© Prentice Hall, 2007Excellence in Business, 3eChapter 8 - 1 We’re All in This Together: Organization and Teamwork

© Prentice Hall, 2007 Excellence in Business, 3e Chapter 8 - 1

We’re All in This We’re All in This Together: Organization Together: Organization

and Teamworkand Teamwork


Effective Organization Effective Organization StructureStructure

• Divide responsibilities

• Distribute authority

• Coordinate and control work

• Promote accountability


Organization ChartOrganization Chart

• Formal organization

• Informal organization


Identifying Identifying Job ResponsibilitiesJob Responsibilities

• Work specialization

– Advantages

• Efficiency

• Productivity

– Disadvantages

• Boredom

• Alienation


Chain of CommandChain of Command

• Responsibility

• Accountability

• Authority

• Delegation


Simplified Line-and-Staff Simplified Line-and-Staff StructureStructure

• Chain of command

– Line organization

– Line-and-staff organization


Span of ManagementSpan of Management

• Flat organizations

• Tall organizations


Decision-Making Decision-Making AuthorityAuthority

• Centralized

– Top-level management

• Decentralized

– Lower-level management


Organizing the Organizing the WorkforceWorkforce

• Departmentalization

– Function

– Division

– Network

– Matrix

– Hybrid


Functional StructuresFunctional Structures

• Skills

• Resource use

• Expertise


Departmentalization Departmentalization by Functionby Function

DisadvantagesDisadvantages

•Departmental BarriersDepartmental Barriers

•Slow Response TimeSlow Response Time

•Ineffective PlanningIneffective Planning

•OverspecializationOverspecialization

AdvantagesAdvantages

•Resource AllocationResource Allocation

•Unified DirectionUnified Direction

•Improved CoordinationImproved Coordination

•Better CommunicationBetter Communication


Divisional StructuresDivisional Structures

• Products

• Processes

• Geography

• Customers


DepartmentalizationDepartmentalizationby Divisionsby Divisions

AdvantagesAdvantages DisadvantagesDisadvantages

FlexibilityFlexibility

Better ServiceBetter Service

Management FocusManagement Focus

Wasting ResourcesWasting Resources

Poor CoordinationPoor Coordination

Divisional CompetitionDivisional Competition


Departmentalization by Departmentalization by MatrixMatrix

• Advantages

– Skills and expertise

– Resource use

• Disadvantages

– Reporting issues

– Authority issues

– Interpersonal conflicts


Departmentalization by Departmentalization by NetworkNetwork

• Advantages– Lower costs– Increased flexibility– More competitiveness

• Disadvantages– Lower control– Increased vulnerability– Less distinctiveness


Hybrid StructureHybrid Structure

• Functions

• Divisions

• Network

• Matrix


Comparing Work Groups Comparing Work Groups and Work Teamsand Work Teams

• Goals

• Synergy

• Responsibility

• Skills


Workplace TeamsWorkplace Teams

• Problem-solving

• Self-managed

• Functional


Cross-Functional TeamsCross-Functional Teams

• Task forces

• Special-purpose

• Committees


Virtual TeamsVirtual Teams

• Maximize diversity

• Employ technology

• Promote teamwork


Working In TeamsWorking In Teams

Opportunities Challenges

Higher-quality decisions

Increased commitment

Lower stress levels

Less internal competition

Improved flexibility

Inefficiency

Groupthink

Diminished motivation

Structural disruption

Excessive workloads


Characteristics Characteristics of Effective Teamsof Effective Teams

• Appropriate size and structure

• Clear sense of purpose

• Open honest communication

• Creative thinking

• Focused efforts

• Decision by consensus


Five Stages of Team Five Stages of Team DevelopmentDevelopment

• Forming

• Storming

• Norming

• Performing

• Adjourning


Level of CohesivenessLevel of Cohesiveness

• Competition

– Meeting attendance

– Team interaction

• Evaluation

– Work quality

– Goal Achievement


Emergence of NormsEmergence of Norms

• Standards of conduct

– Set limits

– Identify values

• Acceptable behavior

– Clarify expectations

– Facilitate survival


Team ConflictTeam Conflict

• Competition for scarce resources

• Responsibility issues

• Poor communication

• Values, attitudes, and personalities

• Authority issues

• Goal incompatibility


Dealing With ConflictDealing With Conflict

• Resolution– Avoidance– Confrontation– Diffusion

• Prevention– Clear goals– Well-defined tasks– Open communication


Team MeetingsTeam Meetings

• Clarify the purpose

• Select participants

• Clarify and focus on the agenda

• Follow the rules

• Promote participation

• Close effectively

Documents

© Prentice Hall, 2007Excellence in Business, 3eChapter 8 - 1 We’re All in This Together: Organization and Teamwork