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© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Abortion: The artificially induced expulsion of an embryo
or fetus from the uterus Miscarriage:
Spontaneous abortion that occurs naturally The history of abortion in the U.S.
Mid-1800s: Prior to 20 weeks was legal1900s: All states made abortion illegal1960s: Laws started to change to remedy
violations of the right to privacy
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© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
1973 Roe v. Wade U.S. Supreme Court ruled:
Pregnancy divided into three trimesters 1st trimester - up to pregnant woman and her doctor 2nd trimester - state may regulate 3rd trimester - state may regulate and bar all abortions that are
not life threatening to mother
U.S. Congress barred use of federal Medicaid funds 17 states provide nonfederal public money Current issues
2007 Gonzales v. Carhart - Supreme Court upholding the Partial Birth
Abortion Ban Act 2008-2010
Several states pass legislation requiring women seeking an abortion to undergo ultrasound procedures and be given the chance to view the images
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© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Pro-lifePro-life: The fertilized egg is a human being from the moment of conception and, therefore, an abortion is murder. Any women having sex knows pregnancy is
possible; she has a moral obligation to carry the pregnancy through
Women unable or unwilling to raise the children should consider placing them up for adoption
Abortion has destructive effects on our traditional morals and values
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© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Pro-Choice: Pro-Choice: There are distinct stages of fetal development and that preserving the fetus early in pregnancy is not the ultimate moral concern. Women should have the right to make their own
decisions If not legal, then unsafe and unregulated practices
would occur Women would be divided into those who could afford
an abortion and those who could not
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© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
U.S. public opinion seems to change depending on the situation
Many approve legal abortion when health or welfare consequences could result
The issue in later pregnancy is the question of when the right of the fetus takes precedence over the woman’s rights
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© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Legal arguments Moral arguments Short- and long-term ramifications What resources are available? Adoption options
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Two categories Surgical - 87% of all U.S. abortions in 2005 Medical – 13% of all U.S. abortions in 2005
Emergency contraception pills or IUD not abortifacients
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© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Also known as dilation and curettage or D&C Performed from the 6th to 12th weeks Used in about 90% of all abortions Cervix is cleansed, then gently and gradually
stretched over a 24-hour period After dilation, a tube connected to a suction machine
gently empties the uterus After suction, doctor uses a curette (narrow metal
loop) gently scrapes the walls of the uterus Entire curettage takes 5-10 minutes After a few hours in recovery, the woman can return
home
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© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Manual Vacuum Aspiration (MVA) Done up to 10 weeks of gestation Gentle suction of a syringe; no electric pump Significantly cheaper than suction curettage Can be performed by nurses or midwives Ideal for low-resource settings As safe as suction curettage
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© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Multi-Fetal Pregnancy Reduction (MFPR) Reduces the number of fetuses in a multiple
pregnancy Usually performed during first trimester Fetal heart injected with potassium chloride Improves maternal pregnancy outcomes
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© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
One in ten abortions is performed after the 12th week of pregnancy
D&E used from 13 to 24 weeks of pregnancy
Dilation and Evacuation (D&E) Two steps:
1) Cervix is dilated overnight at home 2) Next day, uterus is emptied using surgical
instruments and an aspirating machine
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© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Intact dilation and extraction (known as partial birth abortion) Surgical procedure where intact fetus is removed
from the uterus; performed rarely (0.17% of all abortions)
Became illegal in 2007 by the Supreme Court ruling of Gonzales v. Carhart
Labor Induction Rarely performed; used for late abortion
Prostaglandins (chemicals) used to induce labor Causes contractions to begin Causes a stillbirth to occur within 6-24 hours
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© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Medical Abortion Used very early in pregnancy within 49 days of the
last menstrual period. Choose to use a combination of drugs to end the
pregnancy Advantages and Disadvantages Drugs used:
Mifepristone Blocks the effect of progesterone
Misoprostol Induces contractions
Methotrexate Stops the embryonic or fetal cells from dividing
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© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Mifepristone–Misoprostol method Initial dose of mifepristoneTwo days later take dose of misoprostolEffective rate is 92-95%Side effectsFollow-up procedures
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© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Methotrexate with prostaglandinMethotrexate stops the embryonic or fetal
cells from dividingAbout 80-85% of women will abort within 2
weeksUp to 95% will abort within 30 days
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© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Possible physical effects Fever above 100º F Abdominal pain or swelling, cramping, or backache Abdominal tenderness Prolonged or heavy bleeding Foul-smelling vaginal discharge Vomiting or fainting
Incomplete abortion Unsafe abortions
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© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Possible feelings after having an abortion: Guilt New strength in having made and carried out an
important decision Relief Regret Depression Sense of loss Negative feelings about sex Relationship may end Anger Bitterness
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