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With Baghdad “in jeopardy,” U.S.mulls next moveDaily News Article  —  Posted on June 13, 2014

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NOTE: Due to the changing nature of this important story, which will change even hour by hour, today’s Daily News Article is more of an overview.  For detailed stories, see the links and watch the videos under “Resources” below.

(CBS News) – As ISIS, an al Qaeda splinter group [which follows Sunni Islam] vowed to march on to Baghdad after capturing two key Sunni-dominated cities in Iraq, a Pentagon official told CBS News correspondent David Martin that no decision has been made to provide additional assistance or what it would look like.

Air strikes are being looked at as an option, but “we are no closer (to air strikes) today than yesterday,” said the Pentagon

official, who added it was unclear how effective the strikes would be.

CBS News correspondent Holly Williams reported from the city of Irbil that Iraq’s government said it is carrying out military airstrikes against militant strongholds. The government releasedvideo Thursday showing an airstrike.

A spokesman for the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) said the group had old scores to settle with the Shiite-led government inBaghdad.

The spokesman, Abu Mohammed al-Adnani, also threatened that ISIS(also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, or ISIL) fighters would take the southern Iraqi Shiite cities of Karbala and Najaf, which hold two of the holiest shrines for Shiite Muslims.

It is unclear what ISIS’s intentions are with regard to Baghdad and it is unclear whether President Maliki’s forces could hold Baghdad, Martin reported. The assessment is that Baghdad is “in jeopardy,” the official said.

Meanwhile, officials told the Associated Press that three planeloads of Americans are being evacuated from a major Iraqi air base in Sunni territory north of Baghdad to escape potentialthreats from the fast-moving insurgency. A current U.S. officialand a former senior Obama administration official said that means the American training mission at the air field in Balad has been grounded indefinitely.

The Pentagon official detailed a long list of equipment either recently supplied or on its way to Iraq but this is all part of the $15 billion arms sales package which the U.S. agreed to accelerate when Maliki was in Washington in December.

However, there isa danger that any U.S. military equipment supplied to Iraq will fall into the hands of ISIS. So far U.S.-supplied trucks and Humvees have fallen into insurgent hands, but the Pentagon says some of the pictures of captured equipment have actually been Photoshopped from elsewhere on the Internet.

ISIS seized effective control Wednesday of Tikrit, Saddam Hussein’s hometown, expanding their offensive closer to the Iraqi capital as soldiers and security forces abandoned their posts following clashes with the insurgents. A day earlier, the militants — possibly aided by regional tribal militias — took control of much of Mosul.

Pentagon officials blame Maliki for refusing to form a more inclusive government, Martin reports.

Meanwhile, President Obama said Iraq will need more help from the United States as it seeks to push back the violent Islamic insurgency.

Mr. Obama did not specify what type of assistance the U.S. wouldbe willing to provide, but said he had not ruled out any options.

“We do have a stake in making sure that these jihadists are not getting a permanent foothold in either Iraq or Syria, for that matter,” Mr. Obama said during an Oval Office meeting with Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott.

Iraq has been beset by violence since the last American forces withdrew in late 2011.

Reprinted here for educational purposes only. May not be reproduced on other websites without permission from CBS News. Visit the website at cbsnews .com.

Questions

Daily posting ends today and will resume August 25th.  “Answers”emails will resume September 2nd.

NOTE: Due to the changing nature of this important story, which will change even hour by hour, today’s Daily News Article is more of an overview.  For detailed stories, see the links and watch the videos under “Resources” below.

1.  What are Sunnis and Shiites?

2.  What is ISIS?

3.  What is ISIS’s goal for Iraq?

4.  Name the cities ISIS has taken over by force.

5.  How is the Obama administration responding to the crisis in Iraq?

6.  a) How do you think the U.S. government should respond to the ISIS takeover? (What would be best for the U.S.?)b)  Ask a parent the same question.

Free Answers — Sign-up here to receive a daily email withanswers.

