© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved. Hardware Designed to Meet the Need The Digital Revolution Integrated Circuits and Processing Storage Input, Output,

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.

Hardware Designed to Meet the Need

The Digital Revolution Integrated Circuits and

Processing Storage Input, Output, and Expansion Buying a ComputerPlease turn your

cell phone off.


The Digital Revolution



Digital CameraDigital Video (DVD)

Digital PCS Cell Phone

Digital ConvergenceThe Digit

al

Divide

DIGITAL TV

DIGITAL

DIGITAL

THEATERS

DIGITAL RADIO

DIGITAL

DIGITALDIGITAL

DIGITAL

DIGITAL

DIGITAL

What’s all this fuss about digital?!



What’s all this fuss about digital?!


The Bit (binary digit)

The 1’s and 0’s that allow us to represent, store, and manipulate data

the smallest unit of data in a digital electronics device


Bits can be stored Electrically: an electronic charge held in a

capacitor – like a light bulb it can be switched on and off.

Magnetically: magnetically charged particles on the surface of a disk

Optically: pits burned into the surface of a disk and read with a laser.

The Bit


How can a bit (an on-off switch) hold useful data and information?

Information can be assigned to the two states of the bit: On = Off =

The Bit


00 =

01 =

10 =

11 =

• How many units of information could be stored using 2 bits?

The Bit


000 =

001 =

010 =

011 =

• How many units of information could be stored using 3 bits?

100 =

101 =

110 =

111 =

The Bit


# of Bits Units of Info

1 2

2 4

3 8

4 ?

How about 4 bits?How about 4 bits?

The Bit


# of Bits Units of Info

1 2

2 4

3 8

4 16

5 32

6 64

7 128

8 256

General Rule:

2bits = units of info

General Rule:

2bits = units of info

8 Bits = a Byte

The Bit


Byte = 8 bits Kilobytes = 1,000 Bytes (210) Megabytes = Million Bytes (220) Gigabytes = Billion Bytes (230) Terabytes = Trillion Bytes (240) Petabytes = Quadrillion Bytes (250)

Bits & Bytes


Bytes can represent any collection of items using a “look-up table” approach

ASCII is used to represent characters

Bit & BytesSome of the ASCII characters

ASCII Code

Char Character Name

01011011 [ Left Bracket

01011100 \ Backward Slash

01011101 ] Right Bracket

01011110 ^ Caret

01011111 _ Underscore

01100000 ` Back Quote

01100001 a Lower-case A

01100010 b Lower-case B

01100011 c Lower-case C

01100100 d Lower-case D

01100101 e Lower-case E

01100110 f Lower-case F

01100111 g Lower-case G

01101000 h Lower-case HASCIIAmerican Standard Code for Information Interchange



Bytes can also represent “values” using the binary number system

Bit & Bytes

Binary Counter

Decimal Binary

239 11101111


Bit & Bytes

Binary Counter

2 148163264128


Digitizing Sound

A sound wave is “sampled” at predefined time intervals (sampling rate) the amplitude for each sample is stored as a binary number.


Digitizing Sound

Digital Music File 100101000100100100010010010010110001010101010100100100101001010001001001000100100100101100010101010101001001001010010100010010010001001001001011000101010101010010010010

30

20

10

0

-10

-20

-30 10 20

ampl

itude

Microseconds (ms)

1. An analog sound wave is…

-10

-20

-30

30

20

10

0

10 20

2. “sampled” at regular time slice, and

10

-18

-10

-20

-30

30

20

10

0

30

-10

-28

-4

20

12

-4

-10

02

-1-3

42

-10

-18

0

20

3. stored as a sequence of numeric values… (30,-10,-28,-4,20,…)

Analogue: any fluctuating, evolving, or continually changing process or signal

Oscillograph


Digitizing Pictures & Video

Images are made up of pixels whose colors are stored using binary numbers.


Digitizing Pictures & Video

10010010 11000011 1010101010010010 11000111 1010101010010010 11001111 1010101010010010 11011111 1010101010010010 11111111 1010101010010011 11111111 1911191110010111 11111111 0011010110010011 11000011 1100011010010111 11000011 1001100010011111 11000011 1111000010010011 11111011 0001000110011010 11111111 1010000110011110 11111111 1110011010010111 11000011 1100001110011111 11000011 0011001110010011 11111011 11101011

3. Pixel colors in byte code

2. Image super zoomed 1. Image at proper resolution

Colormap Tool

Colors are represented as varying intensities of combinations of Red, Green, and Blue (RGB )

3 bytes (one for each of RGB) can represent over 16 million colors Often times the Hexidecimal number system is used to represent colors. Hex

uses values 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F


The Value of Going Digital

Anything that can be expressed through words, numbers, sounds, or pictures can be digitized.

