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.. \ L SC S IGA RT NEWSLE TT ER Nu mbe r 39 April 1973
) S TGART NEWS.LETTER Number 39
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CONTEN TS
CHAIRMAN' S MESS AGP ........................................................ ED I TOR'S EN TRY .......................................... .. .. .. .... .. .......... I N MEMOR I UM •• ...................................... " .............. .. ........ .. AI FOl?UV .......... ...................... .. .... ...... .. ..............................
IN JAPAN (by Jerry G lea s on) ..
AI AT eMU ( by Mike Rychenerl ••• .... ........ .......... .. ...... THE ST AFO RD HEURI ST lC PROG RAMMING PROJ ECT
(by N . J . Sh..-ldharan •••••••••••••• •• ••••
CHESS ...... .... .. ........ .... .. ...................................................... CONFERENCES .................................................................... AI JOU RNr\L: SPECIA L I SSUE ON KNOW LEDGE ••
ABS T RACTS
AT ON TV ........................ .. .. .... ...................... .... .... ............ ADV E ~Tl SE "ENT •• .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . . . .. ..
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.. LSC 9-APR-73 22:52 15670 SIGART NEW S LETTER Number 3 9 Aprll 1973
SIGART NEWSLETTER lb
The S JGA RT Ne..sletter Is R bImonthly pUhlic9.tlon 01 the SpeclRl Interest Group on Ar~l£JciRl Intelli g ence of the AssociatIon ~or Computin a MachInery. The Newsletter reports on pro,fecta bein g conducted by the artIficial intelli g ence research commu nity and gene r ally reviews current prog ress in the stat~of-the-art. Co rrespondents r eport news from local SfGART Chapters and othe r Al Centers .
SlGART CHAIRMAN! George Ernst
Computin g a nd In~orm6tion Sciences Case Weste rn Reserve Univer sity
Cle v ela n d , Ohio 44106 Telephone: 2 16-368 - 2 936
NEWSLETTER 8D[TOR : Steve Coles
Artificial lntelli g ence Center Stan10 r d Resea r ch Tnstitut e
Menlo Park , CaLi't. 94025 Telephone: 415 326- 6200 ext. 4601
ASS OCIATE EDITOR : Rich F i kes
A rtj ~icjal Int el lJ g ence C~"ter Sta n 'to r d Respa r ch t nst i~ut e
Nenlo Park, Calif . 94025 TeLephone: 415 326- 6200 e~t . 4620
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The Editors "-n c ou r age contr Jbu tions :from a.uthors, includin g Letters to the Editor ( AT Forum) , Technica L Cont ribu tions (I to 6 pag es ), Ab8t r a.cts (preferabLy 100-20 0 words) , Dook Revie.s , Blbllog raphles of SpeciaL Topics In At, News Items (Conterences, Meetin g s , Course Announcements, PersonaLe, etc .), Adve rt ise~ents (New Product s or CLassified ."dvertisl n g ), Puzzles, Poems , Cartoons, etc. Material may be r ep r oduced f rom the Newsletter for non-commercial pur p oses wi th cr~dit to the author and S I G ART . Lb2
Anyone interested in a c tJn g as editor 'tor a special Issue of the Newsletter devoted to a particular topic in AI js invJted ~o contact the E~i t or . Letters to the Edi~or will be considered as submitted ~or p Ublication unless they con t ain a request to the contrary. Technical papers appeari n g in this Issue are un ref e reed working pa.pprs, and opInIons e~pressed in contrlbutio n s a re to be construed a.s those of the innivldual author ra t her than the offIc ial position o~ STGA RTt the ACM ,
) or any o r ganizatio n with which the wri t er may he aftl tiated. Ib3
YO\l are invited to Join and p~rt i cjpate act ively . S IGA RT membership 1s open to members of the ACM u pon paymen t of dues o~ $ 3 . 00 per year and to non-ACM member~ upon payment of dues at $5 . 00 per year . To indicate a
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." LSC 9 -APR-73 22 ~ 52 15670 S lGART NP,WSLETTFR Number 39 Ap ril 1 9 73
chan ge of adrlress or if you wish to become a mpmbe r or S TOART, please complete the form on the bottom o£ the last page o~ this issue . lb4
Copy deadline ~or the June I S9ue : May 25 th.
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" LSC Q-APR-73 22:52 SIGART NEWSLETTER April t 973
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CHAIRMAN'S MESSAGE 2
There wIll he a SIGART meetln s at the first National Computer
Confe rence and Exposition thIs June and Sa ul Amaral will be th~
Invited speaker . (See Ed itor's E ntry for detallR o ) 2a
Last Februa r y , I attended the Com puter Science Confere nce In Columbus,
Ohio and found it to be an interestlna and successful conference .
There were over 300 tolks most of which r eported on work (n pro~re~s
rl.Lther than tlnlshed re9u1.t9 , and only the abstractR were published.
Fach was schedu Led tor a pa rticuLar , 15 minute time slot, and
aMazingly enough, the sesslon chairman held the speakers to their
scheduled time . Thus, one could look at the abs tracts to see which
tRlks he wanted to hear and ufter attending u talk In one sesslon, he
could leave that session ~or a talk durIng the next time slot In
Bnother s ess ion . [1 there was nothin~ o~ int e rest during the next
time slot, t hat period could he spent In the lobby tftlkin~ to someo ne
he had not Beon for a few years . Hence , this ~ormat also i.proved
persona l communication, since people we r c constantly wander I ng in and
out of' 'the 1obby . 2h
Fe~e reeing abstracts Is not as selective as refereein g complet e
paperFi. However, the number o-t hl6lh quoll ty papers in wid ch r was
interested seemed to be the same at this con£erencc as at the a veraae
con£erence which re~urees complete papers. One 01 the reasons for
this was a relatively larg e number or experienced researchers ,
Includjn ~ a halr dozen from the Wes t Coas t that f knGw pe rsonaLly, who
took the tim e to come t o Co lumbu~ to tell other people what they are
current ly dolng . 2c
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ED ITOR ' S FNTRY
1. S TG A RT MEETING AT THE NAT[ONAL COMPUTER CONFERENCE
There wi II be u S t GAR T meetin g at the 1'ir s t Na tional Comput e r Conf'erence and E x pos ition in New York, tentatjve ly scheduled for Tuesday , June 5 th at 8 :00 P . M. Pro~ . Saul Amarel , Chairman of th e Depa rtmen t o~ Comput e r S clence at Rut g e r s, wj~l t a lk on II A ' at Ru~ ge rs.l l TopIcs to be discussed inclUde r esearch on rep resentations anrl modeling In p robl em solving , que ~tion
an s werin g , generation and interp.retation 01' event seQuence~, as well OR applications I n me d ical d ecision - making u n d au t oma ti c pro g ram",i n g .
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Acc o r d ing to the con~erence Program Chairma n, Dr. Ni ls Nilsson, " app r oximately 15 0 pape r9 have been submitted fur the third lJ CA l. A p reliminary look r eveals that many a re outstand ln g ." Mo re in~ormation will b e fo rthc oming in ~uturp issues of the Newsle tt er ~
3 . ADDI'TtONAL SIGART NEWS L ETTER REPORTERS
Uni v~ o~ Cali~ornia at Berkeley GM Research Labs ~
(nformation Scien ces I nstitute at USC
Michae l H. Sm ith ArvI d L. Ma rtin Rohert lio:f:fman
4 ~ CHARGES FOR BACK I SSUES OF SIGART NEWSLETTER
Liz Klein in 'fnrms me that the charg e for hack issues of our newslptter Is $ ~ 50, prepaid. (Since there is a $2 ~ OO bllljn ~
chur~e , prepayment Is obviou sly more convenient.) Make chec ks payable t o the AC M. Back i ss u es &re s tilt available as list ed in the December ' 72 Newsletter, p ~ 29 , and in c lud in g the most r ecent issues (Dec . '7 2 and Feb . '73 ). Writ e to:
Ms . Liz Kle in Ae y
11 33 Avenue of t he Ame ri cas New York , New York 1 0036
5 . ARPA NFT USED TO TRANSMIT NEWS L ETTER MATER ( AL
Fo r the first time In history, we d I d not ne ed to r e type an article sol icited for the newsletter . The report by Mike Ryche n e r on AT res earcb at CMU , appearing on P. 17 o~ thi s i ssue , wos obtained ove r th e Net us in ~ the standard FTP p r otocol a nd edited on-line. We ho pe thi s p r ecedent will be followed by many more In the fu tur e .
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6 . NSF PROJECT TO STUDY ROBOT HA RDW ARE
Thp Nbtlonat Sc ienc e Foundat ion has awarded SR l a contract to 8tudy and r ecommend moderately priced , g eneraL-purpose rohot hardwa re for poss i ble use by any university or o r ganJ7.atJon Int erested In star tin " fL research prog ram In artlflcial intelll gE' nce . A few I nstituti ons such aR MI T t S tan~ord University, and SR r have already invested many man-y ea r s In de vel opJ n g spec l aI - pu r pose hardware, and are continuing to do so . However , there are ma ny other unlvcrsitlteg eng aged In research In compute r scie n ce that s i mpLy cannot a~tord to commit a s ub s t a ntial enplneerlng eL~ort to the development o~ such hardware for th e ir own AI r esea rch.
SR r is plftnnin g to put ~orth itA recommend~tlon s In the form of a cotn ln g of modul a r system componpnts , whI ch wIll hopefully satis~y the above need ~or the near futur~. Of course, as n ew systpm componen ts become Rvftilable , the ca t a lo g wou l d have to be expanded and updated .
The SRJ study consIsts of two parts: First, a quest ionnaire was spnt to approxImately 250 u nivers ItIes a n d researc h institutions throu ~hout the world that migh t be InterPRted In !'robotic '! equIpment, such as t ele vision cameras , manipulator ftrnas , and mobile v ehic Les . The purpose o~ the questionnaire was to try and establ i sh functional cha racteris ti cs a n d operat ional pa rameters deemed important at thp p re se nt time . The second pa rt ot the study Is to in qu lre from a ll known manu~acturers th e specifications of r e tpvant hardware devices, s uch UR vi s ual and tactile sensors, manipulators, a n~ other rel ~te~ de vi ceR . Tom B inford o~ the S t an~ord Un iv e rsity Artificial Jn~elll ~ence Labora~o ry has p r ovided us with v a luable Jnforma tion on sensor s , wh i ch h e has been study in ~
~o r the pest year .
Also In con n ection with ~his proJect, Victor S chcLnman o~ Stanford University an~ Jerry G leason o~ SRI h"ve recpntly comple~ed a two-wee k t nu r of AT-related hardware de vel opmen t s In Ja pan . (J e rry' s r eport appears on p. i2 of thI s .I s sue). Judg ing from th e e norm o us level of activity by both Ja p an ese universities Rnd industry, as well as stron g qo v e rnment endorsement throuc h the P ] PS Project, It Is quite po ss ible that the Japanese will o ut d i stance us in the de v e lopment of r ohot hardware In the next "few years. Althou@h there seems to be compa rative ly little attention beln~ g iven to the more theoretical aspects o~ Ar such as problem so lvln ~ , theorem p r ov in , etc. In Ja pa n, pe rh eps the develop~ent of fai rl y sophisticated ha rdW a re will prec Lpltete g reater concern tor this a r ea 01 AT in the fut ure .
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oa.~e 7 April 1 9 7 3 SlGART ~EWSLETTER
7. THE LtGHTHILL REPORT
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It has recently come to my attention that our British colleag ues are in the artifIcIa l
midst 01 a se ri ous controv~rsy about the ~uture of intelli ge nce in Great Britain and its proper level of
To document this debate, see two recent g overnment support . articles appearing in the Briti sh Journal , TH E NEW SC IENTI S T (cf. p. 2q for abstractsJ .
As best as r can Jofer ~rom these articles and otller person al communJcations, th~ British Science Research Council commissloned Prof. S ir James Llghthltl, an eminent physicist, to examIne the ~uture o~ Al research and formulate recommendations for fut ur e government fun d in g . It appears that his report waR so displeasing to worker s In the f ield that the SRC has not y(>-t Rlo de its contents public and only a. few people have actually seen i1 In 1:ult . (It will alle g edly be published late this Sflr in g .) N"eerll psa TO say , it coulrl not have been a very positive report.
It j9 reputed that S ir James was invited by Pro~ . Donald Mj ch ie to vialt the faciLitIes at the SchooL of Artificial Intellige nce at Edinburgh UniversIty while he was p r eparin g his report in order to Learn what Al was all about first hand, but that he declIned. Michie's article ,in the N'EW SCIENTIST seems to be t\ djrect publJc r efutation 01 t he contents o~ the Li g hthill Repo rt. The second article by Rex Malik provides a more detailed account of its contents with additional observations by Dr s . Ma rvin Winsky and Terry W ino ~rad o~ MIT and Dr. Bertram Raphae l of SR I. We certainly hope that our B rJtl s!1 cousins will r esolve this cont rov ersy in a satis£ac t ory manner, so tbey can con tinue to produce the hi g h quality Al research which they have demonst r ated in the past.
PRINTER QUALJTY
Finally, RJch and 1 wish to thank those who voluntpered the servic e s o~ their own line printers, in print ing a more le g ible edition o~ the newsletter for p u blication. We apolog ize ~o r the poor ty pe- qualJty of th e l ast iss ue and hope thd t ~his current issue is more adequate , having been printed with a mylar instead of cloth ribbon ..
L . S . C . 3 / 28 /7 3
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.. SlGART NEWSLETTER April 19 73
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IN MEMO .R[ UN
t. TO THE F RIENDS OF JAUlE CARRONFLL hy
Ted St.·ollo, BBN"
As ma ny of you know already, Jaime died suddenly and unexpect~dly o~ a heart attack on February 2 , 1 9 73. He leaves his wife, Ne lly, and 5 children : Jaime Jr., Dina, V i gue l, Ana Ma riu, tind Pablo , their a~es ranging from 19 to 6 yea r s old.
Nelly Is most concerned about her £inancJal ability to provide £or the c h ildren's educations , and ma n y o~ us wa nt to help wl~h that conce rn. To this end , we have contacted t he Ca rbonell's family lawyer and ar r an g ed 1, 0 set up 8. 'trust fund that witl minimIze any tax burden to the fam il y . We hope you too may _ant to help . Please send checks made to "The Jaime ~. Ca rbonell Memorial Trus~" in care oL the u n derRJgned.
Dr. Th~odore R. Strol l o Ho lt Beranek a n d Newman rnc. 50 Moulto n street Camb ridge , Massa chusetts 02138
2 . W. ROSS ASHB Y, FAMOUS CYBERNETICrST D(ES by
Gordon Pask (from the ASC Forum , Vol. V, No . t, Ya rc h 1 973 )
Pro~ . Dr . Ross Ashby , ge ntleman, ~e niua , and scholar , died at the a ge o~ 69 on November 1 5 , 1972 . He was, of course, a wo r ld authority on cybernetics and s ystems ~heory . He came down ~rom Sidney, Sussex, C&mbrldgc , and p r acticed medicine; served for many years as Res earch Director of Barnwood House and at the Burden Neurolo g lcal Insti t u te. Later he came to t hp United S tates , where he was Professor in the Department o£ BiophysLcs, at ~he University of Jllinols f r om 196 1 ~o 1.97L On r et irement he retUrned home to Great Bri tain n n d spent the last few years of his tl£e as P rofesso rlal Fellow a ~ the Unl v ersi t y 01 Wa les.
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" LSC 9 - AP R-73 22:52 15670 p a g e 9 A p ril. 1 9 73 SIGAkT NEWSLETTER
AI f OR UM
COMP UTATI O NAL LOG I C - A DI SSE NT I NG V.IF.W by
John Lask i COlnput i ng Cen ter
Unive r sity of Essex Co l chester , Essex.
Now that Pa~ Hayes hus Joi n ed l azy and looked mo r e closely , a t compu t at i ona l lo g i c , or as Theorem Pro vin g . Wha t I fo u nd
us a t E ssex , I have s1:opped bein g thoug h no t technically v ery deep Ly, It ' s de vote~s call it, Automatic
has confi r med my ea rlier naive view.
r can hest express t his by paruphraslng my mE- mory of Aa r- Hllt e l's beg inning to a l ecture on l a n g uag e tran s lation at IFJP In 1 962 . "Af't e r n m i ll i on dol l arR of support , after m man - yea r s of ei _fort , after ~ Ph . D. theses , we must hone s tly adm it that our g oals ( of tully au t omat ic, hi g h q u al ity transl a tion and of new and interest i n g p roofs l:Lutomutlcall y g ene r ated "for ne .. and interestin g theorems ), though prope rly attractive as an area of scjpntiflc resea rch that had a g ood chance 01' payof f wben it beg an , must no." be reco g n Ized a~ a chJmera . I '
Bar-Hillel ex:agge l'ated then and r exagg erate now .. I admire th e int e llectual contrihution or i g inated by Robi n so n in reformulating Predlcate Log Ic in a ma nner amenable t o compu t a ti on anrl the mathematical in g enuity o~ ma n y of his f ol l owers .
