“The local transport amphorae from Aigion”, in S. Japp - P. Kögler (eds), Traditions and Innovations: Tracking the Development of Pottery from the Late Classical to the Early

IARPotHPInternational Association for Researchon Pottery of the Hellenistic Period e. V.

TRADITIONS AND INNOVATIONS

Tracking the Development of Potteryfrom the Late Classical

to the Early Imperial Periods

Edited by Sarah Japp and Patricia Kögler

Wien 2016

OFFPRINT

Wien 2016

IARPotHPInternational Association for Researchon Pottery of the Hellenistic Period e. V.

Volume 1

T R A D I T I O N S A N D I N N OVA T I O N S

Tracking the Development of Potteryfrom the Late Classical

to the Early Imperial Periods

Proceedings of the 1st Conference of IARPotHPBerlin, November 2013, 7th – 10th

Edited by Sarah Japp and Patricia Kögler

Associate editorsRenate Rosenthal-Heginbottom and Wolf Rudolph

Publications of IARPotHP e.V.

TRADITIONS AND INNOVATIONSTracking the Development of Pottery from the Late Classical to the Early Imperial Periods538 pages, 107 black and white illustrations, 119 color illustrations, 11 tables, 11 graphs© IARPotHP e.V. and the individual authorsAll rights reservedEditors in chief: Sarah Japp and Patricia KöglerLanguage editors: Renate Rosenthal-Heginbottom and Wolf RudolphText design and layout by Sarah Japp and Patricia Kögler (www.wispdok.de)Layout and design of illustrations by Sarah Japp, Patricia Kögler and the individual authorsCover design by Zoi KotitsaManuscript preparation, citations and abbreviations follow the Style Sheet of the German Archaeological Institute (DAI, 2015).Contents and illustration permissions (drawings, photos, reproductions and graphs) are the responsibility of the individual authors.

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Phoibos Verlag, 1050 Wien, Österreich www.phoibos.at; [email protected] Printed in the EU ISBN 978-3-85161-160-1 (printed edition) E-book: ISBN 978-3-85161-161-8 DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.7337/851611618

P i a G u l d a g e r B i l d e(*Febr. 11th, 1961 – †Jan. 10th, 2013)

Founding member and first secretaryof IARPotHP e.V.

Dedicated to the memory of

Pia Guldager Bilde, March 2009, Sandbjerg Manor House, Denmark (© Photo by Udo Schlotzhauer)

The Local Transport Amphorae from Aigion1

Konstantinos Filis

The ancient as well as the modern city of Aigion developed in a very privileged position on a littoral, opening onto the Corinthian Gulf, inhabited continuously from the Neolithic period to the present2. The rise of Aigion began place after 373 BC with the tolerance of Macedonians and for the benefit of their own interests in the region, in order to encourage better control of the strategic routes from mainland Greece to the Corinthian Gulf and into the inner of the Pelo-ponnese. During the Hellenistic period the population grew, as the city acquired a denser urban plan and extended. To the northeast of the plateau public buildings and a theatre were built. With the establishment of the Second Achaean League in 280 BC, Aigion becomes the capital of the Koinon. After the defeat of the Achaean League in 146 BC by the Romans, Aigion gradually loses its political importance and primary maritime routes advantages to Patras, the main gate for the Romans to the Italian peninsula. The city flourished again in the 1st century BC when Italian merchants were settled here and by the end of the century the population grew again and shows renewed economic vitality.With the help of rescue excavations conducted by the local Ephorate, we can determine now roughly the urban space of the city at various periods of its history. Specifically, ceramic work-shops, kilns, waste pits and building remains with auxiliary facilities have been identified in various places within the boundaries of the ancient city. In several locations misfired fragments of transport amphorae and stamped handles have been found, many of which are related to local production. Some of the workshops developed near the Hellenistic agora3, which should have played a role in production and promotion of trade4. Others are located in the northern part of the city near the sea while others lie to the south. The distance to the ancient city port is relatively small, something that would undoubtedly have facilitated the commercial distribu-tion of their products.At the plot on Messinezis 1 Str. in 1980 a well was excavated – a deposit for an adjacent kiln structure, full of broken amphorae, stands and misfired vessels of the Hellenistic period5. The

1 I am grateful to Dr. Erofili Kolia, Director of the 6th Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities for permission to publish the material from Aigialeos 33 Str.

2 Rizakis 2008, 159–167; Petropoulos 2011, 70–73; Vordos 2012, 332–339; Vordos 2008, 60–70 (with bibliography). For the recent finds from Aigialia, see Kolia 2012, 324–331.

3 Vordos 2012, 335 fig. 671; Papakosta 1993, 126–127. The latter correlates incorrectly the findings from this plot with the Hellenistic fortification, which however has been identified at another site of the city, see Petropoulos 2011, 71.

4 For a discussion concerning the different reasons that suggest the location of amphora workshops in a specific area, see Lawall 2011, 38–50, esp. 38–40; Garlan 2000, 37–44; Filis 2012, 60–85 (for North Aegean).

