“The War to End All Wars” - WWI

European Tensions Ignited

In your notes-answer (in your own opinion):

When is it justified for a

country to go to war?

Preview of WWI Era

Revolutions

Images from WWI

Describe what is going on in this picture…

• How do they go from this…

…to this?!

June 28th 1914

• The death of Franz Ferdinand would be considered a short-term cause.

• What are the long term causes (that have been building for years?)

What were the long term causes of WWI?

What were the long term causes of WWI?

• M -Militarism• A -Alliances• I -Imperialism• N -Nationalism

Using your notes and knowledge from this past semester…

• Make a list of events, people, dates, etc. that would fall under each MAIN category (be general and specific) – Be prepared to share your ideas!

• Fill in more facts on your chart as we take notes.

1. Militarism

• What is militarism:

– Militarism—when a country builds up their military to go to war

– If war is inevitable, you will need a military!

2. Rival Alliances

What were the 2 alliances that were forming?

Triple Alliance

vs.

Triple Entente

“We lie in the middle of Europe. We have at least 3 fronts on which we can be attacked…let us endeavor to make otherwise” -1888 speech by Bismarck

• 1870: Balance of power upset by Prussian victory in Franco-Prussian War.

• Otto Von Bismarck feared French revenge

Alliance #1: Triple Alliance

• Which countries were a part of the Triple Alliance?

– 1881

1. Germany

2. Austria

3. Italy

How is the 2nd alliance formed?

• Kaiser Wilhelm II refused to renew Russian treaty

• Germany developed closer ties to Austria

• Russia feels threatened

Who might Russia look to for a friend? Why?

• Russia looks to France –two became allies Dual Entente

Which nation might worry Britain?

• Britain remains in: "Splendid Isolation": – After 1891, Britain was

the only uncommitted power

– Germany is slowly becoming a threat

Alliance #2: Triple Entente

• Which countries are a part of the Triple Entente? – 1907

– Britain

– France

– Russia

On page 7 of your journal…

• Pick 3 colors

• Fill in the map of the Triple Entente and Triple Alliance

3. Imperialism• How does Imperialism cause tension in Europe?

• Berlin Conference, 1885: Calms everyone down but… – Kruger Telegram (1902):

• Germans Boers • Congrats on defeating British

– The Moroccan Crises (1906 & 1911)• Germans urge Moroccan independence (from France)

4. Nationalism

4. Nationalism

• How does Nationalism lead to tension?

– Small lands want a unified country/freedom

Ottoman Empire

Where are the Balkans?

Balkans= –mountainous region of

South- Eastern Europe

On page 6 in your journal…

• Choose 6 colors

• Draw a copy of the Balkans map (in color!)

Where are the Balkans?

What is happening in the East that leads to tension? – Early 1900’s: The Ottoman Empire looses control

over the Balkans• Now everyone wants freedom

– Pan-Slavism• a nationalist movement to unite all Slavic peoples,

encouraged the Serbs, Bosnians, Slovenes, and Croats to seek a single Kingdom

All the tension creates a "powder keg" in the Balkans

Nationalism leads to: Balkan Wars

First and Second Balkan Wars (1908 & 1913)• Serbia takes land from the Ottoman Turks and from

Bulgaria

• Serbia wants to create a Pan-Slavic Nation that could rival the other Great Powers

• Austria is worried about Serbian expansion

What were the 4 MAIN causes of WWI??

• M -Militarism

• A -Alliances

• I -Imperialism

• N -Nationalism

• Summary of Long Term Causes

• Britain and Germany Naval Arms Race

• Alliances formed that create distrust and competition

• Germany and France Imperialism in N. Africa

• Russia, Ottoman Empire and Austria want control over the Balkans

On page 4…

• Summarize the MAIN causes with a picture or symbol for each one.

On page 3

• Title: Tensions leading to war

• 1 page history of how Europe got to the Brink of War.

Timeline

• June 28th, 1914

• July 23rd 1914

• July 25th 1914

• July 28th 1914

• August 1, 1914

• August 3

• September 3

• May 7, 1915

• 1915-1917• March 1917• April 2, 1917• 1917 • March 1918 • July-August 1918 • November 11

(11am), 1918 • June 28, 1919

The Spark

• On page 8…

• Who?

• What?

• When?

• Where?

• Why?

• How?

