© 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Perception Interventions Chapter 7

© 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.All rights reserved.

Perception InterventionsPerception Interventions

Chapter 7Chapter 7

Chapter OverviewChapter Overview

• Selective awarenessSelective awareness

• Stop to smell the rosesStop to smell the roses

• Perspective and selective awarenessPerspective and selective awareness

• An attitude of gratitudeAn attitude of gratitude

• Humor and stressHumor and stress

• Type A behavior patternType A behavior pattern

• Self-esteemSelf-esteem


Chapter Overview (cont.)Chapter Overview (cont.)

• Locus of controlLocus of control

• Anxiety managementAnxiety management

• Resiliency Resiliency

• HardinessHardiness


What Are Perceptions?What Are Perceptions?

Cognitive interpretations of Cognitive interpretations of people, things, and events people, things, and events

within your worldwithin your world


Selective AwarenessSelective Awareness

• Choose to focus on the positive Choose to focus on the positive rather than the negative in a rather than the negative in a situationsituation

• Realize that there is both good and Realize that there is both good and bad in every situationbad in every situation

• Choose a positive physiological and Choose a positive physiological and psychological responsepsychological response


Selective Awareness (cont.)Selective Awareness (cont.)

• De-emphasize (but do not deny) De-emphasize (but do not deny) negative featuresnegative features

• Recall the good events of each dayRecall the good events of each day

• ““Be your own best friend”Be your own best friend”

• ““Take time to smell the roses”Take time to smell the roses”


Concepts of Perspective and Concepts of Perspective and Selective AwarenessSelective Awareness

• Put minor stressors into perspectivePut minor stressors into perspective

• Focus on the positive aspects of the Focus on the positive aspects of the current situationcurrent situation

• Develop an “attitude of gratitude”Develop an “attitude of gratitude”– Learn to be grateful for what you have, Learn to be grateful for what you have,

while not ignoring realitywhile not ignoring reality


Humor and StressHumor and Stress

• Humor can be an effective means of Humor can be an effective means of coping with stresscoping with stress

• Humor prevents negative life events Humor prevents negative life events from resulting in mood disturbancesfrom resulting in mood disturbances

• Coping with humor acted as a buffer Coping with humor acted as a buffer between negative life events and mood between negative life events and mood disturbancesdisturbances


Humor and Stress Humor and Stress Relationship (cont.)Relationship (cont.)

• Humor results in psychological and Humor results in psychological and physiological changes leading to physiological changes leading to relaxationrelaxation

• Humor has been shown to improve the Humor has been shown to improve the health of the elderly and has been used health of the elderly and has been used as therapyas therapy

• Humor also can be used inappropriately, Humor also can be used inappropriately, causing distress to otherscausing distress to others


Personality Behavior Personality Behavior PatternsPatterns• Two typesTwo types

– Type A: characterized by competitive Type A: characterized by competitive drive, aggressiveness, impatience, time drive, aggressiveness, impatience, time urgency, free-floating hostility, insecurityurgency, free-floating hostility, insecurity•Found to be associated with coronary heart Found to be associated with coronary heart

diseasedisease•Exhibited in females as well as malesExhibited in females as well as males•Learned behavior, not genetically passed Learned behavior, not genetically passed

downdown

(Friedman & Rosenman, 1974)(Friedman & Rosenman, 1974)


Interesting ResearchInteresting Research

• A study of nurses and teachers shows A study of nurses and teachers shows that Type A’s tend to experience more that Type A’s tend to experience more job stress job stress

• Type A hospital employees had more Type A hospital employees had more health problems health problems

• Their appears to be a relationship Their appears to be a relationship between anger/hostility and coronary between anger/hostility and coronary heart diseaseheart disease


Did You Know?Did You Know?

• Of all the behavioral characteristics Of all the behavioral characteristics studied, it appears that Type A’s that studied, it appears that Type A’s that have a preponderance of have a preponderance of hostile hostile aggressionaggression are more likely to develop are more likely to develop coronary heart diseasecoronary heart disease


Personality Behavior Personality Behavior Patterns (cont.)Patterns (cont.)• More personality types (cont.)More personality types (cont.)