Hu t f cons ioer that the work 0"1 this school has reached a plateau o r local max i mum whose level Is way below the then reasonabl e expecta t ions 01' the earlie r pioneers and i s an orde r of mag nitu(te betow what we n eed :for p roofs of p r o g ra m correctness . An d [ do n' t see extra-hyper-par a - super-modula tJon, or Jmprovements i n software or h a r dwa re technology maki n~ a b~ind b it o£ dirfer~nce to th e situation.
Those were the symptoms ; now a d i g nosis of what I thin k i s wrong. When we produce a pro g ram that we con.f i den tly alle g e so lve s the problem we set out to solve Ot:" embark on a plan of ac t io n thaT we bel i eve wtll at~ain some des ired g oal , our confidence Is based on n atural in forma l r eason ing . Mo r eover, we can convince o ur friends of t he v alidity o f our so l utIons; they accep~ the "reaso n ableness " o~ ou r reasonin g ..
Wh a t them
is mor e amazing Is that to , and tha t o ur plans ,
ou r prog rams o£ren do what we too, y i eld us, usua ll y , the
Intended
g r atifications we soug ht. Co nversely, whe n we fo rmalize this reaso nin g lnto appl i ed p r edicate lo g ic , pro vi n g the co rrespondi n g theorems is too d11fl cult f or cu r rent automatic theorem provers . This contrast is all the mo re s tri k in g at f i rst s I g ht because theRe p r oR rams a re much lus ter an d more reliable at prodUc in g proofs than [ am i 1 am actual l y rather inaccurate at wri tj n g thin g s dow n and consequently don't trust wh at Y·ve wri tten without constant
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n-AP~13 22:52 15670 pa~e to
rechecking . Rut, r can, and think r should , turn this last thou~ ht
up~lde down to r~ach my diaa nosls.
The ~ormal deductive systems we are usin g are bad ones £or construc tjn g p r oofs that Justl£y our In~ormal rea~onLn~. This is not surprIsing; we have taken them uncritically from the Mathematical lo g iCians who use ~hem as obJect~ or analysis , whereas we want to use them as objects 01 use . An object of study should be as parsimo ni ou s ly specified as possIble so that elahorate cas e analysis in provJn~ Its propertJes can he minimIzed: conversely, the richer the tools 01 arg uments a v allable , the easier it is to JU9ti~y some (valid ) proposition .
To use a pro Kramrrdng analo g; y , tho(> way we cuns-truct l>roo1's is like writing pro~ ram s In absolute hexadecimal . After diagnos i s comes ~rea~ment. Robin Wilner ' s LCF system Is in~ere8tin 8 , and not dUe ~o the fact that the lo g Ic w i th whIch he Is workin g is due to S cott, rather than being classical, applied predicate log ic. Scott is Just as tradItionally parsimonious In d escrlbln v his syste m as the p redica~e lo g ic systems In tho(> lIterature. What Is interesting UbOllt what Milner has done is that he has embedded S cott ' s LO G i c wIthIn an interactive, p r oo~-constructlon .echanls~ . The user cons truct s his proof el ther bottom-up by requestlnc that a rule or deductIon b,' applIed to already proved formulae or top-etown hy hypothesizing thnt a gn~ l will '1'lnally be reached by some rule of deduction . The system automatically produces the consequent Wf~B that a r e, In the one case, now proved and, in the other , form new suhg oals . In both cases -- and thIs is what' see as important the .. 1'1s that are p r oduced a r e syntactically correct and do not require tedious textual checkln ¥, _ To continue tho programmin g analogy , Miln er allows us to construct our proofs jn a mncro-8S8~mhly lenvua ~e .
But treatment I s no~ cure , and T have no cure . 1 belIeve , however, thai the analogy 1 have drawn between p ro g ram- contrucl10 n lan "uag ~M
and proof-collstruction languag ps reachps ~urther nnd pro vi drB a clue to the next step . Above macro-languag es exist procedural lan fi: uft.aea which , over the last two decades we have tuned to e1<pres!'lll naturally the way we const ruct al p o rlthms . We need to discover formal deductive 9y~tems in which we can na~urally construct p roors. What semantic constructs this requires T don't yet know. Milner has e Simplify command whJch allows ft dyna~Jcally chanA lng set o~ simplIf ications to be, when appropriate Invoked as a class ; he claims this to be very valuabl~ and I also b~lleve it to h e a valuable be~innlng . Some ot my colleg ues, followln p Wi no g rad, want to Bec a proot not as static, hut a8 u planned o r contrlved procedural construc-t; ot thIs f a~ very sceptical .
I hope that thls note wilt stimulate s ome response, ~ither dIrectly to me, or through the AI Forum.
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~EMnERS~IP SERVICES by
Wiley R. McK inzie AeM Membership Nl1QS214 (T ~hlnk)
State University College 01 Arts and Sc ience Genesco, New York
A copy 01 ~hls letter is addressed to "Membership Se rvices" of the AeM. A more appropriate title would have been "Membership Disservices . " My deaLings wl~h you over thp past year surely has a ~pd me by fI v e . r will not bother to outline tile blunders you have made In the mailing ot pUblications f J miss ed 6 la s t year) , the handli n g of me~bershlp numbe r s ( I ' ve had three In one year) , .. nd the hand l ln " o -t membership dues (T pald 1'or S TGA'RT membprshlp anct go t SlGACT) . t concede I know when 1 am deul l n g with a G l fGO (I.e • • Good [ni'ot"mo.tlon [ n , Garba lJe Out) .
TI erero r e , .Lth re~a rd to the current probLeM of multiple bJlltnas ror SIGART membership , 1 reluctantly enclos e a S3 .00 check ~or th e gecond payment 0"1 my S (GART dues in the hOI~e that you don l t lose it, enroll me In S rGCAPH (aLthough I .feel T beLonM: there at thiN point) or spend it on more Re newaL Notice Fo rms (1 have enough now to paper the wall~ and ce il in g ). (am al so encLo~in g a copy of my prev i ous correspondence on this matter 1n the event someone there happens t o read , and Ls i n teres ted . rt is « S uinst my principles to submit whpn I ' m beln~ raped . However , S TGART docs p ut out an interest i n g newsletter and tor this reason alone 1 stand compromised .
Finally, 1 sound this alarM , ulthough th~se sage worris a re ~urely written on the .ind .
" Layman , beware Your cybernet i c priests have :fee't o .f clay . They boaet ot their machines that wi ll de liver up your w i l des t dreams , but their a r ts a r e feeble . They cannot even put their own hou~e I n order . Better pl ac e your fnte in the hands o ~ B shaman than such as these . "
[Rd. Note : have p prsonally consulted .ith "eM Ueadquarters on the case of M r . McKinzie and have been assured that the problemS re.ferrf"d to above have been stLt:Jsfactori ly r eso lved.]
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S r G ART NEWSLETTFR Aprl 1 l R7J LSC 9 -APR-73 22:52 1 5670
pn" p 12
KEEP UP THE GOOD WORK by
Garry C arlson Rrigham Youn~ Un iversit y
Provo , Utah
in the Decembe r Issue o~ the S IGART NewsLetter, which l receive d nn
February 12 , you have some discussion on a possible dues Increase .
r thl. nk t he answer to this problem 18 very s i mpLe : whatever It
costs to keep SIGART g0 1n a , including the News l etler , i s what
should determine the dues . r think most of us re ceJ vln g th~
Newsletter Ceel it one o~ the more 9lgni~lcant publications that we
ge t and are happy to pay whatever the costs ar. that are ne cessu ry
to create and publJsh it. We .realize that lhere Is a l a r g o amount.
01 donated tabor by you and your se cretarIes and ottlers, an d that
all Is b ein g done po~sible to keep the cost to a minimum. You have
at least one memberts vote for 0 raisin g o~ the dues to Whatever is
necessary to cover the costs .
Thanks for your g ood work .
Sc
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ROBOT RESEARCH iN JAPAN by
Jerry G l eason, SR I
TNTllODUCTION
As pa rt o~ a n int e rn a tion al study sponso r ed by NS F to r ecommend hardware ~or a rti ficial int e ll i gence research, Victor Sc h ei n man and I spent two weeks in Japan vl s i-ting uniVersities, lndust riaL research laboratories, a n d fac tori es . We were im p ressed to find that a subs t a nti a l e~'ort Is beIng devoted to j ma~ e process ing t echni q ues a nd to the de vel opmenT ot robots ~or industr ial autollHltion . The largest effo rt is an eight-year, 100 million dollar p r o g ram sponsored by the Ja panese Ministry of Inter n atio naL Trade and Industry (~IT I ). This I s a Natl onal r esear ch and devetopmen1: p ro g r am unde r the o v e r- a LL dl rE- etlon 01' Dr . Hi r oJi Ni s hino o~ the E l cctrotechni caL Lahoratory (ETL). The P TPS p r oject ( Pattern In ~o rmation P rocessing S ystem ) has ~i ve ma jor g oals to be ~ccompllshed by 197 8 : (I) Recog nitIon 01 2000 printcd characters (includJng Chi nese Kanji cha r acte rs), (i I ) Recog ni ti on o~ pictures, (ill) Recognition of 3- D objec~s, (iv) Recog nitIon o ~ v oIce , and (v) Reco g nition 01' sentences .
Il:TL
At 1:he E t ec tro technl cuL L abo r a1:ory In Tokyo, unde r the d irect i o n of Dr . Ko hel So to , .e saw f Ive manipulators (one o~ wh i ch is shuwn in f1'lfnlre 1), a demonstratIon 0.1 an imag e dissector/laser ran g in g system , and a small mobite robo t wh I ch had a TV camera with a £texibte ~iber-optic li g ht g ui de , a manipulator wjt h 6 8 tac tiL e sensors in it s hand, a nd a mini-skirt a round its perimeter eq ui pped with an additi o nal 16 tactile sensors . ( The tatter waR de v ~l oped by Dr. l:i iroch lka Ino v e a nd Dr. Hideo Tsukuno.l The computer used by this t aho r u. to r y wa,s (I. 20K PDP-1 2 .
UITACHI
Th e H IV1 P Ma rk 1 hand/eye syst~m a t the H it ach i Cent r al Research Laborat ory CRn asserGb Ie s i lnp le s t ruc tures g j v e n approp r i II te ly shaped blocks a nd a three- vie w assembly d r awing D~ the desired st ructure ( see Fi g ure 2 ). It i s cu rrently bei n g modi~jed t o p e r mit the Introduction of tactile sensors on ~h e fI n ~ers o ~ the han d .
Dr . Masakuz u EJirl and 'Or. Tadu.masa Hirai th e n demonstrated th e u rVIP Mark III hand/eyp system , a successo r t o th e Mark I, wh i ch used a T V camera to de ter mine the location a n d orientation of d i ~~erent blocks moving down ft conveyur bel t , acqu i re a nd track a movIn~ block , a n d ~inalty pIc k it up a nd p l ace 11: in a s t andar d pos j tl on . They also showed us a soon-t o - be - announ ced p rint ed c ir cu it board inspect Ion system which disp lays c r acks and other de1'ects I n r ed on a colo r TV mo nito r , while the boards are movin g o n a co nveyo r belt.
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The ETL- RA~D is a hyrtraullcally-drlven, multi-Joint manlpulator wIth slx deg rees of f r eedom (three modes o£ motIon for both rotation and flexion respec tively and ~In~er tips with tactile sensors which detect contact with an ob,ject . The ETL- HAND has been designed with special attention paid to its
drivIng mechanism nnd the en1ire shape o~ the system tor a mInImum number o~ motions. The £inger tips are replaceable as necessary.
Rece ivin g sIgnals ~rom the sensors on the fln~er tips , the computer sends out action Bl~nalB to define What steps the IfAND should toke to perform the task .
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At Mitsubi,ghi Crntral Research laboratory, Dr. Takayasu Ito dcmons~rtLted a minicomputer-cont r olled manipulator that u sed two TV
Cameras: one provides an overview of a rotary conveyer table, and the oth~r Is mounted io the hand to p rovide vi sua l feedback tor arm positioning . The system "reads" the Kana Charncter Oll each o~ several blocks placed on a rlxcd table and ~tackg them on th e Movin g table in the desired order. This system u ses a PDP-S/i with ax of core. The program, however, occupies only SK or core, InclUdin g the storag e areas ~or ~he video imaa e and reference tables for 20 dlr~erent shapes and characters. A paper descrlbln ~
this system wIll be presented at the Third Internati onal Symposium on Industrial Robots on May 29-31 In ZurIch , Switzerland .
Dr . lto's group, wbich was formed two years a g o, is interested in s-tudyintz the mathematical theory o'f computation, theoreticaL aspects of AI , theorm proving, and im p rovements ot Planner £or p ro~ram writing. Dr . Ito has a 32K PDP-15/40 , n l 6K PDP-lt/20, an 8K Supe r-No va, a 16K Melcom 350-SF , and an SK Me lcom '70 (~hi ch is s imilar t o a SUper-Nova). All of the se computers are in~er-connectpd usin g the PDP- II' s Unl-bus . An XDS S i ama 5 is goln~ to be added to this syetem sometime thIs year Mitsubishi aLso had on d i splay an SOx80 electroluminescent (EL) paneL TV, a
200x240 EL Computer display wi.h 3 bits 0' g rey lev~ls, and a multI-color Liquid crystal display.
WASEDA
At Waseda University, D r. Jchiro Kato had se v e r a l arms and articulated hands with tactile sensors that were developed primarIly 'or pro~thetic applications . Dr. Kato has developed several " walking machines ," the lates t 0' which has two arms wi th hands and a dual TV system tor eyes (see Flgurr 3 ). Dr s . Atsuya Seko and Rirashi Kobayash i have developed an experimental, parallel-ima« e preprocessor which utilizes the dead-time characteristics o~ a chnnnel plate multiplier. This device can be used to extract the boundary o~ hlAh contrast objects, de tect movin g objects, and per~orm log iC ope rations on ImaQe s such as a+b, axb, etc .
OTHER LABORATORIFS
In addition to the above, we vI sited Toshiba Research Laboratory, which has a sel~-navigatin g , mobile r obo t ~or delI verin g and picking up packages and Kyoto University, where Dr. TQshiyuki SAki is doIng reseftrch in automfttic speech p r ocessJn ~ , puttern recogn itIon, picture processina (includln~ computer analysis and clftssi~ication o~ photographs 01 hUman face s ), a nd p rnc essing 01 natural lan gua~e . We also visJted Tokyo Unive rsity, where Dr. Jin-fchl Na a unto Is doJng r esearch on associative .. emory systems and Dr . Yasuhlro Dol I s s~udyina new technique s 'for r ea l tl me processin g 01 holographic i~ages. At RiKen [nformation Science Laboro1:ory, Dr. TakashJ Soma Is developin g an ultra-hI gb resolut ion CRT (16,OOOx 16,OOO) for use both as a flyin S spot scanner and as a
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the Un iversi t y of Tokyo ) is de velop in g a g raphic syRtem with hal~tone a n d a r ea co lor capabLlitles based on a Oa t a Disk 6 5 0 n display system.
RiKe n has ~ he la r ges t c omput~tlonal facilities tll at we encounte r ed wl th a FACOM 270- 60 , ( a DU(l.l cpu with a 256 Kw x 3 2 b .it s a n d 200x l 0 t 6 bytes 01 d i sk g t o r a~e ) anrt a FACOM 270-3 0 ( 65 Kw x L6 blt~
wl t"h a. tarf'( c a r aph ics aya t el'lI ). By the e n d o.t th e year the 270- 60
witl be r eplaced wIth a PACOM 2 7 0-7 5 , whIch is five t imes faster (and reputed to be the La r g est coroput~ r in Japan).
f NDUSTR TAL FACILITIES
We visited four manu.tacturlng ~ac llities:
(i) Aida E n gL n9' e ring , wh i ch manu1'nctures ono- and two - handed i ndustria l robots tor wo r kln @ wIth punch- p ress~s ,
(i 1) N i kon , w h ere we ,..-a t ched the assembly 0 1 the F- 2 camera ( wh i ch cont6 1ns ove r 100 pa rts ),
( 11 I ) Honda En R lneerln g Co ., whe r e the assembly o~ Hond6 cars is accomp lishe d , a n d
( I v) Furukawa E Le c trIc Co ., whlch is the 4th o r 5 t h larg e s t communicat i ons cable ma nu facturer in the world . Dr . Kazuh ik o Wasuda a ~ Fu rukawa (and forme r Internation a l Fe ll ow at SRI ) ho.~
des i g ned many sy s t ems to automate the asse~hly o~ a wide v ar j ety of cah l es .