Immediate Causes of WWI: (The Spark)

Who were the PEOPLE involved?

• Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the throne of the Austria

• The Black Hand, a secret society committed to ending Austrian rule in Slavic lands

Where/when is this taking place?

• Sarajevo, Bosnia’s (Slavic area) capital city• • June 28th, 1914 a royal visit to increase

loyalty – but also Saint Vitus’ Day, the day Serbians lost

their independence to the Ottomans

What happens?

• Gavrilo Princip– 19 yrs. old

– member of the Black Hand

– fires two bullets at close range into the Archduke and his wife Sophie

• Both die in the hospital

What happens?

• Bomb goes off near the parade – Black Hand members create a distraction with a

suicide attempt (fails) – Franz and Sophie re-route to go to hospital to

visit the wounded

• Princip shoots the Archduke and wife

Why?

• When asked why he did it, Princip responded: "I am a Yugoslav nationalist and I believe in unification of all South Slavs in whatever form of state and that it be free of Austria."

• How did he plan to keep Serbia free from Austria? He says:  "By means of terror."

In other words…

• The Austrians ruled Serbia

• The Serbs wanted freedom

• A Serbian terrorist killed the Austrian heir to the throne!

The Spark On page 8…

• Who? Gavrilo Princip (member of terrorist group Black Hand Society) kills Austrian Franz Ferdinand

• What? Assassination of the heir

• When? June 28, 1914

• Where? Sarajevo (in Bosnia, a Serbian land)

• Why? To terrorize the Austrian government (to show them that the Serbian Kingdom did not want the Austrian rule.

• How? Assassination during a parade to raise support for the Austrian government (happened to be a remembrance day for the Serbians)

• If a terrorist commits a crime, should the whole country be responsible?

Accusations that Serbia was behind the plot

• What does Austria do after their heir is killed?

– Austria blames the country of Serbia – July 23rd 1914

• Austria issues an ultimatum of demands that Serbia must do to avoid war.

– The harshest was allowing Austrian police to enter Serbia and look for the Black Hand.

1. What do we call the Balkans’ role in the start of WWI?

WHY??

Friends and Allies • Serbia is scared of war but does not want to

give in to Austria’s demands.

• Russia tells Serbia that it will support Serbia in a war against Austria.

• Austria is worried about a war against Russia and asks Germany for help. Germany agrees

to defend Austria if need be.

July 25th 1914• Serbia accepts all demands except the one

allowing Austrian police into Serbia.

War!!!• Who officially starts the War?

• Austria rejects Serbia’s offer and declares war on Serbia. (July 28th)

• Russia mobilizes (get the troops ready for war) along Austrian and German borders.

*Then Germany declares war on Russia (8/1/1914) and France (8/3/1914)

End of B9

Review of WWI causes

Friends and Allies • Serbia is scared of war but does not want to

give in to Austria’s demands.

• Russia tells Serbia that it will support Serbia in a war against Austria.

• Austria is worried about a war against Russia and asks Germany for help. Germany agrees

to defend Austria if need be.

July 25th 1914• Serbia accepts all demands except the one

allowing Austrian police into Serbia.

War!!!• Who officially starts the War?

• Austria rejects Serbia’s offer and declares war on Serbia. (July 28th)

• Russia mobilizes (get the troops ready for war) along Austrian and German borders.

*Then Germany declares war on Russia (8/1/1914) and France (8/3/1914)

• Germany gets involved: Schlieffen Plan – A way to deal with a war

on two fronts• French and Russian

•On which side is Italy?

End of B9

Countries in First World War

Standing Armies & Reserves in August 1914

Mobilized Forces in 1914-18

Russia 5,971,000 12,000,000

France 4,017,000 8,410,000

Great Britain 975,000 8,905,000Italy 1,251,000 5,615,000

United States 200,000 4,355,000

Japan 800,000 800,000

Romania 290,000 750,000

Serbia 200,000 707,000

Belgium 117,000 267,000

Greece 230,000 230,000

Portugal 40,000 100,000

Montenegro 50,000 50,000

Germany 4,500,000 11,000,000

Austria-Hungary 3,000,000 7,800,000

Turkey 210,000 2,850,000

Bulgaria 280,000 1,200,000

Which nation had the largest Army in 1914?

Which nation drafted the

largest percentage?

