaswiththe

linguistictheoriesofRomanJacobson,andwas

succeededbythestudyofnarrativesbystruc-

turalistsL6viStraussandRolandBarthes.Their

studyofnarrativesexaminednarrativesasex-

istingattherootsofhumanculturalactivities,

andthuspavedthewayfornarratology.Intheir

s加dies,theytriedtoresearchthemodelsof

narratives,thegrammarofnarratives,therole

ofnarrators,andthestudyofnamativetime.

However,onceacertainlevelofresultswere

achieved,narratologybecamestrandedwithout

showinganynewachievemenls.Thiswas

b㏄ausetheyonlyemphasizedintrinsic,cul-

turalvalueandcouldnotfindmeansforthe

utilizationofotherareassuchasamathemati-

ca1,structural,andtechnicalmethods.

Therehavebeenseveralprimitivestudiesinthe

areaofel㏄tronic/t㏄hnologicalapProachesto

narratives,startingwiththeattemptsofRoger

SchankandRobertAbelson.However,those

attemptswcrenotbasedonthepremiseofa

narrativestructurecommontoallmankind.

Theywercmerclyattemptstoaddslightnarrative

elementstoprograms.

However,wehavediscoveredIhatnarratives

andnarrativemechanismsnotonlypossessan

importantkeytotheprocessofinformation

editingtosupplemen"heinstabilityofdescrip-

tionbythehumanbrain,butalsothattheywill

beakeytointegratingnewmultimedia-1ikeand

hypermedia-likeinformationculturetechnolo-

gies.Anarrativeisbynatureasystemthathas

a``work-nowlanguage"anda``seamlessuser

interface."Also,narradveitselfhasbeenthe

mosいmportantkeytoconnecting``cultural

t㏄hnology"and"semantictechnology."We

havedecidedthattheinロinsicelucidationof

thenarrativeitselfisthebestmethOdf()rreaching

arevolutionarynewparadigm.

Inlinewiththisrationale,``TheOPERA

Project"*wasconceivedasa"NarrativeNavi-

gator"tobeusedasaninformationcomposition

suppOrtdevicederivedfromthestructuralfea-

turesofthenarrative.A"NarrativeCaptabase"

istobeusedasalarge-scaleknowledgebase

equippedwi血theworld'suniversalnarrative

models.

*TheOPERAProjecthasbeeninitiated&directedbySeigoMatsuokasince1992 .

JCQNo.92,1993 30

NewTrendsinHypermedia

(2)MediaandVeryLarge・scaleKnowledgeBase

fortheKnowledgeArchivesProject

ToshioYokoi

GeneralManager

JapanElectronicDictionaryResearchInstitute,Ltd

1.MediaforRepresentingKnowledge

Ashiftistakingplaceintheldndsofmediaused

torepresentinformationoncomputers,from

computermediasuch'asprogranlminglanguages

anddatabaselanguagestohumanme(1iasuchas

naturallanguages,fbrmal匂nguages,picture

languages,imagesandsounds.Thisisthebasis

fortheappealofmultimediatechnologies,which

areappreciatedintermsoftheirknowledgeand

㎞owledgepr㏄essing民chnologies.Needless

tosay,whatisreferredtoherebytheword

``media"isnotmediaand'mediausesforsen-

sorypurposes,itisrathermed三aandme(五auses

designedfortheaccuraterepresen田tion,con-

veyanceandaccumulationofinformation.

amoredefinitiveapproachcanbetakentothis

strategicreshap三ng.Thisistheviewpointthat

focuseson``mediaandtheverylarge-scale

knowledgebase'㌔Thethreep亘ncipalpointsto

noteabou"hisapproachareasfoUows:

①Noprogresswillbemadethroughleisurely

philosophicaldiscussionaboutintelligence

ingenera1.Theapproachthatisneededis

tocloseinonintelligencestepbystep,

movingfromobjectiveobservationto

analysis,andthentoexperimentation.

Media,mediausagemethods,andthein-

f()rmationandknowledgerepresentedby

mediaarethetoolswhichwillmakethis

approachviable.

