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5,000 kcal/kg

3,500 kcal/kg

4,400 kcal/kg

= 5,000 x 0.2 = 1,000 = 24.57% 0.2457

= 3,500 x 0.5 = 1,750 = 43.00% 0.4300

= 4,400 x 0.3 = 1,320 = 32.43% 0.3243

0.2457+0.4300+0.3243 = 1 ( 1)

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19(2) 600,000

38(1) 50

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11(3) 11(4)

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16 40,000

18 600,000

19(2) 600,000

38(1) 50

38(2) 50

42(1) 100

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(pH) (pH Meter)

(BOD) (Azide Modification) 20C

5

(COD) (Potassium Dichromate Digestion)

(SS) (Glass Fiber Filter Disc)

(Temperature)

(TDS) 103-105 oC 1

(TKN) (Kjeldahl)

(Oil & Grease)

(Mercury) (Atomic

Absorption Cold Vapour Techique)

(Selenium) (Atomic

Absorption Spectrophotometry)

(Hydride Generation)

(Plasma Emission Spectroscopy)

(Inductively Coupled Plama : ICP)

(Cadmium) (Atomic

Absorption Spectro Photometry)

(Direct Aspiration)



(Lead) (Atomic


(Direct Aspiration)



(Arsenic) (Atomic

Absorption Spectrophotometry)

(Hydride Generation)



(Trivalent Chromium, Cr3+)

(Atomic


(Direct Aspiration)



(Hexavalent Chromium,

Cr6+)

(Atomic


(Direct Aspiration)



(Barium) (Atomic


(Direct Aspiration)



(Nickel) (Atomic


(Direct Aspiration)



(Copper) (Atomic


(Direct Aspiration)



(Zinc) (Atomic


(Direct Aspiration)



(Manganese) (Atomic


(Direct Aspiration)



(Sulphide)

(H2S)

(Titrate)

(Cyanide)

(HCN)

(Pyridine

Barbituric Acid)

(Formaldehyde)

(Spectrophotometry)

(Phenols 4- (Distillation, 4-

Compound) Aminoantipyrine)

(Pesticide) (Gas-Chromatography)

*

(TSP)

- US EPA Method 1,2,3,4 5 (Isokinetic Sampler)

(SO2) - US EPA Method 6C (NDIR)

- US EPA Method 8 (NOx) - US EPA Method 7E (Chemiluminescence)

(CO) - US EPA Method 10 (NDIR)

(Cl2) - US EPA Method 26 (Non-Isokinetic)

- US EPA Method 26A (Isokinetic) (HCl) - US EPA Method 26 (Non-Isokinetic)

- US EPA Method 26A (Isokinetic) (HF) - US EPA Method 26A (Isokinetic)

(H2S) - US EPA Method 15

(Xylene) - US EPA Method 18

(Cresol) - US EPA Method 18

(Dioxin)

(Furans)

- US EPA Method 23

- (Antimony)

- US EPA Method 29

*

- (Arsenic)

- (Copper)

- (Lead)

- (Mercury)

- (Cadmium) (Opacity) - US EPA Method 9 Visual opacity

(Sulfuric acid) - US EPA Method 8

(TVOCs)

(Stationary Source)

- US EPA Method 25A (FID)

- US EPA Method 25B (NDIR)

Fugitive Emission (TOC)

- US EPA Method 21

(Benzene) - US EPA TO-15 (Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry)

1,3 (1,3-

butadiene)

- US EPA TO-15 (Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry)

- Thermocouple

(CO2) - US EPA Method 3A (NDIR)

*

SM Standard Method for the examination of water and water, 22nd edition 2012

ASTM American Society for testing and Materials Standard US EPA United State Environmental Protection Agency

(Heating Values of Fuels)

()

() ()

11 A (Bunker A) (L) 41.27 MJ/L 12 B (Bunker B) (L) MJ/L 13 C (Bunker C) (L) 38.17 MJ/L

14 (Crude oil) (L) 36.33 MJ/L

15 (Processed used-oil) (L) MJ/L 16 (Naphtha) (L) 29.59 MJ/L NCV = 44.5 TJ/Gg IPCC Density = 665 kg/m3

17 (Kerosene) (L) 34.53 MJ/L

18 (Biodiesel) (L) MJ/L 19 (Diesel) (L) 36.42 MJ/L FMECTT 20 (Gasoline) (L) 31.48 MJ/L FMECTT

21 (Ethanol) (L)

LHV = 21.26 MJ/L HHV = 23.55 MJ/L

LHV = 26.95 HHV = 29.85 MJ/Kg U.S.Department of Energy Density = 789 kg/m3

Methanol (L)