CONCLusrON
r t seemed t o u s that the Japanese a r e wo r king very d ili g e ntly to acqui r e the t ec hnolog y to carry ou t adv anced Im a g e proceSS in g a n d also t o apply AI t eChnolo gy to in d u s trial automatIon wi thin tho nex t ~ew yea r s . On the other hand we 8aw conpa ratlv~ l y li ttle I nte r es t In th e major so~twa r e and theo r et i ca l aspects of AI r esea r ch .
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AI RESE ARCH AT eMU A BR I EF SUMMARY by
Mlke Rychene r Computer Sc i ence Dept .
Ca rne g i e - Met to n Un ive rsity
Th~ mos t populous project at eMU is the speech recogn iti on p r oject headed by P r ofessor Ra J Reddy and Lee E rm a n. The cu rrent achIevement Is a v o i ce- chess system In co r po r at in g se v eral k n owledge sour ces worki n g in d hypotheslze-aod-t es t mode a n d interactin @, smoothly liS a se t or coope r a. tinp. Independent processes . This Hea r say syst E"m is
reasonably successful In r ecogn i z ing con n ec t ed speech in the limited chess cont ext , e v en 'though the chess-move g rammar I "eludes about 1'1 v e mitlion possible utterances . It r e lie s o n 6 c hess semantic specia list, the Tech pr o~ram , o n a g rammar s pecJalist , and on basIc acoustic routines. Present ly, r e - analysis and r eo r g anization o~ that ~ffort is beinK undertaken, by Lee Erman , Victor LeRse r, and R ich a r d Pen n e ll, with vI ews towa r ds i mp l ementat i o n on th e CMU C . Mmp (n ult i-mJn i - processor) systom a Bruc~ Lowerre and Richard Sm ith are anftlysin~ the po r~ormance of Hearsay ~or multi p l e speakers on several o t her t asks: a Doctor task, voi ce n ews r et ri e v al , and a desk calculator.
NDra hasic lin g uist ic r esear ch , co nsis tlna; of ga thering and analyzing: large amount s o:l connected speech, i s a l so unde r way , In the .torln 01 s lna le-person projects! Linda Shockey i s studying the rul es of r elaxed ~p~ech; Janet Bak~r , time doma in methods and their r elationship to n eur ophysio l ogical theo ri es ; Jim Baker, probabi li stic re p resentation ot knowl ed~e used I n a speech understandin g system : and H~n ry
Co ldbe r g , Comparat ive e v al u at i o n of v a ri ous parame tric representation s or spt"ech .
Two ~r adua t e studen t s , Kei th P ri ce a n d Ron Ohl ande r, o r e wo r kJng w it h P ro :fesso r Reddy In compu1:e r vI s i o n f a.ce r ecogn i t I o n and de t ec t I on a nd r ep resentati on o~ motion in n a tural sce n es . The work on SYNAPS ( Symbo li c Neu r onal AnalySiS P r o~rammin g System ) was reported In the prev jous S l GART n ews l etter.
Resea r ch in unde r standing and prob l em- sol ving ~orms t he mai n focus of Professo r Allen Newe li' s int eres t at the moment. This man ites~s i tseLf in the ~orm o£ understandJn g human p r oblem- solving beha v ior (prot oco l analysis ), in buildln~ a n understandin~ system ( MERL IN) to represent and r ep roduc~ ttlis hehavlor, and In analyZi n g the behavior o~ such sys t ems , expressed as p roduc t ion sys t ems . PAS- fl I s a "fairly larg e sophis ticat ed L J sp system for a utomati c p rotocol a n alySiS , written by DBn Wate r man a It features multipLe passes over a p r otocol tran script i on in E n~ LIsh, carryin~ it s u ccessi v e l y throug h g ra mma tical p~ rse-tr ees , semant ic p lemonts, behavI or g raphs(the context o~ the protoco l), and ~i n a ll y a p r oduct i on sys t em simulation of the protocol The prog r am J s highly interactive, a ll owi n ~ the hu~an to tak e ov~r
where the prog r a m makes majo r o r minor sll ps .
Use ot the system bas been made outs i de the p ro tocoL analysIs taqk a r ea , since its compo n e nt s a r e s u~~ l c l e ntly g~neral to apply to
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j;l\"ene ral text-processln g " inductive " taskse Jlm Idoore Is 'the mainstay ot the WERLIN work, incorporatLna knowledge or p rocesses and methods ot AI into a semantic-ne t ~ramework. ~rofessor Newe ll' s PS(G) has been used as a p r inciple tool for exp r essing productlon systems , although almost e v ery ~ask has resulted in a dl~~erent so rt of Implementatl on . 7e
Tom Horan bu.s studied the sImulation of A v lsuallzation task using a p r odUct i on system which r e lies solely on symbollc Information (Ie , no vLsual memory RB such ), with a g r eat deal of success . Stu Ca r d is b~lldlng a complex data structure (h~ calls it a knowledge bush ) includin g a p roduct Ion system to r ep r esent an unde r s tandjn g o:f -the area 01 co g nitive learning expe r iments . Another project involveR eKpr essing AT p r ograms as p r oduction sys t ems in order to carry out an anal ys is o~ Int elligence and knowledge to th e prog r am , a particular eKample o~ which Is th e c urrent locus , the STUDENT p r ogram o~ D. Bo h r o". .
By now I've ~entloned fIve dlf~erent production sys tem applications in the en vironment, Rnd there s t ill seems to be a. lot thAt we don ' t know about these as programm ing vehicles, jn part iculu.r we 'r e nowhere n ear the stage Rssumed by prog r ams like PLAN~ER an~ OA4 , which have taken the liberty of bu ildina in to the system a set of assumptions which Ru ide the user in so lvin g his problems . In other words we're ~ryln~ to I solate i mportant deslsn i ssues wh l c l\ will encapsulate the kinrls of know l edge one has a.':fter writing many p r oduction systems , obse rvin g how the lack o~ control structu r e can make the task very dl~~icult. Ig
) In the area o~ chess, there are three efforts. Jim Gillo~ly is working
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on his Tech program as a n examp l e o~ performance analysis ~or Ai pro~ rams, in particula r he ur istic search types. Hans Be rliner, our resl dent chess Master , has worked up a chess tactics proll: ram which has a tt ained a level of 65~ success In "Win at Chess", R book 01 tactical problems . His proaram is successful In tLmitin ~ tree Rearch to abou t 400 no des In a depth 1 0 sea rch, utilizin g the se~antLcs of the chess pos it io n to gu i de th e mode in whIch t he program car ri es nut lts analysis. Chess also p r ovides a bridge o v e r the ~ap between perceptio n and p roble~-sot vlng , jn the work led by Pro~essor Herbert S Lmon. Throug h the effor t s of B ill Chase a n d others , about 3000 chess pa tterns hav e bee n encoded In to a n EPAM-tlke net wi th the result that boards can be r ecoan i zed perceptuall y at the l evel or Expe rt with respect to cbess rJlemory tasks.
On other ~ronts , S. Ramani is workInc In a CAl area, venerating ~ajr~y complex drill-type problems usable jn beg innin g pro~rnmmln g courses . Btll Mann has de v e lo ped a semantlc-net- based system for s tructu rin g exte rn al data I n terms of known templates, in pa rt icuLar on tasks such R~ encodjn~s fo r short-term- memory, and dis- assembly of machlne-lan~ua se ins r uc-tlonS e Charlee Redrick Is working: on th e design of a system which uses a semantic net to so lve a class o~ prob le ma inclu d jn ~ concept tor~at ion and seque nce extrapolation , in other words aene ral r ule inducton . Ou r e~tortg in mechanical th eorem- provin g are be in g d irected by Professor Do n ald LoveLand , consisting of a falrly powe r fu l theo r em- prover by Wark S ~ickeL which uses thp lInear format for r esolution . Thls bas i c ly Ls oriented t owards studyIng applicatIons
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ftnd eJICpe rJment.in g wl"th newly-dIscove red p roo:! stra"teg les. P ro1'eSisor Peter Andr~.s Is extending work int o mechanizin g higher-order logic. 71
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IHE HFURlSTlC PROGRAMMING/HEURISTTC DENDRAL PROJECT by
N .. S . Sh r idhaJ"an Computer Science Dept ..
Stanrord University
The Heuristic Programming Project a~ S tanford University is an interrllSCiplioary research eXtort. The probte~s o~ lnterest to this project include, besides the major e~~ort In the HeurIstic DEND RAL set of programs, determination o~ p r otein structures from X- ray crystallographic data , wo r k in automat i c pro g ramm i n g and automatic debug~ ing 0' programs , and studies on the rep r esentation prob~em. Same aspects 01' the Heu r istic DENDRAL work are detal led below: 8 80
The co - prlncl.plI.l in v estigat(}rs 10r the proJect inclUde Dr . Joshua Ledcrberg (G{!netlcs), Dr. Edward FcLl'.enbaum (Computer S clencp), anrt Dr. CarL DJerassL (Chemistry). Dr. Druce Duchanan has been with the project from Lts conception. The InterdlscIplinary s -ta:t:f Jnclurte several research associates , research assistants, pro a rammers, and ~raduate students . The problem chosen to work on -- the appllcatIon of artlficial intellj g ence techniques to mass spectromptry -- is a rich and varied domain o:f I nterest to Nedlclne, or~ anLc chemistry, and computer science.
Interprrtation ot mass spect r a r equires the judicious app lication of a very lar~e body of knowledg e , whether it Is done by a chemist or a c3mputer. Our ef:forts have paid rich divldenrts in not only providin g a handsomp tool of utll.i"ty to maSR spectrome tris"ts and in the systema"tizatlon of knowl.edge and technIque uf mass spec"tral analysIs, b<.lt also In helpin g to further the sta"te or the art in artLfJcial intellI g ence. The project remains comml-tted to the Idea that AI ran bene~l"t 2reatly by applications tha~ do not merely demonstrate 1eaglb i lity , but ac t ual l y a r e of signifLcant practical value .
F)(TENS 1"0'" OF PERFQRhlANCE
The perlornHl,nce progrO.IDS developed in th(~ past , for several SUbclasses of compounds , have heen g Iven a unified pr~sentati o n in [1] . Since thAt time much effort has been put into extendin g the performance level o~ the prog ram by
(i) thE" successful applicatIon tor the ~J rs~ time to a p roblem o t hiolo~lcal relevance, namely, ~he analySiS or the hi g h resolutIon mass spectra of estrogenic ~terolds . Of particular Ai gni~icance In the effort were, in a ddItion to eXceptIonal performa nce, the capabilIty for analyzin g spectra 01 mixture s 01 es~ro gens without prior s eparation .
(Ii) ~he completIon of ~he desIgn and pro g rammjng ot a CYCLiC STRUCTURE GENERATOR . Whereas the ori g inal DEND RAL al g orIthm could onl.y Generate molecules that do not contain any cycles, the new g enerator can p r oduce all mol.ecules 01 a g Iven chemical composition in a prospect i vely irredundan~ manne r. This problem has de~ied solution tor nea r ly 100 years and is considered sjgni~lcant in de~lnln g the scope and l Im i ts 01 allot chemistry. A SUb9tontial effort Is now bei n g mounted t o flexibly constrain "the g enerator wIth heuristics .
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F.XTBNsrON OF THE THBORY OF MASS SPFCTROYETRY qe
The task o~ theory to rMati~n In scIence ( Meta-D ENTRAL ) was desc ribed in [2] , and part Ia l Impleme ntation was deta Il ed in [3] . Our ohJective I s to e x p lore the theory -formation probl em within th e con ~ ex t ot AT r esearc h. The d if f i cu lty of the p r oblem I s in d i cated by notin g that (1) ~aBS spectroMetry has not been formatl~ed to any p; r ea t dea:r ee , (ii) exls"ting theories a r e not systemati c and quite Lncompte-te, and (Ill) pro g r ess Is s t ow and dl1':flcult , e v en fo r the chem i sts .
The p r esent pro g r am Is at the l e v el of beIn g u very u seful aid to the chem i s t Ln comprehend in g th e g reat v olume and rlchn e~s ot data th at mass spec~ra contain. The two completed parts o~ the p r ogram a.re:
(j) Data Interpret a tion and Summary -- a heurj s~tc searc h th a t transfo r ms r aw data (spec tra and st r uctur es ) Lnt o a rep resentatJon amenab1e to rule-~o rmatjon.
(LI) Rule-FormatLon -- a p r oceSR 01 successive r e~ lneme nt with heuris tic g uidance that formulates the fi r st- o r der rules of maBS spec trometry.
The :fo'rmatlon ot: s ophisltl cated r uleR a nd the-ir s u bsequen t unification li es In the future. The problem is J ll teresting and nevertheles s dJltLcult . The r e are proli~lc instances where A I i ssues ~Ike the rep rese ntation o~ data , r~ pregen t a tlon of processes , and se l ectio n of paradla_s are involved . The poss i b i lJty ot: lnt roduci n g a "model II to gu i de th eo ry .formatIon brin gs In sev e r a l o ther key AI q u estions .
C"p les ot articles referenced abov e a re a v a ilable by writIng tn the ! 81
ll eu ri stlc P roa rammlng Project Serra House Cnmputer Sc Jence Depart ment S tanford UnI vers Ity S tan fo rd, Cu li ~o rnia 9 4305
( I ] Ruc hanan, B . G . and Lederberg , J . [t971] "The Re uri s t ic DEN1)RAL Pr o~ ram for Exp laining Emp iri cal Dat a ," P r oc . TP IP Con g r ess 71, Ljubl jana , Yugos l a vI a . (Also Al Ve mo 1 4 1, S tan fo rd At P r o j ec t, Stanford Univers Ity.) S a
[ 2 ] Ruc hanan, B . G., Fe Igenbaum, E . A., S Lederber~ , J . [1971] II A He uri st i c Prog r amming S tudy 01 Theory For matIon In Sc lence,'1 Proc . Seco n d Int. Joint Co n f . on Art. Int ., Impe ri a l Co l le g e , London . (Also AI Memo 14 5 , S t an~o rd Al P roject , S tan fo rd UnlversJty .) 8h
[J] Buchanan, B . G., Fe I gen baum , I' Heurist i c Theo r y Formation : Da t a Machine IntellJ ge nce 7 , Edinburp;h
E . A., S Sr Idhara n, N. S . [U:~7 2] Inte r p retation and Ru l e Fo rlll a ~Jon,"
Uni v ersity Pres~ .
[ 4 ] Paper s on the Cyc~lc S tructur p Generato r are 1n vari ous s t a g es o~ p repa r a tion.
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CHESS
1. A META COMMENT ABoUT THE r.J. GOOD - SAW RASHEVSKY INTERCHANGE by
Hans J. Be rlin e r Fo rm e r World Correspondence
C hess C hampion
Thou~ h T u s uaLly preter to smll~ (beni g nLy) when discuss computer problems , th e dIscussion In t.h e o f February 1973 was a little too much r o r me .
r: 1re t oj' all , cha.llen@c the
1 wo uld think ~ha1 Mr. Goo d would .Judg ment 01' Mr . Reshe v a ky when it
am Rure Mr . Reshevs ky would have the g ood Be n se s t at I s tIc s debate wIth M.r. Good .
chess ama teur s S I GART NewAtetter
know be tter than to comes to chess . I oot t o ~e t lnt o a
S econdly, such pos itIons should be ano. lyzed tor the general pub li c a t a level commensurate with the p lay o~ th e competitors in the go~e. To measure the ou tco~e o~ a pos iti on by g ran dmaste r s t " n dards when Class C p layers ar e invo lved , is ludi c rous. It i s done on ly in tournaMents when a e a me cannot be f ini shed a nd Mus t be adjudicated , and I w inc e e very 1lme t am ca lled upon to do that .