Sofar,theaimofartificialintelligenceresearch

hasbeentorealizeblackbOx-likeintelligent

systems,withpainstakingeffortSexpendedon

waystOrepresentknowledgeandgiveitto

computers.Suchresearchhascurrentlybecome

stalledatapointfarfromreachingitstarget.A

widevarietyofdifferenteffortsarenowbeing

madetowardafundamentalreshapingofstrat-

egy.Theseeffortshavestarted,asusual,with

thepursuitof``keywords",suchas``10gic",

``fuzzy",``neuro"and　 chaos".Thepursuitof

keywordscancertainlybeausefulmeans,but

② Knowledgeisnotexpressedsoastobe

understoodbycomputers.Itisexpressed

soastobeunderstoodbythehumanswho

handlethecomputers.Knowledgemust

beunderstoodbycomputersinpart.

However,thisunderstandingissufficient

ifitcanfunctiontosupporthumanunder-

standingproperly.Theknowledgerepre-

sentationmediausedforhumanunder-

standingincludeallthehumanmediaac-

cumulatedbyhumanbeingsovertheir

longhistory.

31 JCQNo.92,1993

③Humansexpandandadvancethesphereof

humanintellectualactivitybyusingcom・

putersasatooltoreliablyandrapidly

processsimpleknowledgeinlargevol-

umes.Thisdivisionofrolesbetweencom-

putersandhumansisessentialandwillnot

changeinthefuture.Computerscannot

provideahighlevelofconvenienceby

handlingsmallamountsofknowledgeina

somewhatmorecomplexway.Theutili-

zationofaverylarge-scaleaccumu!ationofknowledgeormassivequantitiesofin-

formationisindispensabletomaking

computersrealizetheirfullpotential.And

sincehumanityhasthusfarrepresented

andaccumulatedhugeamountsofknowl・

edgebyuseof"humanmedia",thehuman

beingcanexpressknowledgeefficiently

onlybyusinghumanmedia.

Aplanfora``KnowledgeArchivesProject"

tosolidifytheviewpOintof　 mediaandthe

verylarge-scaleknowledgebase"intangible

formhasbeenproposed,andisnowbeing

carriedforward.Themainpointsofthe

projectaredescribedbelow.

2.KnowledgeArchives-AVeryLarge・

scaleKnowledgeBasetoServeasa

KnowledgeFoundation

automation(support)oftheacquisitionand

collectionofvastamountsofknowledge,t㏄h-

nologyfbr血eself-organizationof㎞owledge

basessothatsubs田ntialamoun岱of㎞owledge

canbesto祀dsystematically,technologywhich

supPorts(automates)thecreationofnew

knowledgebysearchingvastamountSofexis卜

ingknowledgefbrnecessary㎞owledgeor

technologywhichsuppOrts(automates)也ede-

velopmentofappropriateandapplicable

knowledgebaseswhichfulfihheneedsofa

varietyofknowledgeusages,andt㏄hnology

fortheロanslaUonandtransmissionofknowl-

edgetOpromotetheinterchangeandcommon

useofknowledge.Inaddition,thedevelopment

ofabasicknowledgebasewhichcanbeshared

byalltheset㏄hnologieswnlben㏄essary.

Thesetechnologiesareallnewknowledge

processingtechnologiesthataredirectlyrelated

totheknowledgeitself.Untilnow,㎞owledge

processinghasonlybeenconcernedwith

knowledgeprocessingdevices,asintheresearch

anddevelopmentofcomputersandprogram-

minglanguages.Thedevelopmentofa

KnowledgeArchiveswillra(licallyshiftthe

persp㏄Uveofknowledgepr㏄essingtocarry-

ingouUheresearchanddevelopmentofnew

andhighleveltechnologiesfromthestandpOint

ofknowledgeitself.

Averylarge-scaleknowledgebasethatfoms

aknowledgefoundationhasbeengiventhe

name``KnowledgeArchives",andwillbethe

overridingcommonthemeinthenextgenera-

tionofknowledgeprocessing.Itiscalleda``KnowledgeArchive"becauseitsaimisthe

archivingofknowledge.

TheKnowledgeArchiveswillbematerialized

此ough也eresearchanddevelopmentofthe

f()Uowingtechnologies:technologyforthe

Therefore,theKnowledgeArchivesisnot

merelyacontainerformassivequantitiesof

information,asinordinaryknowledgebase

(management)systems.Norisitsimplyan

electroniclibraryforamassiveaccumulationof

information.Ofcourse,intheresearchand

developmentof山esenewt㏄hnologies,itwill

ben㏄essarytotackleissuessuchastheim-

provementofknowledgecontainersandthe

collectionofsubstantialamountSofknowledge

anddatainrelevantfields.