5 Kyriakou 1980, 198.

152 Konstantinos Filis

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same year, at a neighbouring plot at Mitropoleos and Kleomenous Economou Str., were found kilns, a tank for clay-preparation and building remains from workshop area from the late Hellenistic to the early Roman period6. The workshop extended along a main road, as witnessed by the existence of a drainage channel in its middle7. At this plot a significant number of fragments of transport amphorae have been discovered, many of which were stamped handles. Αn extensive waste pit was excavated at the plot of Aigialeos 33 Str.8 (fig. 1). Here the nearly intact amphorae have been found together with many cooking vessels, storage jars, trefoil jugs, drinking caps, loom weights and quantities of fine ware pottery including a few moldmade bowls9 and lamps dated to the second half of the 2nd century BC. Obviously the workshops at Aigion were not specialized exclusively on transport amphorae production, but produced a wide variety of shapes including ‘fine pottery’10. In the pottery workshops pits at least three types of transport amphorae have been identified with two similar fine micaceous chert fabric groups, pale red-yellow11. Their outer surface usually is covered by a sparse yellowish coating12. Fine micaceous chert fabric group: This is a rather homogeneous fabric group, medium coarse grained, with a brown-red micromass in XPL, containing approximately 5% inclusions and 1% voids. Inclusions are sub-angular to sub-rounded, poorly sorted, with maximum grain size 1 mm and medium size 0,05–0,1 mm, as well as bimodal distribution.The composition of the fabric is characterized mainly by the presence of fine-grained quartzite and its mineral components, quartz, alkali feldspar (microcline and orthoclase), plagioclase (with albite or Carlsbad twinning, often seriticised), but also micas (mainly biotite laths). Few are the limestone fragments, mainly micritic, while chert fragments are rare. The fabric is also characterized by the presence of textural concentration features, clay pellets red in colour, with

6 Papapostolou 1981, 171.7 The workshop complex included roofed areas and in particular a large stoa building, whose western side

consisted of five column bases that supported the roof. Walls 1 and 2 had three buttresses that supported them from the east and west sides. On one wall survives a door frame with a door opening to the east. Ac-cording to the excavator the two parallel walls with the extended width between them suggest the existence of a road that served the needs of the workshop complex.

8 Kolia 2011, 47–56, esp. 53. Unfortunately, the conservation was completed for only a small part of the findings. Also, it is not possible to determine the exact position of the ceramic workshop from which the specific waste come, however, it must have been positioned at a relatively short distance. For the organization and function of the ancient pottery workshops in conjunction with modern ethnoarchaeological studies, see Hasaki 2011, 11–28.

9 Probably the workshop on the Soteriou Lontou 19 & 26 Str. specialized in the manufacture of such moldmade bowls, see Kolia 2011, 47–56.

10 Papakosta 2005, 73–82; Papakosta 2011, 37–46; Kolia 2011, 47–56; Vordos 2011, 75.11 The study of the results of our petrographic analysis performed at the Fitch Laboratory of the British School

of Archaeology, in collaboration with my colleague Dr. A. Dimoula, which I thank warmly.12 Similar fabric description is given also for the Dressel 25 amphorae at the website http://

archaeologydataservice.ac.uk: “Generally it is a hard fabric, close up light red (2.5YR 6/6) to reddish-yellow (5YR 6/6) in colour. Fabric A is very fine, with rare and very small reddish iron-oxide inclusions. Fabric B is a coarse fabric with moderate white and dark brown inclusions.” Also, according to information from my colleague T. Bezeczky, whom I thank warmly, the results of the petrographic analysis of the geologist Dr. Roman Sauer in samples from Ephesus, distinguish two fabric groups: “Fabric A: Typical is the original high content in carbonate particles and chert (partially radiolarite) and the heavy mineral assemblage dominated by garnet, zircon, rutile and chromium spinel together with epidote. Due to a lack of comparisons no provenance information can be given at the moment. Comparable fabrics and raw materials are also well known, for example from the Ionian region and the Adriatic Ionian coast. Fabric B: Typical are the reddish, angular siltstone clasts together with carbonate particles and chert (partially radiolarite) and the heavy mineral assemblage dominated by garnet, rutile and hornblende but no chromium spinel. The reddish siltstone clasts could have been artificially added as temper. Due to lack of comparisons no clear provenance information can be given at the moment. Comparable thin section fabrics and raw materials are known, for example, from Corinth (similar to Corinthian A fabric), the Ionian region and the Adriatic Ionian coast.” Van der Werff give similar fabric description for a stamped Dressel 25 amphora from Ostia, which is similar with Aigion type II: “firm, gritty, and compact; brown (5 YR 6/6) or reddish-brown (10 R 5/6) in colour”, s. Van der Werff 1986, 116 no. 62.