T h irdl y , ~r. Fische r and Mr . Reshevsky should be informed that chess playe rs o~ g reat re pu tation and ability are working on th e chess programmi n g proble~ . They _ay not want t o include me, since their Joint over the board score a g ainst me is 6 1/2 - 1/2 . However, thp credential s of Dr. M. M. Botvi nnik of th e So vi et Un i o n are I mpe c cah le. Bes ide s bein g probably the g r ea t es t p layer of all times (unless now eclipsed by Fi scher) he has out stan d in g cont r ibut i ons c r edited to him In th e £ield of e lectrical en g ineerin g . Furthe r, I think all persons Interested in chess proarammi n g o u g ht to he in~ormed that for any of torlay 1 s chess prog r ams , it would be im p ossibl e to encode 9o" of What I k n ow about chess . The p r oblem is the usual semanti c dota bas e problem.
P. S . I li ke your new ~orMat 01 th e technical stu~f very much. criticism o~ that.
Inlo rm a l p r esenta~jons
please don 't take thi s alon g wIt h as a
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· . LSC 9 -AP R-73 22 : 52 15670 page 25 April 1 9 7 3 StGART NEWSLETTER
2 . LBTTERS TO GEORGE KOLTANOYSKI
f ed. No te: The ~ollow ln g ~wo tetter s we r e published In a r ecent issue of the San F r anclsco C hronicle in th e Chess Co lumn edited by George Ko ttanowskl, a g rand mu s ter and former world, b l1nd- ~o l d champ ioo.] ~ b
WI SDOM V by
Kerry K. Takew C hi cago, IllinoJs
I note d with Interest an article In on e at you r recent columns c oncernin g the 1 9 72 ACM Computpt" Chess Tournament. I was d i sappointed thot the author ( and , pe rha pA , you yourgel~) sha res th e popular disdain ~o r computer chess amon g professional p layers . Adl'llittedly , th e p lay i n g a l g orlthms which have been p ro~us e ly develo ped by p ro g ramm e r s to date have not shown s uccess p ropo rtional to the time devot ed to th em.
Two o~ my ca ll egues and 1 have therefore b~en wo rkin g on chess projects 01 more li~ited goa ls, in o r de r to pro v ide a foundation fo r mo re advanced p r o jects. In th e process , we have been able to p ro g r ess mo r e r ap idl y than If we plun ge d directly int o ~ame-ptayers , and have developed pro g r ams which 1 think are of immedi a t e Interest ~o human players.
Ou r mach ine WI SDOM V can solve any tw o -m o v e p r ob l em easily . It i s ~ore than a match for any human problem so lver . I am now in the p rocess of extendin g th e al v,orithm to th r ee - mo v ers, but will not speculate on Its eff ici e ncy as yet .
The compu te r can mean mo r e to chess th a n most people r ea li ze .
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.. LSC 9 - APR- 73 22: 52 SIG ART NEWSLETTER April 1973
15670 page 26
Recent Game By MAC HACK by
Robe rt Uomm!
Be rk e l ey , Ca lifornia
He r e I s 8 same whlch thr ee 01 U9 p l ayed In consult ation last week, at the St~n~ord Art ific i al Intell l~e nce P roJ ect . Th~
s acrifice on move 11 Is apparen tl y unsound , but a lthou~h Whi t e had u s husted, it ~ln8tly blundere d In the e nd thus pro vi n@ o n ce again the s u periority 01 Ma n o v e r Ma c hIne .
T he p rog ram which we played, th e G r eenblatt Chess Program , Is sa I d to be th e stron g es t in th e worl d . rt Is p rf>s e ntly about 1580 i.n s tre n a th ( H i g h C r a tln g L H
Whit e :
Black:
I. 2 . 3 . 4. 5 . 6 . 7. 8 . 9 . 10 . II. 1 2 . 13. 14. 15 . 1 6 .
MAC HACK .
Cy r 11 G rlvet, Tony /IIa rs ha l t * , .nd Robe r t Uomm i •
FRENCH DEFENSE
P- K4 p - K3 17. K- K2 OxPcb P- 04 P- Q4 I 8 . &:- K I N-R7
"xP PxP t 9 . R- B2 Q- H8ch
u-03 8- Q3 20 . B- B t 8 - NS N- KB3 N-KB3 2 1. 0 - 03 N- 86ch
0 - 0 0 - 0 22 . RxN Bx' N- X5 P - B4 23. N- R3 P-KR4
P-OB3 N- B3 24 . K-02 P- R5 Nx N PxN 25. N-82 P- R6
9-K3 R- K l 26 . Q- RS ( a ) o-07ch
PxP B xPch 2 7. K-Bt QxBch i(xB N- NSch 28 . N- Je t QxNch
x-NI RxS 29 . K-R2 Q- 87c h
Px' O- RS 30 . K-Bl Q-RRch R- R3 O- R7ch 3 1 . I:- Q2 o-K7ch
K- 8 1 O- R8ch 32 . K- B1 o-Q8 mete
( a ) This loses ~a9t . With
26. B- K2 , O- N7 21 . N- Xl or
26 . . .. 0 - 8 7 2 1. N- Q4
Wh it e cen still get out of the mess . By th e way a comput e r never r eBl~ns .
mate ." rt a lways plays o n untIl ''It' s
*[Ed. Note : For ref e r e n ce , Tony i s o n e 01 my f r equ ent lunch-hour c hess adversaries, a nd I know he has a. " B" tou r nament rati ng. ]
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LSC 9 -A PR-73 22 : 52 15670 Q a p; e 27 April 1<)7;) S TG ART NEWSLETTER
CONFBRENCRS
1. fJ CA I-73 DEMONSTR ATIONS
~e would like to have Live demo nstratlons o~ Al pro g ram s at the IJCA( next AUgURt. We p lan to p rovi de teLetype access to a local PDP-tO as well as to remot e computers as necessary via ~he ARPA Net . [.f you hav e an interesti n g prog ram that can be demonstrat ed with the ubove ~acilitles, pleAse contact:
Dr. Jay Tenenbau~ Artl:flciaL lnteili gence Center S tan10rd Research Jnst Itut o Ne nlo Park , CalJ~ornta 94025
2 . 1q 73 TEEE SY"STEMS, MAN, AND CYBERNETI CS CONFERENCE
November 5-7, 80ston, Massachusetts.
CALL POR PAPERS
Papers are soLicited on the broad rung e o~ desc lplina ry rrontJcrs that comprise systems science and cyberne~ics including ~eclglon and utillty theory, modeling and Simulation, man-machine interaction, controL theory, pattern reco g nition, socIal choice theory, game theory, adaptive and learnIn g systema, etc. A major them e o£ ~he Conf~rence will be the role of systems analysis In so lvin g societal p roblems. Papers addresse d to th e application 01 sys tems anaLysis to the analysis, delivery, or planning o ~ public services (trans po rtatIon, medicine, Justice, water resources, e t c .) are especially appropriate.
Two ~ypes 01 papers l:I. .re belng sollci~ed: (t) reKula r po.pers describing more cOlllplete work in some detail , a nd ( 2) sho r~ papers describin g recen~ and perhaps preliminary work. Authors shouLd submit ~ive copies o~ the complete Manuscript for the regular papers . Oeadlines are April l, t 9 73 for reguLar papers a nd June tor short papers . Send manuscripts or summaries to
Dr. S h e l don Baron Rol t Be ran ek and Newma n, Inc . 50 Moulton St r eet CambridKe . Massachusetts 02 138 .
Bach re gu lar paper will be reviewed ~o r possible publication in the I EEE Transac t ion s on Sys tems, Man, and Cybe rn~ t I os. At 1 papa t"9
cc ep ted for presentation will be p ublished in the Con1erence rroceedin ~~ . Cop ies o~ the Proceedin g s wltl be avellable to Con terence pa rticipan ts at the time of the meeting I:I.nd can a l so he o rde red directly 1rom IEEE Headquarters after the Conferenc e .
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LSC Q-AP R-7 3 2 2 : 52 S l GART NEWSLETTFR Aprl t 19 7 3
L5670 p a ge 28
3. 19 73 SYMPOSTUM ON TKE 8IGH-LEVEL-LANGUAGE COMPUTER ARCHITECTU RE November 7 and R ; UniversIty at Mary land; College Park, Md . Conterence Chairman: Prof. EIlJott 1. Organik Program Chalr.,an: Pro1'. Yaohan Ch u
CALL FOR PAPERS
This Symposium is sponsored by the TCCA o£ the I EEE Computer Society, S I GPLAN , and SiGARCH. The objective is to identi:ty a nd "focus on 8 new kind of computer ftrchltecture whereby machines are designed to accept hig h-level languages and/or direct-users' lan g uag es. The to?ics at inter est Include, but are not limited to:
** Evaluation 01 current compIlation and execution p rocesse s ** Arch l tecture for h i g h- leve L-lane ua g e processors ** ArchItecture ~or hlg h-lp.vel-lang ua g e control p rocessors ** R I ~h-level-languag e I/O architectUre ** E v a luation ot high-level-languag e archItecture ** Hi g h-level ~achlne langua~es ** User lan i(Uo.R8s and user-dl rected arch1 tecture ** Seman~lc modelin g of hig h-level languages ** Symb IosIs o~ seman+icg and a rchitectur e ** Direct lm p le.e ntatlon o~ semantic mortels ** Impact o~ hi " h-level-lan g uo 8e compllter systems
Tutorial a~ welt as research papers are solicited. T hese should be li m iterl to twenty, double-spaced. typed pages Including charts. ta.bles, and diag r allls . These papers "'ill be rc~e r eed . A
Proceedings "'ill he published and distributed durin g the reg istration at the S ymposium .
The re will be a spec ial gession lor researchers to presen t five-minute research snapshots. Those ",ho wish to In clude 0.
one-page summary in the proceedin g s should suhmit thIs summary be~ore the deadllne.
Dead line fo r submitting a paper:
Deadl ine for submlttin& research snapshots to be included in the Proceeding s:
Notification of acceptance to the authors:
S u bm it papers to:
Dr. Yaohan Chu Co mp uter Science Center Unlvers ity ot Maryland College Park. Md. 20 74 2
June 30 , 1 9 7 :3
S epta 15, 19 7 3
Au g ust 1 5 , 19 7 3
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, . LS C 9 -AP R-7 3 2 2:52 156 70
P 0.1( 0 2 9 Apr! \ J 9 13 SIGART NEW SLETTER
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A'58 SUMNER SCHOOL
An AISB Summer School is to be held at St . Catherine ' s Colleg e, Oxford , En~ tand ~rom July 16 to July 20 , 1 9 7 3 . The plan is to hrin ~ together a fa Irly intormal mix o£ four or five leadln ~
British r esearchers In artIficial i nt e lli g ence and about fifty other participants eag er to learn from them. The prog ram 01 instruction wltl be flexible and wi lt 'focus on tho topic Uknowt e d g e syste~s .tl Such basic quest io ns will he asked a s I'R o w we and lnteltl ,gent 1118chines do or can acquire, store, and lise knowledge?" Participants can expect historical perspectives an d detailed and v aried in Si g hts in10 current research . Re8rlln~ lists and note s will be circulated In advance of the ~ee~ln g Itgel£.
Accommodation wi ll each participant , abou~ $75 . 00 . It wI ll be available
be provided in the Cotle g e . The basIc charg e to includina accomodatlon and all meals , wI l t be Is likely, however, th a t a number o£ scholarshl p~
for suitab l e part J clpants . Anyone wishing ~o
attend the School (whether or not ft member o£ AlS a ) shoul d wrJte ~or ~u r the r details to!
James Doran AISB Summer School S RC Atlas Computer Laboratory Chilton , D IDCOT, Berkshire oxl1 OOY , En g land
lPIP CONGRESS '74 Au~ust 5-10 , 1974; Stockholm , Sweden C ALL FOR PAPERS
ThIs triennial mee.in g is sponsored by the . International Federation tor Information Processin g (IPIP), which represents the I n~ormation
science int erests o~ i.8 33 member countries .h r oughout the world. Past congresses, which have been held in Paris, MUnich , New York , Edinburgh, and Ljub ljana , have been the major lnternatlonal me d ia Lor the world-wide exchange ot inform a tion amon g d~velopers and users uf information p rocessIn g techniques and technolo g y.
The pro g ram for IF1P Con &ress 74 will span the broad ~leld o~ 'n-torlllation prucessin g and will consis1: of threE" kinds of presentations!
Invited papers, consl,gtLn g ot one-hOUr surveys of broad field s , and haL~-hou r p r esentations oL recent a d vances In specific areas.
S ubmitted papers, makin g up the major part of the prog ram, reportin g on ori g inal work in information proc essing .
Panel d iscussions, explorin g the prese nt state of the art and current trends.
Pap ers for the submitted- paper part of the prog ram are soli c ited throughout thp whole rang e ot the In~ormation pro cessin g fi e ld.
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, . LSC 9 -APR-73 22 ! 52
StGART NEWSLPTTER Apri 1 1973 1'i670
pag e 30
Paper s dea Lin g w ith new techniques or n ew theo r et i ca l advances are particularly l ooked tor, b ut pape rs describing p r act i cal experi ences with informati o n processinp systems will a l so be we lc ome . Paper s shou l d be s trong ly related to the rles i g n or us e of computer sYBte.s . All s u bm itt ed papers will be r e vi ewed .
~n r mo r e In~ormatlon writ e to:
Dr. Herbert F r ee~a n
'FIP Con ~ res s '7 4 c /o AFIPS 2 t O Summit Avenue Montvale , Ne w Jersey 0 7 645
.~ J JJURNAL: S P EC IAL I SSUE OK KNOWL EDGE
invites pape r s on the t opic ISHu e of 19 74 j s int ended
II
The Journal ARTIF(CIAL INTELLIGENCE h e reby or Representatio n of ~nowled~e . The fIrst ~ o be ft BPpcia l Issue , exclusively devoted t o thi s topic . tta
The I ssue "Ill be conce rned "Ith suc h IIkno"l edge" wh i ch I s incorporated in human conuaon sense and wIth s u ch "re p r esentati o n s U as a r e sui table ~o r expressin g that knowledge In a computer, and which are also s uit ab le ~or semantic operations o n tha t knowledge, such as l earnin g , deduc tion, generaliz a tion, or other ope r at ion s wh i c h are o~ interes t a n d within the reach o~ COMputer pro g r ams. The 'Ico~puter ll
nlil.y then be on 8x jgtJn ,s or proposed hardwa re or hardware-90~tware sys tem. T he primary emphasis is on knowl edge about t hp p hysical world , which ama n a hUmans is usually conveyed In n atural lan s uft ge . llb
fn part i cuLar , Intende d scope
papers addressin~ 01' the i ssue:
the :r ollowing topi cs are withIn th e
t • to r
P rinc ip l es for the design, crIt e ri a fo r adequac y, and methods v e ri ~yi n g adequacy o~ a proposed Representation of Knowledg~ ( R
of K 1 ;
2 . Desc r ipt i o n s 01 speci~lc sys tpms fo r r~presentation of kno wL ed lol:e ;
3 . Wo rk In Log ic, ling uIstics , and/o r PsychoLog y, to the p r ob l em o~ R o~ K I s c a r efully exp l ained In intelll ~ence-oriented terms;
i f its relevan ce a rti -tlc i al
4 . Bxprr im ents with , experience from, a n a Lyees of , and opinions ~bout p r e viousLy p ropos ed systems -tor R of Xi
5 . K.
Surveys a nd syntheses o£ p r e vJous ly proposed systems fo r R of
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· . LSC 9 -APP-73 22 : 52 156 7 0 p8ae 3 1 Apr! 1 1973 SlGART NEYSLETTER
Papo r s address InN the ~o ltowln ~ t opics ore n o t within the i n t ended scope o~ the i ss u e , and witt norma lly he considered to r conventional ls~ueB oL th e Journal:
t. Rep re8e ntations £or t11e study o~ "tog jc a t truth'! rath e r than "knowt~dg(' '' ;
2 . Methods of tra n sformati o n brtween natur a l language or digitizpd p ictures o n one hand , and an R o~ K on the othe r;
3 . Me thods for perfo rming or g uiding search in a data base with a ~ Jv e n R 01' K ;
4 . Met ho ne £or collecting knowledge In a g iven R o£ K (e. g ., dea tin g with in1' o rmftnts).