– Type B: behavior that exhibits no free-floating Type B: behavior that exhibits no free-floating hostility or sense of time urgency, opposite of Type hostility or sense of time urgency, opposite of Type AA

– Type C: denial and suppression of emotion Type C: denial and suppression of emotion – Type D: negative emotions and inhibited self-Type D: negative emotions and inhibited self-

expression expression

• By setting goals linked to rewards and By setting goals linked to rewards and punishments, one can modify behaviorspunishments, one can modify behaviors


Self-Esteem and Stress Self-Esteem and Stress ManagementManagement

• Self-esteem is how you regard Self-esteem is how you regard yourselfyourself

• Poor self-esteem is related to drug Poor self-esteem is related to drug abuse, irresponsible sexual behavior, abuse, irresponsible sexual behavior, and other unhealthy activitiesand other unhealthy activities

• Can be affected by treatment by Can be affected by treatment by others; how we are judged affects others; how we are judged affects how we feel about ourselveshow we feel about ourselves


Self-Esteem andSelf-Esteem andStress Management (cont.)Stress Management (cont.)

• Poor self-esteem may lead to the Poor self-esteem may lead to the development of stress-related development of stress-related illnessesillnesses

• Stress management requires Stress management requires confidence in your ability to control confidence in your ability to control your life effectively your life effectively


How to Increase Self-How to Increase Self-Esteem?Esteem?1.1. Identify what needs to be improvedIdentify what needs to be improved2.2. Look at other components (e.g., low Look at other components (e.g., low

scores from Lab 7.4)scores from Lab 7.4)3.3. Ask yourself what needs to be Ask yourself what needs to be

improvedimproved4.4. Whatever you decide to do:Whatever you decide to do:

• Do it now!Do it now!• Stick with it!Stick with it!• You can feel better about yourselfYou can feel better about yourself


Locus of ControlLocus of Control

• Perception of the amount of personal Perception of the amount of personal control you have over events in your lifecontrol you have over events in your life– External locus of control: perception that External locus of control: perception that

one has little control over these eventsone has little control over these events– Internal locus of control: perception that Internal locus of control: perception that

one has a good deal of control over life one has a good deal of control over life eventsevents

• Those with external locus take less Those with external locus take less action to control their lives because action to control their lives because they believe such action is fruitlessthey believe such action is fruitless


Interesting ResearchInteresting Research

• Women with an internal locus of control Women with an internal locus of control perceived themselves at greater risk of perceived themselves at greater risk of developing breast cancer and, therefore, developing breast cancer and, therefore, were more likely to be screenedwere more likely to be screened(Rowe et al., 2005)(Rowe et al., 2005)

• Locus of control related to chronic Locus of control related to chronic fatigue syndrome, sick leave from work, fatigue syndrome, sick leave from work, and how one responds to a diagnosis of and how one responds to a diagnosis of human papillomavirus (van de Putte et human papillomavirus (van de Putte et al., 2005; Hansen et al., 2005; Kahn et al., 2005; Hansen et al., 2005; Kahn et al., 2005)al., 2005)


Locus of Control (cont.)Locus of Control (cont.)

• People can have good locus of People can have good locus of control in one area of life and control in one area of life and not in anothernot in another

• Cocreator Perception Deficiency Cocreator Perception Deficiency (CCPD) describes those who (CCPD) describes those who believe that they have total believe that they have total control over events or no control over events or no control at all; both are faultycontrol at all; both are faulty


Anxiety ManagementAnxiety Management

• Complete Lab 7.6Complete Lab 7.6

• Anxiety is unrealistic fear resulting in Anxiety is unrealistic fear resulting in physiological arousal and behaviors physiological arousal and behaviors to avoid or escape the stimulusto avoid or escape the stimulus


Anxiety (cont.)Anxiety (cont.)

• Types of anxietyTypes of anxietyTest anxietyTest anxietyTrait anxietyTrait anxietyState anxietyState anxietyPanic disorderPanic disorderSocial phobiaSocial phobiaSpecific phobiasSpecific phobias


Coping TechniquesCoping Techniques

• Environmental planningEnvironmental planning

• RelabelingRelabeling

• Self-talkSelf-talk

• Thought stoppingThought stopping

• Systematic desensitizationSystematic desensitization

• Cognitive restructuringCognitive restructuring

• ABCDE techniqueABCDE technique© 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education.

All rights reserved.All rights reserved.

HardinessHardiness• People who are hardy have the “3 C’s”People who are hardy have the “3 C’s”

– CommitmentCommitment– ControlControl– ChallengeChallenge

• Hardy people are able to better withstand the Hardy people are able to better withstand the onslaught of stressorsonslaught of stressors– Become ill less often from stressorsBecome ill less often from stressors– Have less psychological distress, increased Have less psychological distress, increased

happiness and adjustment, happier marriageshappiness and adjustment, happier marriages


Perception InterventionsPerception Interventions

Chapter 7Chapter 7


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© 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Perception Interventions Chapter 7