2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 18: Life Cycle Nutrition:
Childhood through Adolescence
Slide 2
2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Toddlers versus Preschoolers
Toddlers 13 years old Growth rate is high, but slower than infancy
-Age 2: Gain 35 pounds, 35 inches Preschoolers 35 years old Need
same nutrients as adults, but have -Lower energy needs -Smaller
appetites -Smaller stomachs
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2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Growth and Development Growth
charts Used by pediatricians -Monitor height and weight -Compare to
national standards for age and gender -Place child in a
percentile
Slide 4
Quick Check Jack is 24 months old, weighs 36 pounds and is 36
inches long. What are his percentiles? Figure 18.1 Growth
Chart
Slide 5
2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Eating Patterns and Nutrient Needs
Young children need to eat frequent, small meals and nutrient-dense
foods Energy needs: 1,0001,600 kcal per day Appropriate portion
sizes -Child-sized plates and cups -Mini-sized food items, such as
bagels -Rule of thumb is to serve 1 tablespoon of food per year of
age at a meal
Slide 6
2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Food Safety Avoid choking hazards
Offer bite-sized pieces of food Limit availability of -Hot dogs
-Nuts or seeds -Chunks of meat, cheese, or peanut butter -Whole
grapes or raisins -Hard candy or gum -Popcorn -Raw vegetables
Slide 7
2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Nutrient Needs Carbohydrate At
least half of grain intake should be from whole grains Fiber
recommendations: -Ages 13 years = 19 grams -Ages 48 years = 25
grams
Slide 8
2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Nutrient Needs Protein RDA
(toddlers) = 1.1 grams per kilogram of body weight RDA (school-age)
= 0.95 grams per kilogram of body weight Fat Ages 23 years old =
3035% of kilocalories from fat Age 4 and over = 2535% of
kilocalories from fat
Slide 9
2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Nutrient Needs: Calcium and Iron
Calcium Necessary for healthy bone development Ages 13 years need
500 milligrams per day -8 ounces of milk provides 300 milligrams
Iron Necessary during periods of rapid growth Good sources of iron
for children include lean meats, beans, and iron-fortified cereals
Cows milk is a poor source of iron
Slide 10
2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Iron: Deficiency versus Toxicity
Deficiency (Anemia) Most common nutrient deficiency in young
children Can lead to developmental delays Exacerbates attention
deficit hyperactivity disorder Associated with lead poisoning
Toxicity Leading cause of death in children under age 6 Occurs
because iron can build up in tissues and organs -Ingesting 200
milligrams of iron can be fatal
Slide 11
2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Nutrient Needs Vitamin D American
Academy of Pediatrics recommends -Ages 18 years consume 10
micrograms (400 IU) of vitamin D per day -Sources include fortified
milk, egg yolk, and some fish -Two 8-oz glasses of milk only
provides half of the recommended intake -Supplements or fortified
cereals may be needed
Slide 12
2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Nutrient Needs Young children need
nutrient-dense beverages Fluid recommendations are based on body
weight -Drinking too much fluid may reduce fiber or iron intake
Preferred beverages include water and milk 100% fruit juice can be
provided in moderation Soda and sugary drinks should be
avoided
Slide 13
2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Food Behaviors Eating habits form
early in life Children will adapt to foods offered to them A
variety of food should be offered to young children A child may
need to be exposed to a new food at least 10 times before accepting
it Division of responsibility Parents = What, when, and where food
is offered Child = Whether or not to eat, and how much Cleaning the
plate may encourage overeating
Slide 14
2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Food Preferences Parents have
strong influence over childrens food preferences Children model
after adult behaviors, both healthy and unhealthy Including young
children in food shopping, menu planning, and meal preparation can
encourage variety in their food consumption
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2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Food Preferences Picky eating and
food jags are common in young children Picky eating not wanting to
try new food Food jags tendency to eat only a small selection of
food -Very common and normal, but also temporary -Can be identified
through a food diary -Long-term jags increase risk of nutrient
deficiency -Solutions include -Offering a variety of food items
within the preferred food type -Gradually weaning the child from
the food item
Slide 16
2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Vegetarianism Young children can