Comp l e te ma nusc rIpts must b e recieved by Aug ust t, I P73 . Man usc ri p t s shnul d be in English , and submittod with ori g inal a n d t wo copies co n~ormln g to the ru l es o~ the Journ a l. Each pape r wlt l be r evJ ew~d ;
acceptab l e pl:lpe rs wl1.t be retu rn ed to the author by Oc tober L5, L9 73 ~G r re c omme n ded modJ~Jc a tions, and mus~ then be resubmi~ted no later than De c embe r L t L973 . Co n tribution s CBn be sent to any ~ember of th e
t td
Commi~tee f or thls I ss u e ! lIe
John McCar t hy Artl~lciat ln~ e lli ~e nce Proje c t S t a nford Unlverslty S t a nfo rr1, Ca lif.. 9 43 05 U . S . A .
E rik Sa ndew a ll Da t a lo g llab o rat o riet S-7 52 23 OpJ.Jsa La S wed en
Pat Win ston MIT Project Mac 545 T ec hnolog y Square Camb rld Me , Mass . 0 21 39 U. S .A.
, . . . SIGART NEWSLETTER Apr! t 1 9 7 3
ABSTRACTS
LSC 9 -AP R- 7 J 22: 52 1 5 670 patte 32
12
) NACR INP. I NTBLL I GENCE TN THE CYCLE SHED *
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by Donald Mich ie
P r ot . ot ~ach ln e Intellige n ce Un lv. o~ Edi nburg h
tn the s ha rtow o~ the Briti s h Sc i ence Research Counci l ' s controversial Llghthitl Repo rt on the future of machine In te ili ae nce, the head o~ the bl Ages t AI g r o up In Britain arg ues that the cus t ot s uch research , wi th Its a nti cipated pay-o~~ fo r Indust ry , i s triv i al compared wItb E n " lan d ' s conco rde-llke co~mltment to nuclear p hysics. DurJng th e Int p. r 1 970 ' s , computin g In I t s varlous 1'orms i s expected t o b ec ome th e world's third lu. r ~e8 t indus try, with the so~ tware component predominating.
WH Y flU [LD ROBOT S ...
hy Re x Wa 11k.
P r ee lance C o~puter Journalist
ArtlfJcial intelli~ence resea r chers are being b ran ded sJmpiy us r obo t b uilde r s . Bu t th e hulk 0-1. their work today concerns pro~ r amm Ln ~ computers w ith strategies for solvln K ft Whole r ang e of open - ended t asks . And the robot--really a compu t er p~ri ph eral --t s
me r e l y th e ir "talking workbench."
A PROGRAM WRTCH PLAYS PARTNERSRIP DOM INOES _ by
Michael H. Sm ith Departm e nt of E lec trical En g ineerln8
and Com p u t e r Sciences Un Iver s t ty 01' Ca li 1 0rnl1l at Berkel ey
* +
A l ea rn~n e p rog ram has been wrItten In BAS I C tQ play 4- p i aye r pa rtn e rshl domi noes . Because dominoes i s a g ame 0 1 incomp l ete in format i on, the prog r am u ses sOlllewhat dit .ferent p rJn c ipl es of artficial intelligence frOm those used in p rog rams :fo r ga~es of complete information , such as checke r s, c h ess , and go. The program "as const ruc ted to u se a " s tra t egy sign a t ure t ab l e ," which c l asBi~leB board si tuatI o n s thr o u g h the InteractJons o~ game par amete r s . Eac h entry in the table cont~ in s adaptl v e ly determined we l vhts indicatin g the adv i sab ilJt y ot various stra t egies . Once chosen , a st rateg y then employes p robab ility analysis and linear po l y n om i a l e v a lua tion to chose u move. Our prog r~ m wins app roximat e ly two-thirds 01 l~s g ames In tournament s itua ti ons , end haA dp~ea t ed two champ ion playe r s .
pp . 422-423, THE NEW SC I ENT I ST , Peb . 22 , pp. 478-480. THE NE~ SCIENT [ ST, Ma r c h I,
1 9 7 3 . 19 7 3
Mr. Sm l th, an unde r gradua te student In EEeS at J3e rkel ey , has Just l ea rn ed that this paper has .on t' irs "t place In the 1 9 7 2 -73 ACN" Com~unlc a tlons Nat i o nal Student Paper Compe tition (now r e nam e d the Geo r iJ,:e E . Porsf'yth S~u de nt Pa per CompetitIon). [t will be presented at th e Annual ACY Conference thi s August in Atlanta a nd will probably
t2a
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he publi shed In th e COfllfllunicatlons a t a l a t e r ti me . 12d
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LSC ~-AP1it-73 22: 52 15670 page 33 Aprl 1 t 973 SIGART NFWSLETTFR
RBPORT ON A WORKSHOP IN NEW TECHNIQUES IN COGNI1'IVE RESEARCH by
A. Newell, H. A. Simon, R. Hayes , and L. Gregg
CR~ne~le-Mellon University January 1973
A nine day Workshop on New Techniques in Co~nltlve Resea rch was held a~ eMU in June 197 2 under th e Bponsnr~hlp or the Mat hematical S ocial Science Board . T he workshop Involved co ntinuous on-lIne Interaction wlth a set o~ theory- laden program systems (production qystems , natural lanGua ge ~nderBtandlng 9 YBt~ms , sl~ulationt
au10matic protocol analySiS systems , and experimentation systemsl. A g uide sYRtem (ZOG ) was uBed to mediate the use of these systems. This paper i s the ~lnal repo r t on the Wo r kshop to the NSSB .
BE YOND REF - A RF : TOWA~D AN [N"ELLfGENT PROCESSOR FOR A NONDETERNINISTIC PROGRAIoIN INC LA NG UAGF
by
G . D. Gibbons. COlllputer Sc i ence Dept .
Carnegie- Metlon University January 10, 19 73
This document reports work on two heuristic problem Bolvin g systems, Ret2 and POPS. Both Bys~e~s accept problems stated as "ro~rams tn B nondeterministic pro~ramming lang uage , and solve the probleMS by applyin g heuristJc methods to find success1ul executIons 01 the progr ams. Re~2 is patterned a~ter Rich FIkes' system, REP-ARF, and contains the problem solvIng methods of' REF-ARF, a9 well as addit i onal methods based on an alternative represent a tjon for the proble. con t ex t. Re12 is also able to sotve a class of integer programmlng p r ob l ems . POPS is a revised and extenrl~d ve r sio n of' Ret2, ob t ained by t he addition of goa l directed methods based o n con cepts f r om GPS .
COMPUTER ANALYStS OF NEURONAL STRUCTURE by
D. R. Reddy , W. J . Davis , R. B . Ohlander, and D. J . Bihary
Computer Sc Jence Dept . Ca rnegie-Mellon Uni v ersity
Ma rch 19 73
Th i s paper ~escrlbes r esearch to date on SYN APS ( Symbolic Neuronal An alys ts Programming System) , lor the analysis o~ the geometry o~ sLnale nerve cells and of n e uronRl net.orks . Tma ges o~ dye-injected serial sections are digitized end analyZed to determine the pro#J l es o~ dentrltic branches crossing each section. These sectLonal profiles Rre uBed to reconstruct ft three dimensional structure o~ the dent r ltJc branches . A 3 -D display pr~gr8m permits the researcher to look at the structure t r om d l~1erent nints 01 view . The eventual goal 01 thi s research Is to assemble a 3-D model ( the wi r in g diagram ) o£ an architypical gan g lion containln~ select , Identified neuron s and to correlate neuronal structure with neuronal ~u nctlon within such a system .
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SIGART NEWSLETTF.R AprJ 1 1973 15670
pase 34
SEN:ANTTC MEMOR Y OF A PROBLEM SOLVER GENERATOR by
Franco SJ r ovlch Compu-ter Science Dept.
Carnegie-Mellon University September 197 2
The pape r Is conce rn ed with computer semantic memory , i.e., wIth the problem of representing ge neral knowled ae about a gIven world . The semantic memory issue is raised In the context of the problem ot machi ne Learning o~ heuristics, and the connection with the problem of machine r epresen tat ion o~ knowled~e is em~hasized . A brLe~ overview Is made o~ what is known about the mechanisms r esponsible ~or the observed humon memory behavior. The guid~llne8 .1:01' th e impLementa.tion 01' a seman ·tic momary are p r esented .. The problem o~ knowledge representation is tackled In Its aene~at ~orm, so that the proposed semant i c ~emory may be o~ interest also In other ~lelds, like natural lan a ua ge understandIng , question anSWering , or th~orem proving ..
CAN EXPERT JUDGES, USING TRANSCRIPTS OF TELETYPED PSYCHIATRIC I~TBRVJEWS , DISTINGUISH HU~N PARANOID PATIENTS FROM A COMPUTE~ S I MULAT ION OF PARANOID PROCESSES?
by Kenneth Colby and Fra nklin Hilt S tanford Artl~iclal Intelligence
ProJ~ct MEMO AIM -1 82 Dccemher 19 72
Expe rt Jud~es (psychiatri s ts and computer scientists) could not correctly distlnguisb a simulatIon model oL paranoid processes ~rom actual paranoid p atients .. Two interviews and an actual patIent on the one hand and other are presented ..
between a psych iatri st the computer model on the
A"l APPLICATION OF A'RT IFICIA.L INT ELL IGENC E TO ORGANIC CHEM ICAL SY'NTHESIS
by N. S . Shr Jdharan
Ph .. 0 .. Thesls* ComDu ter Sc lence Dept.
S .. V.N .. Y. at Stony Brook August 19 71
O r gan ic chemicaL 8ynthesis is ~ound to be a suitahle problem to r develop in g machIne intelli gence where the resultJn g system p romise s to be 01 ge nuine ut ilit y .. The aim of the proKram Is to t~ke as input the name o~ a chemicaL compounrl and, utjlizin~ it s base of chemical data and chemic~l reactions, to speci~y a set of com p L e te synthesis sequences and their e v aluatIon 01 merit ..
* Available only throug h University Mlcro~Jlms , Ann Arhor , Michigan .
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· . LSC 9 -AP R-7 3 22 : 52 J5670 aa~e 35 Apr il 1973 S IGA RT NEWSLETTER
The p ro g ranl has success1'ully discovered lrIutti-step syntheses fo r ~el a tlvely complex organic structures without on-tJne g uidance o r in~ercesslon on the part of the chemist -user . The program Is able to deal with a wide variety of functional and st ructural features . Information concerning orga nic synthesis reaction mechanisms Is p r ovided t o the compu t e r In a ta.hular-1'orm reaction li brary containing , tor Bach reaction , structural schema tor the target and Bubg oal molecute~ and a set of te s ts, larg ely h euristic, to go vern the choice ot reaction. With its InitIal limite d library of reactJons, p robLe m- so lvin g heuristics, and subgoal evaluation functions , the program developed a concep~ually correct synthes i s for the complex po lycyclic structure or a ketone derivative o~ twistane and several suggested syntheses for Vitamin A.
Th~ computin g e~lort is d ivided b e tWeen the tasks of s olution generation (the subject of the thesis) and solution evaluation . The p r esent prog ram uses a heUristic search procedure leadin g ~ ro m
the target molecule to terminal c ompounds (the Aldrich Chemical C ut a log o~ commercially available compoun ds) to investigate part i al rea c tion sequences anrt stores partial result s in a tree structure . The r e are complex heuristics to p rune the tree and to se t ~trateg ies in de velopin g the tree. Since the pro g r a m is to spec i fy more than one synthesis sequence, the techniques of tree development are J nterestin g . The problem solvin ~ tree, reactlon list, and tho compound catalog nre v ery lar g e and require the use o~ aux ili ery stora~e .
The p r og r am ,Is written mostLy in PL/1(F , applicable to a n r BM ~60 / 67 , and pro"ram timIng s Indicate that we have a fast and efficient p ractical syste m.
Inqu iries ma y b e Bent to:
Dr . N . S . Sh rldharan Computer ScJence Department S tan f ord University S~anford, Cot J~ornla 94305
P ro:f. H. Gelernte r Comput e r Sc ience Department S t a te Unl versl~y o ~ New York a t Stony B r ook S tony Rr ook , New York 111 90
R eferences:
1. Gel e rnt e r, H., Sri_dha ran, N . 5 ., et (Lt . O r {l:a ni c S ynthe A is" ( accepted In' TOPICS I N Volume 3 7, S prin g er-Verlag, Berlin and New
" C o mpute r Me th ods CURRENT CHEMlSTR Y, York.
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2 . S ri dha ran, N. S ., " Sea rch S trateg ie s ~or the Ta sk o~ Or g anic Chem ical Synthesis " ( S ubmItted to IJCA I- 7 3 ).
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LSC ST GART NEWSLETTER Aprj 1. 1 9 7 3
9 -Af'R-73 22:52 15670 pag e ::16
tNPANTS IN CHILD RE N STORIE S - TOWARD A MODEL OF NATU RAL LANGUAGE COMPREH E NSION
by Garry S . Meyer
YS TheRJs, NIT Al Lab Memo 265 AU i;us1 1972
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tlow can we construct a pro g ram that wltl understand stories that chJldren would normally understand? By "understand" we nlean th e abilIty to answer questions about that story. Here we are lnter~sted In the understandIng o~ natural lansua~e In a very broad area . In particular, how dOBS one understand stories about in~antB? We propose a system which answers such questions by relating the story to backg roun d real-world knowlodge. We make use of the ~eneral model proposed by Bugene Charnil'Lk 1n his Ph.D. Thesis*. The model se~s up expectations which can be used to help answer questions about ~he story. There is a Be~ o~ rou~ines
cal led BA S E routInes that cor r espond to our Ureal-world knowledg e" and routInes that arc " put In," col led DEVONs, that correspond to con~extual in~ormatlon. Context can help to a98i ~ n a particular ~eanlng to an ambiguous wo r d, or pronoun .
The problem ot ~ormal i zing our r eal-world knowledg e to 1it into the ~odel is the primary p r oblem here . [discus s a ~irBt-level attack on formalIzin g information abou~ In~ants and then I'baby bottles . 11
The contrast be~ween the tw o leads me to suggest that the so~e methods can not be used success£ully ~or both inanimate and anlma~e Objects . Pinally , r outline how a finite-state ~odel o~ ln~ant
behavior can he used to understand in~ants In child r en's storIes bet t era
A YODEL FOR ADAPTIVE P ROBL EM SOLVING APPLIED TO NATURAL LANGUA GE A:OUTSrT[ON
by
Larry R. Harris , Ph.D. Thesis, TR 133 Compute~ Science Dept.
Cornell Univet"s l ty (August 1972)
A.daptive Problem Solvln g js the appllca"tlon 0" a~"tiflcial
IntellI~ence learning techniques to practIcal problems. The app roach tu .ken in s tudyin g Adaptive Problem Solvin a Is three-fold. First, to develop a Nodel tor AdaptIve P rOblem Solvin g in order to specl~y ~he processes involved In computer leurnln~ , as well as the ln~eraction between these p~ocesBes . Second, theoretically we ll-£ounded, practical a l ~ori~hms are develnped for each o~ these lparninp proceRses. ThIrd, as an application of this theory, the Natural Lan g ua g e Acquis i tion Problprn is ~ormulated in terms of "the Il.dapt ive modeL.
The speciLlcation 0" al ao~Ithm8 to per~orm learnin g processes leads to the development at a BandwIdth Heuristic S earch, an extension ot heurIstic sea r ch , that includes many practlcal considerations without ~orfeiting any theoretical capabilities. A modification of this aLgorlth!!l' the Bandwldt:h Heuristic Search tnr YiN/MAX tr e e s , Is shown to be superior to th~ alpha- beta minImax process .
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* See S IGA RT Newslettpr , p . 21, (Feb . 19 7 3 ) ~or abstract . 12m
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LSC SJGART NEWSLETTER April t 973
9 -APR-73 22:52 15670 pft,l(t'I: 38
The model is applied to the ~aturat Language Acquisition Problem in order to force an encounter with several critical problems involved ~Ith computer learning. The Natural Language Acquisition problem Is the p r oblem at' provIding a robot 'the adaptive mechanJsms suf:ficlent to learn to converse with a hUI'I8.n teacher us i n g natural lan guage . The robot ~lrst learns the lexicon of the language by correlating the teacher's description of the rOhot's actions wIth the rohot ' s internal description . Then the robot inters a ~rammar
that re'flects the structure of the teacher's sentences. At thI s point the robot can begin conversing using a natural language . The lin ~uistic capabiLity o~ the robot l.ncLudes the ability to dlsambl~uate Lexical and structural ambiguitIes, and the abIlity to formulate lull sentence re~tia8 . After several learnin g sessions the robot conve r ses in English usIn g nested depenrtent clauses.
