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SOCKET AXES AND SICKLES FROM LOWER DANUBE AREA

2011

CZU 902/9046377 2 36 .. - - 2 - . , . , . 400 600 . 1 2. -, , , , . The work deals with the classication and systematization of the socket axes and sickles from Late Bronze of Lower Danube Area. The problems of chronology, periodization, and interrelationships of the Lower Danube material with ndings from Eastern Carpathian and North Black Sea regions are discussed. The study includes all available materials, the majority of which have been analyzed by the author of the present study. The database includes 400 of ndings of socket axes and ca. 600 sickles, which are briey described and gured in the Annexions 1 and 2. The work is recommended for researchers and students in archaeology who are interested in the methodology of the archaeological analysis, as well as for those who are interested in ancient history of Eastern and South-Eastern Europe. Volumul include analiza tipologic i sistematizarea topoarelor-celt i a secerelor din perioada trzie a epocii bronzului de la Dunrea de Jos. n discuie se examineaz problemele ce in de cronologia, periodizarea i coraportul complexelor de Dunerea de Jos cu cele din zona Est Carpatic i Nord Pontic. Cercetarea are ca suport toate sursele disponibile de documentare. Baza de date include informaii complete despre 400 de topoare-celt i peste 600 de seceri. Descrierea succint i ilustraiile acestora sunt inserate n Anexele 1 i 2.

- 09.820.07.01 UF

DESCRIEREA CIP A CAMEREI NAIONALE A CRII , . . - - / . . ; . . . . ; . . , - . , . . : . ., 2011 (.-. ). ISBN 978-9975-78-839-7. . 2: = Socket Axes and Sickles from Lower Danube Area. 2011. 464 p. : g., tab. Tit., paral.: lb. engl., rus. Text: lb. rus. Rez.: lb. rom., engl. Bibliogr.: p. 389-399 (272 tit.). 400 ex. ISBN 9789975-53-062-0. 902/9046377

ISBN 978-9975-53-062-0

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..................................................................................................................................... 12 1. ................................................................................................................... 14 2. ................................................................................................................. 18 3. ......................................................................... 22 4. ........................................................................................ 23

I. 1. ................................................................................................................ 27 - . ................................................................................................................. 27 - ............................................................................... 28 - ............................... 37 ..................................................................................................... .48 , /Dievo............................................................... 49 - ..................................................................................................................... 50 - - ............................................................................. 52 - ................................................................................................... 55 - - ................................................... 60 - - ................................. 66 - ........................................................................................................... 70 . A .................... 72 - .................................................................................. 77 - .................................................................................................................. 86 - .............................................................................................................................. 89 ........................................................... 90 - . (-).............................................. 92 - . /Ocnia ........................................................................ 94 - , , ................................................. 97 - ........................................................................................................................... 102 - ...................................................... 103 ............................................................................................ 106 ..................................................................... 106 .................................................................................. 106 - . ............................................................... 106 - , . 1 ................... 108 - .................................................................................................................. 110 .............................................................................. 114 - . /Ploieti ................................................................. 116 - . /asimcea ............................................................. 117 - ............................................................................................. 120 - ....................................................................................................................... 125 .................................................................. 127 .................................................................................. 128 - , /Blcescu ....................................................... 128 , ..................................................... 128 - . 2 ............................................... 130

2. .

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3. .

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44. 5. a. . 6. . . . , . 2 ...................................................................................................................... 132 ............................................................................................. 134 , . /Logreti ............................................................................................................ 138 .............................................. 139

, c c................................................................................. 143 .............................................................................. 145 ............................................................................................... 145 .............. 147 ........................................................................................... 152 ..................................................... 153 - ................................................................... 157 ....................................................... 168 ........................................................................ 172

II. C1. a. . . 2. . . . . 3. . . . . .............................................................................................................. 177 ....................................................................................................................... 177 ..................................................................................................................................... 178 .................................................. 183 ............ 186 , ................................... 187 ................................................................................................................. 190 ........................................... 191 ............................................................................................ 193 ..................................................................................................................... 195 /Dievo ............................................................................................................ 195 /Drajna .......................................................................................................... 198 /Vyrbica ........................................................................................................ 202 ................................................................................................... 205

III. . 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. - .................................................................................................................................... 209 ......................................................................................................................... 216 - ( ) ........................................................................................................... 222 .......................................................................... 231 ......................................................................................................................... 234 .............................................................................................................................................. 236

5 IV. , , 1. 2. --................................................. 241 , ...................... 246 - I- . .............................................................................. 246 - II- ................................................................................ 255 - III- . ........................................................................... 260

SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................................ 264 REZUMAT .................................................................................................................................................. 272

. 1. I. ........................................................................................... 282 1 ( 1-136) 1. . /Dievo (. 1. . 1-10, 1-136) .............. 282 2 ( 1-56) 2. (. 2. . 11-14, 1-56) ................... 297 3 ( 1-45) 3. (. 3. . 15-17, 1-45) .......................... 306 II. ................................................................................... 312

4 ( 1-70) 4. (. 4. . 17-21, 1-70) ............... 312 5 ( 1-85) 5. (. 5. . 21-27, 1- 85) .......... 321 6 ( 1-12) 6. c (. 6. . 27-28, 1-12) ........................... 332

2. 1 ( 1-444) 1. /Dievo (. 7. . 29-51, 1-444) ....................................................... 335 2 ( 1-88) 2. /Drajna (. 8. . 51-56, 1-88) ........................................................ 372 3 ( 1-60) 3. C /Vyrbica (. 9. . 56-58, 1-60) ..................................................... 382 ............................................................................................................................................. 389 ........................................................................................................................... 400 1-58 .................................................................................................................................401-458

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CONTENT

Authors remarks .......................................................................................................................................12 INTRODUCTION 1. On historical prospective of study of socket axes and sickles from Lower Danube Area. ...................14 2. The state of the art..............................................................................................................................18 3. Objectives and methods of research...................................................................................................22 4. Database description...........................................................................................................................23

Section I. SOCKET AXES1. Introductive information .....................................................................................................................27 - History of the research.................................................................................................................27 - Database and principles of its organization .................................................................................28 - Some general trends of socket axes from Lower Danube Area, or the test of the Kundera eect the eect of actualization of the beginning ........................................37 Socket axes with arch-shaped facets ...................................................................................................48 Socket axes with hollows on facets, or the Dichevo type....................................................................49 - Geographical distribution of ndings ...........................................................................................50 - Technical-morphological characteristics ......................................................................................52 - Metrical characteristics ................................................................................................................55 - On chronology and space/time occurrence .................................................................................60 - Correlation of metrical and technical-morphological characteristics ..........................................66 - Conclusions ..................................................................................................................................70

2. a.

b. Socket axes with ornamented arch-shaped facets Virbitza A and Pelovo types .................................72 - Socket axes of Virbitza A type and their variants .........................................................................77 - Socket axes of Pelovo type ...........................................................................................................86 - Brief conclusions ..........................................................................................................................89 . Socket axes with non-ornamented arc-shaped facets.........................................................................90 - Socket axes with high proportions. Dancu type (Esenitza-Florentin) ...........................................92 - Socket axes with low proportions. Ocnia type. ...........................................................................94 - Origins, area of distribution, and chronology ..............................................................................97 - Results of analysis ......................................................................................................................102 - Main conclusions on socket axes with arch-shaped facets ........................................................103 Socket axes with trapezoid facets......................................................................................................106 Socket axes with continuous trapezoid facets ...................................................................................106 Socket axes with ornamented facets ................................................................................................106 - Socket axes with hollows on facets. Gorsko Kosovo type ...........................................................106 - Socket axes ornamented with vertical ribs. Vyrbitza T1A type. ................................................108 - Correlations of the types............................................................................................................110 Socket axes with non-ornamented facets .........................................................................................114 - Socket axes with low proportions. Ploieti type. ........................................................................116 - Socket axes with high proportions. asimcea type. ...................................................................117 - Correlations with other types ....................................................................................................120 - Brief conclusions ........................................................................................................................125

3. a.

b. Socket axes with short trapezoid facets. ...........................................................................................127 Socket axes with ornamented facets .................................................................................................128 - Socket axes with hollows on facets, Blcescu type ....................................................................128 Socket axes ornamented with vertical ribs ........................................................................................128 - Socket axes with ornamented facets. Vyrbitza T2A type. ..........................................................130

74. Socket axes with combined ornamented facets and ladder-like ornament on the body. Vyrbitza T2B type. ......................................................................................................................132 Relationships with other types ..................................................................................................134 Socket axes with short, non-ornamented, and trapezoid facets. Logreti type. ........................138 Main conclusions on socket axes with trapezoid facets. ............................................................139

Socket axes with unusual shape and oval cross-section....................................................................143