JCQNo.92,1993 32

TechnologyfromthestandpOintoftheknowl-

edgeitselftranscends也eboundariesof㎞ow1-

edgeprocessing,encompassingtechnologies

relatedtoknowledge,infomadonandsoft-

ware.Naturallanguageprocessing(especially

textprocessing),knowledgeengineeringt㏄h-

nology,multimedia(especiallyhypermedia),

nextgenerationdatabases(especiallydeduc-

dvedatabasesando句 ㏄torienteddatabases),

andsoftwareengineering(especiallyspecifi-

cationdescriptionandreuse)willbeusedasthe

basisuponwhichthetechnologiesforknowl-

edgeitselfwillbefbrmulated.

TheimpOrtanceofthisis山atbyintermingling

withinthelargerframeworkoftheknowledge

technologies,workineachoftheconventional

technologieswilluncoveropport皿itiesfornew

developmentsandbreakthroughs.Sofar,山e

researchanddevelopmentoftheset㏄hnolo-

gieshasoftenbeencarriedoutwithlittlemutual

interacdon,orwi山r()jectionofmutualex-

changeinsomecases.Inconsequence,though

thesetechnologieshaveyieldedtheirownout-

s伽dingresults,theyalsopossessshortcom-

ingswhichcouldhavebeenovercomethrough

mutualtechnologicalexchange.

Theapproachfromtheknowledgesideisto

approacheverythingfromtheviewpointofthe

computeruseLThismeansexaminingthe

fundamentalquestionofwhatbenefitscompu卜

ersaresupposedtoprovidetohumans.By

observingtheirprocessingPower,price,

memorycapacityanddatatransmissioncapac-

ityalone,onecaneasilyseethatcomputers

shouldbeabletodoagreatdealforus.The

effortSofthecomputerindustryshouldguaran-

teegrowthinthesebasiccomputercapabilities

atIeastoverthenexttenyears.Intermsoftheir

hardwareandsoftware,computershavenow

reachedapo三ntofsubstantialmaturity.Thisin

turnmeansthatthetimehascomewhenwecan

andmustlookatcomputersfromamoreuser

friendlyperspective.Thatis,thetimehascome

todemandtrueaffluenceandcomfortfrom

computerrzatlon.

Drasticmeasuresmustbetakeninordertore・

evalu郎ecomputersfromthestandpOintofthe

user.Simplyimprovingthehumaninterfacesto

makethemeasiertouseisnolongerenough.

Afterunders伽dingthetruenatureofinforma-

tion,knowledgeandtheiressentialmechanisms,

wem皿stattempttodevelopnewtechnologies.

Closejointresearchandcooperationwiththose

whohavelonghandledinformationand

knowledgeintheforefrontof山ehumanities,

socialsciences,themediaindustry,andother

fields,willbeessentialtothiseffort.

Inmoreconcre民 陀ms血ere-evaluadonof

computersfromthehumansidemeanstore-

evaluatecomputersfromtheapplicationside.It

isnotenoughtolineupanumberofindividuaI

applicaUons.Wh飢isneededistofindawayto

createageneralframeworkthatcandefinethem

all.TheKnowledgeArchivescanbesaidtobe

themostuniversalapplicadonsystemsinthis

sense.TheKnowledgeArchivesisalsothe

mostuniversalexpertsystemasseenfromthe

viewpointofexpertsystems,whichhavere-

ceivedsomuchattentioninr㏄entyears.

Therefore,itismeaninglesstoasksuchques・

tionsas"Whataretheapplicationsofthe

KnowledgeArchives?"or"Whataretheuses

oftheKnowledgeArchives?))Thatisbe・

causetheKnowledgeArchivesisinandof

itselfanapplication-therealizationof

fundamentalfunctionsthathavealwaysbeen

soughしInstrivingfortherealizationofthe

KnowledgeArchives,computerscanfinally

displaythepotentiahogrowtothepointof

servingsolelyasatooL

33 JCQNo.92,1993

OneofthemostimpOrtantfunctionstheKnowl-

edgeArchivesisexpectedtoperformfrom山e

beginningistoserveasacommonbasisof

knowledgeforinternationalandinterdisci-

plinaryexchangesinresearchandtechnol-

ogy.Theresearchanddevelopmcntprocess

fortheKnowledgeArchivescanalsohelp

buildupeffectiveandcooperativeinterna-

tionalrelationships.Bringingtechniquespe-

culiartoindividuallanguagestointernational

forumswillenableparticipantstolearnthe

techniquesuniquetootherlanguages.The

KnowledgeArchivesthuscompletedwill

provideasolidbasisforintemationalex-

changeofknowledgeandinformation,

somethingwhichisneedednowandwillbe

neededevenmoreacutelyinthefuture.