Digital information is easy to manipulate. Digital information is easy to copy and

transfer. Digital information is long lasting. Digitization standardizes the format of all

different types of data and information leading to…


Digital Convergence

Digital Convergence is the trend to merge multiple digital services into one device.


Why Study Hardware Components?

Consider PC Choices…


Which is best for you? Why?



$699




Key Components

Processor

Memory

Storage

Networking

Battery Life

OS

Display

RemovableStorage

CD-R/DVD


Computer Hardware: Processors


Integrated Circuit

An Integrated Circuit (chip) combines transistors and capacitors in a tiny module to store and process bits and bytes in today’s digital electronic devices.


The Central Processing Unit

The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is an integrated circuit (or microprocessor) that performs the processing in today’s personal computers and other digital devices.

Over 100 Million Transistors


Pentium 4

Die photo of the Intel® Pentium® 4 Processor built on 90nm technology


Chicago, IL

Satellite image of Chicago

Which is more complex?


CPU Components

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): contains the circuitry to carry out the instructions in the processors instruction set.

Control Unit: sequentially accesses program instructions, decodes them, and coordinates the flow of data throughout the system.

Registers: hold the data and instructions currently being processed (~300 bytes).

System Clock: provides a steady clock signal used to synchronize activities within the processor. Measured in GHz (billions of cycles per second)

Cache Memory: Fast access memory for instructions and data soon to be needed (1-2MB).


The Motherboard The motherboard houses the digital

devices circuitry including the microprocessor and memory.


Processing

The microprocessor accesses instructions stored in memory over the system bus.


Processing – The Machine Cycle

Central Processing Unit

Control Unit ALU

Registers

Memory

1.Fetch

2.Decode 3.Execute

4.Store

The Machine Cycle

The four stages of the machine cycle are (1) fetch the instruction from memory, (2) decode and (3) execute the instruction, then (4) store the results.


Hard Disk Drive

2. OS LoadedThe operating system is loaded from disk to RAM and takes over control of the system. Programs and data files are loaded from disk to RAM as launched and requested. Files are saved to disk for permanent storage

Central Processing Unit

Control Unit ALU

Registers

Cache Memory

1.Fetch

2.Decode 3.Execute

4.Store

R A M

ROM

4. Machine Cycle is continuously transferring instructions from cache to registers for processing

1. POWER UPCPU gets instructionsfrom ROM that checks out the components andloads the OS

Boot Process

3. Cache is Continuously Refreshed with instructions and data that will soon be needed while processed data is returned to RAM

FrontsideBus (FSB)


Contributors to CPU Speed

Clock Speed – measured in Gigahertz (GHz), billions of cycles per second

Architecture Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC)

Wordlength – how many bits can be processed at a time (32 or 64)

Cache size – 512 KB – 2 MB Front Side Bus Speed (FSB) – 345-840 MHz

http://www.intel.com/products/processor_number/


PC vs. Mac

Pentium 4 Apple’s G5

Architecture CISC RISC

Wordlength 32 bits 64 bits

Clock speed 3.6 GHz 2 GHz

Cache size 2 MB 512 KB

FSB 800 MHz 1.35 GHz

System Price $999 (Dell) $1499 (iMac G5)

Apple’s recent switch to Pentium Duo

Processorswill reduce the

difference betweenPC and AppleArchitecture.

Apple’s recent switch to Pentium Duo

Processorswill reduce the

difference betweenPC and AppleArchitecture.


Which processor is best? Truest Measures of Performance

MIPS – millions of instructions per second Gigaflops – billions of floating point operations

per second. Different instructions take differing amounts

of clock cycles. Apple’s processors are designed to process

media very quickly. G4 Processor powers notebooks and low end

desktops G5 Processor powers iMac and Power Mac www.apple.com


Intel Desktop Processors

Dual Core Demo

Intel Desktop Processor Activities

Celeron D Word Processing, Spreadsheets, Email, Static Web Content, digital photos

Pentium 4 All the above + DVD movies, videos, basic games, better support for multitasking

Pentium 4 HT Hyperthreading provides better performance in video, media, and multitasking

Pentium D Dual core processing better performance for power users, multiple displays, serious gamers

Pentium Extreme Dual core with Hyperthreading for maximum performance.

New!


Intel Notebook & AMDIntel Notebook Processor Activities

Celeron M Word Processing, Spreadsheets, Email, Static Web Content, digital photos

Pentium M High performance, at low clock speed, long battery life, packaged with Centrino for wireless networking.

Core Duo Processor Dual core processing for notebooks - the latest and fastest!

AMD Processors deliver 64 bit computing to Windows PCs (desktop and notebook) at a lower price than Pentium 32 bit processors.