153The Local Transport Amphorae from Aigion

Traditions and Innovations

clear boundaries and high optical density. In one sample striations are observed, with clear boundaries, high optical density and discordant with the external fabric, possibly indicating the mixing of two types of sediments with different iron percentage. The clay mass is homogeneous, apart from minor variations in colour and distribution of inclusions. The striations probably indicate the mixing of two types of sediments, which explains and the presence of clay pellets. The optical activity of the groundmass is inactive and moderately active towards the ends, indicating original temperatures >900˚C. The firing conditions were predominantly oxidizing, judging by the colour of the samples. Fine micaceous chert fabric group, plus argillaceous fragments. This is a homogeneous fabric group, coarse grained, with a brown micromass in XPL, containing approximately 5% inclusions and 1% voids. Inclusions are sub-angular to sub-rounded, poorly sorted, with maximum grain size 1,5 mm and medium size 0,05–0,1 mm, as well as bimodal distribution.The composition of the fabric is characterized mainly by the presence of fine minerals, such as quartz, alkali feldspar (microcline and orthoclase), plagioclase (with albite or Carlsbad twinning, often seriticised), but mainly micas (biotite laths). Few are the chert fragments, mainly characterized by radiolaria. The fabric is also characterized by the presence of textural concentration features, argillaceous fragments red in colour, with clear boundaries and high optical density, containing silicate inclusions. In one sample striations are observed, with clear boundaries, neutral optical density and discordant with the external fabric, possibly indicating the mixing of two types of sediments with different silicate component. Secondary calcite is also observed in certain pores of the samples, probably a result of post-depositional procedures. The clay mass is homogeneous, apart from minor variations in colour and distribution of inclusions. The striations indicate the mixing of two types of sediments. The optical activity of the groundmass is moderately active, indicating original temperatures <950 ˚C. The firing conditions were predominantly oxidizing, judging from the colour of the samples. The two groups are considered as broadly local, as their inclusions are typical of the geological formations of the area of Aigion with a special reference to the chert fragments. Although dif-ferences in inclusion types and percentages indicate the manipulation of different raw material sources, their similarities are strong, suggesting proximity in the location of the sources, which could be located within the same geological setting. The inclusions are poorly sorted and their distribution is bimodal, which indicates the possible addition of temper in the clay paste. The clay striations and pellets clearly demonstrate the practice of mixing of two different types of clay, similar in composition, which complicates provenance attempts. The optical activity of the groundmass indicates different original firing temperatures, while the homogeneity of the colour stable oxidizing conditions. Clay source for the geometric vases however, considered the region of Neratzies Aigialia west of Aigion, adjacent to the Salmeniko River13. But for transport amphorae of the Hellenistic period the clay source could also probably originate from the river Selinus, east of Aigion region particularly rich in chert deposits. Specifically, the type I amphora is 64 cm high, with a rim diameter of ca. 12 cm, base diameter 3.5 cm and maximum body diameter around 40 cm. The capacity is estimated at 38 lt. (fig. 2)14. The thin rim usually is beak shaped and rarely oval in cross section. The neck is mostly cylindrical, relatively narrow and short and in some cases with slightly inward sloping walls. The oval body is fairly broad and resembles the examples of Corinthian type A’15 and the Giancola 4 - Apani IV type of the Brindisi area16. The very narrow base is of the knob type with a rounded outline and it also resembles that of the Corinthian and Brindisian amphorae. The handles are raised slightly upward and then curved sharply to join the vertical shoulder. It is usually thin, oval

13 Gadolou 2008, 63–64.14 The capacity calculation was conducted with the help of the electronic database of Centre de Recherches

Archéologiques University of Brussels available at: http://www.ulb.ac.be//philo/crea/. For complete overview of this method: Engels et al. 2009, 129–133.

15 Koehler 1978, pl. 18 no. 77. 87–88.16 For the information I would like to thank Prof. D. Manacorda.


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in cross section and some examples carry two or three vertical grooves. But there are also examples with double-barrelled handles such as products of Kos. Usually one handle bears rectangular stamp (ca. 7 x 1,8 cm), frequently with the name of Κέρδωνος and more rarely Σωτήριχου. There is also a smaller unstamped version with similar rim and handles oval in cross section with vertical grooves but much more narrow neck. Both types are dated to the 2nd half of the 2nd century BC. The particular characteristic feature of Type II is the tall, vertical or outwardly thick rim in a curved configuration in the upper surface and the short neck with concave walls and two re-lief bands, positioned at the top just below the rim (fig. 3)17. Usually the upper band is wider than the bottom. Similar bands, but in a different layout-position -, occur in late examples of Corinthian type A amphora and type Apani IV / Giancola 4 amphorae from the area of Brin-disi18. The broad, almost spherical, body ends in a narrow knob type hemispherical base. The coarse handles are fairly compact, circular or near circular in section, joined to the top of the band, occupying the major part of the neck and then in an arch they drop to the broad shoul-der. Some of the earliest examples carry stamps usually with the name of Ζωίλου, while that of Κέρδωνος is rare. Their shape belongs to the Dressel 25 amphorae or proto Dressel 25 related with workshops in southern Italy19 and the NW Peloponnese, mainly that of Sikyon. Y. Lolos has discovered on the outskirts of Sikyon similar amphora wasters of the late 2nd century BC20. The examples of Aigion are of a more rugged construction and have a shorter neck with a less projecting rim. While the proto Dressel 25 quite is often confused with Brindisi-ous amphorae of southern Italy (Will, type 11a; Peacock – Williams 1986, class 1)21 the amphorae from the workshops at Apani22 – Giancola23 are of a different fabric24 and show some different morpho-logical features. The examples from Aigion date according to other finds from pit-deposit to the end of 2nd – 1st century BC until the early 1st century AD.The type III amphorae (fig. 4) have a fairly tall thick rim with angular profile, projecting quite far from the neck. The upper part of the short, almost conical neck is encirled by two identical horizontal plastic ridges. The body is wide spherical with a small hemispherical knob-type base. The handles are solid, fairly robust, elliptical or circular in cross section, with arch form and usually without stamps. The examples of Aigion are mainly dating to the second half of the 1st century BC. These amphorae also have some particular similarities with the proto Dressel 25 and type Apani II of Brindisi25. Evidently the very short neck with the two plastic ridges at the top and the fabric differentiate them from those examples of the Italian workshops26.