5. Main conclusions on typology of socket axes. ..................................................................................145 a. Categories and typological range ......................................................................................................145 b. Genetic trend of development and chronological range of occurrence ...........................................147 6. a. Problem of complex periodization. ...................................................................................................152 Periodization of treasures based on formalized method ..................................................................153 - Metric parameters as chronoindicators. ....................................................................................157 b. Periodization of treasures based on metric parameters ...................................................................168 c. On duration of accumulation and existence of treasures .................................................................172

Section II. SICKLES1. a. b. c. 2. a. b. c. d. 3. a. b. c. d. Introductive information ...................................................................................................................177 History of studies ..............................................................................................................................177 Database ...........................................................................................................................................178 Test with the Kundera eect the eect of actualization of the beginning ...................................183 Classication of sickles based on metric parameters and their ratios analysis. ................................186 Group of sickles with maximal length, weight, and their ratio. ........................................................187 Sickles grouped according to blade bending and its ratio with respect to maximal length ..............190 Length of cutting and handle parts and their ratio ...........................................................................191 The coecients of proportionality ...................................................................................................193 Description of types ..........................................................................................................................195 Sickles of Dichevo type ......................................................................................................................195 Sickles of Drajna type ........................................................................................................................198 Sickles of Vyrbitza type......................................................................................................................202 Correlation between sickles and socket axes ....................................................................................205

Section III. SOME ADDITIONAL CATEGORIES OF METAL TOOLS AND ARTIFACTS ON THE ORIGIN OF DICHEVO CENTER OF METALWORKING1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Adze-chisels .......................................................................................................................................209 Grooved chisels .................................................................................................................................216 Sword-daggers (and daggers) ............................................................................................................222 Pins with rhomboid plate heads........................................................................................................231 Spearheads ........................................................................................................................................234 Razors ................................................................................................................................................236

8 Section IV. ABSOLUTE CHRONOLOGY, GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF STAGES, COMPLEXES, AND METALWORKING CENTERS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIPS WITH OTHER GROUPS1. 2. Absolute chronology of Coslogeni-Noua-Sabatinovka Cultures ........................................................241 Brief description of periods, complexes, and metalworking centers ...............................................246 - First period complexes: Dichevo center .....................................................................................246 - Second period complexes: transitional ......................................................................................255 - Third period complexes: Vyrbitza center...................................................................................260

SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................................264

ANNEXES. CATALOGUEANNEX 1. SOCKET AXES.I. SOCKET AXES WITH ARCH SHAPED FACETS ......................................................................................282 Plate 1 ( 1-136). 1. Socket axes with hollows on facets, the Dichevo type (Map 1. Tab. 1-10, 1-136) ...................282 Plate 2 ( 1-56). 2. Socket axes with various ornaments (Map 2. Tab. 11-14, 1-56) ..............................................297 Plate 3 ( 1-45). 3. Socket axes with non-ornamented facets (Map 3. b. 15-17, 1-45) ......................................306 II. SOCKET AXES WITH TRAPEZOID FACETS............................................................................................312

Plate 4 ( 1-70) 4. Socket axes with continuous trapezoid facets (Map 4. Tab. 17-21, 1-70) ................................312 Plate 5 ( 1-85) 5. Socket axes with short trapezoid facets (Map 5. Tab. 21-27, 1- 85) ........................................321 Plate 6 ( 1-12) 6. Socket axes with unusual shape and oval cross-section (Map 6. Tab. 27-28, 1-12) ................332

ANNEX 2. SICKLESPlate 1 ( 1-444). 1. Sickles of Dievo type (Map 7. Tab. 29-51. 1-444) ...................................................................335 Plate 2 ( 1-88). 2. Sickles of Drajna type (Map. 8. Tab. 51-56. 1-88) ....................................................................372 Plate 3 ( 1-60). 3. Sickles of Vyrbica type (Map 9. Tab. 56-58, 1-60) ....................................................................382

BIBLIOGRAPHY..........................................................................................................................................389 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ...........................................................................................................................400 TABLES 1-58 ...................................................................................................................................... 401-458

CUPRINS

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Cuvnt nainte ............................................................................................................................................. 12 INTRODUCERE 1. Istoricul cercetrii topoarelor-celt i a secerelor de la Dunrea de Jos ............................................... 14 2. Stadiul actual al cercetrii ................................................................................................................... 18 3. Obiectivele i metodele de cercetare .................................................................................................. 22 4. Caracterizarea bazei de date ............................................................................................................... 23

I. TOPOARE-CELT1. Date preliminare ................................................................................................................................. 27 - Istoricul cercetrii......................................................................................................................... 27 - Principiile de structurare a bazei de date ..................................................................................... 28 - Despre unele tendine generale ale dezvoltrii topoarelor-celt de la Dunrea de Jos sau vericarea efectului Kunder efectul actualizrii nceputului.................................................. 37 Topoare-celt cu faetele arcoidale ...................................................................................................... 48 Topoare-celt cu oricii pe prile late, tipul Dievo ............................................................................ 49 - Spaiul de rspndire a descoperirilor ......................................................................................... 50 - Caracteristicile tehnico-morfologice ........................................................................................... 52 - Indiciile dimensionale ................................................................................................................. 55 - Cronologia i manifestrile spaial-temporale ........................................................................... 60 - Raportul ntre indiciile dimensionale i tehnico-morfologice ..................................................... 66 - Concluzii nale ............................................................................................................................ 70 72 77 86 89

2. a.

b. Topoare-celt cu faetele arcoidale ornamentate Tipurile Vyrbica A i Pelovo ......................................................................................................... - Topoare-celt de tip Vyrbica A i variantele acestuia.................................................................... - Topoare-celt de tip Pelovo........................................................................................................... - Rezultatele sumare...................................................................................................................... c.

Topoare-celt cu faetele arcoidale fr decor..................................................................................... 90 - Topoare-celt cu proporiile nalte. Tipul Dancu (Esenica-Florentin) ............................................ 92 - Topoare-celt cu proporiile joase. Tipul Ocnia ........................................................................... 94 - Originea, spaiul de rspndire, cronologia ................................................................................. 97 - Rezultatele analizei ................................................................................................................... 102 - Concluziile principale n cazul topoarelor-celt cu faetele arcoidale ......................................... 103 Topoare-celt cu faetele trapezoidale............................................................................................... 106 Topoare-celt cu faetele trapezoidale............................................................................................... 106 - Topoare-celt cu faetele ornamentate ..................................................................................... 106 - Topoare-celt cu oricii pe prile late. Tipul Gorsko Kosovo ..................................................... 106 - Topoare-celt cu decor n form de nervuri longitudinale. Tipul Vyrbica 1 ............................ 108 - Raporturile ntre tipuri .............................................................................................................. 110 Topoare-celt cu faetele fr decor .................................................................................................. 114 - Topoare-celt cu proporiile joase. Tipul Ploieti ........................................................................ 116 - Topoare-celt cu proporiile nalte. Tipul Casimcea .................................................................... 117 - Raporturile cu alte tipuri ........................................................................................................... 120 - Concluzii succinte ...................................................................................................................... 125 127 128 128 128 130

3. a.

b. Topoare-celt cu faetele trapezoidale scurte .................................................................................... Topoare-celt cu faetele ornamentate ............................................................................................. - Topoare-celt cu oricii pe prile late, tipul Blcescu ............................................................... Topoare-celt cu decor n form de nervuri longitudinale................................................................. Topoare-celt cu faetele ornamentate. Tipul Vyrbica 2 ................................................................

10Topoare-celt cu faetele ornamentate i decor pe corp n form de scri. Tipul Vyrbica 2B .... 132 - Raporturile cu alte tipuri ........................................................................................................... 134 - Topoare-celt cu faetele trapezoidale scurte fr decor. Tipul Logreti ..................................... 138 - Concluziile principale n cazul topoarelor-celt cu faetele trapezoidale .................................... 139 4. Topoare-celt cu seciunea oval ....................................................................................................... 143

5. Concluziile principale n rezultatul taxonomiei topoarelor-celt ....................................................... 145 a. Categoriile i setul tipologic ............................................................................................................. 145 b. Direcia genetic a dezvoltrii i evoluia cronologic ..................................................................... 147 6. a. Problematica periodizrii complexelor............................................................................................. Periodizarea depozitelor n baza metodei formalizrii ..................................................................... - Particularitile dimensionale n calitate de indicii cronologice ................................................ b. Periodizarea depozitelor n baza indiciilor dimensionale ................................................................. c. Cu privire la durata de acumulare i existen a depozitelor ........................................................... 152 153 157 168 172

II. SECERI1. a. b. c. 2. Date preliminare .............................................................................................................................. Istoricul cercetrii ............................................................................................................................. Baza de date ..................................................................................................................................... Vericarea efectului Kundera efectul actualizrii nceputului .................................................... 177 177 178 183