How is Germany stopped?• September 3rd 1914

• The 1st Battle of Marne: German forces: close to Paris

French get a tip that Germans will attack

French send soldiers to fight by taxi!

French win

Race to the Sea• By September 13th

1914…• Trenches are dug but

no fighting is happening.

• What is it called when neither army is able to gain ground?

• Answer: Stalemate

What are the 2 geographical locations where most fighting is happening? • 1. Western Front• 2. Eastern Front

Western Front

Eastern Front

What are some of the differences between the 2 fronts?

• Western: – Most deadly– Mostly trenches – Germans, British, French

• Eastern: – Russian versus Germans, Austrians and Turks.

New players and new names.• What is the new name for the Triple Alliance? Why?

– Triple Alliance is no longer 3 countries• 1914, the Ottoman Empire joins Germany and Austria.• Later Bulgaria joins as well.

– These nations were NOW called the Central Powers

• What is the new name for the Triple Entente? Why?– In 1915, Italy switches sides--joins with France, Britain, Russia,

Belgium and Serbia.– These nations were NOW called the Allies or Allied Powers

In your notes…

• Looking at the pictures and slides…– Write down some “dangers” of trench warfare

Gear and Supplies

– Soldiers carried total of about 66 pounds.

Disease and dangers• Rats

• Dead bodies• Poor sanitation• Barbed wire

Death and Illnesses• Pneumonia and bronchitis

• Wet feet= “trench foot” (made the foot rot).

New technology and New technology and weapons weapons

Machine Guns•Machine guns

–600 shots per minute –cooled by a water chamber

Artillery and communication

Light artillery could fire 15 to 20 rounds every minute Six of every ten casualties were caused

by artillery. “Big Bertha” range of 15 Kilometers.

Communications send messages via a phone line Sometimes messenger pigeons and

runners

Poison Gas

• This weapon moved through the air and if the wind changed direction so did the gas. But most gasses were heavier than air and would naturally sink into trenches.

• Gas attacks claimed the lives of over 1 million soldiers.

Tanks• To fool the enemy from learning about this

new weapon these land-ships were called “water tanks.”– Eight men– converted tractors with guns– 4 MPH– weighed 28 tons– extremely unreliable

Air Warfar

ePlanes – Used for reconnaissance (scouting)– 50 mph – originally had no weapons.

• Eventually these planes are mounted with machine guns and have an increased speed.

Zeppelins • early aircraft used to attack• large hydrogen balloons • carried 1 ton of bombs.

Land warfare wasn’t the only type of fighting…

Naval Warfare

Dreadnoughts • huge powerful steel

battleships – ran on oil– Very expensive!

Submarines (U-Boats)

• Submarines were underwater boats that were extremely useful at sinking enemy supply ships.

• Because they were technically ships they had to obey the Law of the Sea– If you attack a civilian vessel you must give

warning– Give time for the crew to get into life vessels– Call in the position so that the crew can be rescued

Atlantic Ocean• Unrestricted Submarine

Warfare (1915-1917)– Did not follow rules

• Germans used U-Boats (subs) to starve out the British.

• • Sunk neutral ships as well

and angered the US.

• U-Boat sunk 3,000 ships in 1917 alone.

Get ready for battle! • Veterans knew when

the attacks were coming because:– the officers would check

every soldier to make sure that they were adequately supplied.• handed out dog tags

• fed everyone well.

• Gave a quick shot of rum to “increase” bravery.

Over the Top

What is it called when soldiers leave their trenches? Where do they go?

• Whistle= go “over the top” into No Man’s Land.

– spread out one yard apart and move towards the enemy trench.

– troops crossed hundreds of yards of barbed wire under fire from artillery, rifles and the deadly machine guns.

– Those few who made it faced hand-to-hand combat.

Success?

• 21 million soldiers were wounded during WWI.

What does it mean to be “Shell Shocked”?

• Lack of sleep

+• Noise from Artillery

+• Fear of random death

=• Shell Shocked

What were the 2 Major

Conflicts toward the end of the

war?

1. Battle of Verdun• Germans attack

ancient French fortress.

• 300,000 men were killed on both sides.

• Germans only gained 4 miles!

2. Battle of the Somme• British attacked to relieve the

French. • 20,000 British soldiers were lost on

the first day. • By the end 500,000 men on both

sides were lost. • British only gained 5 miles.