Background

EXPLANATION OF SUNNI AND SHI’A (Shi’ite) MUSLIMS

Just as there are many denominations of Christianity (such as Catholic or Protestant) and Judaism (such as Orthodox, Conservative or Reform) there are a number of denominations of Islam.

The major denominations of Islam are Sunni and Shi’a. Sunni and Shi’a have significant theological differences

from each other, but possess the same essential belief in Allah and the Koran.

Sunnis make up the majority of Muslims worldwide (80%- 85% of all Muslims are Sunni).

The Shia are a minority, comprising between 10 percent and 15 percent of the world’s 1.3 billion Muslim population – certainly fewer than 200 million, all told.

The Shia are concentrated in Iran, southern Iraq and southern Lebanon. But there are significant Shiite communities in Saudi Arabia and Syria, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India as well.

Shi’as are in the majority in Iraq (approximately 60-65% ofIraq’s population are Shi’a).  Although the minority in Iraq, Sunni Arabs enjoyed favor under Saddam’s rule. (from wikipedia)

from a Reuters report at Chicago Tribune:

The stunning advance of ISIL (ISIS), which aims to build a caliphate ruled on medieval Sunni Islamic principles across Syria and Iraq, is the biggest threat to Iraq since U.S. troops withdrew in 2011. Hundreds of thousands of people have fled their homes in fear as the militants seized the main cities of the Tigris valley north of Baghdad in a matter of days.

The security forces of Iraq’s autonomous Kurdish north, known as the peshmerga, or “those who confront death”, tookover bases in Kirkuk vacated by the army, a spokesman said.

“The whole of Kirkuk has fallen into the hands of peshmerga,” said peshmerga spokesman Jabbar Yawar. “No Iraqi army remains in Kirkuk now.”

Kurds have long dreamed of taking Kirkuk and its huge oil reserves. They regard the city, just outside their autonomous region, as their historical capital, and peshmerga units were already present in an uneasy balance with government forces.

The swift move by their highly organised security forces toseize full control demonstrates how this week’s sudden advance by ISIL has redrawn Iraq’s map – and potentially that of the entire Middle East.

Since Tuesday, black clad ISIL fighters who do not recognize the region’s modern borders have seized Mosul andTikrit, home town of former dictator Saddam Hussein, as well as other towns and cities north of Baghdad.

The army of the Shi’ite Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki’s government in Baghdad has essentially evaporated in the face of the onslaught, abandoning bases and U.S.-provided weapons.

Resources

Read a January 2014 Daily News Article on the al-Qaeda takeover of Fallujah: studentnewsdaily.com/daily-news-article/us-fears-over-al-qaeda-takeover-of-key-iraqi-cities

Read more news reports on the situation in Iraq:

from a Reuters story at Chicago Tribune “Iraq Kurds seize Kirkuk; Sunni militants surge toward Baghdad“

from The Wall Street Journal: Kurdish Forces Take Control in Northern Iraqi City of Kirkuk

from CBSNews: Iraq starts fighting back against militants from USNews: Iraqi Army Collapses Against Al-Qaeda Spinoff

in Mosul

Watch 3 news reports below.

Wall Street Journal – The Foreign Bureau:

AFP/Chicago Tribune:

WSJ Live:

Update: from a June 13 news report at NYPost:Other developments in the fast-moving conflict included:

President Obama said Thursday he had not ruled out any options, and sources said the United States could launch airstrikes.

While Washington and its NATO allies remained on the sidelines, the Iranians, who are Shiites, sent in the Revolutionary Guard to help Iraqi troops take back control of most of Tikrit, Saddam Hussein’s hometown, and said theywould bomb rebel forces if they got within 100 kilometers (62 miles) of Baghdad.

A spokesman for the militants, known as the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), vowed to take the battle to the capital. “We will march toward Baghdad because we have an account to settle there,” railed Abu Mohammed al-Adnani.

In Baghdad, thousands of men flooded army recruiting stations to answer Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki’s call toarms.

The fate of Iraq’s largest oil refinery in the city of Baiji remained uncertain. Concerns over supply sent crude-oil prices soaring, contributing to a 110-point drop in theDow.