Clasicarea tipologic a secerelor n baza analizei indiciilor dimensionale i a proporiilor acestora ............................................................................................................................................ 186 a. Clasicarea secerelor n baza lungimii maxime, greutii i a raporturilor acestora ........................ 187 b. Clasicarea secerelor n baza nlimii cotului de la intersecia lamei i a mnerului i a raportului cu lungimea maxim ................................................................................................. 190 c. Lungimea lamei i a mnerului secerelor i raportul acestora ......................................................... 191 d. Coecienii proporiilor .................................................................................................................... 193 3. a. b. c. d. Caracteristica tipurilor ...................................................................................................................... Seceri de tip Dievo .......................................................................................................................... Seceri de tip Drajna .......................................................................................................................... Seceri de tip Vyrbica ......................................................................................................................... Raportul secerelor cu topoarele-celt ............................................................................................... 195 195 198 202 205

III. ALTE CATEGORII FUNCIONALE. CU PRIVIRE LA ORIGINILE CENTRULUI DE PRELUCRARE A METALELOR DIEVO1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Dlile plate ...................................................................................................................................... 209 Dlile cu toc de nmnuare longitudinal i lam faetat pe una din prile late .......................... 216 Pumnale-spade (i pumnale)............................................................................................................ 222 Ace cu plac rombic ....................................................................................................................... 231 Vrfuri de lance ................................................................................................................................. 234 Brice ................................................................................................................................................. 236

11 IV. CRONOLOGIA ABSOLUT, CARACTERISTICA GENERAL A PERIOADELOR, COMPLEXELOR I A CENTRELOR DE PRELUCRARE A METALELOR I RAPORTUL CU ALTE GRUPE1. 2. Cronologia absolut a culturilor Coslogeni-Noua-Sabatinovka ........................................................ 241 Caracterizarea succint a perioadelor, complexelor i a centrelor de prelucrare a metalelor ......... 246 - Complexele I perioade. Centrul de prelucrare a metalelor Dievo ........................................... 246 - Complexele perioadei a II-a de tranziie................................................................................. 255 - Complexele perioadei a III-a. Centrul de prelucrare a metalelor Vyrbica .................................. 260

REZUMAT ................................................................................................................................................. 272

ANEXE. CATALOGUL DESCOPERIRILORANEXA 1. TOPOARE-CELTI. TOPOARE-CELT CU FAETELE ARCOIDALE .......................................................................................... 282 Lista 1 ( 1-136) 1. Topoare-celt cu oricii pe prile late. Tipul Dievo (Harta 1. PL. 1-10, 1-136) ........................ 282 Lista 2 ( 1-56) 2. Topoare-celt cu motive ornamentale diverse (Harta 2. Pl. 11-14, 1-56) ................................. 297 Lista 3 ( 1-45) 3. Topoare-celt cu faetele fr decor (Harta 3. Pl. 15-17, 1-45) ................................................. 306 II. TOPOARE-CELT CU FAETELE TRAPEZOIDALE .................................................................................... 312

Lista 4 ( 1-70) 4. Topoare-celt cu faetele trapezoidale (Harta 4. Pl. 17-21, 1-70) ............................................. 312 Lista 5 ( 1-85) 5. Topoare-celt cu faetele trapezoidale scurte (Harta 5. Pl. 21-27, 1- 85) .................................. 321 Lista 6 ( 1-12) 6. Topoare-celt cu seciunea oval (Harta 6. Pl. 27-28, 1-12) ...................................................... 332

ANEXA 2. SECERILista 1 ( 1-444). 1. Seceri de tip Dievo (Harta 7. Pl. 29-51, 1-444) ....................................................................... 335 Lista 2 ( 1-88). 2. Seceri de tip Drajna (Harta 8. Pl. 51-56, 1-88) ......................................................................... 372 Lista 3 ( 1-60). 3. Seceri de tip Vyrbica (Harta 9. Pl. 56-58, 1-60) ........................................................................ 382

BIBLIOGRAFIE ........................................................................................................................................... 389 LISTA ABREVIERILOR ................................................................................................................................. 400 PLANE 1-58 ......................................................................................................................................401-458

12

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, , , 1-2, , , . ,

HaB1 HaA2

JupalnicTuria MoigradTuteu Sngeorge de PdureFizeu Gherlii omartinVeti

Slcioara, Plenia Boldeti, Pietrosu

Plenia Smbta N.I Boldeti Pietrosu Smbta N.I,

HaB3/HaB2

Pdureni

. 1.

M. Petrescu-Dmbovia (1977), B. Hnsel (1976), . (1978) .. (1978)

, . , , , , - , . , , , 70- . . 1, , , M. Petrescu-Dmbovia (1977. 22 ), B. Hnsel (1976. 29 .), . (1977. 136; 1978. 10) .. (1978. 248 ). , (. 1), -

( ) . , , M. Rusu (1963), , P. Reineke H. Mller-Karpe. , , (. 1), , , M. Petrescu-Dmbovia, B. Hnsel . , , , M. Rusu , , P. Reineke, .. BrD, HaA1, HaA2 HaB1, .. , - ,

20BrD HaA1. , .. , HaA1, .. XII . .., ( 1978. 259). , . (. 1), , .. , , , (BrD), (HaA1). . , , , B. Hnsel HaA1 (. 1), .. , , , ( ?) . , ( 1978. 250, 259). M. Petrescu-Dmbovia Drajna de Jos, Olteni, Putreda, Logreti BrD. B. Hnsel HaA1 (. 1). , . , , , , (.. ), (). , , , : -, , -, - . , . . , 70- ., , 5-6, . , . , ( ), , , , , ( ). , . , 5-6 , - . , , , , , Drajna de Jos (240 , ), ( 30 ).

21, B. Hnsel (1976. 35, 38, 40-41) Drajna de Jos ( M. Petrescu-Dmbovia BrD) HaA1. , .. (1978. 257260) , , , . , BrD, HaA1, . , . (Putreda, lteni) , , Logreti-Moteni, ( Petrescu-Dmbovia 1977. Pl. 96, 6, 8 . 21, 3-4). , , , .. , ; , . , , . , , , , ( / ) , , , / , , , , , , , . , 2030- . (Prvan 1926; Nestor 1933), Fr. Holste (1951; 1962), W.A. Brunn M. Rusu, (Brunn 1968; Rusu 1963). , 70- ., , (Petrescu-Dmbovia 1971; 1971; 1977; 1978), , , , , ( 1975) ( 1976), ( 1978; 1978). , , , , , . , , , ( ), , , , . ,

22 , - , , . , . , , , . (/ ) , .. , : , , . , , , , , . , , , 90-95% , , , . , , . , .

3. , - , , , 90-95% , . : , , . ( / ), , - . / , . , , , , -

23 , , , , -: , , -. , (, ), , (, 2002; 2010), , , , . , ( ), , , , . , , , , ., , , . , , , . . . -, , . . , . , , , , , , . .. (1978). , 30-, . , , , , -.

4. , , , , . , 400 600 , -

24 , . , , , , , . , , , , . , . , , (, ). : , , . : , , , , . , , 50 , , , . . , , 10-15 . , , , . , , .. , . . , , . , . . , , , , ( / ). . 1 () 2 (). : , , .; , , -, , - , ( ); , , , . , , . , , , , . , -

25, . , ( 2010), . , , . , , , M. Rusu (1963) M. Petrescu-Dmbovia (1977; 1978), B. Hnsel (1976), .. (1978) . (1978), A. Mozsolics (1967; 1973; 1985; 2000), K. Vinski-Gasparini (1973) R. Vasi (1982) (Dergaev 1997; 2002), .. .. (Leskov 1981; Bokarev, Leskov 1980). , ( . 1-28, . 29-58). , , , . , , , , . , , ( ). , . , , ( / ), , , . 2. , , , , .

. 2. : H1 , H2 , L1 , L2 : A1 ( ), A2 ( ), B , C , D , S

26 . , , . , . . (. Boroffka 2008 . 388 2010. 17). ( , , , ), , . , 50 500-600 , 5-10 , . - , 1-2 . , , . , , 1-2 . 2010 , . , . , . 1-2-3 , .

27

I

1. , , , , . / , , , , . , . 60- . . -. ( 15 , 14 ) , , , , , , , , (Drajna), (Oinacu), (Nicolae Blcescu) , , (, , , .). , , , - (- 1963. 520-521, 524). , . - . , (Aricescu 1970), , . - (Petrescu-Dmbovia 1977; 1978; 1982). 70- . . - ( 1975. 36, . 12) .. (1976. 73, . 30), , , , , , . B. Hnsel, , , , (1976. 25-47). , B. Hnsel , , -

28 , , , .. I ( BrD), , , II III/IV- ( HaA1 HaA2-HaB) (Hnsel 1976. 32. Abb. 1). . .. (1978). (204 25 ), : , ( ) - : 2-24, 26-42 ( 1978. 185-200). , , , , , , , : , , , - ( , 248-254). , , , - , ( , , ) , . , , .. , . B. Wanzek (1989), , . , .. . , , , , , . , , , .

, , , 400 ( 399 , -

29, , - , -), : , , . 1, -. , . , , . . , , . - : ( / ) ( / ). (, , , .), . ()

. 3.