grow and develop normally on a well- balanced vegetarian diet
Vegetarian foods such as beans, nuts, seeds, and whole grains are
high in fiber -Multiple servings per day may exceed a young childs
fiber needs Good sources of calcium, iron, and zinc need to be
included in the diet Supplementation of vitamin B 12 may be
necessary
Slide 17
2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Quick Review Toddlers grow at a
slower rate than infants, and have smaller appetites Frequent,
small meals may be needed to provide adequate kilocalories,
macronutrients, calcium, iron, and vitamin D Appropriate beverages
include water, milk, and 100% fruit juice Small portion sizes
should be encouraged, while cleaning the plate should be
discouraged A variety of foods should be offered, and parents
should serve as role models for healthy eating Food jags are normal
and usually temporary
Slide 18
2010 Pearson Education, Inc. School-Aged Children Ages 612
years Are not fully grown Each year, gain about 7 pounds and 2.5
inches Compared to toddlers and preschoolers they Do not eat as
many times per day Tend to be less hungry (maintain blood glucose
longer) Can eat more food at each sitting Can impact healthy
development through dietary choices Continue to develop habits
based on modeling adult behaviors
Slide 19
2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Child Obesity Body Mass Index
(BMI) is the measurement tool used to determine weight status For
children, the categories are -Overweight = BMI 95th percentile -At
risk for overweight = BMI 85th percentile
Slide 20
2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Child Obesity What is considered
child obesity? Condition of a childs having too much body weight
for his or her height. The use of the word obese to describe
children is controversial What causes child obesity? Genetics: Only
a small percent of cases Environment: Excess kilocalories,
inadequate exercise Obese parents Prenatal overnutrition
Slide 21
2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Child Obesity: Excess Kilocalories
Sources include Regular soda, candy bars, potato chips -Many of
these products are sold within school buildings through vending
machines or the cafeteria -Also available in most convenience
stores and shopping centers -Typically replace healthy options such
as milk, water, or fresh fruits and vegetables Increased portion
sizes at meals and snacks -Occurs both within and outside of the
home
Slide 22
2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Child Obesity: Food Preferences
High sugar and high-fat foods are often preferred by school-aged
children This could lead to an excess kilocalorie intake These
preferences are formed by Overexposure to television advertisements
featuring appealing characters or famous spokespeople Modeling of
parent or sibling eating behavior
Slide 23
2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Debate: Does Sugar Cause ADHD?
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) occurs when
children are inattentive, hyperactive, and impulsive No cause has
been identified, but a high sugar intake has been proposed to cause
hyperactive behavior American Dietetic Association conclusion:
Sugar intake does not have an effect on behavior or learning
American Academy of Pediatrics conclusion: No evidence exists that
ADHD is caused by eating too much sugar What do you think?
Slide 24
2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Child Obesity: Inadequate Physical
Activity Low levels of exercise occur in school-aged children due
to Increased screen time exposure to a television, computer, or
video games Less access to physical education in schools Increased
use of a car for transportation
Slide 25
2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Child Obesity: Prevention American
Academy of Pediatrics recommendations Parents must ensure their
children receive adequate nutrients without excess kilocalories A
variety of healthy food must be offered to children Screen time
must be limited to two hours or less per day
Slide 26
2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Child Obesity: Treatment Weight
loss is not recommended for overweight children Weight maintenance
allows for healthy growth Increased physical activity is
encouraged
Slide 27
Slide 28
2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Obesity-Diabetes Relationship Type
2 diabetes a disease typically diagnosed in adults Very likely to
occur in obese children Prevention tips Identify high-risk
individuals based on family history Reduce risk factors such as
being overweight or sedentary Treatment tips Educate all members of
the family about diabetes Provide support by eating the same foods
as the child Encourage physical activity
Slide 29
2010 Pearson Education, Inc. School-Aged Children and Dental
Hygiene 42% of children and adolescents (619 years) have at least
one cavity or filling. Source: CDC, 2005 School-aged children are
susceptible to dental caries, but sometimes do not practice good