At the White House, while the president said all options were onthe table, a spokesman later clarified that those options did not include boots on the ground.

“My team is working around the clock to identify how we can provide the most effective assistance to them. I don’t rule out anything,” Obama said.

Critics accused the president — who has repeatedly argued that al Qaeda and its affiliates have been decimated — of being caught off guard. “What’s the president doing, taking a nap?” asked House Speaker John Boehner (R-Ohio).

Sen. John McCain (R-Ariz.) called the violence a “colossal failure” of Obama’s security team.

“Everybody in his national-security team, including the chairmanof the Joint Chiefs of Staff, ought to be replaced,” McCain saidbefore a classified Senate Armed Services Committee briefing on Iraq.

The fanatics are fighting to create an Islamist emirate spanningboth sides of the Iraq-Syria border — a terrorist haven that would be ruled by al Qaeda’s harsh version of Sharia law. The fighters were able to easily advance because local police and army units — trained by the US at a cost of billions of dollars — melted away at the first signs of violence.

The reason was fear, as the rebels have threatened anyone in themilitary with death — even posting a video on a terrorist website showing militants knocking on the door of a police majorin the dead of night. When he answers, they blindfold him and then carve off his head with a knife in his own bedroom.

The UK’s Telegraph newspaper reported that 15 members of the Iraqi special forces were beheaded by insurgents in Kirkuk.

Questions

Daily posting ends today and will resume August 25th.  “Answers”emails will resume September 2nd.

NOTE: Due to the changing nature of this important story, which will change even hour by hour, today’s Daily News Article is more of an overview.  For detailed stories, see the links and watch the videos under “Resources” below.

1.  What are Sunnis and Shiites?

2.  What is ISIS?

3.  What is ISIS’s goal for Iraq?

4.  Name the cities ISIS has taken over by force.

5.  How is the Obama administration responding to the crisis in Iraq?

6.  a) How do you think the U.S. government should respond to the ISIS takeover? (What would be best for the U.S.?)b)  Ask a parent the same question.

Student News DailyCurrent events articles for teachers and students —Make sense of current events!

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With Baghdad “in jeopardy,” U.S.mulls next moveDaily News Article  —  Posted on June 13, 2014

Directions

If possible, print the article before reading. As you read, circle or underline the names of people,

organizations and important facts. Use your own words to answer the questions in complete sentences.

Jump to...

Questions Background Resources

NOTE: Due to the changing nature of this important story, which will change even hour by hour, today’s Daily News Article is more of an overview.  For detailed stories, see the links and watch the videos under “Resources” below.

(CBS News) – As ISIS, an al Qaeda splinter group [which follows Sunni Islam] vowed to march on to Baghdad after capturing two key Sunni-dominated cities in Iraq, a Pentagon official told CBS News correspondent David Martin that no decision has been made to provide additional assistance or what it would look like.

Airstrikes are being looked at as an option, but “we are no closer (to air strikes) today than yesterday,” said the Pentagon official, who added it was unclear how effective the strikes would be.

CBS News correspondent Holly Williams reported from the city of Irbil that Iraq’s government said it is carrying out military airstrikes against militant strongholds. The government releasedvideo Thursday showing an airstrike.

A spokesman for the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) said the group had old scores to settle with the Shiite-led government inBaghdad.

The spokesman, Abu Mohammed al-Adnani, also threatened that ISIS (also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, or ISIL) fighters would take the southern Iraqi Shiite cities of Karbala and Najaf, which hold two of the holiest shrines for Shiite Muslims.

It is unclear what ISIS’s intentions are with regard to Baghdad and it is unclear whether President Maliki’s forces could hold Baghdad, Martin reported. The assessment is that Baghdad is “in jeopardy,” the official said.

Meanwhile, officials told the Associated Press that three planeloads of Americans are being evacuated from a major Iraqi air base in Sunni territory north of Baghdad to escape potentialthreats from the fast-moving insurgency. A current U.S. officialand a former senior Obama administration official said that means the American training mission at the air field in Balad has been grounded indefinitely.