17 Rim diameter: 14,4 – 5,4 cm, height: 3,5 – 4 cm.18 Koehler 1978, pl. 11–12. 18 no. 87–90; Palazzo 1989, fig. 1 no. 2 and 4. For similar ridges in the amphora

production of west Mediterranean (Guadaquivir) - type ‘Ovoide 1 (= Clase 67 / LC67)’ which considered imitations of the Brindisian type, see García Vargas et al. 2011, 211–217, figs. 13–14.

19 Van der Werff 1986, 77–137.20 Lolos 2011, 331 fig. 5, 42d; Lolos 2009, 115–132; Cf. Opait 2010, 155–156.21 Opait 2010, 156; Lawall 2005, 33 note 20; Lawall 2011, 396. For the distribution of Dressel 25 amphorae,

see the University of Southampton webpage: http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk.22 Palazzo 1989, 548–553.23 Manacorda 2001, 229–240.24 The description of brindisian fabric from http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk is: “Fabric Visual Characteris-

tics: A fairly hard, slightly rough fabric containing a few small white inclusions of limestone. Reddish-yellow to buff throughout (5YR 7/6 – 7.5YR 7/4). Fabric Petrological Characteristics: Samples from Apani contain frequent subangular quartz grains and small fragments of limestone, some of it fossiliferous, together with flecks of mica and occasional grains of pyroxene.”

25 See above note 19 and 20.26 In type II and IV of the Apani workshop we found two plastic ridges, but the rim profile is more rounded

and the neck height sufficiently large, see Palazzo 1989, 548-553; Palazzo − Silvestrini 2001, 57–107; Sciarra 1964, 39–43; Sciarra 1972, 29–34. See also: http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archives/view/amphora_ahrb_2005/zoom.cfm?id=51&img=DR279&CFID=5245667&CFTOKEN=36996965. The Apulian coast is better known in the Late Republican Period for the production of two characteristic types of ampho-rae: the so-called Brindisian type and Lamboglia 2. Among antiquities handed over to the 6th Ephorate of Prehistoric & Classical Antiquities comes a significant number of Lamboglia 2 amphorae (Will, type 10) from



The Aigion stamped handles usually carry three Greek names in Genitive form: Κέρδωνος, Σωτήριχου and Ζωίλου (fig. 5). These are probably related with the owners of the workshops. Such stamps with Greek names from Apani and Giancola are often attributed to the potters themselves, assumed to be slaves. The stamps of Κέρδων27 which are the most common in Aigion appear in three rectangular types (fig. 5, A). The direction of reading can either be direct, left to right, or retrograde, right to left. Such stamps are almost unknown in other consumption areas28, something which may be due to the limited export activity at the beginning of amphora production from the workshops of NW Peloponnese. The name Κέρδων is also attested in Koan amphorae29.Σωτήριχος30 appears in Aigion in one stamp type in direct reading left to right (fig. 5, B). The name is attested on findings from Corinth31 (but in retrograde) and some unpublished stamps from nearby Oiniadai32 and Alexandria (Egypt)33. Also the very frequent presence in stamps from the Apani workshop, in the area of Brindisi in Greek or Latin script34, does not rule out the probability that it is the same person. Σωτήριχος may had begun his career as a pottery owner at Aigion and then migrated to the Apani workshop like other Greek potters (e.g. ΒΑΤΩΝ, ΗΡΑΙΟC, ANTIOXOC, AΠΠΕΛΗC for the workshop of the ANINIUS). The name Σωτήριχος also appears in Rhodian35 and Sinopean amphorae36. The name Ζωίλος37 is found in two types of stamps reading left to right (fig. 5, C). In some cases the first letter Z can be in retrograde. Stamps of the same type have been found in Ephesus38, Ostia39, Fayum40 and Alexandria41 while the name is also found in Rhodian and Koan amphorae42, an amphora from Alexandria Troas43 and abbreviated ZΩ or ZOIΛ on Greco-Italic

shipwrecks in the Gulf of Patras and the Ionian Sea in general. Lamboglia 2 seem to contain wine from the Adriatic coast and based on the results of petrographic analysis some of them belong to the Brindisian pro-duction, see Maselli Scotti 1982, 81–84; Brecciaroli Taborelli 1984, 55–93; Peacock – Williams 1986, Class 8; Tchernia 1986, 68–73; Cipriano – Carre 1989, 80–85; Cipriano 1994, 205–208; Lund 2000, 84. http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archives/view/amphora _ahrb_2005 /details.cfm?-id=229&CFID= 5245667&CFTOKEN=36996965. A different opinion has been expressed recently by Lindhagen, who argues that significant amounts of these amphorae were produced at the central Dalmatian coast and specifically in Issa and Narona, see Lindhagen 2009, 83–108; Lindhagen 2013, 231–250.

27 The name is very common in many areas, see LGPN I, 254; LGPN IΙ, 257; LGPN ΙΙI.Α, 240; LGPN ΙΙI.Β, 229 [s.v. ‘Κέρδων‘].

28 According to Prof. I. Akamatis personal information, one stamped handle has been found at Pella. Also the name Κέρδος (in Nominative form) appears in amphorae from Apani workshop, s. Palazzo 2013, 120–121.

29 Monachov 2014, 195–222, esp. 199 and 207.30 LGPN I, 427; LGPN IΙ, 421; LGPN ΙΙI.Α, 418–419; LGPN ΙΙI.Β, 398 [s.v. ‘Σωτήριχος‘].31 Inv. CP 1821. C 1984-153. C 2004-3 (in retrograde). Although I have not seen up close the specific findings

from the published pictures, the handles appear to be round in cross section. For illustrations please refer to: http://ascsa.net/id/corinth/object.