Centrino is a MUST!

wireless networking

improved performance and battery life

Centrino is a MUST!

wireless networking

improved performance and battery life


Which system is best?

Seek the opinions of friends and professional colleagues

Benchmark: a side-by-side evaluation of competing product’s performance.


Moore’s Law

the number of transistors per square inch on integrated circuits will doubled every 18 months

The next big thing: Dual-core processors


Review Questions


Computer Hardware: Storage


Random Access Memory

RAM (primary storage): Volatile memory that stores currently running software: OS and apps, and data in addressed cells.

256 MB Standard, 512 MB recommended RAM SIMM: Single In-line Memory Module

is inserted in slots in the Motherboard


Other Types of Memory

Cache Memory: Fast access storage on the processor

Video RAM: Included on video card for faster video display

ROM: Stores the boot process instruction that start the computer and load the OS from hard drive into RAM


Secondary Storage

Storage Method Sequential Access Direct Access

23

Storage Media Type Magnetic Optical

Tape Drive

HP’s DVD+RW

Iomega’s ZIP Drive


Hard Drives (Random Access) & Tapes (Sequential Access)

Device Capacity Price per GB

Internal Hard Drive 20 GB – 250 GB < $0.75

Tapes 20 GB – 250 GB < $0.20

80 GB HD Min Recommended


Portable Disk Storage

24

Assume that you have 4 GB’s of data to store

Device Capacity Price per disk

Disks Needed

Total Cost

Floppy Disk 1.44 MB $0.25 2,778 $694

ZIP Disk 250 MB $10.00 16 $160

CD-RW 650 MB $0.75 8 $6

DVD+RW 4.7 GB $0.99 < 1 $0.99


Deciphering RW

CD-RW has become the standard writable CDs

For DVD’s go with ± RW (multiformat)

http://reviews.cnet.com/Storage/2001-3185_7-0.html?tag=cnetfd.dir


Other Portable Storage

24

Device Capacity Price per GB

USB Flash Drive 16 MB - 8 GB $90

Flash Memory Card 16 MB - 1 GB $130

Micro Drive Card 2 GB – 4 GB $80

Flash memory is used for easy and fast information storage in such devices as digital cameras, and other handheld digital devices. It is used more as a hard drive than as RAM. Flash memory is considered a solid state storage device. Solid state means that there are no moving parts -- everything is electronic instead of mechanical.

Check out Toshiba’s Small 60GB HD


Network Storage

Local file storage for groups on a network. http://www.linksys.com/HDD/ 200GB $250 +$90

Local file storage accessible from any Internet-connected computer http://www.mirra.com 120GB $500

Internet file storage http://www.xdrive.com/ (5GB $10/month) http://briefcase.yahoo.com (30MB Free)


Storage Criteria

Storage media is chosen based on Cost per MB Capacity Portability Durability Security Network Accessibility


RAMCPU

Regusters

cacheROM

VRAM

Hard Drive

Tape

Magnetic Storage

CD

DVD

Optical Storage

USB

network

Storage Review


Review Questions


Computer Hardware: Input, Output, & Expansion


I/O Considerations

Speed and Functionality Human vs. Machine Readable Data Source Data Automation


Input Devices

Keyboard, Mouse, Trackball

Touch screen, stylus, kiosks

Microphone, speech recognition

Gamepad, other game-centered devices

Digital cameras Scanning devices

http://www.microsoft.com/windowsxp/tabletpc/default.mspx


Output Devices

Displays of all kinds Printers and Plotters Sound Systems

Display Resolution: The amount of pixels on the display.


IBM’s Flexible Display (in development)

http://go.reuters.com/newsArticle.jhtml?type=technologyNews&storyID=10169667&src=eDialog/GetContent


The Free2C 3D Kiosk http://www.hhi.fraunhofer.de/english/im/products/Cebit/free2C/


http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/photos/photo.asp?PhotoID=61073

New forms of I/O. Microsoft’s surface computing project use combinations of sensors, cameras and projectors to turn various surfaces, such as kitchen tables, desks, counters, or walls into computing interfaces.


USB

Universal Serial Bus (USB): Standardizes the way peripherals connect to PCs.


Review Questions


Computer Shopping


Choosing a Computer

Portability vs. Power Notebook vs. Desktop

Interoperability What kind of computer will interact best with systems

used at work and by friends? Choosing a Platform

PC vs. Apple Choosing a Manufacturer and Model

Dell vs. HP Choosing Features, Peripherals, and Warranty

www.dell.com Making the Purchase

On-line vs. In store


Questions?

Don’t forget to turn your phone back on!!

Documents

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved. Hardware Designed to Meet the Need The Digital Revolution Integrated Circuits and Processing Storage Input, Output,