The Pentagon official detailed a long list of equipment either recently supplied or on its way to Iraq but this is all part of the $15 billion arms sales package which the U.S. agreed to accelerate when Maliki was in Washington in December.

However, there isa danger that any U.S. military equipment supplied to Iraq will fall into the hands of ISIS. So far U.S.-supplied trucks and Humvees have fallen into insurgent hands, but the Pentagon says some of the pictures of captured equipment have actually been Photoshopped from elsewhere on the Internet.

ISIS seized effective control Wednesday of Tikrit, Saddam Hussein’s hometown, expanding their offensive closer to the Iraqi capital as soldiers and security forces abandoned their posts following clashes with the insurgents. A day earlier, the militants — possibly aided by regional tribal militias — took control of much of Mosul.

Pentagon officials blame Maliki for refusing to form a more inclusive government, Martin reports.

Meanwhile, President Obama said Iraq will need more help from the United States as it seeks to push back the violent Islamic insurgency.

Mr. Obama did not specify what type of assistance the U.S. wouldbe willing to provide, but said he had not ruled out any options.

“We do have a stake in making sure that these jihadists are not getting a permanent foothold in either Iraq or Syria, for that matter,” Mr. Obama said during an Oval Office meeting with Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott.

Iraq has been beset by violence since the last American forces withdrew in late 2011.

Reprinted here for educational purposes only. May not be reproduced on other websites without permission from CBS News. Visit the website at cbsnews .com.

Questions

Daily posting ends today and will resume August 25th.  “Answers”emails will resume September 2nd.

NOTE: Due to the changing nature of this important story, which will change even hour by hour, today’s Daily News Article is more of an overview.  For detailed stories, see the links and watch the videos under “Resources” below.

1.  What are Sunnis and Shiites?

2.  What is ISIS?

3.  What is ISIS’s goal for Iraq?

4.  Name the cities ISIS has taken over by force.

5.  How is the Obama administration responding to the crisis in Iraq?

6.  a) How do you think the U.S. government should respond to the ISIS takeover? (What would be best for the U.S.?)b)  Ask a parent the same question.

Free Answers — Sign-up here to receive a daily email withanswers.

Background

EXPLANATION OF SUNNI AND SHI’A (Shi’ite) MUSLIMS

Just as there are many denominations of Christianity (such as Catholic or Protestant) and Judaism (such as Orthodox, Conservative or Reform) there are a number of denominations of Islam.

The major denominations of Islam are Sunni and Shi’a. Sunni and Shi’a have significant theological differences from

each other, but possess the same essential belief in Allah and the Koran.

Sunnis make up the majority of Muslims worldwide (80%- 85% of allMuslims are Sunni).

The Shia are a minority, comprising between 10 percent and 15 percent of the world’s 1.3 billion Muslim population – certainly fewer than 200 million, all told.

The Shia are concentrated in Iran, southern Iraq and southern Lebanon. But there are significant Shiite communities in Saudi Arabia and Syria, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India as well.

Shi’as are in the majority in Iraq (approximately 60-65% of Iraq’s population are Shi’a).  Although the minority in Iraq, Sunni Arabs enjoyed favor under Saddam’s rule. (from wikipedia)

from a Reuters report at Chicago Tribune:

The stunning advance of ISIL (ISIS), which aims to build a caliphate ruled on medieval Sunni Islamic principles across Syria and Iraq, is the biggest threatto Iraq since U.S. troops withdrew in 2011. Hundreds of thousandsof people have fled their homes in fear as the militants seized the main cities of the Tigris valley north of Baghdad in a matterof days.

The security forces of Iraq’s autonomous Kurdish north, known as the peshmerga, or “those who confront death”, took over bases in Kirkuk vacated by the army, a spokesman said.

“The whole of Kirkuk has fallen into the hands of peshmerga,” said peshmerga spokesman Jabbar Yawar. “No Iraqi army remains in Kirkuk now.”