32 For the information I thank V. Tsantila.33 In three stamps from Alexandria the name appears in retrograde: ΣωΤΗΡΙΧΟΥ ← while in two the first letter

is in Latin script: CωΤΗΡΙΧΟΥ →.34 Sciarra 1970, 153 no. 49 (CωΤΗΡΙΧ[ΟΥ]) pl. 17, β, Also, please see: http://www.dscc.uniba.it/Anfore/Bolli.

html#soterichus.35 Lawall et al. 2010, 383 no. L-120 pl. 274; Börker 1998, 51 no. 511–512.36 Conovici 1998, 107 no. 326.37 LGPN I, 195-196 ; LGPN IΙ, 194–195; LGPN ΙΙI.Α, 188 ; LGPN ΙΙI.Β, 176–177 [s.v. ‘Ζωίλος‘]. 38 Bezeczky 2006, 290 fig. 3, 9 no. 19 and http://homepage.univie.ac.at/elisabeth.trinkl/forum/

forum0312/62amphora.htm (T. Bezeczky, Roman Amphorae in Ephesus, Forum Archaeologiae 62/III/2012).

39 Van der Werff 1986, 115–116 pl. ΙΙΙ, 5, 8–9.40 Criscuolo 1982, 133 no. 199.41 Unpublished material from Υ. Garlan personal’s files.42 Börker 1998, 47 no. 451–454 ; Rădulescu et al. 1990, 44 no. 400 pl. 3.43 The ‘Ζωίλος‘ stamp in nominative, is assigned to Alexandreia based on the name and the fabric similarity

with other stamps attributed to the city, but this attribution is rather uncertain, see Panas – Pontes 1998, 234. 247 no. 74.


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amphorae from Ischia44. The stamped handle from Ephesus and an almost intact stamped amphora from Ostia attributed to similar amphorae of type Dressel 25 date to the second half of the 1st century BC and ascribed by Tamas Bezeczky and Van der Werff “in Corinth or in a Romanized region oriented or in the East”. Less often we encounter in Aigion waste pits some other stamp types of similar fabric, such as monograms or amphora symbols. Although the absolute chronology of stamped amphorae with the names Κέρδων and Σωτή-ριχος is difficult, according to other finds from deposit pits they date to the second half of the 2nd century BC. Fragments of mold-made bowls with floral decoration, lamps and echinus bowl have been identified, all belonging to the second half of the 2nd century BC. Amphorae with a Ζωίλος stamp seem to be dated slgihtly later into the 1st century BC, since they have been found in deposit pits together with red-and black-glazed pottery. Regarding the contents of amphorae there is no safe data available. The countryside of the an-cient Hellenistic city expanded to the west to the Meganeita River and to the east up to the Ker-initis River45. The fertile land lies only along the coast; this, however, is at most 5km wide46. The crops that thrive in this area are citrus fruits, olives and vegetables, while in the surrounding hills the cultivation of vines and grapes is more common. Fishing would also be prevalent in the area. There is no written source for wine or oil production in the Aigion area47. The discovery of numerous farm house buildings in Achaia region suggests the existence of a significant agri-cultural surplus48. Maybe the content was wine for type I amphorae or oil for type II and III. To be more assertive in this regard, it would be necessary to conduct residues analysis. The trade activities were connected with the local production and in particular with planned production of a surplus. These activities significantly played an important role in the social organisation of NW Peloponnese and in the character of its economy. The workshops of Aigion, like others in NW Peloponnese (e.g. Sikyon), seem to have become more active in the amphorae production after the destruction of Corinth in 146 BC49. According to the excavator (A. Vordos, verbal information) there is also earlier production but with un-stamped amphorae dated to the 4th century BC. It seems to last until early 1st century AD, when the imports from the Italian peninsula become more intense, revealing a change in consumer behaviour of the residents. The fact that the city of Aigion was not destroyed by the Romans like neighbouring Corinth was, led to a remarkable economic bloom and the development of its trade. To a large extent this certainly was favoured by the existence of the harbour which is considered the safest and most important in the region, but also as a communication point via roads to the hinterland of Peloponnese. This lasted until the establishment of Patras by the Ro-mans in 14 BC. Of course, the impact of the workshops of Corinth is quite intense, especially in the type of amphora with dual band and the type of base and shape of the body of type I and II which bear similarities with Corinthian amphora type A’. One should not disregard the fact that some of the Corinthian potters were moved to the neighbouring area of Aigion. It is very likely that some of them had been moved sometime in the 1st century BC into neighbouring Italy and particularly to the active workshops in Brindisi50. Besides, the stamps with Greek names are

44 This is a significant number of stamps from a kiln in Ischia dated to the end of 4th – early 3rd century BC, see Olcese 2005/06, 60–75, esp. 68.

45 Pausanias VII 23, 5.46 Aigion belong a medium size agricultural land with less than easy access to sea, Brodersen 2006, 106–108. 47 Rizakis – Touratsoglou 2011, 17–34. For the wine production in Peloponnese, Pikoulas 1995, 269–288. 48 Petropoulos 1994, 405–424.49 Lolos 2009, 115–132. According to Rizakis, the destruction of Corinth, the leading commercial and industrial

center of Peloponnese, was a heavy blow to the international relations and no substitute could be found in the region to play a similar role, especially after the transfer of the Mediterranean trade center to Delos and the large ports of Asia Minor, see Rizakis 2010, 1–18 esp. 4. It seems likely that smaller ports in the region of the Corinthian Gulf never stopped serving the trade relations and the movement of goods at much lower scale, as were the channel of communication between East and West.