TheKnowledgeArchivesprojectwillnotclarify

everyaspectofknowledge.Itisaprojectfor

makingafull-scalestartintotheclarificationof

knowledge.Continuingeffortsaretobeiniti・

atedtOwardtheexplicationofknowledgeand

furthertheexplicadonofintelligence.Avery

widerangeofinter(lisciplinarycooperativere-

ladonshipsiscrucialtO也epr㏄essofresearch

anddevelopmentoftheKnowledgeArchives.

However,evenaftertheproj㏄tiscompleted,

thesecooperativerelationshipswillhavetobe

funherstrengthenedandwidened.TheKnowl・

edgeAI℃hiveswillbetheverybasisthatwill

guarant㏄thepossibilityofsuchdevelopment.

3.KnowledgeintheKnowledgeArchives

(1)Knowledgeservingasamaterial

Onlyknowledgethatcanberepresentedexplic・

itlyandobservedobjectivelywillbeused.The

languagesandmediausedtorepresentknowl・

edgearecalled``knowledgerepresentationme・

dia."Thetargetedknowledgeisinformation

havingconsistencyasexpressedbythese

knowledgerepresentationmedia.Knowledge

thatw川notbeusedincludesknowledge

whichcannotfundamentallybeexpressedby

theknowledgerepresentationmedia,know1-

edgethatisnotsufficientlyorganizedtobe

expressed,andknowledgethatremains

unexpressedduetotheabsenceofapPropri-

ateknowledgerepresentationmedia.

(2)Knowledgerepresentationmedia

Theseincludeallmediathatcanbeusedto

representinformationandthatcanbehandled

bycomputers.Themediaaretobehandledat

variouslevels,rangingfromthelevelatwhich

theyaretreatedsimplyasdata,tothelevelat

whichtheircontentSareunderstoodbeforebeing

treatedfbrasetpurpose.

Knowledgerepresentationmediaconsistof

naturallanguages,fomallanguages,picture

languages,images,andsounds.Naturallan-

guagesincludeavarietyofforeignlanguagesas

wellasJapanese.Fomallanguagesinclude

suchartificiallanguagesasalgebraicfbrmulas,

legalfbrmulas,andprogramminglanguages.

Thiscategoryalsoincludes也eknowledgerep-

resentationlanguagesinartificialintelligence

and也eformatspecificationlanguagesfor血e

structuraldescriptionofdocuments.Picture

languagesincluderepresentationme(liacon-

sistingmainlyofdiagramsandtables,suchas

architecturaldesigndrawings,el㏄ ロoniccir-

cuitdiagramsandmusicalscores.Imagesin・

cludestaticimages,dynamicimages,andani-

mationwhilesoundsincludesp㏄ch(spoken

language),musicandothersoundsingeneraL

Whenproperlycombined,theseknowledge

representationmediawilldisplayenhancedex-

pressivecapabilities.

JCQNo.92,1993 34

Knowledgerepresentationmediaplaytheirre-

sp㏄ 直veroles,andeachofthemhasitsown

並replaceablefunction.Therefore,a皿ofthe

me砒iareneatedequallyinprinciple.Fromthe

viewpOintofknowledgeprocessing,however,

twoofthemhavebeenselectedaskemelmedia

inconsiderationof也euniversalityof口leir

representationcapabilityandthehighlevelof

也eirsymbolizationcapability.Theyarea

naturallanguage(Japanese)asviewedfromthe

humansideandaknowledgerepresemation

languageasviewedfromthecomputerside.

Morepr㏄isely,theyaremodemJapanese,

whichisusedwi山emphasisonhighcomm皿i-

cationefficiency,andthesystem㎞owledge

represemationlanguagewhichwillbeusedby

theKnowledgeArchivesinitsknowledgebase.