Kurds have long dreamed of taking Kirkuk and its huge oil reserves. They regard the city, just outside their autonomous region, as their historical capital, and peshmerga units were already present in an uneasy balance with government forces.

The swift move by their highly organised security forces to seizefull control demonstrates how this week’s sudden advance by ISIL has redrawn Iraq’s map – and potentially that of the entire Middle East.

Since Tuesday, black clad ISIL fighters who do not recognize the region’s modern borders have seized Mosul and Tikrit, home town of former dictator Saddam Hussein, as well as other towns and cities north of Baghdad.

The army of the Shi’ite Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki’s government in Baghdad has essentially evaporated in the face of the onslaught, abandoning bases and U.S.-provided weapons.

Resources

Read a January 2014 Daily News Article on the al-Qaeda takeover of Fallujah: studentnewsdaily.com/daily-news-article/us-fears-over-al-qaeda-takeover-of-key-iraqi-cities

Read more news reports on the situation in Iraq:

from a Reuters story at Chicago Tribune “Iraq Kurds seize Kirkuk;Sunni militants surge toward Baghdad“

from The Wall Street Journal: Kurdish Forces Take Control in Northern Iraqi City of Kirkuk

from CBSNews: Iraq starts fighting back against militants from USNews: Iraqi Army Collapses Against Al-Qaeda Spinoff in

Mosul

Watch 3 news reports below.

Wall Street Journal – The Foreign Bureau:

AFP/Chicago Tribune:

WSJ Live:

Update: from a June 13 news report at NYPost:Other developments in the fast-moving conflict included:

President Obama said Thursday he had not ruled out any options, and sources said the United States could launch airstrikes.

While Washington and its NATO allies remained on the sidelines, the Iranians, who are Shiites, sent in the Revolutionary Guard tohelp Iraqi troops take back control of most of Tikrit, Saddam Hussein’s hometown, and said they would bomb rebel forces if theygot within 100 kilometers (62 miles) of Baghdad.

A spokesman for the militants, known as the Islamic State of Iraqand Syria (ISIS), vowed to take the battle to the capital. “We will march toward Baghdad because we have an account to settle there,” railed Abu Mohammed al-Adnani.

In Baghdad, thousands of men flooded army recruiting stations to answer Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki’s call to arms.

The fate of Iraq’s largest oil refinery in the city of Baiji remained uncertain. Concerns over supply sent crude-oil prices soaring, contributing to a 110-point drop in the Dow.

At the White House, while the president said all options were onthe table, a spokesman later clarified that those options did not include boots on the ground.

“My team is working around the clock to identify how we can provide the most effective assistance to them. I don’t rule out anything,” Obama said.

Critics accused the president — who has repeatedly argued that al Qaeda and its affiliates have been decimated — of being caught off guard. “What’s the president doing, taking a nap?” asked House Speaker John Boehner (R-Ohio).

Sen. John McCain (R-Ariz.) called the violence a “colossal failure” of Obama’s security team.

“Everybody in his national-security team, including the chairmanof the Joint Chiefs of Staff, ought to be replaced,” McCain saidbefore a classified Senate Armed Services Committee briefing on Iraq.

The fanatics are fighting to create an Islamist emirate spanningboth sides of the Iraq-Syria border — a terrorist haven that would be ruled by al Qaeda’s harsh version of Sharia law. The fighters were able to easily advance because local police and army units — trained by the US at a cost of billions of dollars — melted away at the first signs of violence.

The reason was fear, as the rebels have threatened anyone in themilitary with death — even posting a video on a terrorist website showing militants knocking on the door of a police majorin the dead of night. When he answers, they blindfold him and then carve off his head with a knife in his own bedroom.

The UK’s Telegraph newspaper reported that 15 members of the Iraqi special forces were beheaded by insurgents in Kirkuk.

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10 life lessons from the SEAL who led mission for bin LadenThursday's Editorial  —  Posted on June 12, 2014

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organizations and important facts. Use your own words to answer the questions in complete sentences.