50 Hopkins 1978.



also been found quite often in regions of Apulia and Calabria, on various types of amphorae cir-culating between the 2nd century BC and 1st century AD, namely in the ‘Greco-Italic’ amphorae and vessels from the Adriatic region (Brindisi and Lamboglia 2). This is due to the proximity of the region to the western Greek coast and the Greek world in general51. In conclusion, we believe that the preliminary study of Aigion Hellenistic transport amphorae is quite important, because it may lead other researchers to attribute relevant finds in other re-gions, thus fostering a better understanding of the economic history of the entire region. Sure, the few but not insignificant examples so far that have been located outside Aigion and specifi-cally in Ostia52, Fayum53, Alexandria54, Ephesus55, Alexandria Troas56, Athens57, Pella58, Thessalo-niki59 even in distant Olbia (Black Sea)60 and maybe Marissa (Middle East)61 prove their com-mercial success and contribute to our understanding of the ancient Mediterranean economy in the late Hellenistic period. Additionally, in a recently identified shipwreck at Styra islet of South Euboea some jars similar to amphorae of Aigion type II have been found62. The active amphora workshops in Aigion in conjunction with other nearby workshops in the NW and West Peloponnese, such as Patras63, Dyme64 or Elis65 and the workshops in the Ionian islands of Zakynthos66, Kefalonia67 and Lefkada68 most of which activated mainly from the 2nd century BC, reveal the existence of an agricultural surplus and the growth of a vibrant network of trade routes that flourished after the collapse of Corinth. In Aigion also is testified the facility for Roman merchants - negotiatores69 during the 1st century BC, when commercial shipping

51 Manacorda 2010.52 see note n. 39. Also in Pompei have been found some fragments of transport amphorae with sufficient

similarity to the findings of Aigion, but are attributed to the workshop of Sicyon, see Pascual et al. 2007, 513 fig. 7 (Peloponeso).

53 see note n. 40.54 see note n. 41.55 see note n. 38.56 see note n. 43.57 Grace 1979, fig. 38 (third from left).58 Chrysostomou 1996/97, 211 no. 42 pl. 62, στ. 59 Adam-Veleni et al. 1996, 531 fig. 18.60 Lawall et al. 2010, 396–397. 403 pl. 298. 300–301 no. L-306. L-364. L-365.61 Finkielsztejn 2000, 213 pl. 111, β; Cf. Lawall 2005, 33 note 20. Also, Ariel – Finkielsztejn in another

publication for Marissa present 42 amphora fragments of Brindisian type dated to 2nd – 1st century BC, but the fabric description, at least one of these (Br 1. 930/983) is similar with Aigion findings: “The clay has a reddish core with light brown outer bands. There are many small and medium dark gray and white grits. The surface is a very pale brown”, see Ariel – Finkielsztejn 2003, 146–146.

62 Koutsouflakis – Argyri 2012, 875-888, esp. 879, fig. 5; Michali 2012. See also the webpage: http://www.emmaf.org/index.php?mm=2&proj=7#surveys-tab.

63 Petropoulos 1999, 39. In an earlier publication Petropoulos 1994, 413 referred to the discovery of a Hellenistic kiln with unstamped amphorae at a farmhouse near Patras. This is a wrong assumption because these amphorae belong to a late Roman type (LRA) and not to an Hellenistic type. However, we do not exclude the probability of an earlier amphora production in the city of Patras during Hellenistic period.

64 From Dyme came an (unpublished) rectangular stamp with the name of ‘Νέωνος‘, while from Agia Triada Aetoloakarnania one knows a stamped handle of ‘Νικόστρατος εν Δύμαι‘, see Houby-Nielsen et al. 2000, 236 fig. 17. In Dyme also the area of an extensive workshop within the boundaries of the ancient city has been excavated, with large quantities of broken transport amphorae, most of them without stamps.

65 Andreou 2011, 77–90, esp. 83 pl. 32, γ–δ.66 Grace 1949, 182 note 28; Jöhrens 1999, 162–163 no. 23 pl. 25, 3.67 Sotiriou 2010.68 Andreou 1990, 54–57.69 Rizakis 1979, 41 no. 11; Alcock 1993, 76 fig. 25. For the present of negotiatores and mercatores from the

Italian peninsula in the East Mediterranean, see Lund 2000, 77–99, esp. 86 note 96 (with bibliography).


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routes were safer and more intensely travelled70. This network has of course been known at least from the Early Archaic Period, but the predominance of the Romans in the area gave a new impetus to trade and movement of goods71.

Konstantinos [email protected]

6th Ephorate of Prehistoric & Classical Antiquities

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Fig. 2: Aigion amphora type I (Photo: K. Filis © 6th E.P.C.A.).



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Fig. 4: Aigion amphora type III (Photo: K. Filis © 6th E.P.C.A.).