This adaptive ling ulstIc system success~ully copes with many 01 the critical problems involved in computer learning and serves as an example of an adaptive proa ruN In whIch the learnin g , rather than yleldin g only minor improvements , provides the prl~ary basis for s uccess .ful performance.
THE ROLE OF THEORBM PROViNG IN ARTIFICIAL INT ELLIGENCE by
H. G. M . lIubar U.S. NWL Technlcal Report No . 2864
Daht~ren, Vir g inia November 1972
This paper ctescribes and evaluates theore m pro vin g a nd its role In artificJal inteLLigence in non- technical terms . rt discusses the gene r al principLes underLying autOMatic theorem proving on th~
computer and considers the di:t~erent strateg ies and techniques that ~ro used ~or improving pe r:tor~ance . It is shown by examples thet theorem proving pl~ys a central rote In artJ~Iciat intelli gence . The appLication 0"/ theorem proving to automatic pr06(ram writing I f'!. t r eated In detaiL. A candid e v aluation 01 the 51 tuatlon wIll reveal that ~urther research in speci~lc directions is ctesirabte and that certain other areas do not &ppear to be prOmising in the near future .
PROVING TPEORENS ABOUT LTSP FUNCT I ONS hy
Robe rt S. Boyer and J Strother Wo ore Nemo . 60
Schoo L of Art JficlaL lntelli g ence Edinburgh UnIversity
We descrihe some simpLe heur i s tics COMbinin g evaLuation and mathematical Induction which we hov~ impLemented in a program that automatIcaLly proves a wide variety of the~rems about recursive Lrsp functJons. The method th e program uses to ge nerate induction formulas is described ot le n g th. The theorems proved by the prog ram include that REVERSE is its own Inverse and that a particular SORT program is correct.
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LSC 9 -AP}/:-13 2 2 : 5 2 1 5 670 April 1913 SICA RT NEWSLETTER
REPRBSFNTATION OF KNOWLBDGE FOR VERY STMPLE PAWN ENDING S TN CH ES S by
S . T. Ton Schoot Q£ Artificial rntelli ge nce
University of P.d lnburg h NTP-R-98
November 1972
For th~ purpose ot studyin g bow knowledg e might be represented, org anized, and used, we consider the exaMple ot sin g le-pawn endin KB In chess and develop a prog r8.m written In the pop- 2 lanfl;uag e to pLay these endin g s . Here , k no wledg e is r epre s ented as associations between predicates over board situatio ns and actIon schemes , and org anized to form a decision tree. To use knowLed g e to fJ nei U Inn v e
In a ~ iven s ituation, the p rog ram retrieves the action scheme a~socla t ed with the class at situations to which the g iven one belongs . Only very Simple partial evaluation fUnctions are used.
J~ THE FOOTSTEPS OF THE AMOEBA - OR VULTJ-PROCES S ING WJTHOUT TEARS by
H. R. Townsend Dept. o~ Machine Intelli g ence
Oniver~lty o~ Edi nhurg h
The dif~iculty of analyS in g data ~rom e l ectropncephalog ram recordings stems from the stochastic nature o~ the si g nals that we are able 10 record .. A larg e amoun t o~ data must be p r ocessed 1n order to deri v e any uselul quantitative estimates .. The cOtIJ1,lex nature of thl.8 ' filte rin g ' process makes it n~cessHry to use di g ital computer techniques, while at the same tillle somethin g at least approachin g real-time proceBBin ~ Is necessary to make E . E . G . analysiS a practica l proposition.
8EYOND OMNIPOTFNT ROBOTS by
Gary G . Kenrfrix Departmen t 01: Comp\lt er Sciences UnIversJty o~ Texas at Austin
Technical RepOrt NL 14 March 19 73
A new methodolo g y for the construction 01: world modele presented. The central £eature 0' this methodolo g y I.B which makes possible the modeling 0' (1) simultaneous ,
19 n mechnnisll1 interactIve
processes , (2) processes charac~er l zed by 8 continuum ot ~radual chan~e f (3) involuntari~y activated processes ( s uch as the growin g 01 ~ rass), and ( 4) time as a con~inuous phenomenon.
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LSC S JGART NEWSLETT ER Apri l 1 97'
9 - APR-7 3 22 ! 52 15670 pag e 40
A IIIERARCH Y-DR TV EN ROHOT PLAHN'ER WHICH GENERATES ITS OWN P ROCEDU RES by
L. S lkt oSBY a nd J . Dr e u ssl Depa rtment of Co mputer S cl e n c es
Universi ty o~ Texus at Austin TR- l 0
Febr u ary 19 7 3
LA WALY is n L I SP p rog r am which solve~ robot planni n g problems . G iv e n a n ax i oma tic descr I p tion of its capabILIties I n some world, It ~ enerate9 Its own p r ocedure s to emborly these capabILIties . J t then executes theBe p r ocedures t o solv e specl~lc tasks in the world . Hierarchies 0 1 subtaskR g\L J de t he search for a solution . rn B u :tflc l ent ly l arg e worl ds , LAWAL Y has rou-tln e l y s olved t ask". r equiring Bever~t hu n d r ed steps wJ thout ne ed jng to lea rn f r om prev i ouB ta s k s . The ti~es to so lution usually g row ~bout linearly .tt h the number 01 s t ~ps In the so luti on . LA WALY i s ex tensively cnmpared ~o another robo t planner based on a theorem prov e r.
PROVI NG THE l MPOSS IBLE I S IMPOSSIDLF I S poSSr BLF , WTT H APPLICATIONS TO ROBOT WORLDS
by L . S lklossy and J. Roac h
The Dep artment of Computer Sc i e n ces Uni v e rsJ~y of Texas at Aus tin
TR-ll February 1 9 73
A no v el t echnique , called hereditary pa rti tions , is introduced. It pe rmit s the ri&Or OUB proo~ that, In a g Jven ax l omat l zat l on , ce rtain sta tes can never be reached . T h e techn i que I s illlPlemented i n lt.
compter proram , n TS PRQVER , a n d Is appli ed to ro bot worlds. D I SPROVE R coope rate s with a path-fin d in g p r ogram wh~n the latt e r e ncounter s dL~ILcultl eB.
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esc 9 -AP R-73 22:52 1 567 0 page 41 April 19 73 STGART NFWSLETTER
G~LF.M : GENFRATOR OP OBSERVATIONAL LAWS FROM EXPERI~ENTS AND MODELS by
Alois G l a n c Depa r tment o£ Compu t e r ~clencc
Quepns C olle e o f th e Ci ty Univ e r sity of New Yor k
Thi s pape r desc ri bes a des i ~n and e v a l uat i o n of an interactive computer system , called GO LEN , to r ge nerat i on and v e ri f icat i on 01 laws ( hypo theses ) valid on the basis o~ g lven experl",ental data a n d / or mathematicfl. t !lIode l s . t n the bllldtin g of GOLE., lIIethoris 01' mathematJcaL lo g ic ( p r edicate ca lcu lus a n d theorpm p r ove r s ), s tatl s tlcSt and Me thodology o~ Sc jence with h euri stic techniques have been c ombined .
A vari a nt o~ the app Li ed monad i c p redica t e calcul u s i s u~ed (or the desc ri ption ( j n pu~ ) o~ expe ri me nts ( da t a sets ) and ~or the express Ion (out put ) o~ laws and hypotheses v a li d on the bas .i s 0'1. ~he g iven data S~~B . T h e monadic p r ed icat e c a lculus is embedded into a n a pp li ed Hecon d -orde r p red i ca te calculus .. i th me th odolo g ical rel at ions, e . g . , the causality relation, the correlation r ela1ion , etc . T he m~thodolo~ical r ela tione form the bas i s o~ a query lan g uag e . GO LEN ' s basic task is t o ge nerate all or some of the formulas which sat l s ~y g iven me thOdo log i ca l r elat i ons .
GOLEN ca n b e u seful in s u ch ~reae as : theory formation ( e . g ., In biolo~, medicine, or socioloay ), experimental des l g n, hypothes is formation, o r as ft component in a robot control p r ORram. GOLEM I s tested on the problems ot rinding l oglcal relations between concepts (properties) or 'large ' mathematical mode l s a nd ' d i s coverin g ' u.xlornatic systems deBc ribin " t hese mOdels .
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LSC S(GA RT NEWSLETTER April lf173
9 -APR-73 22: 52 156 70 page 42
A [ O~ TV
I. Martin Cardln'~ nove l CYBORG. ha s now been made into a TV pilot ~llm (by Universal) for a possible serIes on ABC-TV n ex t Fall. Alred on March 7111 and ent Itl ed liThe Six Million Do llar Mnn ll with Lee Majors a~ Lt . Col . S t e v e Austin and Mart in Halsom as Dr. Rudy Wel lR, th e ~llm
was an excell ent and faithful recreation o~ tb e ori g inal novel . As y~u may recall, the story concerns a tes~ pilot fflu tllat ed In the crash of an experimental NASA plane -- and then turned lnto a superman by Nouns 01. incred Ibly powerful a rti ficial limbs and advanced sensors. Locations In~luded Edwards Air Force Base , and approp riat e credit was ~Lven ot the end to the UCLA Prostbetics Laboratory for the ir
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technical assis t ance . 1 :30.
2. " Ge n es is ll," shown on pGsglble se ri es next Pa ll. has lon~ been dest r oyed by
COq on March 23 r d , The year 1s 2 133 ;
nuclear hoLocaust .
I s ulso a the world The
pilot as we
_for a know it
te chno lo ~ ically-based civil i zution nf our own time , datlna from before The Great Conflict, has All but disappea red. Nnreo ver, the ecology has become revitalized . Distr i buted around the g lobe now are ~ra~ments o~ ancient human culture, wild hordes of savages , and autocratic pollee states .
Dylan Hunt (pLayPd by Alex Cord' Is a handsome NASA scie ntist trom ou r own generation, who was frozen in a suspended animation experiment in 1 8~9 and awakens 1 54 years later ~o fi n d that 8. rock slide has trapped him a ll thIs tIme in an underg round laborator y deep under th e Carlsbad Cave rns. He qu i ckly becomes a pawn In a power struKKle between two clv lllzations vy1n a for access tn his 1m.ense technical knowledg e .
The Tyranians a r e a race o~ .utan~s-- stronger , more intelti~ent, and dlSdl11n1'ul o"f humans, whom they believ(! are CrilJIJ t ed by emotions . They tlv ~ under an Ancie nt Roman-Emp ir e - style dictatorship , located near Phoenix , Arizona , where hUman sla v es are controlled by f~uper90nlcl ~pleusure s t icks.'1
Thei r rivals are ft g roup called PAX , composed o:f strange , but true human, people in unisex g a r b and whose patron Sllint is St . Si!.(mund (Freud ). PAX controls the only advanced syste~ of transpo rtation l e~t --the massive, underground "Subshuttle " whose train s whiz down tunnels bored by nucLear powe r at supersonic speeds.
transcontinental I ncredi ble
• Now r e vi ew
reprinted 1n paperback by Werne r Publications in the Oc t. ' 72 S lGART Newsletter, No . 36, p.
( $ 1.25) . 4 5 .
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LSC 9 -AP R-73 22: 52 15670 p8.~e 43 April 1 9 73 SIGA~T NEWSLETTER
Be1'ore the "fIlm ends our bero lIIust contend with a g iant savaA:e , a slave uprising , two kldnapplnKs , ft nuclear explosion, and a magn I ficently bel.lut!:ful mutant renaiss ance woman (her mother "0.9 true h \lman, and the only pvidence o~ her mutatIon Is a double navpl ~allopln g on horseback, lon~ tlnir nnrl full cape blowing In the wind. rim s ure that you can Instantly perceive the endless possib l lJ1ips ~or blendin g the d I stant past wIth the remote ~uture. Although thi s pBrt i cula r movie did not explicitly Involve comput e rs, 11m sure that Its creator, Gene Roddenber r y (" S tar Trek"), is sure to include them jn future installments, 11' It eve r reaches our screens n~xt ~all.
If you woutd like to add your voice In helpJn g to make these pilots into full series , T would suggest thn~ you writ e to ABC and/o r CBS-TV in New York. Every little bit helps.
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LSC S IGA RT NEWSLETTER April t 9 7 3
Q-AP R-?3 22: 52 1 5670 pa't e 44
ADVERT tSEMF.NT
PROPOSA L FOR AN ARTIFI C IALLY INTELLIGENT COY:PUTER SCnFDU LER by
Joseph Sha rp
General Electric Co.
Why not mO.ke scheduLIng decisions by sophistlcatpd methods? More spPcl~lcally why not apply the look-ahead t~chniqueBt which Improv e the quality 01' node evaluation by tree-sea rching , to the Schertulin~ decis ions used in ft time-sharin g system? The scheduling problem Is rormulated as a g ame against nature. Stat istic s about the past behavior of each Job are used to forecAst the most p robable consequence o~ a decis ion; ttle next decision is made; and then th e cycLe Is repeated. The Improvemen1 contributed by the next l e vel of took-ahead 1s eventually cancelled by ttle increasing number of forecast errors a
In addition to a more po.er~ul use of the presen t al g orithm, this procedure permits the use of two conflictin g obJectlves a An urg ency-o ri ented al g orithm may be used to select admissable decisions , While resource util11atJon may be improved by selectin g the terminal node with the best overlap 01 resource consumption.
The maIn ev l dencr In favor o~ this proposal so f:a1" is the significant: i mpro v ement which James Slagle has obtained by applyinp: a similar app r oach to seqUe ntial pattern recog nItIon, as reported in the February 1971 Communicatjons of: the ACN a
Anyone, perhaps a student , who wishes to pursue this topic should contact
Joseph Sha r p Ge neral ELectric Research and DeveLopment Center P .. Oa Box R Sc henectady, 5 1 8-346-8771,
New York 12305 ex1 a 6346 or 6476 a
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LSC 9 -AP R-7 3 22 : 52 15670 SIG ART NEWSLFTT ER Number 3~ ~p rll 1 9 73
) (J1 5670 ) 9 - APR-73 22:52; Ti~l8: Author(s): Co l es , L . St~phen /L SC ; Sub-Collec ~ionR: NIC; C~erk : KI RK; O ri ~ ln: (SIGART)APR IL7 3 . NLS;39 , 5-APR-7 3 19 : 36 K[ RK ;
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LPD 9 -APR-7 3 2 3 :44 CommentM on CFO ' s command lan Guage pape r
Whut surpr ises me about CFD ' s command lan gua~e memo ( HJOURNAL ,1 5628 ,) Is that l assumed th"t al l or ARC understood ~nd agreed with the observations made therein.
It jg clear that the scheme p r esen t ed therein i s p r eclse l y a cleaned-up implementation o~ essentia lly the p r esent scheme , .ith the added (very des ir ab le) p r ope rty t hat , assuming centralIzed parsina, BW , Be, and "hplp" are always possible .
However, even tho\,l p,h r be li eve that the scheme of' CFD ' s memo is the log ical n ext step fo r NLS , Jt does n ot attack the tollowing p ro blems , which seem t o me to be at the hear t o~ NLS's command language dl-fflcultles:
l, AbilIt y t o respecJfy pa ra mete r s withou t respecifylng comlJland . This places ce rtain constral nts on non-overlappj ng of command and parume t er syntax ( ~ost nota b l e in commands like Rep l ace ). T "ould be In fa vor ot " space " as II conUlland which metlnt "r edo th", l ast command" : this would eliminate the
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2 ) Parameter syntax, Includin g emb~dded rec()gnlt IQn and ~eedback . This shows up in a mInor way in Subs ~itut e and Assimilate and in a major way In subsystems (Jou rn a l, debuQ; g e r). It N L S i s e ver to be " prog ramma ble '! (as discussed In a Journal memo of mine last year), it Is essentIal thdt all commands r ece ive their pa ramete r s I n a -fairly uniform way . Rowaver, wh~n subsystems are involved, it i s ha r d to say where a "comma n d " ends. I would be in favor 01 a scheme whlch essentially cleans up the p r esent " COTO STATE" Implementation , I.e. whIch allows llny comma nd to allY "I am b. SuhSYAtem " and , meaning:
I) Backup beyond this poI nt wo uld require d command, rather th a n a CD;
Ii) CD would r eturn control to this po int.
3 ) As a co roll a r y of 2 , "helpll :tor pa r amete r s . TNLS has this, o~ cou rs e (or could ); I fa vor a schelJle which is like the p r esent arrow-moving and +-t d l c ho~omy , but more consiRtent .