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William H. McRaven is an admiral, former commander of the Navy’s SEAL Team 3 and current commander of the US Special Operations Command – the man who led the mission to get Osama bin Laden. On May 17, he gave the commencement address for his alma mater, the University of Texas at Austin, which touched graduates with its earnest, simple advice about living a better life. Here is an excerpt:

Naval Adm. William H. McRaven delivers the commencement address at the University of Texas at Austin.

(by Admiral William H. McRaven) – If you will humor this old sailor for just a moment, I have a few suggestions that may helpyou on your way to a better world.

And while these lessons were learned during my time in the military, I can assure you that it matters not whether you ever served a day in uniform.  …

Our struggles in this world are similar and the lessons to overcome those struggles and to move forward – changing ourselves and the world around us – will apply equally to all.

I have been a Navy SEAL for 36 years. But it all began when I left UT (University of Texas) for basic SEAL training in Coronado, Calif.

Basic SEAL training is six months of long, torturous runs in thesoft sand, midnight swims in the cold water off San Diego, obstacles courses, unending calisthenics, days without sleep andalways being cold, wet and miserable.

It is six months of being constantly harassed by professionally trained warriors who seek to find the weak of mind and body and eliminate them from ever becoming a Navy SEAL.

But, the training also seeks to find those students who can leadin an environment of constant stress, chaos, failure and hardships.

To me, basic SEAL training was a lifetime of challenges crammed into six months.

So, here are the 10 lessons I learned from basic SEAL training that hopefully will be of value to you as you move forward in life:

1 – Every morning in basic SEAL training, my instructors, who atthe time were all Vietnam veterans, would show up in my barracksroom, and the first thing they would inspect was your bed.

If you did it right, the corners would be square, the covers pulled tight, the pillow centered just under the headboard and the extra blanket folded neatly at the foot of the rack – rack, that’s Navy talk for bed.

It was a simple task – mundane at best. But every morning we were required to make our bed to perfection. It seemed a little ridiculous at the time, particularly in light of the fact that we were aspiring to be real warriors, tough, battle-hardened SEALs – but the wisdom of this simple act has been proven to me many times over.

If you make your bed every morning, you will have accomplished the first task of the day. It will give you a small sense of pride, and it will encourage you to do another task and another and another.

By the end of the day, that one task completed will have turned into many tasks completed. Making your bed will also reinforce the fact that little things in life matter.

If you can’t do the little things right, you will never do the big things right.

And, if by chance you have a miserable day, you will come home to a bed that is made – that you made – and a made bed gives youencouragement that tomorrow will be better.

If you want to change the world, start off by making your bed.

2 – During SEAL training, the students are broken down into boatcrews. Each crew is seven students – three on each side of a small rubber boat and one coxswain to help guide the dingy.

Every day your boat crew forms up on the beach and is instructedto get through the surf zone and paddle several miles down the coast.

In the winter, the surf off San Diego can get to be 8 to 10 feethigh and it is exceedingly difficult to paddle through the plunging surf unless everyone digs in.

Every paddle must be synchronized to the stroke count of the coxswain. Everyone must exert equal effort or the boat will turnagainst the wave and be unceremoniously tossed back on the beach.

For the boat to make it to its destination, everyone must paddle.

You can’t change the world alone – you will need some help – andto truly get from your starting point to your destination takes friends, colleagues, the good will of strangers and a strong coxswain to guide them.

If you want to change the world, find someone to help you paddle.

3 – Over a few weeks of difficult training, my SEAL class, whichstarted with 150 men, was down to just 42. There were now six boat crews of seven men each.

I was in the boat with the tall guys, but the best boat crew we had was made up of the little guys – the munchkin crew, we called them – no one was over about 5-foot-5.

The munchkin boat crew had one American Indian, one African-American, one Polish-American, one Greek-American, one Italian-American, and two tough kids from the Midwest. They outpaddled, outran and outswam all the other boat crews.

The big men in the other boat crews would always make good-natured fun of the tiny little flippers the munchkins put on their tiny little feet prior to every swim.