( )

30. . ( , ). , , 1. : 1. Agatovo = . (2 ex.: .21* . 12, 22; .4 . 19, 28); 2. Bourovo = Bo. (5 ex.: .1 . 1, 2-6); 3. Dievo (=Sokol) = DS. (16 ex.: .1 . 1, 7-12; . 2, 13-19; .2 . 12, 26; .4 . 20, 40; .5 . 24, 41); 4. Dolgopol = Dp. (2 ex.: .1 . 4, 51; .6 . 28, 8); 5. Esenica = Es. (3 ex., ..: .3 . 16, 20; .4 19, 37; 20, 38) 6. Florentin = Fl. (2 ex.: .3 . 16, 30-31); 7. Gorsko Kosovo = GK. (29 ex.: .1 . 2, 20-27; . 3, 28-30; .2 . 12, 19-20; . 13, 29, 37; .4 . 17, 5-6; . 18, 16, 21-24; .5 . 22, 8; . 24, 3440; . 27, 77); 8. Gorsko Slivovo -?2**= GS. (2 ex.: .2 . 12, 21; .5 . 26, 68); 9. Gradenica = Gr. (1 ex. .2 . 14, 54); 10. Guljancy = Gu. (2 ex.: .5 . 25, 51-52); 11. Kubrat = Kb. (1 ex. .1 . 3, 34); 12. Kazanlyk-? = Kz. (2 ex.: .1 . 3, 32-33); 13. Loznica = Lz. (1 ex. .1 . 3, 36); 14. Ova Mogila = OM. (32 ex.: .1 . 4, 40-45; .2 ; .2 . 12, 14-18; . 13, 30-31 . 14, 55-56; .4 . 18, 25; . 19, 26-27; .5 . 24, 42-49; . 27, 78-82; .6 28, 1);* , 1. ** .

15. Pelovo = Pl. (5 ex.: .2 . 14, 42, 48-49, 53; .5 . 25, 60); 16. Pobit Kamyk = PK. (2 ex., ..: .1 . 4, 47; .6 28, 4); 17. Prodimec-? = Pr. (2 ex.: .5 . 25, 57; T. 26, 69); 18. Rjahovo-? = Rh. (2 ex.: .1 . 4, 49-50); 19. Ruse -? = Rs. (3 ex.: .1 . 5, 53-55); 20. Samovodene = Sv. (7 ex.: .1 . 5, 56-62); 21. Semerdievo = Sm. (1 ex. .1 . 5, 63); 22. Soa = S. (2 ex., ..: .5 . 21, 5a; .6 . 28, 5). 23. Sokol = Sk. (4 ex., . .: .3 . 16, 32ab, 32c; .4 . 19, 33 ab; .5 . 25, 56); 24. Straica = St. (5 ex.: .1 . 6, 65; .2 . 13, 32, 35-36; .5 . 25, 61); 25. umen- ? = S1. (2 ex.: .1 . 6, 71-72); 26. Tyka = Tk. (1 ex. .3 . 15, 16); 27. Vyrbica 1 = V1. (36 ex.: .1 . 6, 74-76; .2 . 11, 1-8; . 12, 27-28; . 13, 38-39; .3 . 16, 23-25; .4 . 17, 1-2, 9; . 18, 10, 17-19; .5 . 22, 9-17; . 26, 70-71); 28. Vyrbica 2 = V2. (35 ex.: . 2 . 11, 9-13; . 13, 40-41; . 14, 51-52; .3 . 16, 26-27; .4 . 17, 3-4; . 18, 20; .5 . 22, 18-21; . 23, 22-33; . 26, 72-76); 29. elju Voivoda = Zv. (2 ex., . .: . 1 . 7, 77; .4 . 19, 34 ab); : 30. Brdiceti = Br. (1 ex., .. .5 . 22, 7); 31. Casimcea = Ca. (5 ex.: .1 . 7, 83-84; .4 . 20, 42-43; .6 . 28, 10); 32. Cireoia I-? = Ci. (2 ex.: .2 . 14, 44; .4 . 18, 11); 33. Constana Palas = CP. (12 ex.: .1 . 7, 85-91; . 8, 92-96); 34. raiova -? = Cr. (2 ex.: .3 . 15, 10-11); 35. Drajna de Jos = DJ. (1 ex.: .1 . 8, 97); 36. Logreti-Moteni = LM. (2 ex., ..: .5 . 21, 3-4); 37. Mihai Bravu = MB. (2 ex.: .1 . 8, 98; .4 . 20, 41); 38. Nicolae Blcescu = NB. (9 ex.: .1 . 8, 99-105; .2 . 14, 45; .5 . 21,1); 39. Ocnia = Oc. (1 ex. .3 . 15, 5); 40. Oinacu = Oi. (15 ex.: .1 . 8, 106-108; . 9, 109-119; .3 . 15, 9); 41. Pietroani = Pt. (2 ex.: .1 . 9, 121-122); 42. Techirghiol = Tg. (1 ex. .6 . 28, 9); 43. Ulmi-Liteni = UL. (1 ex. .1 . 10, 123);

31. : 44. Chiinu = Ch. (1 ex. .4 . 20, 51); 45. Dancu = Dn. (5 ex.: .1 . 10, 124-125; .3 . 15, 1-2; .6 28, 6); 46. Enichioi = En. (3 ex.: .1 . 10, 135136; .2 . 14, 47) 47. Hristici = Hr. (1 ex. .4 . 20, 50); 48. Lozova = Lv. (1 ex. .6 . 28, 7); : 49. Antonovka = An. (4 ex.: .4 . 20, 5556; 21, 57-58); 50. Avraamovka = Av. (1 ex. .1 . 10, 127); 51. Boravskoje = Br. (1 ex. .3 . 17, 41); 52. Kurjaci Lozy = KL. (1 ex. .4 . 21, 59); 53. Majaka -? = Mj. (1 ex. .1 . 10, 129); 54. Orechovo = Or. (1 ex. .1 . 10, 130); 55. Ostrovci = Os. (1 ex., .. .4 . 20, 54); 56. Rajgorodka = Rg. (1 ex. .4 . 21, 68); 57. Starosele = Ss. (2 ex.: .1 . 10, 131-132); : 58. Keszthely = Ks. (1 ex. .3 . 17, 40); 59. Palotabozsok = Pb. (1 ex. .3 . 17, 39); 60. Simonfa = Sf. (1 ex. .4 . 21, 69); , , , : 61. Dobrinci = Do. (1 ex. .3 . 17, 35); 62. Futog = Ft. (1 ex., .3 . 17, 38); 63. Gornja Bela Reka = GB. (1 ex. .3 . 16, 33); 64. Mali Izvor = MI. (1 ex. . 2 . 12, 24); 65. Privina Glava = PG. (1 ex. .3 . 17, 36); 66. Tekirdag = Td. (1 ex. .1 . 7, 80).

. 4.

( )