LHV = 15.89 MJ/L HHV = 18.10 MJ/L


Butanol (L)

LHV = 27.84 MJ/L HHV = 30.24 MJ/L


29 (Other liquid fuels) .............. (L) MJ/L

31 (Anthracite) (kg) 31.40 MJ/kg

32 (Bituminous) (kg) 26.37 MJ/kg

()

() ()

33 (Sub-bituminous) (kg) 18.9 MJ/kg NCV = 18.9 TJ/Gg IPCC 34 (Lignite) (kg) 10.47 MJ/kg

. (kg) 18.42 MJ/kg

. (kg) 10.88 MJ/kg

. (kg) 10.47 MJ/kg

. (kg) 15.11 MJ/kg

35 (Coke) (kg) 27.63 MJ/kg

36 (Charcoal) (kg) 28.88 MJ/kg

37 (Biomass).............. (kg)

/Fuel wood (kg) 15.99 MJ/kg

/ Rice Husk (kg) 14.4 MJ/kg

/Bagasse (kg) 7.53 MJ/kg

/Saw Dust (kg) 10.88 MJ/kg

()

() ()

/Corn Stover (kg)

LHV = 16.8 - 18.1 MJ/kg HHV = 17.6 - 18.5 MJ/kg U.S.Department of Energy

() (kg)

LHV = 12.0 - 18.56 MJ/kg HHV = 13.1 - 19.90 MJ/kg U.S.Department of Energy

39 (Other solid fuels) .............. (kg) MJ/kg 41 (NG) (Nm3) 40.69 MJ/m3 NCV = 48 TJ/Gg IPCC MW=19 kg/kg-mol 42 (LNG) (Nm3) 44.2 TJ/Gg NCV = 44.2 TJ/Gg IPCC 43 / (LPG) (Nm3) 47.3 TJ/Gg NCV IPCC

LPG (: 30:70%)** (Nm3) 27.72 MJ/L 27.72 MJ/L = PTT MW=53.92 g/g-mol LPG (: 50:50%)** (Nm3) 27.25 MJ/L PTT MW=51.11 g/g-mol

44 (Hydrogen) (Nm3)

LHV = 27.84 MJ/Nm3 HHV = 30.24 MJ/ Nm3

LHV = 120.21 HHV = 142.18 MJ/Kg U.S.Department of Energy MW=2.016 kg/kg-mol

45 (Propane) (Nm3)

LHV = 27.84 MJ/Nm3 HHV = 30.24 MJ/ Nm3

LHV = 46.29 HHV = 50.24 MJ/Kg U.S.Department of Energy MW=44.097 kg/kg-mol

46 (Biogas) (Nm3) 20.93 MJ/Nm3

47 (Coke Oven Gas) (Nm3) MJ/Nm3 NCV = 38.7 TJ/Gg IPCC MW = N/A 48 (Converter gas) (Nm3) MJ/Nm3 49 (Off-gas) (Nm3) MJ/Nm3

59 (Other gaseous fuels) ................ (Nm3) MJ/Nm3 61 (Iron, Iron ore) (kg) MJ/kg 62 (Sulfide ore) (kg) MJ/kg

()

() ()

63 (Coking coal) (kg) MJ/kg 64 (Raw coke) (kg) MJ/kg 69 (Other feedstocks) .................... (kg) MJ/kg 71 (Pulp effluent) (kg) MJ/kg 72 (Municipal waste) (kg) MJ/kg 73 (RDF: Refuse derived fuel) (kg) MJ/kg 74 (Solid waste) (kg) MJ/kg 79 71-74 ................... (kg) MJ/kg

81 (Electricity (kWh) 3.6 MJ/kWh

** http://www.unitrove.com/engineering/tools/gas/natural-gas-calorific-value

** 1 (kcal) = 4186 (joules)

= 3.968 (Btu)

1 (toe) = 10.093 (Gcal)

= 42.244 (GJ)

= 40.047 x 10 6 (Btu)

1 (barrel) = 158.99 (litres)

1

(cu.m. of solid wood)

= 600 (kg.)

1

(kg. of charcoal)

= 250 (kg.)

5

(kg. of fuel wood)

= 1 (kg. of

charcoal product)

1

(litre of LPG)

= 0.54 (kg.)

* IPCC : Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2006, Net calorific value Lower Upper limit 95% Confident intervals

** U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. http://hydrogen.pnl.gov/tools/lower-and-higher-heating-values-fuels

**

***

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