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Contents

Preface by the Editors

Preface by the Chair of the IARPotHP

Patricia KöglerIntroduction: The Aim of the Conference

Elisa De SousaFrom Greek to Roman Pottery in the Far West

Francisco J. García-Fernández – Antonio M. Sáez-Romero – Eduardo Ferrer-AlbeldaThe Hellenization of Taste in Turdetania: Tradition and Change in Ceramic Assemblages in the Valley of the Guadalquivir in the Late Iron Age

Antonio M. Sáez-RomeroGrey Wares of Late Punic Gadir (4th–3rd centuries BC). Some Features of the Hellenization of Local Tableware

Ana María Niveau de Villedary y Mariñas – Antonio M. Sáez-RomeroThe Red Slip Tableware of Punic and Early Roman Gadir/Gades (4th–1st cent. BC): An Update on the So-called «Kuass Ware»

Violeta Moreno MegíasKuass Ware in Turdetan Communities: Distribution and Local Production in the Lower Guadalquivir Valley, SW Spain

Laura AmbrosiniTradition and Innovation: The Ring Askos in Late Red-figured Faliscan Pottery

Paola PuppoTrade Exchanges in the Western Mediterranean: The Distribution of sombreros de copa

Sabine PatzkeThe Etruscan ceramica sovraddipinta – Innovation in the Lifetime of a Pottery Type

Carlo De MitriChanges in Cooking Ware Technology between the 3rd and the 1st Centuries BC on the South Adriatic Coast: The Case of Salento

Marek PalaczykMajor Innovations in the Rhodian Wine-Trade after 200 BC? – Rhodian Stamps from Monte Iato in West Sicilian Context

Charikleia Palamida – Fani K. Seroglou –Mark L. Lawall – Aggeliki YiannikouriThe Emergence of ‘Hellenistic’ Transport Amphoras: The Example of Rhodes

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Contents

Konstantinos FilisThe Local Transport Amphorae from Aigion

Petar PopovićPainted Pottery from Kale - Krševica: Imported or of Local Provenance?

Ivanka KamenjarinHellenistic Pottery from Siculi (Resnik), Croatia

Branko KiriginPithoi/Dolia from Central Dalmatian Islands

Nina Fenn – Christiane Römer-StrehlThe Hellenistic and Roman Pottery from 2013 Excavations at Dimal /Albania.An Illyrian Hilltop-Settlement with Mediterranean Connections in the Hinterland of Apollonia

Eduard ShehiIllyrian Cooking Ware (ICW): Some Ideas on the Origin, Production and Diffusion

Vasiliki TsantilaOiniadai, a Significant Akarnanian Port on the Trade Route from Asia Minor to Italy: The Evidence Provided by the Relief Pottery

Wolf RudolphProlegomena to the Study of Hellenistic Pottery from above the Cult Centre at the Acropolis of Mycenae

Elisabeth TrinklAufstieg und Niedergang einer Gefäßform – die Bauchlekythos

Guy AckermannLes assiettes d’Erétrie à l’époque hellénistique

Zoi KotitsaHistorical Change and Ceramic Tradition: The Case of Macedonia

Anne-Sopie MartzTraditions et innovations dans la vaisselle céramique de la Maison de Fourni, Délos

Susan I. RotroffHausmann’s Workshop and Innovation in the Production of Athenian Mold-made Bowls

Sarah Japp – Benjamin Engels – Anneke KewelohKiln Stacking as a Technique for Polychrome Surface Design – A Pergamenian Innovation?

Maurizio Buora – Ergün LafliHadra Vases from Rough Cilicia

Reyhan ŞahinRed-figure Pottery of the 4th century BC from Ainos (Enez) in Thrace: The Final Phase of the Classical Tradition in Eastern Thrace

Laura PichtYou Are What You Eat (from)? The Development of Plates in Hellenistic and Early Roman Priene

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9Contents


Andrea BerlinNot So Fast: Ceramic Conservatism and Change at Sardis in the Early Hellenistic Period

Asuman BaldiranRoulette Decorated Hellenistic Unguentaria from Stratonikeia

Vasilica LunguCéramique hellénistique de Labraunda: à la recherche d’un faciès carien. Données préliminaires

Çilem UygunSamples of Hellenistic Pottery from Üçtepe in Southeast Anatolia

Ulrike NowotnickHellenistic Influence on Ceramics from Meroe and Hamadab (Sudan)

Jonathan FergusonTraditions and Innovations in the Late Hellenistic and Early Roman Ceramic Assemblages from Tell Madaba, Jordan

Renate Rosenthal-HeginbottomInnovation and Stagnation in the Judean Lamp Production in the Late Second Temple Period (150 BCE–70 CE)

Heather JacksonGreen-glazed Wares at Hellenistic Jebel Khalid. Innovation, Imitation or Hellenization?

Gabriele PuschniggContinuity or Innovation in Coarse Wares at Early Hellenistic Merv?

Jean-Baptiste HoualThe Hellenistic Period through the Ceramics of Temez (Uzbekistan) and Balkh (Afghanistan)

Sergej Ushakov – kateryna StrukovaGrey Ware with Black Coating from Chersonesos: Research Problems and New Findings

Sergej Ushakov – Ekaterina Lesnaya – Maksym TiurinThe New Hellenistic Assemblages from the North-Eastern District of the Tauric Chersonesos

Mikhail Treister – Nikolay VinokurovTwo Emblemata with Portrait Heads on the Red-gloss Bowls from the Site of Artezian in Eastern Crimea

Tatiana EgorovaHellenistic Black Glazed Pottery from Panticapaeum

Irina ShkribliakHellenistic Mold-made Relief Bowls from Late Scythian Sites of Crimea

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Preface by the Editors

It is with joy and pride that we present in this volume the papers delivered during the international conference: Traditions and Innovations, organized by the editors in Berlin in November 2013.