32 : 1. ltimir (.5 . 25, 50); 2. Asenevgrad (.2 . 14, 46); 3. Boaza (.1 . 1, 1); 4. erven Breg (.2 . 13, 33); 5. Chotnica 1 (.1 . 3, 31); 6. Chotnica 2, .. (.5 . 26, 63); 7. Cakonica (.5 . 25, 62); 8. Dolni Lukovit (.4 . 19, 29); 9. Galatin (.5 . 25, 53); 10. Goce Delev (.2 . 12, 23); 11. Goljamo Peene (.5 . 25, 54); 12. Jambol, .. (.4 . 19, 36). 13. Judelnik (.3 . 15, 15); 14. Kamenica (.5 . 27, 83); 15. Karabeir (.3 . 16, 22); 16. Karlukovo, .. (.2 . 14, 43); 17-18. Leskovec 1-2 (.2 . 14, 50; .5 . 25, 55); 19. Lesura (.2 . 12, 25); 20. Ljulin (.3 . 16, 21); 21. Ljuljakovo, .. (.1 . 3, 35); 22. Lova (.5 . 26, 64); 23. Manisea (.5 . 25, 58); 24. Mitrovci (.5 . 25, 59); 25. Nenovo (.1 . 3, 37); 26. Nova Zagora (.1 . 3, 38); 27. Novgrad (.1 . 3, 39); 28. Pazardik (.5 . 27, 84); 29. Pela (.1 . 4, 46); 30. Preslav (.1 . 4, 48); 31. Razgrad (.1 . 4, 52); 32. Skalica, .. (.1 . 5, 64); 33. Stara Zgora (.4 . 19, 32); 34. Studenica (.3 . 15, 17); 35. Svilengrad (.1 . 6, 66); 36-41. umen1-6 (.1 . 6, 67-70; . 3 . 15, 18-19; 42. Vazovo (.1 . 6, 73); 43-44. Vidin1-2 (.3 . 16, 28-29); 45. Vryv (.5 . 26, 67); 46. Bolgaria, .. (.1 . 7, 78); 47. Bolgaria, . . (.4 . 19, 35); : 48. Blbneti (.4 . 20, 46); 49. Blneti (.4 . 20, 47); 50. Botoani (.6 . 28, 3); 51. Braov (.3 . 15, 8); 52-53. Bucureti (.3 . 15, 6-7); 54. Cscioarele (.1 . 7, 82); 55. Crlogani (.4 . 18, 12); 56. Cerat (.5 . 26, 65); 57. erna (.2 . 13, 34); 58-61. Cernica, .. (.3 . 17, 44; . 4 . 20, 44; .5 . 22, 6; . 6 . 28, 11); 62. Corlate (.3 . 15, 14); 63. raiova (.3 . 15, 12); 64. Gneasa (.4 . 18, 13); 65. Izvoarele (.4 . 17, 7); 66. Izvoru (.4 . 19, 31); 67. Mgura (.3 . 15, 4); 68. Orodel (.5 . 26, 66); 69. Oeleni (.4 . 20, 49); 70. Petreti (.5 . 21, 2); 71-72. Ploieti (.4 . 18, 15; . 21, 70); 73. Radovanu (.4 . 19, 30); 74. Sabangia (.1 . 9, 120); 75. Sineti (.4 . 18, 14); 76. Suharu (.3 . 15, 13); 77. Tercheti (.4 . 20, 45); 78. ibucani (.4 . 20, 48); 79. Urluieni (.3 . 17, 43); 80. Vdeni, .. (.6 . 28, 2); 81. Vutcani (.3 . 15, 3); . : 82. Capaclia (.3 . 17, 45); 83. Comrat (.4 . 20, 53); 84. Rcani (.1 . 10, 126); 85. Tigina/Bender (.4 . 20, 52); : 86-87. ernjahiv 1-2 (.1 . 10, 128; .4 . 21, 62); 88. Kiev (.4 . 21, 60); 89. Srednee Podneprove (.4 . 21, 61); 90. Kirovograd (.4 . 21, 63); 91. Vojskovoe (.4 . 21, 64); 92-93. Kapulovka 1-2 (.4 . 21, 65-66); 94. Ljubimovka (.4 . 21, 67); , , , .: 95. Pjatigorsk (.5 . 27, 85); 96. Sterne Dergisi (.1 . 7, 79); 97. Dubravica (.3 . 16, 34); 98. Crkvina (.3 . 17, 37); 99-100. Deutschland1-2 (.1 . 10, 134; .3 . 17, 42); 101. sterreich (.1 . 10, 133);

33, , 399 . 298 66 ( 8 17 ) (. 3). 101 ( 13 ) (. 4). 29 ( , 5 ) 209 ( 13 ) 47 ( 7 ) , 256 , 236 , 20 . 14 56 ( 2 3 ) 34 ( 5 ) 90 , 82 , 8 . , , 14 ( ), 24 ( ) 13 ( ) , 37 , 36 , . 16 , 9 (3), (5) (1), 7 , , (. . 3-4). . , , , , (. 3), (. 4), , , . , . 5. , ( , ), , , , ; , , : , , . , , (. 5). , , . , , , , , , , (. 5, ).

34

. 5.

() ()

, (. 3-4) (. 5), ( , ) , .. . , , , , , , (. 3 5). , , , ( ), , , - (. 4 5). , , ,

, (. 3-4 5). , , , , , . , , . , , , ,

35 . , , 2-3 , , - . , , . , , . , , , , , . , . : , . , , , , . , , , , . , , , , , , , , . , .. , , , . , , , . , , , , , . 6. (. 6, I). , 58% . , , . ( 1. 1), , ( 1. 2) ( 1. 3). , (. 6, II): () ( 17%), ( 21%).

36

. 6. : I : ( 1), ( 2), ( 3); II : ( 4), ( 5); III ( 6)

( 70 , 85), , ( 1. 4 5), ( , ). , (. 6, III). ( 12 ), -

, ( 1. 6). , , , ( 1) . , .

37 , , . , , - / , . , , , - , . , , , , , , , . , , , ( 2010. 128 .). , , , . , , , , , . , , , , , , , . ( ) . , , . , , . , , , , , . , , . , , , .

38 ( 1, 1-5). . , , , , : BrD-HaA, BrD , (.. HaA1), HaA-HaB, HaA1 HaB2/HaB3. , . 58 ( 66) , 282 (.. 70% ). - , 6. 58 , 31 , 106 ( ), BrD BrDHaA1. , (=), , Constana Palas, Nicolae Blcescu, Oinacu, Dancu, ., , Drajna de Jos, LogretiMoteni, . 27 , 176 , HaA1 HaB2/HaB3. , , , , 1 2, Ocnia, . , , , , . , . 7 . , (. . 3). , , 5,7-6,0 14,014,5 ( 65%) 8,0 11,0 . , 8,0-11,0 , .., , . , , . , , , , , BrD BrD-HaA1. HaA1-HaB2/HaB3, , . , , 9,5 14,0 . -

3920 OM Sf V2 V2 V2 15 V2 V2 V1 V1 Pl 10 St Sk Gu GB OM OM OM OM 5 Gu OM V1 OM V1 V1 Pl OM OM V2 Gr OM OM OM V1 V1 V1 OM PG Fl V2 V2 V2 V2 V2 GS GK V1 OM , HaA1-2 - HaB1- 2/3 CP DS , BrD, BrD-HaA1

V2 V2 GK GK V2 GK

V2 OM GK V1 DJ V2 V2 GK Ss An

V2 St Es OM V2 Pl GK V2 V1 V1 GK St LM V2 V2 V2 V2 OM V2 Pr GK V2 V1 Ss LM Oi Oi V2 V1 V2 Gk GK V1 Es GK V2 St An KL Oi Oi MI Dn Mj MB CP ZV CP CP Tk CP CP CP Td Ca CP Dp Sm

OM OM A OM Sk V1 V1 Gk GK V1 V2 Ch V1 GK Pt Dn Oi Oi GK V1 OM OM V2 Pr V1 V1 Gk V1 V1 V1 Ul V1 NB NB Oi S1 Oi GK V1 A OM Gk OM Gk V1 V1 An V1 GK NB V1 Pt Sv NB Rh Oi Oi V2 Sk ZV CP

OM Pl OM GK OM V2 Ks OM Ft V1 Fl Ca GK GK Sv Av Oi Rh NB DS Oi Oi V2 Sk Or Rs

OM GK V1 OM V2 OM Pl Do Gk V1 DS GS Rg GK Es Ca GK An Ds Sv NB Bo NB DS Lz Oi DS St Kz DS CP CP Ca Dn Kz

0 V1 Oi Br V1 GK OM V1 Pb Os DS DS Oc Hr MB NB Sv St Sv DS Sv NB Bo Sv Bo Bo Rs DS Bo DS DS S1 DS DS Kb DS CP CP Dn DS Rs PK 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14.0 cm

. 7.

. BrD BrD-HaA1, HaA1-2 HaB1 HaB2/3. . . 3

, : , , , (.7). , , BrD. Constana Palas, (=), , Mihai Bravu, Dancu . , , , , . ( 1978. 256), , ( 1933) Tekirdag , (Hansen 2005. 304).

, HaA1-HaB2/HaB3. 11,0 5,7-6,0 , , , 10,0 7,5 . (. 8). , , , -

. 8.

( . 7, ).

40 , . , , ( ), , ( ), , ( ), . , , .. , , . , , , , 1, 2, , , , , Ocnia. , , HaA1 (. . 1). , , HaA1 HaB2/HaB3, .. . , , , , HaA2-HaB1 HaB1HaB2/HaB3. , , , , , , , 1. , , , : , . ( 14,0 11,0 ), BrD, , HaA1-2 HaB12/B, ( 11,0 6,0 5,7 ). , , , , - .

. 9.

C () () : 1 BrD BrD-HaA1; 2 HaA1HaB2/3.

41 9, 282 . , , BrD BrD-HaA1, HaA1 HaB2/3 , , . , , 10,0 14,0 2,8 4,2 . , 11,0 6,0 2,6-2,8 3,7-3,8 . 9,8 11,2 . , . , , , . . , , . , , , , . , , , , , , , , , / ( 2010. 30). . 10 , , , . , ( ). 1. (. 7), , 3. 11 , 3. , , . , , , BrD BrD-HaA1, , 3 , ( ) .