4) Where to d raw th~ line . In th e 940 sys~em , for example , ~h c s ubsystem names we r e commands, and recognized like the bui lt-In ones ; so e v ery t1me ~ subsystem WllS artried , the number of characters required t o specify so~e old commands was liable to change, and the " instant r ecogn i t i on scheme " lmposps penalt i es ~or typ ln M ton .any charac t ers . In NLS , an
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LPD Q- APR-13 23:44 Comments on CPD ' s comMftnd lan~uag e paper
')ncomfortable l Ine hus been d r awn whlch reco&nizes eVerything but the names of user p r o g rams. Thls is a very haret prob l em, and J don ' ~ have a ~olutlon to It . [L feedhack is fast enough , 1 would :favor a "menu " scheme :for Goto and Execute .
CPD ' s scllPme Is worth conslder l n ~ even :for the prespnt NL S because 01 the inc r edible volume of arihoc code cu r rently used to i~plement command reco ~n l tlon (1 had to Look at It :for my work on Subs t Jtute) - - I don ' t believe It would be such a ma~mDth Job .
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LPn 9 -A PR-7 3 23 : 44 15671 Comments on CFD ' s command lan g ua ge paper
(.115671) 9 - APR-7 323:44; Tltle : Au1:hor(s): Deu tsch , L .. Peter ILPD; Illstr i.butl on : leHI \fLB RW'1I' PR N:DX JCN DeE YFA CFD ; Sub-ColtectioIlS : NJC; Clerk : LPD' O rt ~ ln: <DEUTSCR>CL .. NL S ;2, 9 - APR-7 3 23 :43 LPO
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ND~ I O- APR- 73 16: 53 l5672
to receive the WEEKL Y ANALY S1S REPORT In my Journal check the catalop: when tim Interested.) ThankAo
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NDW lO-APk-73 16 : 53 15672
(Jt 561'2 ) l O-APR-7 3 16 : 53 ; ",uthor(s): !J{(>ye r , N. Dean ! NOM ; Distributi o n: !RAHi Suh-Co~l ec tionB: SR J-A RC; Clerk~ NDN;
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WLB to-APR-73 12:48 Feedback to CPD on Command Recog "i t ion and Feedhack
I want to g ive you some more extensJve feedback on " Command Rcco~nitlol1 and Feedback II (r@ -- 15628 , I at a later time; here's .I us 1: a short noto to keep the dialo g perk1n ,q: e r a e ree completely with youI"' comments and thlnk that you are on the ri a ht track Ln developin g a 1ramework 101" command recoa nition and ~eedbackt and .hat t have to add Js in the way o~ £urther elaboratin~ that framework. Ny Intuit i ve feelin .,; Is that as the NLS com.mand repertory ~ rowB it Is go in g to be necessary for users to be able to individualIze the command lan gua ~e whIch they use -- thi s is In addition to being able to extend the lan guage, althoua h most the the Bame mechanisms apply. This individualizotion would involve allowln ~ the user to de£lne SY'lonyms (and acronyms) tor frequently used commands, indicftte relatIve frequencies of p articular cOnlmand uses RO that lewer characters Il(>ed to bp typed tor command specl1'icatlon (on the avera Me 'for each indivi d ual user). defin e subsets o~ com~ ands where the subs e t J8 enterpd as a "mode ll or IIsuhsy~tem1t and cONmands wi thin the subset are selected by even shorter tha n normal strJne s of characters, etc. there is also a need 1'01" treating command PH RASES as well as command words in the 'f'ru.Mework -- tor exa mple, how do you handle "Execute Journal" and "Eject Page" in a cle a n manner? morc later ••• Wal t
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15673
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WLB I O- APR-7 3 t 2 :4 ~
Feedback to CFD o n Co mmand Reco~nl tion b nd Feedbac k
(JI 5S 7Jl I O-A PR -7 3 l 2 : 48; TitL e : lpd cwo p c Dis trlhution: Icfd c hi
Sub-Coll~ c tl u n s : SR I-A RC ; C l e rk: WLB ;
Au thor( s ):
mdk Jcn Bass , Wa lt /WLR; dce mfa
15&7 3
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WLB 9 - API~- 73 20 : 16 Re J Durnal Rearte r s
Dean: I ~urrupt lciously chan g ed th e OP s O ihe RJ i s h~ndled ~he
S6me as any ~ther header at nay time. -- Walt
L.e. , it can he changed by th e user
1 56 7 4
1
WLH 9 -AP R-73 20 : 16 15674
) (JI 56 7 4) 9-AP R-?320:l6 ; Title: Author(s): Ba s s , watt !WLH; DIs tri but i on: Indm ; Sub - Coltectlons: SR I-A RC ; Cl e rk: WLB;
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1ranBml~tal to Michael A. Padllpsky
ARPA Network Jn~ormatlon Center Stan~ord Research Institute Menlo Park, California 94025
TRANSN,[TTAL TO:
fI ROM:
Michael A. Padtipsky Project MAC 545 Technology Square, Room 508 Cambrld~et Massachusetts 02139
Marcia Keeney Stat jon Agen t
MLK 16-APR-73 07:49
NIC 15676 12-APR-73
At the requeB~ of Dave Walden (BBN) , your name has heen placed on the TIP User's Group maIling list.
Enclosed are TIPUG notes 1-9. on regular distribution.
You wIll receive all ~uture notes
Also enclosed is the Keynote Speech by Ruth Davis at CONCON '73.
Encl .
NIC 13027 13028 13029 12403 13480 13486 13887 14207 14763 14758
1
15676
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2
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~LK l6-APR-73 07:49 -Iransm lttal to Michael A. Pad lipsky
(JI 56 76) L6-AP R-73 07:49; Title: Author(s): Keeney, Marcia Lynn I NLK; Distribution : ISA; SUb-Collections: SR I-ARC ; Clerk: LLL; Ori g in: <LANE)NICl5676 . NLS;3 , l6-AP R-~3 07:48 LLL ;
15676
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TRANS W, lTTAL TO:
TRANSMITTAL TO:
F RON:
Station Agf'lnts
Statln" AlI"'n ta
Marc 1 u. Keeney (N [C)
SttltJon A,gent
WLK tR-AP R-73 19 :03
At the request of \ljke Kudtick. I am sending 15 copies o-t Nle 14796 . the TNLS Quick Reference Card to each station agent . Pleaye distribute them at your o_n discretion; It you need more please contact me at the NrC and 1 wilL send them.
I
t 56?!)
t
MLK l R- Af"R-73 19 : 03 15679 TRANS MJ TTAL TO : Station Agents
)
(JI 56 7 9 ) l S -A PR-73 1 9 : 03 ; T itl e: Autnor{s): Keenoy , Ma r-ria Lynn / MLK ; D i stribut ion: / SA ; Sub- Col1ect Jun s : NYC ; C t ~rk: K f RK ;
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)
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)
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TRANSMITTAL TO:
l.RANS!HTTAL TO:
FROM:
Terry Sack
Terry Sack Harvard University Aiken Computa tion Laboratory 33 Oxrord Street Cambrid~e. Maa9achuse~ts
MarcIa Keeney (Hie) Station Al&ent
02138
"L< tR-APR-73 19:04
At your request, L am sending 10 copies the TNLS quick reference ca r d , Nle 1, 4796:
1
15b80
1
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WLK 18-A~R-73 In:04 l 5680 TRANSMITTAL TO: Terry Sack
(J156 80 ) 18-APR-7J 19:04; Title: Author(s): Keeney, Ma rcia Lynn /MLK : Distribution: /SA ; Sub-Collections: NlC ; Cle rk: KJRK
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TRANSMlTTAL TO:
TRANSMITTAL TO:
F RON:
Barba ra Ba rn e t t
Barbara Bo.rnett Stanford UniversIty Arti~iclal rnteLII v ence ProJect D. C . Pn.,er Lab Stan1ord, CaliLornla 94305
Marcia Keeney (HIe) S ttltjon Aa ent
MLK
At your request, I am sending a copy 01' Hie 11621
1
18-APR-7 J 19:06 1568 1
Sur Note #43 la
ML "( l R-AP R-73 1 9 : fl6 1568 1 TRANSM [TTAL TO: Barba ra Barnet t
(J15& 8 1) 1 8 -AP R-73 1 9 :06; Title: Author(s): Keeney, Mu rcia Lynn IML K ; Distribution: l SI'. ; S ub-Collections: NIC ; C lerk: KIRK
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ARPA Het-work In-Corlllation Center Stanford Research In~titutQ Nenlo Park, CaLitornia 94025
TRANSMITTAL TO:
FRON:
Pro~e8sor E. ~ . Aupperle MERIT Co.puter Network University uf Wichignn 1037 Horth University Building Ann Arb[Jr, MichiKllon 48104
Marcia Keeney Station Ageu,"
HIC 15686 17-APR-73
At the request o~ Viot Cart, your nAMe has been added to the JNWG .. allln" List.
Enclosed are aLL back issues of INWG Notes, excludin~ 1, 3, 7, 8, 9, and II, which are out 01 date.
I
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3
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15686 Di8tribu~lon St at lon Agen t,
1
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'IRANSNITTAL TO!
TRANSMITTAL TO:
FROM:
At your request,
Ca rolyn Huntsman
Caro lyn Huntsman Sto.n~ord Un iversity ELectronics Research Lahorutory S~o.nford, California 94305
~arcia Keeney (Nr C ) Stfttlon Agent
~l.X
am send i ng the following documents:
NtC 8246 Nrc 13491
Host /Host Protocol lor the ARPA Network Socke t Number List
1
tS-APR-73 lR:SR 15689
1
la
1.1
-OfLX lQ-AP R-73 18 : 59 15&89
TRANSM lTTAL TO: Carolyn lIuntsml1n
)
(J15689 ' t 8 -AP R-'7 3 1 8 :59 ; Title: Author(s): Keeney , Ma.rcia Lynn I MLK ; Distribution: ISA • Sub- Co llections: N[C ; Clerk : lURK ;
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MLK 1 '3 -A PR-73 19 : 02 TRA.NS WtTTAL T O :
TRANSMlTl'AL TO:
Ra lph Alter
Ralph AL1:f>l" Packe1: Co~rounlcatlons fnc. 176 2nd Avenue Waltha~, Ma s s achusetts 021 5 4
Marcia Keeney (HIC) Station Ag ent
reques ted . S om e of th e I am enclosing . oet 01 th e RFC ' s you A FC I B (those .... h lch are not ene losed ) have not yet been ll!l 8 ued. will sond your Resource Notebook the minu te It ' s ready -- we ar(> now walting tor di vi ders due to arrive Thursday; so you should
I
15690
t
have your Notebook b y 1:he end of next week . 1ft
t
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MLK 18 - APR-73 19 : 02 15690 TRANSMiTTAL TO: Ralph Alter
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(J L56 90 , 1 8 -AP R-73 1 9 : 02 ; TItle : AuthQr(EI': Keenuy , Ma rcia. L.ynn I NLK ; DlstributIon: I SA ; S ub-CoLlectionS: Hie ; C lerk: lURK ;
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)
TRANSMITTAL TO:
TRANSM[TTAL TO :
PRON:
Dr. Adrian V . Stokes
Dr. Adrian V. Stokes Institute of Co~~uter Science 44 Gordon Squil re London , W. c . 1 ENGL AND
MarCia ~een~y (NIC) Station A .i,;BOt
WLK 31-NAY-73 16: 13 15691
I
Dea r Mr . Stokes: 1&
We have received notice that your ott ice 1s now u. SIte on the ARPA Network . As such , you will be receiving documents on distribution ~ro. the Network In~or.atlon Center (NIC).
We are sending you a core collection of existing documents, IncLudln&
Ib
the to llo.lnil: Functional Docu.ents tor whIch we wIll provIde updates : Ie
HIC 5145 Current HIC 5150 Current HIC 7590 Network HIC 7104 CUrrent
Catalog 0< ••• HIC Collection Directory 0< Network Participants [n'forml:l.tion Center User Gulde Ne"twork Protocols
l-DEC-72 29-JAN-73
Z-NAR-73 22- JAN-73 lc 1
N.IC 6740 Network Resource Notebook is beIng rev i sed . i wltl send a ) copy as soon as they are ready -- probably within 2 weeks . Id
)
We are aLso sendina you II. ou.ber of docUlIIents which you .ay need as background (see list beLow ).
We will be glad to supply co~le8 of partIcular docu.ents Indicated by
a back arrow in the Cataloa Listina8, and wi ll Loan or direct you to sources oL other documents in the Llstinas.
Warcia Keeney, our Stat inn Agent , accomplishes NIC d i stribution , has now put you on distrl.butioD for all docultlents se nt to S ite Liaisons .
c: s. Crocker (ARPA)
e ncl:
HrC 7542 NIC 7750 NIC 10507 NIC 11681 HIC 12324 HIC 11626 HIC 11768
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and
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11
III 112 113
11" \1 5 11. \17
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15691 Dist",..1butlon Station ""ent,
I
UK 31-WAY-13 16: 13 15691 TRANSNITTAL TO : Dr . Adrl~n V. Stokes
(J15691» :)1-MAY-7316:1.J; Ti.tle.: Author(s): w'arcia Lynn I.eeney/NLK
; Distribution: ISA ; Sub-Collections: NIC ; Clerk : ~lRK ;
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JBN 25 -A PR-73 17: 42 156~5
Transmi~tal ~o Station A«ents -- 81
TrunsmJttot to Sta tion Agents -- Rl J eann e North
NYC 1 5695 26 APR 7 3
En closed:
NlC 15065
NIC lS356
Nrc 15651
Nie 15747
Nle 11796
*NWG/RFC #487 F r ee File Transfer; Hob Bress l er (BBN )
'*NWC/RFC #49L What la II F ree" ?; Me A. Podl!psky (MIT-MULTICS)
*NWG/RFC #497 Tra~fic Statistics ( Worch 1 973» ; A .. McKenz J e (UBN-NET)
*NWG/~FC #503 Socket Number Li st ; Nancy Neigus , Jon Postel
*NWG/RPC #396 Network Graphics Worki n " Group Mec~lnQ - Seco n d Iter a tion; Steve Bu nch ( ILL-ANTS)
*~ent to Liaisons
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TransmIttal ~o Station Ag ents -- 81
(J1 5695 ) 25-AP R-13 17:42; DistrIbutIon! ISA MO~ JEW
TI tle: Author( s): ; Sub-Collec~ions:
JBN 25-APR-13 17:42 15695
Northt Jeanne NIC .. Clerk:
B . IJRN KTRK ;
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NLK 31 - MAY-73 16:50 TRANSMITTAL TO:
TIUNSWITTAL TO: Robert Liebora~n
PROM:
N~val Slllp Resea rch a.nd DevelopllIent Ce nter Code 18J Be t hesda , Wary land 20034
WlI.rc i a Keeney (HiC, Stat ion A"en t
At your request , 1 am seodinK the LollowlnK docuaents:
HJe 13950 ARPA NBT.O~~ H1C ANNOUNCEMENT BULLETIN NO.1 NIC 14624 NIC 147 9 7 HIC l 5337
AiiflA NEl'WOll1( NIC ANNOUNCEMENT BULLETIN NO . 2 ARPANET NE~S Issue 1 A~PANBT NEWS Issue l
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15696
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15696 Distribution Station Aaent,
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wu 31-WAY-13 16 : 50 15696 TRA.NSMITTAL TO: Robe rt Lleber~an
(J15696) 31-M.AY-7.J 16:50; TitLe: Author(s': Marcia Lynn Keeney/MLX ; DistributJoll: / SA ; Sub-ColLections: Nle ; Clerk: ~IRK ;
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TRANSMITTAL TO:
TRANSMITTAL TO:
PRO .. :
31-MAY-73 16:49 W.ober t Lieba r.tu}
Robu rt Liebe r.an Naval Ship Research and Deve lopment Center Code 1~,j
Be thesda, M~ryl~nd 20034
Jeli.nne D. North (Nle) Information and Station A~ent Coordinator
We have received notice that your ott ice Is now u Site on the ARPA Network. As such, you will be recelvin ¥ documents on distribution
15697
troM th e Network lnfor.utlon Center (HIC). 1a
We are sending you a core col l ection o~ exlstine docu.enls , includin g the 101.lowing FUnctional DGcuments 1:0 ... which .e will I,rovide updates: Ib
HIC 5 145 Cu rrent Catalo~ or the HIe Collection I-DEC-72
NIC 5 150 Current Directory ot Network PartIcIpants 29-JAH-73
HIC 7590 H~twork [n10,..atlon Cel,ter User Guide 2 -WAW-73
The Network Resource NotQbook (HIe 6140) and the Current Hetwork Protocols (HIC 7104) are in the process of being revised. A copy will be sent to you in a couple Gr weeks .