But somehow these little guys, from every corner of the nation and the world, always had the last laugh – swimming faster than everyone and reaching the shore long before the rest of us.

SEAL training was a great equalizer. Nothing mattered but your will to succeed. Not your color, not your ethnic background, notyour education and not your social status.

If you want to change the world, measure a person by the size oftheir heart, not the size of their flippers.

4 – Several times a week, the instructors would line up the class and do a uniform inspection. It was exceptionally thorough.

Your hat had to be perfectly starched, your uniform immaculatelypressed and your belt buckle shiny and void of any smudges.

But it seemed that no matter how much effort you put into starching your hat, or pressing your uniform or polishing your belt buckle – it just wasn’t good enough.

The instructors would find “something” wrong.

For failing the uniform inspection, the student had to run, fully clothed into the surf zone and then, wet from head to toe,roll around on the beach until every part of your body was covered with sand.

The effect was known as a “sugar cookie.” You stayed in that uniform the rest of the day — cold, wet and sandy.

There were many a student who just couldn’t accept the fact thatall their effort was in vain. That no matter how hard they triedto get the uniform right – it was unappreciated.

Those students didn’t make it through training.

Those students didn’t understand the purpose of the drill. You were never going to succeed. You were never going to have a perfect uniform.

Sometimes no matter how well you prepare or how well you perform, you still end up as a sugar cookie.

It’s just the way life is sometimes.

If you want to change the world, get over being a sugar cookie and keep moving forward.

5 – Every day during training, you were challenged with multiplephysical events – long runs, long swims, obstacle courses, hoursof calisthenics – something designed to test your mettle.

Every event had standards – times you had to meet. If you failedto meet those standards, your name was posted on a list and at the end of the day those on the list were invited to – a “circus.”

A circus was two hours of additional calisthenics – designed to wear you down, to break your spirit, to force you to quit.

No one wanted a circus.

A circus meant that for that day, you didn’t measure up. A circus meant more fatigue – and more fatigue meant that the following day would be more difficult – and more circuses were likely.

But at some time during SEAL training, everyone – everyone – made the circus list.

But an interesting thing happened to those who were constantly on the list. Over time those students – who did two hours of extra calisthenics – got stronger and stronger.

The pain of the circuses built inner strength – built physical resiliency.

Life is filled with circuses.

You will fail. You will likely fail often. It will be painful. It will be discouraging. At times it will test you to your very core.

But if you want to change the world, don’t be afraid of the circuses.

6 – At least twice a week, the trainees were required to run theobstacle course. The obstacle course contained 25 obstacles including a 10-foot-high wall, a 30-foot cargo net and a barbed-wire crawl, to name a few.

But the most challenging obstacle was the slide for life. It hada three-level, 30-foot tower at one end and a one-level tower atthe other. In between was a 200-foot-long rope.

You had to climb the three-tiered tower and once at the top, yougrabbed the rope, swung underneath the rope and pulled yourself hand over hand until you got to the other end.

The record for the obstacle course had stood for years when my class began training in 1977.

The record seemed unbeatable until one day a student decided to go down the slide for life – head-first.

Instead of swinging his body underneath the rope and inching hisway down, he bravely mounted the TOP of the rope and thrust himself forward.

It was a dangerous move – seemingly foolish and fraught with risk. Failure could mean injury and being dropped from the training.

Without hesitation, the student slid down the rope – perilously fast. Instead of several minutes, it only took him half that time, and by the end of the course he had broken the record.

If you want to change the world, sometimes you have to slide down the obstacle head-first.

7 – During the land-warfare phase of training, the students are flown out to San Clemente Island, which lies off the coast of San Diego.

The waters off San Clemente are a breeding ground for the great white sharks.

To pass SEAL training, there are a series of long swims that must be completed. One is the night swim.

Before the swim, the instructors joyfully brief the trainees on all the species of sharks that inhabit the waters off San Clemente.

They assure you, however, that no student has ever been eaten bya shark – at least not recently.