4225 OM OM OM OM OM V1 V1 V1 V1 V1 V1 V1 Gr V2 V2 V2 V2 V2 V2 V2 Sk GB GS GK GK GK

20

15 OM OM OM OM OM V1 V1 Pl Pl Pl Pb OM OM OM V2 Gu V1 V1 OM GK V1 V1 Oi OM GK 2,0 OM OM OM V1 V1 V1 A V2 V2 Ks Do GK DS

10

5

0

OM OM OM OM OM V1 Br Oc GK GK

OM OM OM OM V1 V1 V1 A V2 V2 Pl GK GK Hr

V1 V1 Pl Ft Pr Gu V2 V2 V2 V2 V2 GK GK GK GK DS

OM V1 V1 V1 V1 V1 V1 V1 V1 V2 V2 V2 V2 LM St St GS GK NB S1 Sv Lz DS DS

OM V1 V1 V2 V2 V2 GK Av NB Kb

OM V1 Pr V2 V2 V2 Sk Ss St St GK GK An Oi Oi CP CP S1 Sv Sv Sv DS DS DS

DS Sv

, BrD, BrD-HaA1

OM V2 V2 PG Ss GK GK DJ Dn Ca Sm Rs Rh DS

V1 V1 V2 V2 V2 V2 V2 Mj GK GK GK GK Td Sv Dp Kz NB DS Bo

V1 ZV LM GK An Os Ch Pt Oi MB CP Sv DS DS DS Bo

V2 Sf GK GK GK An MB Or Dn Pt Oi Oi NB NB Ca CP CP CP Rs Rh DS

GS GK

, HaA1-2 - HaB1-2/3

ZV Oi Oi Oi NB CP CP Kz DS DS DS Bo

MI Rg GK Kl Oi Oi Oi Oi NB NB NB Ca Sv PK

Sk Sk Oi Oi CP Bo Bo

Es Es Dn UL Ca CP CP St An Rs CP Tk Dn 4,0

Fl

Fl

Es

3,0

. 10.

3,0 4,0, , HaA1 HaB2/3, , , 3,0 2,0 (. 12; . 13). , 2,8-3,3 , . , , . , , , , . 10, , , 1. . 209 , ,

. 11. ( . 10, ).

(), 1 2, , , , , Constana Palas, Nicolae Blcescu, Mihai Bravu, Dancu , - . , , Oinacu, .

43

HaB - HaAV1 V1 25 OM OM OM OM OM OM 20 OM OM OM OM OM OM OM OM OM 15 OM OM OM V1 OM 10 OM OM OM OM OM OM OM OM 5 OM OM V1 V1 V1 GK GK 0 100 200 300 V1 Pl Pl Gu Pl V2 V1 An V1 V1 V1 GK GK GK Fl Pl Kl An DS DS V1 V1 V1 V1 V1 GK GK GK Gr V2 V2 V2 V2 Fl Do UL NB V1 GK GK GK GK GK GK Gu GS V2 Pl Oc NB NB NB NB An DS V1 V1 V1 GK GK GK GK GK GK GK GK GK GK GK V2 V2 V2 V2 V2 V2 V2 V2 NB Ch An Dn OM OM V1 V1 V1 V1 V1 V1 V1 V1 GK GK GK GK V2 V2 V2 V2 V2 V2 Bo Rh Rh NB NB NB MB V1 V1 V1 V2 V2 Bo Bo Bo Av V1 V1 V2 V2 V1 V2 V2 V2 V2 V2 V2 DS V2 V2 V2 V2 DS V2 Or Tk Rs DS Mj CP CP S1 DS DS DJ CP DS DS DS

BrD

Dn MB CP CP Rs Lz CP CP DS DS CP CP CP DS S1 CP CP Dn Rs Kb Dn 500 gr Sm

400

. 12. , .

12, . , , , 250 . , 250 500, , . 250 60-70 (. 12). , , , , HaA1 HaB2/3, , -

, , BrD BrD-HaA1, , , , 100 240 , 260 500 . , (. 13). . , , BrD

44 , , (. 7-9; . 13) , , .. (. 12-13). , , , , , , . , 12, , , , , , , , , , , Constana Palas, Mihai Bravu, Dancu, (. 12, , : DS, Sm, S1, Rs, Kb, CP, MB, Dn, Or). , , , BrD (. 1). , (, Dancu, , A .) (. 12, 100-240 , : DS, Dn, An, Av) , . , (. 1), Nicolae Blcescu, . , , , , , , (. 12, : NB, Bo, Rh),

. 13. () () . , Nicolae Blcescu,

BrD-HaA1, , , HaA1 HaB2/3 (. 13, I-II). , . , 10,5 14,0 , 270-280 500 (. 15, I). , 6,0 11,0 , , 70-80 240-250 (. 13, II). , . -

45 BrD. (. 7, . 10), Oinacu, , . . , , , , , , . , , . , , , , , . , : . , , . , (. 9-11). , ( , ), , 11,0 (. 14-15). , , .. () 11,0 , () 11,1 . 14, , , . : ( , - ), , . - ( ) , ( ), , ( . ) (. 14, I- II). , , . , . , : 36 ( 248 : 43 205 ), 17 41 ( 2). -

46

. 14. (-B) () ( 11,1 ) ( 11,0 ) . I , , II , .

. 15 , 55 , 12 , 150 . . 13 12 , (), 57 : 26 31 . , 56 , 53 94,6% . 262 , 204 78,2% (. 14). Constana Palas (12 .), Casimcea (2), (9), (2), -

(2), (2), (1), (1), Oinacu (13 .), Nicolae Blcescu (9), Pietroani (2), (4), (7), (2), (4), (3) (4). , , ( 2 2 .), , : 1 (36) 2 (33), (31), (29), (7), (5) , 1-2 . , 14 , , -

47 . , , (. 14) . , , . , , . 3. , . , , 280300 500 , 270-250 60-70 (. 12-13). 4. , , N. Blcescu, Oinacu, Pietreti, ( ), BrD (. 1, . 12-13). 5. - , , , BrD, HaA-HaB. Constana Palas, Casimcea, Mihai Bravu, , , , , , , , : Nicolae Blcescu, Oinacu, Pietreti, 1 2, , , , , . 6. , . BrD , - , (HaA-HaB) ,

( ) , , : 1. , - ( 2010), . 14,5 11,0 11,0 7,0-6,0 (. 7-9). 2. . , , 4,0-3,0, , 3,0 2,0 (. 10-11).

48 , - , . , , . , , (. 14). . / , . . . , , .. , , , .

2. , , . , : (. 6, I), (. 6, II) , (. 6, III). , , , , . , , , , .. -

. , , , . , (. 6, I): , 1 (. 1); , , 2 , 3. , , , (. 6, II A-B): , 4

49 , 5. 6 (. 6, III), . . , . , . , 1, . 70- . , - , .. 12 ( 1976. 73), , , 18 ( 1978. 189). ( 1997. 21; Dergaev 2002. 165). , , , , ( ). , , . . 56 ( : ), 1351 , 34% 57% . , , . , , . ( 1. 1 135-136, . 10, 135-136), .1

. , /Dievo ( 1. 1) . , , , , ( - ), ( ) ( ). (=) , 13 (. 1, 7-12; . 2, 13-19). , 60- . -, , , .

50 ( 1, 1, . 1-10), 15. 135 130 , ( 35, 47, 64, 77-78). 130 21 ( ) , , 109 30 , , 22 , , 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2-6* 7-19 20-30 -? 32,33 34 36 . 40-45 -? 49-50 51 5 13 11 2 1 1 6 2 1 3 7 1 1 2 3 1 2 12 1 1 7 14 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 5 1 2 3 4 5 35 47 64 77 78 1 1 1 1 1 21 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 31 37 . 38 39 46 48 52 66 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

8 5 14 . Oinacu 14 ., 13 ., Constana Palas 12 . 11 (. 15). . . 16 (. 1. 1. 1), . , , , - . ( ) , , , : , - . (. 16, III-IV). , , , (. 16, I-II). Rcani ( 126) Ulmi-Liteni ( 123), ( 128) , , Dancu ( 124-125), Enichioi ( 135-136), ( 127), ( 129), ( 130), ( 131-132). , (Dancu, Enichioi ), ,

10 .-? 53-55 11 56-62 12 63 13 65 14 .? 71-72 15 1, 74-76 16 Tekirdag 80 17 Casimcea 83-84 18 Constana Pal. 85-96 19 Drajna d Jos 97 20 Mihai Bravu 98 21 Nic.Blcescu 99-105 22 Oinacu 106-119 23 Pietroani 121-122 24 Ulmi-Liteni 123 25 Dancu, 124-125 26 127 27 129 28 130 29 131-132 30 Enichoi 135-136

10 .. 67-70 11 73 12 St. Dergisi 79 13 Csciorele 82 14 Sabangia 120 15 Rcani 126 16 128 17 133 18 134

109 56 109

26

. 15. . * 1. 1. 1

51

. 16. ( .: 1. 1. 1) : I , II , III-IV , V

, ( , ) , . ( ) , , , , . , , (. 16, III), Sabangia ( 120)

22 , : Casimcea ( 83-84), Constana Palas ( 85-96), Mihai Bravu ( 98) Nicolae Blcescu ( 99-105). - ( ). 15 ( 1, 31, 37-39, 46, 48, 52, 66-70, 73, 82) 75 17 ( : 7-19, 20-30, 40-45, 56-62, Oinacu 106-119, 2-6 .). , , ( 35, 47, 64, 77 78) (. 16, IV). ,