(3)Knowledgedocuments

``Knowledgedocuments"aremadeupof

㎞owledge血atisproperlyrepresentedusing

knowledgerepresemationmediasothatthe

knowledgecanbeobservedandanalyzedob-

jectively.

Knowl3dged㏄umentsconsistofrepresented

knowledge,knowledgeprograms,andknowl・

edgesoftwarecreatedfbrhumansandcomputers

touseincombination.Inotherwords,knowl-

edged㏄umentsareknowledgeexpressedfor

usebyacomplexofhumansandcomputers,a

complexwhichworksbothasaprocessing

systemandasacomprehensionsystem.Only

partoftheknowledgecontainedintheknowl-

edged㏄umentscanbepr㏄essedandunder-

stoodbycomputers.Howlargethatpartis

dependsontheindividualknowledgerepresen-

tationmedia.Somedocumentscanbeproc'

essedmerelyasdata(rasterdataorv㏄tordata),

otherscanbeunderstoOdassyntacticstruc-

tures,andstillo山erscanbeunderstood'as

semanticstructures.Whilecomputerscan

faithfullyexecuteandpr㏄essknowledge

documentsthatareinknowledgerepresenta-

tionlanguages,itistheroleofhumansto

performhighlyadvancedprocessinginorder

tounderstandtheiroverallmeanings,make

valuejudgements,andsoforth.

Astechnologyadvances,theK)1esplayedby

humansandcomputerswithregardtothe

processingandunderstandingofknowledge

documentsareexpectedtoshiftmoretoward

thecomputersideintermsofthevolumeof

work.However,thedivisionofrolesbetween

humansandcomputersisessentia1,anditwill

continleintothedistantfuture.

Allknowledgerepresentationmediawillbe

handledequally.Itwillbenecessary,however,

to(lisUibutetheemphasisappropriatelywhen

actuallyconductingresearchanddevelopmenL

Thefollowingthreestepsaretobeconsidered

inthedisUibutionofemphasis.

①Knowledgedocumentsinnaturallan-

guages

Knowledgedocumentsusingotherrepre-

sentationmediawillbesubstitutedforby

knowledgedocumentsina・naturallan-

guagethathaveapproximatelythesame

meaning.Alldocumentswillbenormal-

izedthereby.Thenaturallanguagewill

beJapanese,thekernelmedium;both

modemJapaneseand,insomecases,con・

trolledJapanese.

②Knowledgedocumentsinnatura川an-

guagesandformallanguages

Formallanguagesthatwillbeconsidered

areknowledgerepresentationlanguages,

35 JCQNo.92,1993

programminglanguages,algebraicfor・

mulasandlogicalformulas.Allmajor

knowledgerepresentationlanguageswill

beincludedintheknowledgeArchives

h()ject,Oneoftheseisthelanguage

basedonconstraintlogicprogramming

thatisanoutcomeoftheFifthGeneration

ComputerSystemProject.Processing

andcomprehensionfunctionsthatbridge

naturallanguagesandformallanguages

arenewthemesinthisprojecし

③Knowledgedocumentsinnaturallan-

guages,fbmallanguages,picturelan-

guages,images,andsounds

Ingenera1,thematerializationofprocess-

ingandunderst加dingfunctionsfbrpicture

languages,imagesandsoundsisanaim

thatisbeyond也erangeofthisproject.

Thatis,itisasubjectofstudyforthefuture.

Wewills由vetocreatesimplemechanisms

thatusethecharacteristicsof由e皿gete娼

knowledgedocumems.

4.FieldsofKnowledge

Theestablishmentoftechnologiesforthe

KnowledgeArchivesrequ口estheappropriate

selectionoffieldsrepresentingtherespective

featUresofdiversefbrmsofknowledge,and

thatresearchanddevelopmenteffortsbeex－

㏄utedusingsubstan直allylargeam皿ntsof

knowledgedocurnentsin也ese行elds.Itisof

uロnostnecessitytoobtain山ecooperationof

experiencedgroupsandorganizationsthatpOs-

sesssuchknowledgedocumentsfortheexecu－

如nof血eproject.Ouraimistofomnew

realmsofresearchwithsuchgroupsandorgani-

za口ons.