oral hygiene American Dental Association recommends Regular
brushing and flossing Consuming a balanced diet in accordance with
the Dietary Guidelines for Americans Limiting consumption of
high-sugar foods such as soda, fruit juice, or milk
Slide 30
Figure 18.3 MyPyramid for Kids A visual tool for children and
parents to understand healthy eating
Slide 31
2010 Pearson Education, Inc. MyPyramid for Kids Key messages Be
physically active every day Choose healthier foods from each group
Eat more of some food groups than others Eat foods from every food
group every day Make the right choices for you Take it one step at
a time
Slide 32
2010 Pearson Education, Inc. National School Lunch Program
(NSLP) Serves nutritious, low-cost or free lunches to 30.5 million
school-aged children each day NSLP nutrient guidelines have
specific recommendations establishing Minimum intakes Maximum
intakes
Slide 33
Slide 34
2010 Pearson Education, Inc. The Role of Breakfast Eating
breakfast may be associated with healthy body weight among children
and adolescents Many schools with the National School Lunch Program
also offer a school breakfast Eating breakfast may benefit
Cognitive function, including memory Academic performance School
attendance Psychosocial function Mood
Slide 35
2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Quick Review Rates of overweight
and obesity are increasing among school-aged children Risk of type
2 diabetes increases in obese individuals Limiting excess
kilocalorie intake from high-sugar or high- fat foods can help
prevent obesity Engaging in physical activity and reducing screen
time is necessary to maintain a healthy body weight MyPyramid for
Kids provides information about healthy eating patterns Schools may
provide nutritious breakfast and lunch meals Parents must continue
to serve as role models for healthy behavior
Slide 36
2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Adolescence Developmental period
between childhood and adulthood Ages 919 years Physical changes
occur, including a growth spurt -Height increases -Weight increases
due to bone growth and gains in lean body mass and body fat stores
Hormonal changes occur including the onset of menstruation for
females A healthy diet is necessary at this time to ensure adequate
nutrients, especially kilocalories, protein, calcium, and iron
Slide 37
2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Nutrition-Related Behaviors Desire
for independence and individuality Making own food choices Having
own transportation to access food Influence of peers, media, and
nonparent role models Exposure to unrealistic or unsafe eating
practices May lead to adoption of damaging habits
Slide 38
2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 18.4 Nutrient Needs:
Calcium of peak bone mass accumulates in adolescence AI for calcium
= 1,300 mg for ages 918 years Inadequate calcium intake can lead to
low peak bone mass and is a risk factor for osteoporosis
Slide 39
2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Nutrient Needs: Iron Additional
iron supports muscle growth and increased blood volume Adolescent
females need iron to support menstruation RDA for iron Females aged
1418 years = 15 milligrams Males aged 1418 years = 11 milligrams
Iron deficiency is common in adolescence, especially among
individuals who limit intake of enriched grains, lean meats, and
legumes
Slide 40
2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Disordered Eating Disordered
eating patterns are more prevalent in adolescent females than males
May be linked with poor body image or low self-esteem Teens often
adopt unhealthy habits such as Skipping meals Using food
substitutes Taking diet pills or nutritional supplements Purging
through vomiting, laxatives, or diuretics Eating family meals
promotes healthy eating patterns
Slide 41
2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Quick Review Height and weight
increase during the growth spurt in adolescence This prompts an
increased need for calcium and iron Adolescents have increased
power over their food decisions Soda and sports drinks may replace
water and milk Peers and the media exert a strong influence on
teens As a result, unhealthy habits may be formed Disordered eating
may exist in teens with poor body image
Slide 42
2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Putting It All Together Toddlers
and preschoolers benefit from eating frequent, small meals
consisting of nutrient-dense meals Exposure to a variety of healthy
foods is necessary to promote good nutrition Picky eating and food
jags are common, temporary behaviors In childhood, obesity may
result from overconsumption of kilocalories, especially in the form
of soda or candy Parents can serve as good role models by choosing
healthy foods for themselves at family meals Adolescence is
characterized by a growth spurt which increases calcium and iron
needs A teenagers eating habits may be influenced by peers or the
media