52 , -. , , , , Tekirdag ( 80), Sterne Dergisi ( 79). , Altn Tepe, - , , , , , ( 35, 64, 77-78). (. 16, V). , . , Constana Palas (Irimia 1982, 344-345, Tab.1), , ( Ag Bi, Co Ni As Sb) XII, .. ( 1978. 177. . 90) - , , . , , , . , , . , ( 2 B. Wanzek Wanzek 1989. 4749. Abb. 5, 2). (. 3, 35), (. 5, 64), (. 7, 77) , -, (. 4, 47). , , - . , ( 3 B. Wanzek Wanzek 1989. 47. Abb. 5, 3-4). (. 7, 78) , (. 2, 20-27; . 3, 28-29; . 4, 40-41,44; . 5, 57-62 ). - (. 5, 63), , ( 5 B. Wanzek Wanzek 1989. 47-49. Abb. 5, 8). . -

53 , , . , , , (. 2, 15), - (), . . , , . , , ( ). , , , 2/3 . , . 1-2 , . , , (. 1, 7; . 2, 20, 24, 27; . 3, 28, 34-35; . 4, 42-44, 49 . .). , , , ( 3, 36; . 7, 85; . 8, 95), - (. 3, 29) (. 3, 30; . 6, 74; . 10, 123). , , , , , . Casimcea, , , (. 7, 82-83). , , , . , , (. 2, 13; . 3, 29; . 9, 121-122, . 10, 134-?). . , , , (. 6, 72). , , . , . , , , . , , - . (. 1, 6-7; . 3, 28; . 4, 42-45, 50; . 5, 54-55; . 6, 65, 71 .). ( ) 17. , 135 : ,

54

. 17. : 1 , , 2 , 3 , 4 , ( 1. 1)

( ) (. 17, 4). 128 , 80 (. 17, 1), 34 (. 17, 2), 14 (. 17, 3). . , , , (. 1, 4, 8, 11; . 2, 14, 18-19; . 3, 36; . 4, 44-45; . 5, 54-57

.). , (. 1, 12; . 3, 35; . 5, 64; . 7, 77, 79. 80-? .). , (. 3, 34), (. 1, 5). , . 18. - () . -

55

. 18. () () ( 1, 1).

, , , , . : (. 19), (. 20). . -, 8,0 14,0 (. 19), 2,5-2,8 4,3 (. 20).

, , , . , , , . , 8,0 11,2-11,4 , 11,4-11,5 14,0 (. 19). , ,

5636 18 16 10 13 32 12 06 17 09 31 21 02 14 08 '28 5 23 05 62 41 0 15 45 33 8 78 42 65 9 1 26 01 00 10 97 15 22 69 99 74 39 11 19 57 60 71 36 07 30 93 35 98 94 89 88 9 29 55 96 86 83 25 77 52 72 85 46 73 4 17 18 31 12 7 8 34 92 91 87 84 68 54 63

76 27 04 49 29 50 24 67 56 82 03 40 27 13 22 53 35 5 3 23 12 21 26 11 20 6 2 25 10 11 14 58 28 10 43 75 59 30 61 44

33 19 70 64 38 37 32 79 24 20 48 90 66 95 80 16 51 47 34 13 14 cm

. 19. ( 1. 1)

36 31 15 26 33 16 21 15 17 10 14 09 13 12 11 10 5 22 08 04 02 00 99 56 0 2 65 3 4 23 5 15 6 7 03 01 8 76 27 3 82 78 6 5 96 59 58 57 50 45 43 21 13 4 1 18 62 61 49 42 41 30 29 28 25 24 23 22 20 3 2 2 30 19 27 07 06 05 89 48 44 40 33 3 95 69 60 26 19 14 4 32 28 97 93 77 75 73 67 66 64 55 53 46 38 31 12 7 5 29 87 68 54 18 11 1 6 35 98 94 74 71 39 37 35 7 20 88 84 70 52 36 17 9 8 8 24 92 91 47 16 10 90 86 85 83 79 72 34 32 25 1 80 2 51 34 3 4 5 6 63 7 8

4 cm

. 20. ( 1. 1)

2,3-2,5 3,3 , 3,4 4,0 (. 20). , / . , -

, , , , , , . . 21, , () () .

57 3,4 4,2 (. 21, I, . . 19 20). , , , , 8,0-8,5 11,3-11,4 2,5 3,5-3,7 (. 21, II, . . 19 20). , , , , , , , . , , , 2,5 4,0 (. 22). , . , , , , , , . 22 18 17 04 02 50 25 24 21 13 30 24 93 90 88 55 37 31 4

. 21. () () ; I , II .

. 11,3-11,4 14,0

15

10

5

0 4

41 5

75 45 1 6

33 28 7

71 62 42 36 14 10 8

27 05 78 74 43 39 34 9

32 19 06 69 61 60 59 44 35 30 15 12 86 85 72 17 3,0

31 97 67 53 49 40 28 11 25 83 70 63 52 1

58 29 26 23 20 3 29 80 79 51 32 2

36 26 21 07 82 76 57 22 2 35 98 94 77 18 9 8 3

14 10 09 00 6 34 20 92 91 64 46 38 33 19 16 7 5

16 13 12 08 03 01 99 56 27 84 73 47 6

15 11 5 89 68 66 4 7

23 87 54 8

96 95 9

65 4,0

48 1 2

. 22. . ( 11,3 ), ( 11,4 )

58 3,0 4,0, , , 2,7 3,3, (. 23). , , , , , , 260 (. 24). 135 255 , 270 500 . 40 , 49. , . 192,2 (7.688: 40), , 385,9 (18.912: 49). , , , , . 89 26,600 . , ( ) 298 . 126 37,6 .8 10 23 01 45 43 42 33 41 04 40 00 30 99 20 44 05 03 02 75 74 50 36 49 27 25 67 24 5 2 4 1 3 , 11,4

. 23. (. . 22)

. , - , 89 135 . 2/3 , . 24 ( 1). (. 19),

3 97 86 73 48 38 18 17 7 24 98 92 85 16 9 8

, 11,4

5

15 0 100

29 28 27 26 23 22 21

82

14

12 30

53 11 69 68 52

71 13 10 29 96 94

36 91 89 55 46

95 90 87 37

93 88 72 70

35

34

25 20

54 500gr

34

63

200

300

400

. 24. ,

59, ( ), 315 , 100 31 . . (. 25), , , , : (. 25, I), , , , ( 10,3 14 , 270 500 ), , , ( 7,0 11,0 135 255 ) (. 25, II). , 11,0 (. 25, I-II), , ( . . 1, 10; . 2, 14; . 3, 36 .). , , , . , , , , 11,4-11,5 . , , , , .. . , , 270 , , 3,3 4,4 , 255 , 2,5 3,5-3,6 (. 26).

. 25. () () . I , II .

. 26. () (). I , II .

60, ? , , . / (. 17-18). , , . , (. 19; . 21, I; . 22-25), (. 22-23) (. 24; . 25, I; . 26, I). (. 19; . 21, II; . 22-23), (. 22-23) (. 24; . 25, II; . 26, II). , , .., HaA - HaBV1 OM Vyrbica 1 Ov. Mogila GK Sv Gor.Kosovo Samovodene NB Oi En Oi Oi Oi Oi Oi Oi DJ Lz GK GK GK Bo N. Blcescu Oinacu CP DS MB Dn En

, . , . 27, , , (. . 3). : , (.. 11,4 ), (.. 11,4 ). 12 Constana Palas, Tekirdag, , , , , BrD (. 27, CP, Tb, Sm PK). , , , , , , Mihai Bravu, Casimcea, Dancu BrDConsana P. Dicevo M.Bravu Dancu Enichioi Sm PK Td Rs Semerdzievo Pobit Kamyk Tekirdag Ruse

10 Oi Sv GK GK GK GK NB NB NB

5

0

OM DS OM 8

OM OM V1 Oi Sv Sv Ss Rh GK Pt Pt OM UL Av GK Bo OM V1 NB Sv NB Bo Sv St Sv DS Sv NB NB 9 10

Oi Oi Oi V1 Ss S1 Rh Bo DS DS

Oi Oi Oi Rs GK DS GK DS Bo 11

Or Mj ZV Kz DS

En MB Rs DS DS CP Ca DS S1 CP DS Dn Kz Dn CP CP CP CP Kb DS CP CP Td 12 13

Ca Rs DS CP CP Dp CP CP PK

Sm 14 cm

. 27. . , . 3

61 , , , (. 27, : Rs, S1, Kb, Kz, MB, Ca, Dn). (=), BrD. 13 7 , (. 27, DS), , 6 . Enichioi (. 27, En), BrD. , , . . , 1, 14 (. 27: GK, V1). B. Hnsel, . (. 1). , , , (. 27, OM). , (37 .) Oinacu, Nicolae Blcescu, Pietroani, , , (. 27: Oi, NB, Pt, Sv, Bo, Rh), , , BrD (. 1). . , Oinacu, Pietroani . , .. , 1 . 28, 21 25-26, , , ( 270 ) ( 260 ) , Oinacu, Pietroani, . , , ,

. 28. Oinacu, Pietroani .