KnowledgedocumentscanbedividedintOthree

maintypes:generaltextS,knowledgerepresen-

tationsandprograms,anddata.Foreachtype,

atleasUhefbllowingknowledgedocumentS

willbetargeted:

(1)Texts

Textsusenaturallanguagesastheirmain

knowledgerepresentationmedium.Theyalso

uselinegraphics,images(photographsand

paintings),andsoon.Examplesare:

Narratives

Newspaperarticles

Scientificandtechnicalpapers

Patentdocuments

Legaldocumentsandprecedents

Manuals

(2)Knowledgeandprogramsinknowl・

edgerepresentationlanguages

Formallanguagessuchasknowledgerepre・

sen励onlanguagesandprogramminglanguages

arethemainknowledgerepresentationmediain

such㎞owledgedocumen6.Al血oughspecifi-

caUonswillalsobetargeted,knowledgerepre・

sen【ationme(∬asuchasnaturallanguages,

fomallanguages(specificationlanguage,alge-

braicfomulasandlogicalfbrmulas),diagrams

andtableswillbeusedf()rthese.Targeted

knowledgedocumentSwillbechosenbyselect-

ingrepresentativeknowledgerepresentationand

programminglanguages.Examplesofsuch

targetedknowledgedocumentSare:

Knowledgedocumentsinsystemknowledge

representationlanguages

JCQNo.92,1993 36

Knowledgedocumentsinconstraintlogicpro-

9ramminglangUageS

Knowledgedocumentsusingexpertsystem

shells

KnowledgedocumentSingeneralpurposepro-

gramminglanguages

(3)Data

Theknowledgerepresentationmediuminuse

fordataistheformallanguagecalledadatabase

language.Although也especificationsofthe

da舩basewillalsobeasubj㏄tofstudy,natural

languagesandsoonwillbeused.Themain

researchthemehereistheextractionofknowl-

edgefromamassiveamountofdata.

37 JCQNo.92,1993

CurrentNews

sSonytoJoinHandswithIBMfbr

MultimediaProducts

SonyCo.,Ltd.willtieupwithIBMinthe

information-relatedelcctricalequipmentbusi-

ness,inwhichcomputersandel㏄tricalequip-

mentaiecombined.Asafirststep,IBMwill

developsoftwareforaCD-ROMplayerdevel-

opedbySonyandbeginsellingthisproductin

theU.S.

Thef丘stproductofthistie-upisthe"Multimedia

CD・ROMPIayer(MMCD)"developcdbySony.

Apalm-sizeddevicethatcanprocessimage,

voice,charactersandotherinformationbyus-

ingCD・ROM,ithasalreadyb㏄nmarketedin

theU.S.throughSony'ssalesnetwork.The

prOductwillnowbesuppliedtoIBMthrough

SonyAmerica.IBMwillsellitundertheSony

brandnamefbr山etimebeing.Inthefuture,

however,IBMmayswitchtoitsownbrand

namebysecuringtheproductonanOEM

(originalequipmentmanufacturing)basis.

ThesoftwaretobedevelopedbyIBMwill

primarilybedesignedforbusinessusesuchas

foremployeetrainingusingimagesandvoice.

Afterbuildingthesoftwareintotheplayer,IBM

intendstoselltheplayertocorPorateusers

throughdirectmailadvertisingandmailorder.

TheMMCDisaninformation-relateddevice

basedonpersonalcomputertechnology.Itcan

hold39,000A4s立esh㏄tsofimagedata,such

asphotosandgraphs,300,000A4sizeshee{sof

characterdata,or16hoursofvoicedata.Itcan

reproducethemultimediasoftwareforcombi・

nationofthesemedia.Itispricedataround

$1,000.

Thedevelopmentofinformation-related

equipmentrequiresbOthcomputert㏄hnolo- .

giesandel㏄ ロicalequipmenttechnologies.Re-

cendy,therefole,therehaveb㏄nsuccessive

announcementsofde-upsbetw㏄nJapanese

el㏄ ロicalequipmentmakersandU.S.computer

makers.Forexample,jointdevelopmentof

information-relatedelectricalequipmentby

AppleComputerInc.ofthe.U.S.withToshiba

beganinJune1992andwi山SharpCorp.in

March1992.

*AT&TTiesUpwithNECandToshiba

forDevelopmentofNextGenerationof

PortableTerminals

AT&TMicroelectronics,thesemiconductor

businessdivisionofAT&T,hasannouncedthat

ithasjoinedhandswithNECandToshibafor

thedevelopmentofnext-generationportable

terminalsincorporatingtheAT&T-developed``Hobbit"microprocessor

.