Make a list #1-4

• List the 4 main battles outside the main fronts

• List their location and goal

Gallipoli (Turkey)

• Goal was to knock out the Turks and open a supply line to Russia.– An amphibious assault on the

Gallipoli peninsula.– The forces were mostly

Australian and New Zealanders.– The Turks had the high ground

and no real gains were made.– After 1 year the Allies had lost

250,000 men and withdrew.

Asia and the Pacific-

• Goal: Capture German colonies

– Japan joined the Allies a few weeks after the war started.

• Easily captured German colonies in China and the Pacific.

Africa

• Goal: Capture German colonies in Africa

– Germany had 4 colonies in Africa at the start of the WWI.

– Only German East Africa held out until 1918 (two weeks after Germany surrendered).

Middle EastGoal: get rid of the rest of the

Ottoman Empire– Britain promised to help Arabs if

they rebelled against the Turks.• Arabs rebelled but were denied their

own nation after the war.

What was the Armenian Genocide?

• Armenia was a part of the Ottoman Empire

• The Turks killed rebellious Armenians

• Armenian Christians who helped the Russians were killed – Then all Armenians were a target

• Between 1.5-2 million Armenians died– Many left the country and fled

Where was the US during the beginning?• America was neutral during the first 3 years of the war.

• Many Americas believed that the War was a European affair and that the US should stay out of it.

.American Entry*US wasn’t ready for a world war

---Why did the US join the war?---1) Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

2) Lusitania (May 7, 1915) – a British passenger ship (carrying weapons) was sunk – 1,198 civilians lost their lives (128 were Americans)

3) Zimmerman note– encoded message sent by German Ambassador – asking Mexico and Japan to attack the United States.

This was the last straw and America declared war Germany on April 2, 1917.

PresidentWoodrow

Wilson

Russian Withdrawal

• March 1917 Czar Nicholas II abdicated due to domestic unrest.– By 1917 the Russian Army lost 5.5

million soldiers.

• November (October) Revolution and V.I. Lenin takes over Russia

• Lenin signs a peace treaty in March 1918 and signs the Brest-Litovsk peace treaty.

• • Russia signs over control of

Finland, Poland, Ukraine, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. ¼ its pop. 1/5 of land

• With Russia out of the war the Germans can move all troops to the Western Front.

Costly Peace for Russia

Germany’s Last Chance2nd Battle of Marne

• 1918 Germany attacks France – Germany brings 6,000

artillery pieces and veteran troops from the Eastern Front

– German pushed through the line and was only 40 miles from Paris.

– Allies used 350 tanks and over 140,000 American soldiers to stop the attack.

The Bitter Truth: Soldiers’ Poetry

• Wilfred Owen (1893-1918) died a week before the war ended

• “Dulce Et Decorum Est”

Dulce Et Decorum Est Bent double, like old beggars under sacks,

Knock-kneed, coughing like hags, we cursed through sludge,Till on the haunting flares we turned our backs,And towards our distant rest began to trudge.Men marched asleep. Many had lost their boots,But limped on, blood-shod. All went lame, all blind;Drunk with fatigue; deaf even to the hootsOf gas-shells dropping softly behind.

Gas! GAS! Quick, boys!--An ecstasy of fumblingFitting the clumsy helmets just in time,But someone still was yelling out and stumblingAnd flound'ring like a man in fire or lime.--Dim through the misty panes and thick green light,As under a green sea, I saw him drowning.

In all my dreams before my helpless sightHe plunges at me, guttering, choking, drowning.

If in some smothering dreams, you too could paceBehind the wagon that we flung him in,And watch the white eyes writhing in his face,His hanging face, like a devil's sick of sin,If you could hear, at every jolt, the bloodCome gargling from the froth-corrupted lungsBitter as the cudOf vile, incurable sores on innocent tonguesMy friend, you would not tell with such high zestTo children ardent for some desperate glory,The old Lie: Dulce et decorum estPro patria mori.

The End• America transports 2

million new troops

• Central Powers realized defeat and started to surrender: Bulgaria, Turkey, and Austria

• Germany finally surrenders

• Armistice is signed on Nov. 11, 1918 at 11am.

June 28th 1919

• 5 years (to the day) after the death of Franz Ferdinand, the Treaty of Versailles is signed… ending WWI