62 . , , 160-170 200-220 , , 1 Nicolae Blcescu. , , , , . , BrD, , , , .. HaA , , . , , , Oinacu, Nicolae Blcescu, Pietroani, , , BrD, , . . 29 31 , 110 . . , 46 ( ) BrDHaA1 HaA1 (Drajna de Jos, , ), BrD. ,

. 29. ( ) ( ) ,

64 ( ) BrD (Enichioi, , , Ulmi-Liteni), HaA1 HaA-HaB. , , , , ( ) ( ) : nichioi . (. 29). , , ,

63 . , . (. 16), , . , 11,4 , , 270 , 11,4 260 . , (.. 270 ). , , , . , , , , , , . . 30. , , . , , , (. 30, I, A), -

. 30. : (I), (II).

64, (. 30, I, B). , -- , , , , (. 30, II). (, , ), (.. ) . , , Constana Palas, Casimcea, Mihai Bravu Sabangia. , , , , Nicolae Blcescu (. 30, IA). , , , , (12 ), , ( ), , , , , , , , , , , , . , , , , , ( 78) ( . , -?) (. 30, I, B). , , (), , , , , , 1, , Oinacu, Pietroani, Cascioreli (. 30, II). , , . , . , , , , .., (. 27-30). , , , . , , ( 11,4 , 3,0 4,0 270 ). , . Constana Palas (. 7,

6585-91; . 8, 92-96), (. 1, 7-12; . 2, 13-19). , , .. (, , Constana Palas). , , ( 11,4 , 2,7 3,3 260 ). , . (. 1, 20-27) (. 5, 5662), Nicolae Blcescu (. 8, 99-105) Oinacu (. 8, 106-108; . 9, 109-119). Oinacu , (. 30), ( -). (, ) Constana Palas, Mihai Bravu, Casimcea - , , , ., BrD (. 27-30). (, ) (Nicolae Blcescu) (, ) , , , , , 1, Oinacu, Pietroani, HaA, , , (. 27-30). , , Constana Palas, , , , Mihai Bravu, , , 1, , ( B. Hnsel, .. .) , .., BrD, HaA-HaB. BrD , - ( .. ), HaA-HaB , , , , , , ( .. ) (Oinacu .) (. 27-30). , , , , (Constana Palas, Mihai Bravu), ( , 1), , , : - ( BrD), , (Oinacu) (. 30, ).

66 - - . , . 18. 31, , : (. 31, ) , , , . . , , ( , ) ( 11,4 ), ( 11,4 ) . 51 9, (4 .), 75 19. , , , (9,8-11,4 ), . Oinacu, 10 . , , .., (Constana Palas, ,

. 31. ( ) ( ) .

67), , , (Oinacu, Pietroani, ), (. 31, ). , ( 8,0-10,0 ). 7 (. 31, ), , Nicolae Blcescu ( 78 , , 65). , , , , , . (Nicolae Blcescu), ( ). (. 31, ). 51 23 , 82 17 . , 5 ( 270 : 12, 14, 36, 69 71) . ,

. 32. ( ), ( ) ( )

68, (Constana Palas, Casimcea, , .) , , BrD, . HaA-HaB ( ), . , 32. , - , , , . , , , , BrD (. 32, I AB). , , , (Nicolae Blcescu), HaA-HaB (. 32, II). . , , ( 2010. 42-44, 70-73), , , , . , . , : ( 2 5 B. Wanzek), , ( 3 B. Wanzek). , . - , , . , , . , . 33, , . ? , , . , ( 47, 64, 77) ,

69

. 33. : () ()

( 35) (. 33). , , , ( 63), , ( 5 B. Wanzek). () 7 , ( 4, 7-9, 72, 55, 130). , , .. (. 32). , 81 ( 35), ( , , 78) 63 . , , , Oinacu, Nicolae Blcescu, Pietroani . ( 32). , , , -

, 70 (63 + 7 ) , , , . . 34, , , - , (. 34, I). , , , , -, ( ), (. 34, II). BrD, - HaA-HaB. , , -

70

. 34. : I ( , b ); II ( , b ); III

( , .). , BrD , , , . , , , , . , , ,

, , . - , 1, , , , (=), . : , .

71 , , , . , , , ( ), , . ( -) ( 5,8-6,0 11,4 ), , ( 2,7 3,3-3,5) ( 120-140 250-260 ). , , , . , - . , , , . , . , , . BrD, HaA

. 35. : (1-3), (4-14) . 1-2 Constana Palas ( 92, 90), 3 ( 8), 4 Nicolae Blcescu ( 104), 5 ( 2), 6 ( 50), 7-8 Oinacu ( 115, 119), 9 Pietroani ( 122), 10 ( 57), 11 ( 27), 12 1 ( 75), 13-14 ( 43,45).

, , , , , . , ( 11,4 14,0, ), ( 3,0 4,0) ( 270 500, ). , , . ,

72, . , , , . , .. , , . , . , () ( , ), . , -, . , , , , . , , , Oinacu, Nicolae Blcescu, . , .

. . A ( 1. 2. 2) , , , , , , . , , - , , , . 56 , , , , (. 14, 43). . : 1, 12 (. 11, 1-8; . 12, 27-28; . 13, 38-39), 2 (. 11, 9-13; . 13, 40-41; . 14, 51-52) (. 12, 14-18; . 13, 30-31; . 14, 55-56), . - (. 12, 1920; . 13, 29, 37), ( . 14, 42, 48-49, 53) (. 13, 32, 35-36). 1, 2, 11-14, 1-56. . 36, -

7353 28 20 51 13 39 8 45 49 7 38 5 4 54 34 50 52 37 15 6 9 43 23 1 2 11 19 10 8 56 54 50 32 30 12 8 6 25 26 9 2,

5 55 12 30 31 22 48 42 14 29 26 33 56 17 16 47 3 18 7

0

46 6

27

32 41 44 25 40 36 21 24 10

35

11, 0 cm

148 39 31 45 5 24 4 14 3 3 56 53 52 50 39 33 13 31 5 29 4 4

5

0

23 22 2

46 17

28 20 18 13 42 16

53 52 49 40 29 27 7 9

2, 55 38 33 10 47 44 11 51 15 2 37 19

36 43 34 21 1

41 35 4.0 cm

2

5 30 14 54 47 22 17 46 16 42 3

0

49 48 9 26 3

37 45 28 18 6

2, 55 27 12 8 40 51 15 34 38 25 19 7 43 41 23 44 11 20 32 2 1 10 36 24 21 5,0 cm

35

310

5

0

46

33 27

54 52 51 41 39 37 38 28 36 48 34 20 35 43 12 53 13 45 15 5 8 30 22 29 26 31 9 4 50 7 56 42 16 18 17 19 49 21 55 47 1 14 3 2 11 10 2,0

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40 44 32 25 3,0

24

23 4,0 - 1 9 4 A B C 7 27 35 . D E F

4 2, 5 48 14 42 17 100 53 30 29 56 54 27 39 33 18 31 4 16 9 3 55 49 50 12 45 47 51 8 52 26 20 37 5 7 19 13 6 15 11 200

0

46

2 1

25

41 38 10 40 300 gr

52

5

. 36. (1) (2) , (3), (4) (5)

: , , , . , c (. 7; . 10; . 12), , ( ), -

(. 36, 1-5). , , 6,7-7,0 11,0 . ( 8,0 )

74(. 36, 1), , , , , , . , , . , 3,0 3,8 (. 36, 2), 3,5 4,7 (. 36, 3). , 130 240 (. 36, 5). , , 2,2 3,0 (. 36, 4). , . , . 37. , , , , 11,0 . 9,0 (. 37, . . 21), , 6,8-7,0 11,0 (. 37). ,

. 37. -F () ()

9,0-11,0 , , . 9,0 7,0 , , , , . , , , .

75 . , (. 37). , (. 22 23) (. 36, 4), , , , , , . 2,0 3,0, 2,7 3,5 (. 38). , , , , .. , ( 3,0 4,0). , , , , , , . . , 39, . , . (. 30) 40, , , ( ), (. 30, II; . 40, II ). ,

. 38. -F

. 39. -F () ()

76

. 40. -F, (II ) (I) (II )

( , ), . , (. 40, II ). , . , , , Oinacu Pietroani ( , 1). 1, 2, -

( , ). , , (. 30, I-II; . 40, I-II ), (. 40, II-II). , (. 38), , : , .

77, , , , , : -, , , . -, , . , -, , , , - . -, . - : , . , (. 11, 1-13; . 12, 15-16, 18, 21-28; . 13, 29-40 .) , , (. 14, 43). , , . , , . , , . , , , , , , , . / , , . , , , : . , . ( ) , .. , ( ) , ,

78 , . , : 4-6 9-12 . : . , . , , . ( ), - ( ). , , 1 2.