Hobbitisa32-bithigh-perfomanceMPU.

Whencomparedwithconventionalproducts,it

hashigherthroughput,issmallerinsizeand

JCQNo.92,1993 38

consumeslesspower.Italsohascommunica-

tionfunctions.NECintendstodevelopapen-

mpu"ypeportableterminalusingHobbitand

sellittospecificindustries,suchas山einsurance

anddisロibutionindusnies.Inaddition,NEC

hassignedalicensingagreementforthemanu－

白cturingofHobbit.ThustheHobbitunits

manu白cmredbyNECwillnotonlybeusedby

thecompanyf()rportableterminalsbutalsosold

⑩Toshiba.For也etimebeing,however,Toshiba

willpurchaseHobbitfromAT&TMicroelec-

tronicsandNEC.

Thethreecompanieswillinitiallyworkonthe

constmctionofasystemthatcansendand

receivecharactersandvoiceoverpublicand

o山erlines.Inthefuture山eyplantomaterialize

asystemthatcansendandreceiveanimated

1叩agesaswellasaradlosystem.

*SonytoSellPortableTelephoneinthe

U.K.

BasedonabusinesstieupwithCellnet,a

companyaffiliatedwithBritishTelecomofthe

U.K.,Sonywillstartsellingcellulartelephones

throughanAVsalesnetworkof2,000shopsin

theU.K.TheBTgrouphasr㏄ognizedtheSony

productasIhefirstcaseofapplicationofanew

ratesystemestablishedinanefforttoexpand

privateuse.Underthenewratesystem,the

subscriptionchargeandthebasicmonthly

chargearereducedtonearlyhalfthecharges

applicabletobusinessuserswhiletheservice

chargeperminuteisabouttwiceashigh.Asa

result,totalchargesaremuchthesame ,asfbr

businessuse.'

ThecellulartelephonetobesoldbySonyis

pricedataround£300,abouthalfofthepriceof

comparableproductSavailableatpresent.Itis

designedtobesmallenoughtobeheldinone

hand.Thetelephonenumberissetintoeach

telephonesetinadvance,soitisnolonger

necessaryfbr血epurchasertogotothe1エouble

ofconcludingaUneagr㏄mentandhavinga

telephonenumbersetup.

CellulartelephoneservicestartedintheU.K.in

l985.Thenumberofsubscribershasalready

exceededonemillionandisstillincreasingat

therateof150,000to200,000ayear.Butmost

newsubscribersa爬businessusers.Sonyintends

tocultivateprivateuseintheU.K.

*ComputerPrOductionRecordsDouble ・

DigitDropf()rtheFirstTimein1992

TheJapaneseEl㏄ ロonicIndustryDevelopment

Association(JEIDA)hasannouncedthatin

l992theproductionofcomputers,including

peripheralequipment,isexpectedtodropIO.2%

fromtheprecedingyear,thef三rstd皿ble-digit

decreaseinhistory.PrOductioninl992is

estimatedat¥5,460billion.Ofthisamount,

computerswillaccountfor¥2,670billion,down

9.1%加ml991,andpe巾heralandterminal

equipment¥2,790billion,offll.3%廿om1991.

Bytype,productionofgeneralpurposecom-

puters,officecomputersandpersonalcomput-

erswillalldecreasesubstantiallyfromthe

previousyear.Theonlyexceptionis

works田tions;whoseproductionisexp㏄tedto

increasenearly20%duetothedownsizing

trend.

Thiswillbethefirsttimein17yearsthatannual

computerproductionhasrecordedadecrease

fromthepreviousyear.In1975,computer

productiondecreasedbecauseoftheeff㏄tof

thefirstoilcrisis.Thesemiconductortechnology

innovationsthathavematerializedsmallersize,

higherperfbrmance,andlower-pricedMPUs,

theheartofthecomputer,havebroughtabout

39 JCQNo.92,1993

smallersize,highcrperfomance,andlower-

pricedhardware,wi血agreatimpactoncom-

putermakers.Inaddition,businesscorporation

informationinvestmentshavebeenstagnant

becauseoftherecenteconomicslowdown.

Computerproductionhasb㏄nsubstantially

affectedbythedoubleshockofstructuralreform

andpOoreconomicactivity.