The gathering was the first conference of the International Association for Research on Pottery of the Hellenistic Period (IARPotHP) e. V., a network devoted to the advancement and growth of the study of Hellenistic ceramics. In 2011 IARPotHP was launched by seven colleagues who also constituted the founding board: Patricia Kögler (president), Pia Guldager Bilde (secretary), Andrea Berlin (editor), Zoi Kotitsa (treasurer) as well as Annette Peignard-Giros, John Lund and Guy Ackermann.

Sadly, preparations for the Berlin conference were overshadowed by Pia Guldager Bilde’s death; in January 2013 she passed away after several years’ struggle with cancer. The volume is dedicated to her memory.

Subsequently, Sarah Japp was appointed to the board to fill the position of secretary, essential for arranging the conference.

More than 70 scholars from 22 countries were welcomed in Berlin. Several institutions and persons were decisive in the implementation of the conference. Special thanks go to the Staatliche Museen zu Berlin SMPK and their General Director, Michael Eissenhauer, for the generous allocation of rooms in the Bode Museum and the Kulturforum. We are grateful to Bernd Rottenburg for his unfailing and competent commitment to the planning of the conference course. Stefan Gross, JOY Event Service, was responsible for the smooth technical support during the event. We thank the Excellence Cluster Topoi of the Free University of Berlin and Johanna Fabricius for providing the facilities to hold the first General Meeting of IARPotHP in the hall of the Topoi House.

Deep appreciation and gratitude is extended to the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) for financial support, thus ensuring the realization of the conference.

We thank Wolf Rudolph for editing the conference abstracts and for the linguistic revision of the papers. In the latter the editors were helped by Renate Rosenthal-Heginbottom who also took on organizational responsibilities during the conference. Particular gratitude for their active assistance in the run of the conference is extended to Benjamin Engels, Lars Heinze, Anneke Keweloh and Sascha Ratto. We warmly thank Andrea Berlin, the association’s editor, for helpful support in the phases of editing and preparing the manuscripts for print. Last but not least, we acknowledge with sincere thanks the involvement of numerous colleagues at home and abroad who personally contributed to the project’s success by lecturing or participating in the conference and by delivering their papers for publication.

Manuscript preparation, citations and abbreviations follow the Style Sheet of the German Archaeological Institute (DAI, 2015). Contents and illustration permissions (drawings, photos, reproductions and graphs) are the responsibility of the individual authors.

Berlin, February 4th, 2016 Sarah Japp and Patricia Kögler

Preface by the chair of the IARPotHP

On behalf of the current Board and myself, we are very pleased to present the first volume in a new series of the proceedings of the conferences held by the International Association for Research on Pottery of the Hellenistic Period e.V. (IARPotHP).

The Association began activity in 2011 with the Board presented above. During the first General Assembly in Berlin on 9th November 2013, a new Board was elected: Zoi Kotitsa – chair, Christiane Römer-Strehl – secretary, Wolf Rudolph – treasurer, Andrea Berlin – editor, and Annette Giros-Peignard, John Lund, and Guy Ackerman as ordinary members. Our warm thanks go to Patricia Kögler, the first chair of the Association and Zoi Kotitsa, the second one, as well as to all of our colleagues who have been members of the two Boards. Due to some unfortunate events, the preparation of the first volume of the conference series was delayed. Nevertheless, the works of the Association continued and the second conference was held in Lyon in November 2015.

As part of the conference in Lyon, the General Assembly of the Association took place on 6th of November 2015 and the members elected a new board for the years 2016–2017 as follows: Ewdoksia Papuci-Władyka – chair, Sarah James – secretary, Christiane Römer-Strehl – treasu-rer, Annette Giros-Peignard – editor, and Marina Ugarković, Raffaella Da Vela, and Alexandros Laftsidis as ordinary members. Bärbel Ruhl was elected as the auditor and Susan Rotroff as trusted person. Zoi Kotitsa was elected as a webmaster and forum administrator.

During the General Assembly in Lyon, Professor emerita Stella Drougou (Aristotle University of Thessaloniki) was voted an honorary membership in the IARPotHP. We would like to thank Zoi Kotista for her initiating this process and Professor Drougou for doing us the honor of joining our Association.

The second conference in Lyon “Daily Life in a Cosmopolitan World: Pottery and Culture during the Hellenistic Period” was very successful with many lectures and posters. The proceedings are being prepared for publication by Annette Giros-Peignard, the elected editor of the Association and chief organizer of the conference. Our warm thanks go to all persons who prepared this event and participated in it.

The third conference with the subject “Exploring the Neighborhood: The Role of the Ceramics in Understanding Place in the Hellenistic World” will be held from June 1–4, 2017 in Kaštela in Croatia and is organized by Ivanka Kamerjarin of the Museum of Town Kaštela and Marina Ugarković of the Institute of Archaeology in Zagreb.

Although the publication of the present volume took longer than anticipated, we view it as an excellent start to a long and regular conference series of the IARPotHP. We would also like to thank all those who helped to complete this volume.

Krakow, July 10th, 2016 Ewdoksia Papuci-Władyka

Chair of the [email protected]

Documents

“The local transport amphorae from Aigion”, in S. Japp - P. Kögler (eds), Traditions and Innovations: Tracking the Development of Pottery from the Late Classical to the Early