But, you are also taught that if a shark begins to circle your position – stand your ground. Do not swim away. Do not act afraid.

And if the shark, hungry for a midnight snack, darts towards you– then summon up all your strength and punch him in the snout and he will turn and swim away.

There are a lot of sharks in the world. If you hope to complete the swim, you will have to deal with them.

So, if you want to change the world, don’t back down from the sharks.

8 – As Navy SEALs, one of our jobs is to conduct underwater attacks against enemy shipping. We practiced this technique extensively during basic training.

The ship-attack mission is where a pair of SEAL divers is dropped off outside an enemy harbor and then swims well over twomiles – underwater – using nothing but a depth gauge and a compass to get to their target.

During the entire swim, even well below the surface there is some light that comes through. It is comforting to know that there is open water above you.

But as you approach the ship, which is tied to a pier, the lightbegins to fade. The steel structure of the ship blocks the moonlight – it blocks the surrounding street lamps – it blocks all ambient light.

To be successful in your mission, you have to swim under the ship and find the keel – the centerline and the deepest part of the ship.

This is your objective. But the keel is also the darkest part ofthe ship – where you cannot see your hand in front of your face,

where the noise from the ship’s machinery is deafening and whereit is easy to get disoriented and fail.

Every SEAL knows that under the keel, at the darkest moment of the mission, is the time when you must be calm, composed – when all your tactical skills, your physical power and all your innerstrength must be brought to bear.

If you want to change the world, you must be your very best in the darkest moment.

9 – The ninth week of training is referred to as “Hell Week.” Itis six days of no sleep, constant physical and mental harassmentand – one special day at the Mud Flats. The Mud Flats are an area between San Diego and Tijuana where the water runs off and creates the Tijuana slues – a swampy patch of terrain where the mud will engulf you.

It is on Wednesday of Hell Week that you paddle down to the mud flats and spend the next 15 hours trying to survive the freezing-cold mud, the howling wind and the incessant pressure to quit from the instructors.

As the sun began to set that Wednesday evening, my training class, having committed some “egregious infraction of the rules,” was ordered into the mud.

The mud consumed each man till there was nothing visible but ourheads. The instructors told us we could leave the mud if only five men would quit – just five men and we could get out of the oppressive cold.

Looking around the mud flat, it was apparent that some students were about to give up. It was still over eight hours till the sun came up – eight more hours of bone-chilling cold.

The chattering teeth and shivering moans of the trainees were soloud, it was hard to hear anything, and then, one voice began toecho through the night – one voice raised in song.

The song was terribly out of tune, but sung with great enthusiasm.

One voice became two, and two became three, and before long everyone in the class was singing.

We knew that if one man could rise above the misery, then otherscould as well.

The instructors threatened us with more time in the mud if we kept up the singing – but the singing persisted.

And somehow – the mud seemed a little warmer, the wind a little tamer and the dawn not so far away.

If I have learned anything in my time traveling the world, it isthe power of hope. The power of one person – Washington, Lincoln, King, Mandela and even a young girl from Pakistan, Malala – one person can change the world by giving people hope.

So, if you want to change the world, start singing when you’re up to your neck in mud.

10 – Finally, in SEAL training there is a bell. A brass bell that hangs in the center of the compound for all the students tosee.

All you have to do to quit – is ring the bell. Ring the bell andyou no longer have to wake up at 5 o’clock. Ring the bell and you no longer have to do the freezing-cold swims.

Ring the bell and you no longer have to do the runs, the obstacle course, the PT – and you no longer have to endure the hardships of training.

Just ring the bell.

If you want to change the world, don’t ever, ever ring the bell.

Questions

1.  Tone is the attitude a writer or speaker takes towards his subject: the tone can be serious, humorous, sarcastic, ironic, inspiring, solemn, objective, cynical, optimistic, critical, enthusiastic …Which word do you think best describes the tone of Admiral McRaven’s commencement address?  Explain your answer.

2.  What do you think is the main idea of Admiral McRaven’s speech?

3.  What stands out to you as the most important lesson from this speech?