JEIDAadmitsthatcomputerproductionwill

continuetobetestedbyasevereenvironmentin

1993.Buttheassociationexpectsproductionto

increase1.1%overtheprecedingyear,aseco-

nomicrecoverycanbeexpectedtoresultfrom

theGovernment'scomprehensive㏄onomic

measures.

申HitachiandTItoWorkTogetherfor

Developmentof256MegabitDRAM

Hitachi,Ltd.andTexasInstuments(TI)have

agreedtocooperateinthedevelopmentofa256

megabitDRAM,themostadvancedmemory

elementforinformationequipment.Thecon-

tentsoftheagreementincludethejointdesign

ofa256megabitDRAMcircu輌t,thedevelop-

mentofcommonprocesst㏄hnologies,andthe

developmentofstandardizedpackages(exte-

riorICparts)withbo山partiescontributing

fundsandengin㏄rs.Theworkwillbesimilar

tothejoint64megabitDRAMdevelopment

pr()jectagreedonbetweenthetwocompaniesin

Novemberl991.HitachiandTexasInstru-

mentsarealsoscheduledtoconsiderapplying

thet㏄hnologyforthedesignandmanufacture

ofcircuitswithalinewidthofO.2toO.25

micronsusedinthe256megabitDRAMstt)the

mostadvancedMPUandlogicproducts.

TwogroupsworkedoutintemaUonalagreements

forthejointdevelopmentof256megabit

DRAMsinJulyof1992.Oneofthegroups

consistSofToshiba,IBMandSiemens,andthe

otheriscomprisedofNECandAT&T.

Thememorycapacityofthe256megabitDRAM

is64timesaslargeasthatofthe4megabit

DRAMnowinwidespreaduse.Eachchipcan

holdinformationequivalentto1,000newspa-

perpagesorabout4hoursofvoice.Atthispoint

intime,NEC,Hitachi,ToshibaandFujitsuhave

succeededinmakingprotr)types.Fujitsuhas

剖readyannouncedplanstostartcommercial

prOductionin』1996.Thedevelopmentofa256

megabitDRAMrequiresahugeoutlayoffunds

andalargeresearchstaff.Therefore,oneofthe

objectivesofformingthesegroupsistoreduce

thisfinancialburdenbydistributingitamong

thecooperatingmembers.Theestablishmentof

thesethreegroupsisexpectedtospuronthe

competitionforcommercializationofproducts

evenfurther.

JCQNo.92,1993 40

BackIssuesofJapanComputerOuarterlyareastollows:

Publishedin1992

No.91=

90:

89:

88:

JapaneseISDN:PresentandFuture

RegionalInformatizationinJapan

RealWorldComputing&RelatedTec㎞ologies

Information・relatedExaminationsinJapan

Publishedinl991

No.87:

86=

85:

84:

WorkstationsinJapan

VANServicesinJapan

CIMinJapan

LaptopComputerinJapan-Market&UserStrategies－

Publishedinl990

No.83:

82=

81:

80:

DistributionInformationSysternsinJapan

ComputerSecurityinJapan

FinancialInformationSystemsinJapan

EDIinJapan

Publishedin1989

No.79:

78:

77:

76:

NeurocomputersandFuzzyTheory-R&DTrendsinJapan-

Japan'sApproachtoPrivacyProtection

StateofCAL(CAI)inJapan

SoftwareIndustry㎞Iapan-StrivingforIncreasedProductivity－

Publishedin1988

No.75:

74:

73:

72:

PersonalComputersinJapan-AnUnabridgedAccount-

GlobalizationofTelecommunicationServices

TheMicrocomputerIndustry

-TrainingEngineers,CreatingApplications-

Jnformatization-HandlingTomorrow'sProblemsToday－

`

Publishedinl987

No.71:

70:

69:

68:

SystemsSecurity-TheFightAgainstComputerCrime-

TheInformatizationofSmallandMediumBusinessesExpertSystemsinJapan

Large-scaleProjectsinJapan

Publishcdinl986

No.67:

66:

65:

64:

InformationServicesinJapan

ICCards-CardswithBrains-

DatabaseServicesinJapan

MachineTranslation-ThreatorTool－

・

Publishedin1985

No.63:

62:

61:

60:

EDPCertificationExamLand,Japan-

LiberalizingTelecommunications

VIDEOTEX:AGIimpseofThe21Century

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