We a .. e u.Lso sendin" you ~ Duabe .. of docu-ents which you nlay need as b acka round (see list below).
We will be glad to 8upply copies of particular documents indicated by a b$ck arrow in the Catalo" LigtinW9, and will loan or direct you to s ources of other docu .. ents in the Llstinli:e .
Marcj a Keeney, our Station Ag ent, accomplIshes NrC distribution , and has now put you GR distribution for all documents sent to Site Liai s ons.
e: s. Crocker (ARPA)
e Rct: NlC 7542 Ll6 81
10507 11 626
11768 12324
1
7750
lbl
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15697 DistributIon S"tatlon Agent ,
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IlLl< JI-YAY-73 16:49 15697 TRANSMITTAL TO:
(.115697) 31-WAY-7.j 16:49; Title: Author(s): Marcia Lynn ~eeneY/WLK ; Distribution: /SA ; S~b - Collectlon8: ~[C ; Clerk: K[RK ;
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>ILK 31-JiAY-73 15:32 15698 TRAHSIrHTTAL TO: Donald Price
') TRA.NSMITTAL TO: Donald ~rice
2270 1/2 • 1 8 th Av. A,l t #2 EUlle ne, Oreillon
PROM : Wa rc i a keeney ( N [e)
S'tatlon A ~en t 1
At your request, am seBeH 0 i: the sec tion on Mraphlca (rom our Net.o rk Catalogue . hOllQ it _iLL be 0' elp '0 you. '"
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15698 D i st ribution Stat ion Ai!1:ent,
1
MLX 3 1-NAY-73 15:32 15698 TRANSIH1'TAL TO: OonCLld ~rlCQ
(JI5698) 31-NAY-73 15:32; Ti tIe: Author(s): Marcia Lynn ~eeney/WLK ; Di9~ributlon: /SA ; S~b-Collections: NrC ; Clerk: K I Ill: ;
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TRANS.UTTAL 1'0:
THANSN.ITTAL TO:
PROM:
WLK Dr . M. ~ . Leavitt
Dr. W. Il . Leu.ltfltt Conaolld~ted AuaiyBi6 Centers Inc. 1815 Norlh Furt Wyer Drive ArilnKtQO , Virginia 22209
Marcia ~eeney (HIe) Station ""ent
3t-MAY-73 15: 21
At the request of Dave W~lden (BON), your name has been placed on the
15699
I
TIP User's Group .ailing list. Is
Enclosed are TIPUG notes 1-9. regular distribution .
Yuu .ILt receive alL tuture notes on
Also enclosed is the Keynote Speech by Ruth Davis at COMPeON '13.
Bncl.
.,e 13027 13028 13029 12403 13480 13486 13887 14207 14763 14758
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15699 Distribution St at 10n Ag en t,
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>ILK 3 t -WA Y-73 15: 27 15699 TRANSN1TTAL TO: Dr . W. R. Leavitt
) (J15699) 31-WAY-7315:27; TitLe: Authur(s): Marcia Lynn Keeney/IILK ; Oistribution: /SA ; Sab - Collections: NrC ; C l erk: KIRK ;
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(rans ~ ittol to S teve Crocke r
ARPA Notwork In fo rmatlon Center S t anford Resea r ch [nsti~ute
~e"to Par k, Call~ornla 94025
-rRANSM(TTAL TO:
FROM:
Stev e C r ocke r Advancerl Resea r c h Projects Age ncy 1400 Wllso n Boult! v ard Arlington, Vir8 Ln'~ 22209
Ma rcia Kee n ey S t ation Agen t
WLX 24- APR- 7 3 13: 3 7
N I C 15705 23-AP R-73
At your request l am sendlnp 25 TNLS Oujck Re~erence Cords
1
15705
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MLK 24-APR-73 13:37 lransmittal to S teve Crocker
(J1570S) 24-AP R-i313: 37; Title! Author(s): Keeney , Marcia Lynn /YLK; Distribution: /SA; Sub-Collections: SRf-ARC; Clerk : LLLj Ori~in: <LANE>~IC 15705.NLS ;3, 24-APR-73 13:13 LLL ;
t57 05
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Trnnsm lt ttll to Robert Thomus
ARPA Network In ~or~at lon Ce nt er Stan ford Resea rch In s titut e We nl o Par k , Cal i fo rni a 94025
TRANSM I TTA L TO : Robe rt Thomas Bolt Be ran e k and Ne wma n [nc. 50 Mo ulto n S treet
FROM :
Cambri dge , Massac hus e tt s
Ma rcI a Kee ney Sta tion Ai!ent
02 138
MLK 24-APR-73 13 : 04
NIC 157 06 23-AP R- 7 3
At you r request I am send in g 30 copies of t he TNLS Quic k lie1e r ence Ca r d .
I
t 5706
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MLK 24- APR-73 13 : 04 T r ansmitta l to Robe rt Thomas
(J15706) 24-AP R-7J 13 : 04 ; Tjtle: Author(s): Ke~ney , Ma rcia Lynn / IIfLK ; Di st ribut Ion : / SA ; Suh- Collectlons: SR I-A RC; C l erk ! LLL; O ri ~jn: <LANE>NJC 1 5706 . NLS ~ I, 24-APR-7 3 13 : 01 LLL ;
15106
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~rBnsml~ta l to S t a n Go Ld in g
~~PA Net~ork Informatlon Center Sta n~ord Rese arch Institu t e ~pnto Pa r k , Ca lJ fo rnl ~ 94025
TRANSMITTAL TO :
FROM :
S tan Gntdl n g NASA Ames Researc h Center Mal 1 S top 233-1 3 Mof~ett F l eld , Call~ornla 94035
Marc 1 a Keeney Statlon A@ent
MLK 24-A PR-73 12 : 5 7
N TC 15709 2:J-APR-73
At your reques t I am send ln ~ the ~otlowln g doc ument s :
NI C 10685 l "HE EDUCA TTON LABORATORY AT SIB
NI C 10324 SR T I NFO UPD ATE P ER RBQ UEST
NI C 11749 TERM I NAL ACCESS TO THE ARPA CO~POTER NETWORK
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NLK 24-APR-73 12: 5 7 ~ransmlttal to Stan Go ldjn g
(J1 5 7 09 ) 24 -AP R-7 3 12 ~ 57; Title: Au-thorls): Kee ney , Marcia Lynn / MI .K ; Dls1:rlbuti on : /SA; S ub-Collection s : SR I-A RC ; Clerk: LLL; a ri ~ jn: (LANS}NIC15709.NLS;2, 24-APR-73 12: 56 LLL ;
15709
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lransm lttal to Vint Cer~
ARP A Ne two rk InforMation Ce nter Stan~ord Researc h Jns titute Mento Pa rk, Call~ornia 94025
lRANS6UTTAL TO: Vint Cer :f Electronics Researc h Laboratory Stanford University
FROM:
S tanford, Call~ornJft
hlarcla Keeney St ation Agf'int
9 430 5
MLX 24-APR-73 12 : 55
NIC i5710 23-AP R-73
At your request r am sendin~ 2 copLes o~ NIC 795 8 , Tnter£ace Messa ge P r ocessor.
Alex Mc Ke nzJe of BBN Is wo rking on a r evised v ersLon which should drrive here soon. You might call In 0 couple 01 we eks if you1re interested In receivina it.
1
15710
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~LK 24-APR-73 12:55 Iransmltta l to Vint Ce r L
(Jl 57 LO) 24-APR-1 3 12:55 ; Title: Author{s) : Kee ney, Marcia Lynn /WLK; Dlstribution: ISA~ Sub-Collectjons: SRI-ARC; C~c rk: LLL; Ori~in: (LANE)N[CI57tO . NLS;3 , 24 -APR-73 12: 54 LLL ;
15710
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~LK 25 - MAY-73 13:29 Transmittal to Robert Silber9ki
ARPA Net.ork 'ntQr~atlQn Center Stanford Research Institute Yenlo Park , Call~ornla 94025
TRANSWJTTAL TO : i::obart SlibBrsld Nationa l Systems DesI g n Dept _, W185 the NIT&b Corporation
FRO .. :
West&ate Research McLean , VirKLnLa.
Warcil.l. Keeney Station Ag en"t
Park 22101
trlIC 15711 2 3 -APR-73
At the request 01 Jeanne North, I a~ sending you a copy of Nle 10159, UCSB [MP InterLace S p ecs.
1
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15711 Distribution Station Ag ent,
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MLK 25-NAy-73 13:29 Transmlttul to Robert Sllber~ki
(J15111) 25-MAY-7J L3:2£1 ; Title: Author(s): Marcla Lynn Keeney/ YLK; Distribution: /SA; Sub-Collec~lon8 : SRI-ARC ; Clerk: LLL; Ori~in: (LANE>NlCl57Ll . NLS;l, JO-APR-73 12:29 LLL ;
15 711
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Transmittal to Rober~ O'Brien
ARPA Network Information Center Stanrord Resea r ch InstJtute ~enlo Park , CalIfornia 94025
TRANS"ITTAL TO: Robert O' B rien Cabledata Associ a t es , Jne . 701 Welch Road
PRON:
Palo Alto, CalIfornia
Marcia Keeney S tation Aiilent
94304
NLK 30-APR-73 08:19
Hie 15712 23-APH-7 3
I am enclosing most o~ the documents you requested. We do not: have copies f or distributIon o~ the followIng documents:
Hie 6033 which you can ge t from MI TRE Co rporation In McLean Vlrp;lnis; N le B4l!3 , Hie 12016, and Nle 141 8 7 whIch you can ae t from BON In CaNbrid@e; Nrc 10111, a long document which you can get from ALOHA (University of Hawaill; NIC 13998 I s a book published by Prentice-Hall which we do not distribute; II.nd ~inally, NIC 8440 which J simply could not ~lnd. The other 20 odd p&pers a~e enclosed .
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1571 2
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MLK 30-APR-73 08:)9 TranBmi~tal ~o Robe r~ O ' Brien
(J1 5712) 30-AP R-73 08:19; Title : Author ( s ): Keeney , Marc i a Lynn I~LKi Distribution : / S A. Sub- Co ll ections : SR i-A RC ; Clerk : LLL; Ori~iD : (LANE)N1C157 1 2 . NLS;2 , 30-A PR-73 08 :17 LLL ;
15712
)
)
TRANSMITTAL TO:
TRANSMITTAL TO:
PROM:
WCK I-JUN-'l321'):12 L~rry N. ~~3Lnter
Larry N • • a3int~r Stun~ord University - Heuristic PrograNmln8 Oepurtment o~ CD.p~ter Science Serra HOl.lge Stanforn , C~ li tDrnia 94305
Marcia Keeney (NIC) Sta. tion AIi'81lt
At the roquest ot Da v e W~lden ( DSN ), your naMe has been placed on the
15713
I
TIP User's Group .ai ling list. la
Enclosed are l'[PUG notes 1-9. Y()U will receive 11.11 future nDtes on re'-lullLr d J 8 tl" Lbut i on . 1 b
Also enclosed. is the lCeynato Speech by Ruth Davis 11.1' COMPeON '73 .
Encl ..
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PROM :
Andres Zellwaler
Andres # . Zellweger Department DC rr~nsportatjon
Transportation SysteMS Center TC - 55 Bro:..dray CaMbridge , ~a~s~chugett8 02142
Marcia Keeney (Hie) Station Aae nt
IlLK l-JUN-73 20!11
At the r eq'-lest of Oave W:..l"8fl (Blltl h your nattle haa been placed on th e
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TIP User's Group malling list. 10
Enclosed are TIPUG notes 1-9. r egular dJgtrlbutjon.
Vau wilt r ecei v e a ll tu ture notes on
Alao enclosed is the Keyno te S~eech by Rut h Da vi s at cowpeON '73 .
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JCN 17 APR 73 7:10AM \5719
Donald Atkinson Bell Canada BeLmon t Avenue Wont r eal , Quebec
Dea r Don:
St~ntord Research inst itute Augmentation Resea rch Center 333 Ravenswood Avenue Wenlo Park , Cati~ornla 94025
1 certainly enjoyed meeting you and your people Last week. I _as very iMpressed with the~ as peopLe and as pro~esslonals--baged on what I saw in those ~ew hours . 1
Yours is really the kind o~ g r o up that we want to establi sh close reiatlonshllps with . We seem to have much to o~~e r each other as thinMB develop .
We are preparing a proposal ~o r your use in lookIng ~or tundlna ~or use ot the Wo rkshop Utlllty--as8umlna you sti lt are headed in that direction .
As r recall, yuu mentIoned so.ethl n g about talkina with others April 11th, abou~ the Utllity use. [ hope It went ~ett . ['ll not be he r e next week , but hope to aet the p r oposal out the foltowina . It that ie no t ear ly e nou~h , let me know, please?
think ri ll call be~ore yo~ get this, but witt se nd it anyway .
Sincerely,
James C . Norton Ausmentation Research Cen ter
JC~/Jcn
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JCN 17 APR 13 7:10AM 15719
(Jt5719) IS- APR-73 17:31; Title : Aut-hods): Norton , James C. I .lCNi Distribution: IDeE RWW; Sub-CollectIons: SRl-ARC; Clerk: .leN; Orl~ln: (NORTON)TODON.NLS;l , ll-APR-73 20:11 .leN;
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Stan~ord Research Institute Augmentation Research Center 333 Ravenswood Avenue
J. C oo R . Licklider Project MAC
Menlo Park, Ca lifornia
545 Technolo8:Y Square, Room 218 Cambrid~e, Massachusetts 02139 NU98ucusetts Institute o~ Technology Call1bridQe, Mass ..
Dear Lick:
94025
i really enjoyed the time ( spent with you laRt week. r was tn u pa rt of the country that I've never visited before, hut telt like 1 had 90~e ~riend8 there anyway. I appreciated your g oing out of your way to ~lve _e the li~t.
I'd be Interested In any reactions you have to the Augmented Knowled~e Workshop (14724,) paper I tett it you find time to get into it.
Regarding your Workshop Utility use, further SUR community development aided by Utility service appears most interesting. I have the impression that what we (at ARC) are now doing to aid th e process is just a crude start. The 10cus ot mo re specific attention to the communication f~ow, methodo~oay to aid the process, and new features needed tor Improve~ent could come with use 01 the Utility computer and
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We are also wondering about the community aspects at the ARPA project under George Law rence--Doug re~erred to a9 "Bio-Cybernetlcs"--[ think .. Is t-hi8 a candidate for Utility dialog sUpport, perhaps? 3111.
Your own use ot NLS 10r your o~tice work sounds good to U9. We will probably want most 01 our tirst "oftice users" to be In of~ices where there are 5-10 people startin& to use the system together In their _ork. However, your involvement in the past, and now wIth the SUR and other Network activities probably means tess "overhead" In gett i ng you into Workshop use on a larger scate.
Licklider/Norton
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We should discuss this again . Larry Roberts visited here this week to learn more of NLS (through his own use) and to discuss the ways hIs ARPA or~lce would move .ueh o~ their work onto the Utility in SepteMber.
r am asking Ken Victor to took Into the problem of aettln~ Bur 90itware Into your fNLAC 80 that it can run Display HLS _ltll Inouse and keyeet--a,s 8uml n ll you sti tt want it there. There are thr ee IWLACS runnIng DNLS at RADC. We are working on BBN and ARPA 0111c89' 'VLACs to get the. up . The real power ot NLS Is certainty in the display versIon . Whe n run through two IMPs and two computers, there Is a 8peed problem, o~ course, bu t it seeNS worth a try_ We are busy at work designing an intertace hetween our mouse and keyaet and Ilcheapil displays . We hope to have something the UtIli ty users can get by Pull. More on this later.
Thanks agaLn tor your hospitality.
SIncerely ,
James C . Norton Aua_entation Resea r ch Cente r
JCN / Jcn
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(Jt5720) 15-APR-7J 17:34; Tit-la: Author(s): Norton, James C. /JCN; Dlstrlbut-lon: /DCW RWW; Sub-Collectlons: SRI-ARC; Clerk: JCN; CrL~ln: (NORTON>TOLfCK.NLS;t, l2-APR-73 09:51 JCN ;
Llckllder/Norton Page 0
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